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Zhu H, Ma X, Ye T, Wang H, Wang Z, Liu Q, Zhao K. Esophageal cancer in China: Practice and research in the new era. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1741-1751. [PMID: 36151861 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
China, as the one of the largest developing countries in the world and with about one-fifth of the global population, is bearing an increasing burden on health from cancer. In the area of esophageal cancer (EC), China accounts for more than 50% of the global cases, with this disease being a particularly worse for those in disadvantaged populations. Along with China's socioeconomic condition, the epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics and research of EC have developed throughout the 21st century. In the current review, existing control measures for EC in China are outlined, including the incidence, mortality, screening, clinical diagnosis, multidisciplinary treatment and research landscape. EC in China are very different from those in some other parts of the world, especially in Western countries. Core measures that could contribute to the prevention of EC and improve clinical outcomes in patients of less developed countries and beyond are recommended. International cooperation among academia, government and industry is especially warranted in global EC control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zezhou Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cancer Prevention, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuaile Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Abdel Rahman MA, Atty SA, El-Mosallamy SS, Elghobashy MR, Zaazaa HE, Saad AS. Experimentally designed electrochemical sensor for therapeutic drug monitoring of Ondansetron co-administered with chemotherapeutic drugs. BMC Chem 2022; 16:77. [PMID: 36229874 PMCID: PMC9563805 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental design extracts valuable information about the main effects and interactions from the least number of experiments. The current work constructs a solid-state sensor for selective assay of Ondansetron (OND) in pharmaceutical dosage form and plasma samples. During optimization, the Design Expert® statistical package constructed a custom design of 15 sensors with different recipes. We fed the software with the experimentally observed performance parameters for each sensor (slope, LOQ, correlation coefficient, and selectivity coefficient for sodium ions). The computer software analyzed the results to construct a prediction model for each response. The desirability function was adjusted to optimize the Nernstian slope, minimize the LOQ and selectivity coefficients, and maximize the correlation coefficient (r). The practical responses of the optimized sensor were close to those predicted by the model (slope = 60.23 mV/decade slope, LOQ = 9.09 × 10–6 M, r = 0.999, sodium selectivity coefficient = 1.09 × 10−3). The sensor successfully recovered OND spiked to tablets and human plasma samples with mean percentage recoveries of 100.01 ± 1.082 and 98.26 ± 2.227, respectively. Results were statistically comparable to those obtained by the reference chromatographic method. The validated potentiometric method can be used for fast and direct therapeutic drug monitoring of OND co-administered with chemotherapeutic drugs in plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Abdel Rahman
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, PO box 12858, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shimaa A Atty
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Egyptian Drug Authority, 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally S El-Mosallamy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, PO 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed R Elghobashy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, PO box 12858, Giza, Egypt.,Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, PO 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala E Zaazaa
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, PO 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Saad
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, PO 11562, Cairo, Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, PharmD program, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, PO 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
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3
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Helsingen LM, Kalager M. Colorectal Cancer Screening - Approach, Evidence, and Future Directions. NEJM EVIDENCE 2022; 1:EVIDra2100035. [PMID: 38319175 DOI: 10.1056/evidra2100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal Cancer ScreeningScreening for colorectal cancer is widespread and successful but screening programs across the globe differ in their recommendations. In this article, Helsingen and Kalager review the evidence for different approaches to colorectal cancer screening and propose a framework for the evaluation of screening programs going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise M Helsingen
- Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo
- Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - Mette Kalager
- Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo
- Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
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Li J, Xu J, Zheng Y, Gao Y, He S, Li H, Zou K, Li N, Tian J, Chen W, He J. Esophageal cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening. Chin J Cancer Res 2021; 33:535-547. [PMID: 34815628 PMCID: PMC8580797 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 600,000 people are diagnosed with esophageal cancer (EC) every year globally, and the five-year survival rate of EC is less than 20%. Two common histological subtypes of EC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), have great geographical variations in incidence rates. About half of the world's EC was diagnosed in China and a majority of which belong to ESCC. Globally, the overall incidence rate of EC is decreasing. In some high-risk Asian regions, such as China, the incidence rate of ESCC has generally declined, potentially due to economic growth and improvement of diet habits. In some European high-income countries and the United States, the decline is mainly attributed to the decrease in smoking and drinking. The risk factors of EC are not well understood, and the importance of environmental and genetic factors in the pathogenesis is also unclear. The incidence and mortality of advanced EC can be reduced through early diagnosis and screening. White light endoscopy is still the gold standard in the current screening technology. This article reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, and screening strategies of EC in recent years to help researchers determine the most effective management strategies to reduce the risk of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Office for Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yadi Zheng
- Office for Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Siyi He
- Office for Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - He Li
- Office for Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Kaiyong Zou
- Office for Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ni Li
- Office for Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jinhui Tian
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- Office for Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory for National Cancer Big Data Analysis and Implement, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Zeng L, Brignardello-Petersen R, Guyatt G. When applying GRADE, how do we decide the target of certainty of evidence rating? EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 2021; 24:ebmental-2020-300170. [PMID: 34127510 PMCID: PMC8311097 DOI: 10.1136/ebmental-2020-300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation' (GRADE) offers a widely adopted, transparent and structured process for developing and presenting summaries of evidence, including the certainty of evidence, for systematic reviews and recommendations in healthcare. GRADE defined certainty of evidence as 'the extent of our confidence that the estimates of the effect are correct (in the context of systematic review), or are adequate to support a particular decision or recommendation (in the context of guideline)'. Realising the incoherence in the conceptualisation, the GRADE working group re-clarified the certainty of evidence as 'the certainty that a true effect lies on one side of a specified threshold, or within a chosen range'. Following the new concept, in the context of both systematic reviews and health technology assessments, it is desirable for GRADE users to specify the thresholds and clarify of which effect they are certain. To help GRADE users apply GRADE in accordance with the new conceptualisation, GRADE defines three levels of contextualisation: minimally, partially and fully contextualised approaches, and provides possible thresholds for each level of contextualisation. In this article, we will use a hypothetic systematic review to illustrate the application of the minimally and partially contextualised approaches, and discuss the application of a fully contextualised approach in deciding how we are rating our certainty (i.e.target of the rating of certainty of evidence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Zeng
- Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Pharmacy Department/Evidence-based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Gordon Guyatt
- Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Helsingen LM, Zeng L, Siemieniuk RA, Lytvyn L, Vandvik PO, Agoritsas T, Bretthauer M, Guyatt G. Establishing thresholds for important benefits considering the harms of screening interventions. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037854. [PMID: 33268400 PMCID: PMC7716371 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Standards for clinical practice guidelines require explicit statements regarding how values and preferences influence recommendations. However, no cancer screening guideline has addressed the key question of what magnitude of benefit people require to undergo screening, given its harms and burdens. This article describes the development of a new method for guideline developers to address this key question in the absence of high-quality evidence from published literature. SUMMARY OF METHOD The new method was developed and applied in the context of a recent BMJ Rapid Recommendation clinical practice guideline for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. First, we presented the guideline panel with harms and burdens (derived from a systematic review) associated with the CRC screening tests under consideration. Second, each panel member completed surveys documenting their views of expected benefits on CRC incidence and mortality that people would require to accept the harms and burdens of screening. Third, the panel discussed results of the surveys and agreed on thresholds for benefits at which the majority of people would choose screening. During these three steps, the panel had no access to the actual benefits of the screening tests. In step four, the panel was presented with screening test benefits derived from a systematic review of clinical trials and microsimulation modelling. The thresholds derived through steps one to three were applied to these benefits, and directly informed the panel's recommendations. CONCLUSION We present the development and application of a new, four-step method enabling incorporation of explicit and transparent judgements of values and preferences in a screening guideline. Guideline panels should establish their view regarding the magnitude of required benefit, given burdens and harms, before they review screening benefits and make their recommendations accordingly. Making informed screening decisions requires transparency in values and preferences judgements that our new method greatly facilitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Mørkved Helsingen
- Clinical Effectiveness Research, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Clinical Effectiveness Research, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linan Zeng
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Reed Alexander Siemieniuk
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lyubov Lytvyn
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Per Olav Vandvik
- Department of Medicine, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Agoritsas
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bretthauer
- Clinical Effectiveness Research, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Clinical Effectiveness Research, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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