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Tang Z, Liu J, Li J, Ma C. Use of bone landmarks for assessing the safety of acupuncture on the posterior midline of the neck region. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:168. [PMID: 38649990 PMCID: PMC11034117 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many acupuncture acupoints are located on the posterior midline of the neck region. The needling depth for acupuncture is important for practitioners, and an unsafe needling depth increases the possibility of damage to the spinal cord and brainstem. Can the safety of acupuncture be assessed by examining bone structures? We focused on this aim to carry out this study. METHODS The shortest distance from the posterior border of the foramen magnum to the line joining both upper ends of the posterior border of the mastoid process was measured on 29 skulls. Distances from the posterior border of the vertebral foramen to the tip of the spinous process and posterior tubercle of the atlas were measured and evaluated from 197 dry cervical vertebrae and 31 lateral cervical radiographs of patient subjects. The anatomic relationships of the vertebral canal with the external occipital protuberance, tip of the spinous process of the axis, tip of the posterior tubercle of the atlas, and upper end of the posterior border of the mastoid process were observed and evaluated via lateral cervical radiography. RESULTS The shortest distance from the foramen magnum to the line between the mastoid processes was 4.65±1.75 mm, and the distance from the superior border of the vertebral foramen of the atlas to the posterior tubercle was less than the distance from the inferior border. The distance from the superior border of the vertebral canal to the tip of the spinous process in C2-C7 was greater than the distance from the inferior border. The mean lengths of the superior border of the C2 spinous process and the inferior border of the C7 spinous process were greater than 21 mm and 31 mm, respectively. The line from the upper end of the posterior border of the mastoid process to the tip of the C2 spinous process or 10 mm deep to the tip of the C2 spinous process was posterior to the vertebral canal. CONCLUSIONS On the posterior midline of the neck region between the tip of spinous process of axis and external occipital protuberance, if the needle reaches the depth of the line between the upper end of posterior border of mastoid process and the tip of the spinous process of the axis, approximately 10 mm along the spinous process of the axis, the needle is in the safe region. The mean length of the C2-C7 spinous process is suitable to accommodate the needling depth of the adjacent acupoint. Bone structures can be used to effectively assess the safety of acupuncture on the posterior midline of the neck region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Tang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotongxi Street, Weicheng District, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotongxi Street, Weicheng District, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotongxi Street, Weicheng District, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Chunming Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotongxi Street, Weicheng District, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
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Chiu WS, Lu YW, Lien TH. Iatrogenic Pneumothorax during Acupuncture: Case Report. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1100. [PMID: 37374304 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Acupuncture treatment in local areas is commonly used to treat pain or soreness; however, acupuncture around the neck or shoulder may be a risk factor for pneumothorax. Herein, we report two cases of iatrogenic pneumothorax after acupuncture. These points indicate that physicians should be aware of these risk factors through history-taking before acupuncture. Chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis, lung cancer, pneumonia, and thoracic surgery, may be associated with a higher risk of iatrogenic pneumothorax after acupuncture. Even if the incidence of pneumothorax should be low under caution and fully evaluated, it is still recommended to arrange further imaging examinations to rule out the possibility of iatrogenic pneumothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shan Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Show Chawn Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Lu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Show Chawn Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Lien
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Show Chawn Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
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Lebe M, van Stralen RA, Buddhdev P. Guided Growth of the Proximal Femur for the Management of the 'Hip at Risk' in Children with Cerebral Palsy-A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:609. [PMID: 35626786 PMCID: PMC9140189 DOI: 10.3390/children9050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guided growth is frequently used to modify lower-limb alignment in children, and recently temporary medial hemiepiphysiodesis of the proximal femur (TMH-PF) has been used for the management of hips at risk of subluxation in cerebral palsy (CP) patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of TMH-PF in the management of neuromuscular hip dysplasia in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was performed by using PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane databases. Pre- and postoperative radiographic changes of the migration percentage (MP), head-shaft angle (HSA) and acetabular index (AI) were included in a meta-analysis. Secondary outcomes were treatment complication rates, technical considerations and the limitations of this novel technique. RESULTS Four studies (93 patients; 178 hips) met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. All three radiographic measurements showed significant changes at a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. Mean changes for MP were 8.48% (95% CI 3.81-13.14), HSA 12.28° (95% CI 11.17-13.39) and AI 3.41° (95% CI 0.72-6.10), with I2 of 75.74%, 0% and 87.68%, respectively. The serious complication rate was overall low; however, physeal 'growing off' of the screw was reported in up to 43% of hips treated. CONCLUSION TMH-PF is an effective and predictable method to treat CP patients with 'hips at risk', and the overall complication rate is low; however, further work is required to identify the best candidates and surgical timing, as well as choice of technique and implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Lebe
- Broomfield & Addenbrookes Hospitals, Chelmsford CM1 7ET, UK; (M.L.); (P.B.)
| | | | - Pranai Buddhdev
- Broomfield & Addenbrookes Hospitals, Chelmsford CM1 7ET, UK; (M.L.); (P.B.)
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Nishie M, Masaki K, Kayama Y, Yoshino T. Bilateral pneumothorax after acupuncture treatment. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/3/e241510. [PMID: 33649032 PMCID: PMC7929814 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-241510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 31-year-old female physician was diagnosed with bilateral pneumothorax a day after her acupuncture treatment. Her body mass index was 16.9 and she did not have a prior history of respiratory disease or smoking. Acupuncture needles may easily reach the pleura around the end of the suprascapular angle of the levator scapulae muscle where the subcutaneous tissue is anatomically thin. In our patient, the thickness between the epidermis and the visceral pleura in this area was only 22 mm as confirmed by an ultrasound scan. Although she felt chest discomfort 30 min after the procedure, she assumed the symptom to be a reaction to the acupuncture. In light of our case, we advise practitioners to select appropriate acupuncture needles for patients based on the site of insertion and counsel them regarding the appearance of symptoms such as chest pain and dyspnoea immediately after the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Nishie
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Masaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Kayama
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Yoshino
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Development and Evaluation of Inexpensive Ultrasound Using A-Mode and M-Mode Signals to Identify Lung Depth and Avoid Risk of Pneumothorax in Acupuncture. J Med Biol Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-020-00584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
To increase patient safety, ultrasound detection acupuncture (UDA) has been developed, which can detect a safe depth for acupuncturists to avoid causing pneumothorax. This study aims to develop and evaluate a single-transducer ultrasound for acupuncture (UFA) to promote UDA.
Methods
Special A-mode and M-mode signals were analyzed to identify the depth of the lung. Six subjects were recruited to test the reliability and validity of UFA on GB21, LV14 and BL43 acupuncture points.
Results
The result showed UFA’s coefficient of variation was less than 0.2 and no difference in age, gender, and BMI of the subjects statistically, demonstrating excellent reliability. However, the content validity index of 0.51 did not meet expectations. UFA has good reliability, but it cannot reach the level of medical ultrasound. UFA uses A-mode and the seashore sign of M-mode to make a good identification of the lung, and it would be useful in the promotion of UDA.
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Hou HK, Liu CZ, Lin LL. Magnetic resonance imaging study of safe needling depth and angulation for acupuncture at BL40. Acupunct Med 2020; 39:343-350. [PMID: 33032445 DOI: 10.1177/0964528420958714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to identify the mean safe needling depth and angle at BL40 between subjects, taking into account variables including sex and body mass index (BMI). METHODS One hundred and twenty-four participants who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the knee region for clinical indications were included in this study. BL40 needling sites were localized by World Health Organization (WHO) standards and were measured by MRI. As much as 70% of the value of AN (from the needle insertion point to the popliteal artery) was considered to represent the safe depth, and angle alpha between the BL40 straight line and the AN line was regarded as the safe angle. RESULTS Overall, mean safe depth regardless of BMI and sex was 18.51 ± 3.56 mm (95% confidence interval (CI), 17.88%-19.14%). Mean safe depth was 17.24 ± 3.14 mm in the low and normal BMI group, 18.76 ± 2.90 mm in the overweight group, and 22.01 ± 3.71 mm in the obese group. Thirteen patients (10.5%) had internal deviation of angle alpha (95% CI, 5.6%-15.3%), while 111 patients (89.5%) had external deviation (95% CI, 84.7%-94.4%). The mean internal and external deviations of angle alpha were 8.78° ± 2.92° (95% CI, 7.01°-10.55°) and 9.75° ± 3.46° (95% CI, 9.10°-10.41°), respectively. CONCLUSION We would suggest that, when using a straight needle insertion at BL40, it is safe to advance a 25-mm needle approximately 12.5 mm, and 17.5 mm should be safe for patients with BMI greater than 28 kg/m2. Practitioners should decrease the depth of penetration when treating patients of low body weight or height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Kun Hou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cun-Zhi Liu
- Acupuncture Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Lu Lin
- Acupuncture Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Analysis of Traditional Medical Disputes: Data from the Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine Society (2013-2017). JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.13045/jar.2019.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ben-Arie E, Kao PY, Ho WC, Lee YC. Acupuncture effect on digestion in critically ill postoperative oral and hypopharyngeal cancer patients: A protocol for double-blind randomized control trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16944. [PMID: 31464933 PMCID: PMC6736481 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Head and neck cancer patients are at a high risk to suffer from malnourishment, a risk that increases in postoperative condition and with the use of enteral nutrition (EN). Until now patients who are suffering from indigestion in the intensive care unit (ICU) received treatment in the form of prokinetic drugs, drugs that can lead to serious side effects and only can partially improve digestion functions. Acupuncture was used successfully in several clinical trials to improve postoperative indigestion in cancer patients without any reported adverse events. The study aims are to investigate acupuncture effect in combination with prokinetic drugs in the treatment of indigestion in postoperative oral and hypopharyngeal cancer patients in the ICU. METHODS Single-center, double-blind randomized control trial will compare between 2 equal groups. A total of 28 patients that will meet the inclusion criteria: age 30 to 80, postplastic surgery for oral cancer or hypopharyngeal cancer, developed feeding intolerance 2 times in the first postoperative day, Apache score <20, and needed EN. Patients will be randomly divided (1:1) into treatment group or control group for 3 treatments in 3 days along with routine ICU treatment. The main outcome measurement will be the number of days a patient needs to reach his total energy expenditure. EXPECTED OUTCOME The results will shed light on the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in a double-blind design treating postoperative ICU cancer patients. In addition, the study presents a revolutionary double-blind design that if, will prove as successful might influence the way double-blind acupuncture studies are performed today. OTHER INFORMATION The study will be conducted in the surgical ICU department, of China medical university hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan. The study is conducted on stable ICU patients and is anticipated to have minimum risk for adverse events. Patients enrollment and data collection will start from May 15, 2019. The study expected completion time: June 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Ben-Arie
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science (Collage of Chinese Medicine) China Medical University
| | - Pei-Yu Kao
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit
| | - Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University
- Department of Nursing and Graduate Institute of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science (Collage of Chinese Medicine) China Medical University
- Department of Acupuncture, China Medical University Hospital
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University
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Kim E, Kim YS, Kim YI, Jeon JH, Yoo HR, Park YC, Jung IC. Effectiveness and Safety of Polydioxanone Thread-Embedding Acupuncture as an Adjunctive Therapy for Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 25:417-426. [PMID: 30523703 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treatment with thread-embedding acupuncture (TEA) using polydioxanone in addition to usual care for patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain (CNP) compared with treatment with usual care alone. METHODS A single-center, assessor-blinded, two-armed randomized controlled trial was performed. One hundred and six outpatients with CNP were randomly allocated into the TEA plus usual care (TU) group or the usual care (UC) group in a 1:1 ratio. TEA treatments in the neck region were provided once a week for 4 weeks, and usual care, as needed, was allowed. The primary outcome was the mean Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPDS) score. Secondary outcomes included clinical relevance measured by using the clinically important difference (CID), pressure pain threshold (PPT), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D), and patient global impression of change (PGIC). Participants were assessed at baseline and at weeks 3, 5, and 9. Statistical analyses included analysis of covariance with baseline score as a covariate. RESULTS The TU group showed significant improvement in NPDS scores compared with the UC group (adjusted group difference, week 5: 13.74 [95% confidence interval: 7.57-19.90]; p < 0.0001 and week 9: 17.46 [11.15-23.76]; p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients with a decrease on the NPDS score of ≥11.5 points (minimal CID) was significantly higher in the TU group at weeks 5 and 9 than in the UC group. At weeks 5 and 9, significant differences were observed on the anxiety/depression subscale of HADS, EQ-5D, and PGIC between the two groups, but not the PPTs at three sites. Temporary stiffness was observed after TEA treatment, but no serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that polydioxanone TEA is a safe and clinically beneficial adjunctive treatment for patients with CNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunseok Kim
- 1 Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Kim
- 2 Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Il Kim
- 1 Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Jeon
- 1 Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Ryong Yoo
- 3 Department of Neurologic Disorder, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Chun Park
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, and Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Chul Jung
- 5 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Determining maximal safe needling depth based on anthropometric measurements: Focusing on acupoint GB21. Eur J Integr Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Change of Safe Needling Depth at Acupoint GB21 according to Posture and Breathing. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2308102. [PMID: 29507586 PMCID: PMC5817322 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2308102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acupoint GB21 (Jianjing) is used for treating back and shoulder pain but is associated with a risk of pneumothorax. We aimed to determine the SND (safe needling depth) at GB21 according to posture and breathing in real time. Ultrasonographic images of GB21 during normal breathing, inspiration, and expiration in a SP (sitting position) were acquired for 52 healthy volunteers. Images were also acquired during normal respiration in the PP (prone position) with arms raised and lowered. The average SND was greater for men than for women (p < 0.05). Analysis of variance revealed that the SND was greater for the PP than for the SP (p = 0.01 and p < 0.05, resp.). Although the SND tended to change according to posture, the average depth tended to deviate widely in some subjects. During breathing, the differences between inspiration and expiration were less than 1 mm in most subjects, but some showed differences more than 4.5 mm. The SND at GB21 was greater in overweight subjects and significantly greater in the PP and during maximal expiration. However, intragroup differences were greater than the intergroup differences. Therefore, it is dangerous to simply apply needling depth on a gender or BMI basis. The practitioner would adjust the SND by examining the individual anatomical structures.
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Kim S, Lee S, Ha WB, Lee JH, Jung HJ, Chu HM, Yang SB, Choi S, Son MJ, Kim JH, Jeon Y. Development of an ultrasound-imaging procedure and acquisition of ultrasound images of acupuncture points for safety and accuracy of needle insertion. Integr Med Res 2017; 6:427-433. [PMID: 29296570 PMCID: PMC5741397 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acupuncture is a relatively safe, commonly used “alternative” medical treatment for various symptoms. However, adverse effects can occur, including trauma, pneumothorax, and central-nervous-system injury. Our objective was to develop a reliable and practical procedure for ultrasound imaging of acupuncture points to improve safety during needling, and to acquire ultrasound images of several (44) acupuncture points, especially those in high-risk areas, according to an in-house standard operating procedure. Methods We created the standard operating procedure for ultrasound imaging for acupuncture, and collected ultrasound images of acupuncture points in clinical trials. Results Ultrasound images for 44 acupuncture points considered as high-risk points were collected from 85 healthy people who were classified by body-mass index, and high-quality, clear representative images of all 44 points were obtained. Conclusion These baseline images could be helpful for understanding the anatomy under the skin at acupuncture points, which would allow for an enhanced safety and more accurate needling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungha Kim
- Research & Development, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sanghun Lee
- Research & Development, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Won-Bae Ha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jung-Han Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Jung
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hong-Min Chu
- Department of Meridian & Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seung-Bum Yang
- Department of Medical Non-Commissioned Officer, Wonkwang Health Science, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sunmi Choi
- Research & Development, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi Ju Son
- Research & Development, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Hyo Kim
- Department of Meridian & Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
- Corresponding authors. Department of Meridian & Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, South Korea; Research & Development, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, South Korea.Department of Meridian & AcupointCollege of Korean MedicineWonkwang UniversityIksanKorea
| | - Youngju Jeon
- Research & Development, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Corresponding authors. Department of Meridian & Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, South Korea; Research & Development, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, South Korea.Department of Meridian & AcupointCollege of Korean MedicineWonkwang UniversityIksanKorea
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White A, Langweiler M. Summaries of Recent Papers. Acupunct Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian White
- Primary Care Group, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mark Langweiler
- Welsh Institute of Chiropractic, University of South Wales, Treforest, UK
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