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Lucca JK, Theodoro H, da Silva JC, Garcez A, Olinto MTA. Common mental disorders in Brazilian female shift workers: prevalence and associated factors. Arch Womens Ment Health 2023; 26:599-607. [PMID: 37439910 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) and associated factors in female shift workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 450 female workers, aged 18 years or older (± 36.1 years), from an industry located in Southern Brazil. CMD was assessed using the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20 ≥ 8 points), and sociodemographic, occupational, behavioral, morbidity, and self-rated health characteristics were assessed using a questionnaire survey. The prevalence of CMD was 47.3% (95% CI: 42.6-52.1). After adjusting, female workers with black/brown race/skin color had a 22% higher probability of CMD than white workers (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.01-1.49), and workers with sleep disorders or poor sleep quality were 147% more likely to have CMD compared with those with good sleep quality (PR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.70-3.58), and workers with fair/poor self-rated health were twice as likely to have CMD (PR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.43-2.80) compared to those with excellent/very good self-rated health. A high prevalence of CMD was observed in female shift workers, especially in workers with a black/brown race/skin color and with poor sleep quality and self-rated health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kraemer Lucca
- Post-graduate Program in Collective Health, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Unisinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Heloísa Theodoro
- Post-graduate Program in Department of Health Science, University of Caxias do Sul, UCS, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Janaína Cristina da Silva
- Post-graduate Program in Collective Health, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Unisinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Anderson Garcez
- Post-graduate Program in Collective Health, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Unisinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto
- Post-graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-002, Brazil.
- Pos-graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul State, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Ji J, Han Y, Li R, Jin H, Yin C, Niu L, Ying X, Gao Y, Ma Q. The role of effort-reward imbalance and depressive symptoms in the relationship between long working hours and presenteeism among Chinese village doctors: a moderated mediation model. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:497. [PMID: 37434160 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long working hours and effort-reward imbalance (ERI) among medical workers may contribute to poor mental health and reduced productivity. However, the potential mechanisms among them are not well understood. This study aimed to explore the role of depressive symptoms and ERI in the relationship between long working hours and presenteeism among village doctors. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in Jiangsu Province, eastern China. 705 village doctors were assessed for working hours, ERI (the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire, ERI questionnaire), presenteeism (6-item Stanford Presenteeism Scale, SPS-6 Scale), and depressive symptoms (12-item General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12). A moderated mediation model was used to test the role of depressive symptoms (M), and ERI (W) in the relationship between long working hours (X) and presenteeism (Y). RESULTS 45.11% of the village doctors worked more than 55 h per week, and 55.89% were exposed to ERI. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among Chinese village doctors was 40.85%. Long working hours (≥ 55 h per week) were significantly associated with presenteeism behaviors (β = 2.17, P < 0.001). Mediation analysis demonstrated that depressive symptoms (GHQ score > 3) could partly mediate the relationship between long working hours and presenteeism (indirect effect β = 0.64, P < 0.001). Moderated mediation further indicated that the interaction of long working hours and ERI was significantly and positively associated with depressive symptoms, which in turn predicted elevated presenteeism behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms had a mediating role in the association of long working hours with presenteeism behaviors among Chinese village doctors and ERI augment their negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Ji
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Jiangsu, 226019, China
- Department of Health Management, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yarong Han
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Ruyu Li
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Chengjie Yin
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Luyao Niu
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Xinyu Ying
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Yuexia Gao
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Jiangsu, 226019, China.
- Institute for Health and Development, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Jiangsu, 226019, China.
- Department of Health Management, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Daouda OS, Chevance A, Temime L, Légeron P, Gaillard R, Saporta G, Hocine MN. A new ranking index to identify the work-related psychosocial factors most impacting mental health: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e046444. [PMID: 36585133 PMCID: PMC9809236 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In modern professional life, mental health prevention and promotion have become a major challenge for decision-makers. Devising appropriate actions requires better understanding the role played by each work-related psychosocial factor (WPSF). The objective of this study was to present a relevant tool to hierarchise WPSFs that jointly takes into account their importance (impact on mental health) and their prevalence (the proportion of the population exposed to WPSF). DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2018 among 3200 French workers which are representative of the French working population. SETTING France. PARTICIPANTS Individuals aged 18-80 years who declared currently having a job (even a part-time job) whatever their occupation or status (employee or self-employed) were eligible. We excluded students, unemployed individuals, housewives/husbands and retired people. The mental health level was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire-28 and 44 items were gathered from theoretical models of WPSFs. We assessed two distinct multivariate methods for calculating WPSF importance: (1) weifila (weighted first last) method in a linear regression context and (2) random forests in a non-linear context. Both methods were adjusted on individual, health and job characteristics. RESULTS The WPSF rankings obtained with the two methods to calculate importance are strongly consistent with each other (correlation coefficient=0.88). We highlighted nine WPSFs that are ranked high by both methods. In particular, irrespective of the chosen method, lack of communication, lack of social and hierarchy support and personal-professional life imbalance, emotional demands at work and dissatisfaction with the compensation received came out as top-ranking WPSFs. CONCLUSIONS A total of nine WPSFs were identified as key for decision-making. The easy-to-use tools we propose can help decision-makers identify priority WPSFs and design effective strategies to promote mental health in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumou Salama Daouda
- MESuRS Laboratory, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Astrid Chevance
- CRESS, Inserm, INRA, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laura Temime
- MESuRS Laboratory, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Légeron
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Gaillard
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (CPN), Inserm U894, Paris, France
| | - Gilbert Saporta
- Cédric Laboratory, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Mounia N Hocine
- MESuRS Laboratory, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
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Nivon C, Fontana L, Trombert-Paviot B, Bally JN, Pelissier C. General practitioners’ management of patients consulting for “mental distress at work”. Work 2022; 72:343-350. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-213633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mental distress at work is a complex multifactorial phenomenon liable to impact health and personal life. OBJECTIVE: To assess the proportion of general practice consultations for mental distress at work and determine how general practitioners (GPs) manage these patients and the factors leading to consultation. METHODS: The frequency of consultations for mental distress at work was assessed on a self-administered questionnaire sent to the general practitioners (GPs) of the Loire administrative Département (France). Information on factors leading to consultation on management was obtained by a self-administered questionnaire in a sample of GPs and patients. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were included by 16 GPs. 27% of patients were referred to an occupational physician. The frequency of consultations for mental distress at work was about 2%. Patients may wait several weeks or months before consulting, although a majority reported an impact on family life and health. A triggering event was often present, but no work accident procedure was undertaken. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the importance of better identifying adverse experience of working conditions and impaired mental health and reporting this to an occupational physician who can undertake preventive measures. Communication between occupational physician, employee and GP needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nivon
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine Jacques Lisfranc, Saint Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Luc Fontana
- Université Lyon 1, UMRESTTE UMR T9405, Lyon, France
- Service de Santé au Travail Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Béatrice Trombert-Paviot
- Service de Santé Publique et de l’Information Médicale (SSPIM), Saint Jean de Bonnefonds, CHU de Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Jean Noel Bally
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine Jacques Lisfranc, Saint Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Carole Pelissier
- Université Lyon 1, UMRESTTE UMR T9405, Lyon, France
- Service de Santé au Travail Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Almroth M, Hemmingsson T, Sörberg Wallin A, Kjellberg K, Falkstedt D. Psychosocial workplace factors and alcohol-related morbidity: a prospective study of 3 million Swedish workers. Eur J Public Health 2022; 32:366-371. [PMID: 35234891 PMCID: PMC9159324 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychosocial workplace factors may be associated with alcohol-related morbidity, but previous studies have had limited opportunities to take non-occupational explanatory factors into account. The aim of this study is to investigate associations between job control, job demands and their combination (job strain) and diagnosed alcohol-related morbidity while accounting for several potentially confounding factors measured across the life-course, including education. Methods Job control, job demands and job strain were measured using the Swedish job exposure matrix measuring psychosocial workload on the occupational level linked to over 3 million individuals based on their occupational titles in 2005 and followed up until 2016. Cox regression models were built to estimate associations with alcohol-related diagnoses recorded in patient registers. Results Low job control was associated with an increased risk of alcohol-related morbidity, while high job demands tended to be associated with a decreased risk. Passive and high-strain jobs among men and passive jobs among women were also associated with an increased risk of alcohol diagnoses. However, all associations were found to be weakened in models adjusted for other factors measured prospectively over the life-course, especially in models that included level of education. Conclusion The associations between low job control and high job demands, and the risk of alcohol-related morbidity reflect underlying socioeconomic differences to some extent. Lower job control, however, remained associated with a higher risk of alcohol-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Almroth
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hemmingsson
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alma Sörberg Wallin
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Kjellberg
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Falkstedt
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Viertiö S, Kiviruusu O, Piirtola M, Kaprio J, Korhonen T, Marttunen M, Suvisaari J. Factors contributing to psychological distress in the working population, with a special reference to gender difference. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:611. [PMID: 33781240 PMCID: PMC8006634 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychological distress refers to non-specific symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression, and it is more common in women. Our aim was to investigate factors contributing to psychological distress in the working population, with a special reference to gender differences. Methods We used questionnaire data from the nationally representative Finnish Regional Health and Well-being Study (ATH) collected in the years 2012–2016 (target population participants aged 20 +, n = 96,668, response rate 53%), restricting the current analysis to those persons who were working full-time and under 65 of age (n = 34,468). Psychological distress was assessed using the Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5) (cut-off value <=52). We studied the following factors potentially associated with psychological distress: sociodemographic factors, living alone, having children under18 years of age, lifestyle-related factors, social support, helping others outside of the home and work-related factors. We used logistic regression analysis to examine association between having work-family conflict with the likelihood for psychological distress. We first performed the models separately for men and women. Then interaction by gender was tested in the combined data for those independent variables where gender differences appeared probable in the analyses conducted separately for men and women. Results Women reported more psychological distress than men (11.0% vs. 8.8%, respectively, p < 0.0001). Loneliness, job dissatisfaction and family-work conflict were associated with the largest risk of psychological distress. Having children, active participation, being able to successfully combine work and family roles, and social support were found to be protective factors. A significant interaction with gender was found in only two variables: ignoring family due to being absorbed in one’s work was associated with distress in women (OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.00–1.70), and mental strain of work in men (OR 2.71 (95% CI 1.66–4.41). Conclusions Satisfying work, family life and being able to successfully combine the two are important sources of psychological well-being for both genders in the working population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10560-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Viertiö
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland (THL), Helsinki, Finland. .,Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Olli Kiviruusu
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Piirtola
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri Marttunen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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Fatih N, Paris C, Toutain S, Renoux M. Avis motivé du médecin du travail en vue de la reconnaissance en maladie professionnelle des affections psychiques : un rôle déterminant mais source de difficultés. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rivière M, Toullic Y, Lerouge P, Blanchon T, Leroyer A, Plancke L, Prazuck T, Melchior M, Younès N. Management of work-related common mental disorders in general practice: a cross-sectional study. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2020; 21:132. [PMID: 32615930 PMCID: PMC7331173 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-020-01203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND General practitioners (GPs) often manage individuals with work-related common mental disorders (CMD: depressive disorders, anxiety and alcohol abuse). However, little is known about the ways in which they proceed. The aim of this study is to analyze GPs' management and patterns of referral to other health professionals of patients with work-related CMD and associated factors. METHOD We used data from a cross-sectional study of 2027 working patients of 121 GPs in the Nord - Pas-de-Calais region in France (April - August 2014). Statistical analyses focused on patients with work-related CMD detected by the GP and examined the ways in which GPs managed these patients' symptoms. Associations between patient, work, GP and contextual characteristics and GPs' management were explored using modified Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS Among the 533 patients with work-related CMD in the study, GPs provided psychosocial support to 88.0%, prescribed psychotropic treatment to 82.4% and put 50.7% on sick leave. Referral rates to mental health specialists and occupational physicians were respectively 39.8 and 26.1%. Several factors including patients' characteristics (occupational and sociodemographic), GPs' characteristics and environmental data were associated with the type of management used by the GP. CONCLUSION Our study emphasizes the major and often lonesome role of the GP in the management of patients with work-related CMDs. Better knowledge of the way GPs manage those patients could help GPs in their practice, improve patients care and be a starting point to implement a more collaborative care approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rivière
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, 75012, Paris, France.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Réseau Sentinelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional, d'Orléans 14 avenue de l'hôpital, 45000, Orléans, France.
| | - Y Toullic
- University department of general practice, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - P Lerouge
- University department of general practice, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - T Blanchon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, 75012, Paris, France
| | - A Leroyer
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - L Plancke
- Regional Federation of Research in Psychiatry and Mental Health Hauts-de-France, Lille, France
| | - T Prazuck
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Réseau Sentinelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional, d'Orléans 14 avenue de l'hôpital, 45000, Orléans, France
| | - M Melchior
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, 75012, Paris, France
| | - N Younès
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris Saclay, CESP, Team DevPsy, 94807, Villejuif, France
- Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Hospital Academic Unit of psychiatry for adults, Le Chesnay, France
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Chevance AM, Daouda OS, Salvador A, Légeron P, Morvan Y, Saporta G, Hocine MN, Gaillard R. Work-related psychosocial risk factors and psychiatric disorders: A cross-sectional study in the French working population. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233472. [PMID: 32453793 PMCID: PMC7250420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study estimates the prevalence of probable psychiatric disorder in the working population, determines the proportion of people presenting a probable psychiatric disorder among people exposed to work-related psychosocial risk factors (PSRFs), and identifies which PSRF has the strongest association with having a probable psychiatric disorder. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in March 2018 involved a representative sample of the French working population. The General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ-28) was used to estimate the prevalence of probable psychiatric disorder and 44 items were gathered from theoretical models of PSRFs. We used multiple logistic regression to estimate the association of each PSRF with having a probable psychiatric disorder, adjusted on individual, health, and job confounders. Results This study involved 3200 French participants. The proportion of probable psychiatric disorder was 22.2% [20.6; 24.0]. Ten PSRFs were significantly associated with it. The strongest association was for having problems handling professional and personal responsibilities (reported by 15% of the study population) (OR = 1.97 [1.52; 2.54]), with 45% pathological GHQ-28 scores (potential psychiatric cases) for people exposed to this PSRF versus 18% non-exposed. The next strongest association was lack of support of colleagues (reported by 28%) (OR = 1.63 [1.29; 2.06]). The third strongest association was feeling sometimes afraid when doing the job (reported by 63%) (OR = 1.53, [1.21; 1.93]). Conclusions Our study identified 10 PSRFs associated with psychiatric disorder, with substantial exposure rate among the population. The results of our research could help develop recommendations to improve work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oumou S. Daouda
- Laboratoire—Modélisation Epidémiologie et Surveillance des Risques Sanitaires (MESuRS), CNAM Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Salvador
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
- Inserm U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Légeron
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Morvan
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
- Inserm U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Gilbert Saporta
- Cédric (Centre d'Études et de Recherches en Informatique et Communication), Paris, France
| | - Mounia N. Hocine
- Laboratoire—Modélisation Epidémiologie et Surveillance des Risques Sanitaires (MESuRS), CNAM Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Gaillard
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
- Inserm U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Paris, France
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