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Al-Saigh NN, Harb AA, Abdalla S. Receptors Involved in COVID-19-Related Anosmia: An Update on the Pathophysiology and the Mechanistic Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8527. [PMID: 39126095 PMCID: PMC11313362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perception is an important physiological function for human well-being and health. Loss of olfaction, or anosmia, caused by viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has received considerable attention, especially in persistent cases that take a long time to recover. This review discusses the integration of different components of the olfactory epithelium to serve as a structural and functional unit and explores how they are affected during viral infections, leading to the development of olfactory dysfunction. The review mainly focused on the role of receptors mediating the disruption of olfactory signal transduction pathways such as angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine type 2 (TMPRSS2), neuropilin 1 (NRP1), basigin (CD147), olfactory, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), purinergic, and interferon gamma receptors. Furthermore, the compromised function of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and its contribution to olfactory dysfunction are also discussed. Collectively, this review provides fundamental information about the many types of receptors that may modulate olfaction and participate in olfactory dysfunction. It will help to understand the underlying pathophysiology of virus-induced anosmia, which may help in finding and designing effective therapies targeting molecules involved in viral invasion and olfaction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only review that covered all the receptors potentially involved in, or mediating, the disruption of olfactory signal transduction pathways during COVID-19 infection. This wide and complex spectrum of receptors that mediates the pathophysiology of olfactory dysfunction reflects the many ways in which anosmia can be therapeutically managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor N. Al-Saigh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ibn Sina University for Medical Sciences, Amman 16197, Jordan;
| | - Amani A. Harb
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19111, Jordan;
| | - Shtaywy Abdalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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2
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Danzer B, Jukic M, Dunkel A, Andersen G, Lieder B, Schaudy E, Stadlmayr S, Lietard J, Michel T, Krautwurst D, Haller B, Knolle P, Somoza M, Lingor P, Somoza V. Impaired metal perception and regulation of associated human foliate papillae tongue transcriptome in long-COVID-19. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15408. [PMID: 38965271 PMCID: PMC11224223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory impairment is an outstanding symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infections. We hypothesized that measured sensory impairments are accompanied by transcriptomic changes in the foliate papillae area of the tongue. Hospital personnel with known SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) status completed questionnaires on sensory perception (n = 158). A subcohort of n = 141 participated in forced choice taste tests, and n = 43 participants consented to donate tongue swabs of the foliate papillae area for whole transcriptome analysis. The study included four groups of participants differing in IgG levels (≥ 10 AU/mL = IgG+; < 10 AU/mL = IgG-) and self-reported sensory impairment (SSI±). IgG+ subjects not detecting metallic taste had higher IgG+ levels than IgG+ participants detecting iron gluconate (p = 0.03). Smell perception was the most impaired biological process in the transcriptome data from IgG+/SSI+ participants subjected to gene ontology enrichment. IgG+/SSI+ subjects demonstrated lower expression levels of 166 olfactory receptors (OR) and 9 taste associated receptors (TAS) of which OR1A2, OR2J2, OR1A1, OR5K1 and OR1G1, as well as TAS2R7 are linked to metallic perception. The question raised by this study is whether odorant receptors on the tongue (i) might play a role in metal sensation, and (ii) are potential targets for virus-initiated sensory impairments, which needs to be investigated in future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Danzer
- School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mateo Jukic
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Dunkel
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gaby Andersen
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Lieder
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erika Schaudy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Stadlmayr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jory Lietard
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timm Michel
- School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of AI and Informatics in Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Somoza
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Chair of Nutritional Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immunology: the missing piece in airway and CNS defence. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:381-398. [PMID: 38097777 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa is a component of the nasal airway that mediates the sense of smell. Recent studies point to an important role for the olfactory mucosa as a barrier to both respiratory pathogens and to neuroinvasive pathogens that hijack the olfactory nerve and invade the CNS. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the olfactory mucosa is an integral part of a heterogeneous nasal mucosal barrier critical to upper airway immunity. However, our insufficient knowledge of olfactory mucosal immunity hinders attempts to protect this tissue from infection and other diseases. This Review summarizes the state of olfactory immunology by highlighting the unique immunologically relevant anatomy of the olfactory mucosa, describing what is known of olfactory immune cells, and considering the impact of common infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders at this site. We will offer our perspective on the future of the field and the many unresolved questions pertaining to olfactory immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Hildebrandt ME, Møller PR, Fjældstad AW, Ovesen T. Postinfectious conditions challenge disease-specificity of SNOT-22. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:2395-2402. [PMID: 38177896 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Sino-Nasal-Outcome-Test 22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire assesses treatment outcome and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, given the overlap between CRS and olfaction in terms of nasal function and the definition of CRS, a fundamental question arises: can patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD) stemming from other causes attain SNOT-22 scores similar to those seen in CRS, even in the absence of CRS? Our study aimed to explore whether OD arising from various postinfectious mechanisms challenges the disease-specificity of SNOT-22 for CRS. If so, could focus on scores within specific symptom domains of SNOT-22 prove valuable in distinguishing between different etiologies. METHODS The study adopted an observational, retrospective cohort design based on prospectively registered patients and related variables using the REDCap platform. 460 patients experiencing OD due to either (1) simple or (2) complex post-COVID-19, (3) postinfectious non-COVID-19, and (4) CRS, were included in the analysis. RESULTS The study revealed that the total SNOT-22 score lacks disease-specificity for CRS. This is evident, because complex postinfectious mechanisms resulting from COVID-19 can produce similar symptoms in patients. Notably, elevated total scores were primarily driven by high subdomain scores within the "sleep and cognition" domain. CONCLUSIONS The application of SNOT-22 as a screening tool needs to be approached with caution, as the total score alone does not provide disease-specific insights. A more thorough exploration of the four symptom domains and the identification of distinctive scoring patterns within the clinical context may prove pivotal in effectively differentiating between various underlying causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha E Hildebrandt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Gødstrup Hospital, University Clinic for Balance, Flavour and Sleep, Hospitalsparken 15, 7400, Herning, Denmark.
| | - Patrick R Møller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Gødstrup Hospital, University Clinic for Balance, Flavour and Sleep, Hospitalsparken 15, 7400, Herning, Denmark
| | - Alexander W Fjældstad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Gødstrup Hospital, University Clinic for Balance, Flavour and Sleep, Hospitalsparken 15, 7400, Herning, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensen's Boulevard 82, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Therese Ovesen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Gødstrup Hospital, University Clinic for Balance, Flavour and Sleep, Hospitalsparken 15, 7400, Herning, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensen's Boulevard 82, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Fageeh YA, Altuwaireqi AS, Alghuraibi AB, Alotaibi MS, Alsulimany LE, Altooarki EA. Persistent Smell Disorders After COVID-19 Infection and Their Impact on Quality of Life. Cureus 2024; 16:e58469. [PMID: 38765373 PMCID: PMC11100972 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to various health challenges, including the disruption of people's sense of smell. Olfactory disorders have been reported as a lingering consequence of COVID-19, with diverse patterns of smell dysfunction experienced by patients. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the impact of persistent smell disorders on the quality of life of individuals who recovered from COVID-19 in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Taif, Saudi Arabia, between October 2023 and January 2024. The study included adults with a history of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection in Taif city. Data were collected using a validated online survey employing a convenience sampling technique. Statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States), and chi-squared tests were used to assess the relationships. Results The study included 429 participants. A total of 52.7% of the respondents reported a loss of smell after recovering from COVID-19, and 14.9% reported a persistent loss of their sense of smell. The most common types of smell disorders experienced were hyposmia, anosmia, and parosmia. The study revealed emotional distress, changes in eating habits, and social impact among participants with smell disorders. Conclusion This study highlights the high prevalence of persistent smell disorders among individuals who recovered from COVID-19 in Taif, Saudi Arabia. The findings emphasize the complex nature of these disorders and their impact on patients' quality of life. This study contributes valuable information that can inform healthcare practices and support services for individuals experiencing post-COVID-19 smell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya A Fageeh
- Otorhinolaryngology, Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, SAU
| | | | | | | | | | - Eman A Altooarki
- General Practice, Emergency Department, Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, SAU
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Marin C, Alobid I, López-Chacón M, VanStrahlen CR, Mullol J. Type 2 and Non-type 2 Inflammation in the Upper Airways: Cellular and Molecular Alterations in Olfactory Neuroepithelium Cell Populations. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2024; 24:211-219. [PMID: 38492160 PMCID: PMC11008081 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-024-01137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neurogenesis occurring in the olfactory epithelium is critical to continuously replace olfactory neurons to maintain olfactory function, but is impaired during chronic type 2 and non-type 2 inflammation of the upper airways. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction and the olfactory alterations in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (type 2 inflammation) and post-viral acute rhinosinusitis (non-type 2 inflammation), highlighting the role of immune response attenuating olfactory neurogenesis as a possibly mechanism for the loss of smell in these diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have provided relevant insights into the role of basal stem cells as direct participants in the progression of chronic inflammation identifying a functional switch away from a neuro-regenerative phenotype to one contributing to immune defense, a process that induces a deficient replacement of olfactory neurons. The interaction between olfactory stem cells and immune system might critically underlie ongoing loss of smell in type 2 and non-type 2 inflammatory upper airway diseases. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction and the olfactory alterations in type 2 and non-type 2 inflammatory upper airway diseases, highlighting the role of immune response attenuating olfactory neurogenesis, as a possibly mechanism for the lack of loss of smell recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isam Alobid
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauricio López-Chacón
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Camilo R VanStrahlen
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Dumas LE, Vandersteen C, Metelkina-Fernandez V, Gros A, Auby P, Askenazy-Gittard F. Impact of post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders on quality of life, hedonic experiences and psychiatric dimensions in general population. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:111. [PMID: 38331799 PMCID: PMC10854070 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Olfactory disorders in COVID-19 impact quality of life and may lead to psychological impairments. Prevalence ranges from 8 to 85%, persisting in about 30% of cases. This study aimed to evaluate the 6-month post-COVID-19 impact on quality of life, hedonic experiences, anxiety and depression due to olfactory disorders. Additionally, it sought to compare psychophysical tests and self-perceived olfactory evaluations. METHODS A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted over baseline (T0) and 6 months (T1) on individuals with persistent olfactory disorders post-COVID-19 for more than 6 weeks. Psychophysical tests employed the Sniffin' Sticks Test® (TDI score), and self-perceived olfactory evaluation used a Visual Analogue Scale. Quality of life was assessed with an Olfactive Disorder Questionnaire and the French version of the Quality of Life and Diet Questionnaire. Hedonic experiences were gauged using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, while anxiety and depression dimensions were measured by The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Post Traumatic Stress Checklist Scale, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Participants were classified into the "normosmic group" (NG) and the "olfactory disorders group" (ODG) at T0 and T1 based on the TDI score. RESULTS Were included 56 participants (58.93% women, 41.07% men) with a mean age of 39.04 years and a mean duration of post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders of 5.32 months. At T1, ODG had a significantly lower quality of life and hedonic experiences than NG. No significant differences in anxiety and depression dimensions were observed between groups. At T0, psychophysical tests and self-perceived olfactory evaluations were significantly correlated with quality of life and hedonic experiences in both groups. At T1, self-perceived olfactory evaluation in NG correlated significantly with quality of life, hedonic experiences, anxiety and depression dimensions, whereas ODG only correlated with hedonic experiences. CONCLUSION Individuals with persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders after six months demonstrated compromised quality of life and hedonic experiences. Self-perceived olfactory evaluation played a more significant role in influencing quality of life and the dimension of anxiety and depression than the psychophysical presence of olfactory disorders. These findings emphasize the importance of considering patients' perceptions to comprehensively assess the impact of olfactory disorders on their well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number (ID: NCT04799977).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise-Emilie Dumas
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (SUPEA), Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Lenval, Nice, France.
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
| | - Clair Vandersteen
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou (IUFC), ENT Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nice, France
| | - Victoria Metelkina-Fernandez
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nice, France
| | - Auriane Gros
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Département d'Orthophonie (DON), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Auby
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (SUPEA), Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Florence Askenazy-Gittard
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (SUPEA), Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:134-143. [PMID: 38143247 PMCID: PMC10806031 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract, yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier. Situated in the nasal passages, the olfactory mucosa is directly exposed to the environment to sense airborne odorants; however, this also means it can serve as a direct route of entry from the outside world into the brain. As a result, olfactotropic infections can have serious consequences, including dysfunction of the olfactory system, CNS invasion, dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, and transmission between individuals. Recent research has shown that a distinctive immune response is needed to protect this neuronal and mucosal tissue. A better understanding of innate, adaptive, and structural immune barriers in the olfactory mucosa is needed to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines against olfactotropic microbes such as SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarize the ramifications of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory mucosa, review the subsequent immune response, and discuss important areas of future research for olfactory immunity to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Zou L, Mahmut MK. Investigating the Interplay between Olfaction, Social Behaviour, and Individual Differences: Editorial. Brain Sci 2024; 14:142. [PMID: 38391717 PMCID: PMC10886902 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-COVID mercilessly brought awareness to what olfaction researchers have known all along; losing your sense of smell changes your experiences with the world around you and can compromise your health and wellbeing [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiquan Zou
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mehmet K Mahmut
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Trofor AC, Robu Popa D, Melinte OE, Trofor L, Vicol C, Grosu-Creangă IA, Crișan Dabija RA, Cernomaz AT. Looking at the Data on Smoking and Post-COVID-19 Syndrome-A Literature Review. J Pers Med 2024; 14:97. [PMID: 38248798 PMCID: PMC10821354 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Long COVID is a recently described entity that is responsible for significant morbidity and that has consequences ranging from mild to life-threatening. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, and treatment options are currently limited, as existing data focus more on risk factors and predictors. Smoking has been reported as a risk factor for poor outcomes of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and seems to also play a role in mediating post-COVID-19 symptoms. We aimed to review relevant work addressing the interaction between smoking and long COVID in order to characterize smoking's role as a risk factor and possibly identify new research directions. Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched using the keywords 'smoking', 'long COVID', and 'post-acute COVID' to identify relevant English-language articles published up to October 2023. Results and conclusions: From the 374 initial hits, a total of 36 papers were deemed relevant to the aim of the review. There was significant variability concerning the ways in which tobacco usage was quantified and reported; still, there is compelling evidence linking smoking to an increased risk of developing manifestations of post-acute-COVID disease. Some clinical conditions, such as dyspnea, cardiovascular symptoms, and cognitive or mental-health impairment, seem to be relatively strongly associated with smoking, while the connection between smoking and upper-airway involvement seems less certain. The available data support recommending smoking cessation as a clinical tool for the prevention of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigona Carmen Trofor
- Discipline of Pneumology, III-rd Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.T.); (O.E.M.); (C.V.); (I.A.G.-C.); (R.A.C.D.); (A.T.C.)
- Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Robu Popa
- Discipline of Pneumology, III-rd Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.T.); (O.E.M.); (C.V.); (I.A.G.-C.); (R.A.C.D.); (A.T.C.)
| | - Oana Elena Melinte
- Discipline of Pneumology, III-rd Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.T.); (O.E.M.); (C.V.); (I.A.G.-C.); (R.A.C.D.); (A.T.C.)
- Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Cristina Vicol
- Discipline of Pneumology, III-rd Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.T.); (O.E.M.); (C.V.); (I.A.G.-C.); (R.A.C.D.); (A.T.C.)
| | - Ionela Alina Grosu-Creangă
- Discipline of Pneumology, III-rd Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.T.); (O.E.M.); (C.V.); (I.A.G.-C.); (R.A.C.D.); (A.T.C.)
- Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Adrian Crișan Dabija
- Discipline of Pneumology, III-rd Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.T.); (O.E.M.); (C.V.); (I.A.G.-C.); (R.A.C.D.); (A.T.C.)
- Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Tudor Cernomaz
- Discipline of Pneumology, III-rd Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.T.); (O.E.M.); (C.V.); (I.A.G.-C.); (R.A.C.D.); (A.T.C.)
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Wang J, Chen Y, Huang J, Niu C, Zhang P, Yuan K, Zhu X, Jin Q, Ran S, Huang Z. Prevalence of taste and smell dysfunction in mild and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients during Omicron prevalent period in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional survey study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067065. [PMID: 36944468 PMCID: PMC10032136 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a severe threat to human health and the economy globally. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of taste and/or smell dysfunction and associated risk factors in mild and asymptomatic patients with Omicron infection in Shanghai, China.DesignThis was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. SETTING COVID-19 patients at the makeshift hospital in the Shanghai World Expo Exhibition and Convention Centre were recruited from March to April 2022. PARTICIPANTS In total, 686 COVID-19-infected patients who were defined as mild or asymptomatic cases according to the diagnostic criteria of New Coronavirus Pneumonia Prevention and Control Programme ninth edition (National Health Commission of China, 2022) were enrolled. MEASURES Data to investigate taste and smell loss and to characterise other symptoms were collected by the modified Chemotherapy-induced Taste Alteration Scale and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 questionnaires. The risk factors for the severity of taste/smell dysfunction were analysed by binary logistic regression models. RESULTS 379 males (379/686, 55.2%) and 307 females (307/686, 44.8%) completed the questionnaires to record recent changes in taste and smell ability. A total of 302 patients (44%) had chemosensory dysfunction with Omicron infection, of which 22.7% (156/686) suffered from both taste and smell dysfunction. In addition, cough (60.2%), expectoration (40.5%), fever (33.2%) and sore throat (32.5%) were common symptoms during Omicron infection. The quality-of-life-related indicators were negatively associated with participants' self-reported taste and smell dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of taste or/and smell dysfunction in patients with Omicron infections was 44%. Individuals with chemosensory dysfunction had significantly higher rates of various upper respiratory influenza-like symptoms, xerostomia and bad breath. Moreover, smell dysfunction was a risk factor for the prevalence of taste dysfunction in patients with Omicron infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR 2200059097.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Niu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyong Yuan
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Jin
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Molnár A, Maihoub S, Mavrogeni P, Krasznai M, Tamás L, Kraxner H. The Correlation between the Results of the Sniffin' Sticks Test, Demographic Data, and Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders in a Hungarian Population after a SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031041. [PMID: 36769688 PMCID: PMC9917422 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, smell disorders frequently occur, significantly affecting patients' quality of life (QoL). METHODS 110 patients with persistent olfactory disorder after coronavirus infection were enrolled. These patients underwent chemosensory testing using the Sniffin' Sticks test, and completed the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD). RESULTS 30% of the patients reported anosmia, and 70% reported hyposmia. Upon comparing subjective and chemosensory testing categories, good category matching was observed in 75.3% (i.e., anosmia based on both methods in 10 and hyposmia in 48 cases). Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test revealed a significant result (p = 0.001 *). Between the TDI (i.e., Threshold, Discrimination, Identification) results of the three subjective report groups (i.e., hyposmia, anosmia, and parosmia), no significant differences were observed. When the TDI and QOD results were compared, no consistent significant correlations were found in most TDI and QOD outcomes. Between the TDI and Scale 2 results, a significant, although slight correlation was observed by the Spearman's (rho = 0.213, p = 0.027 *) and Pearson's (rho = 0.201, p = 0.037 *) tests. CONCLUSIONS The nonsignificant correlation between objective and subjective methods suggests that these results should be interpreted independently. Moreover, adequate management is essential even in mild cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Molnár
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefani Maihoub
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panayiota Mavrogeni
- Tóth Ilona Health Service Clinical Medical Institute, Görgey Artúr tér 8, 1212 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Krasznai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Tamás
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Voice, Speech and Swallowing Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Vas u. 17, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Helga Kraxner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Liao B, Deng YK, Zeng M, Liu Z. Long-term Consequences of COVID-19: Chemosensory Disorders. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:111-119. [PMID: 36574210 PMCID: PMC9792936 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A number of sequelae after acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affect the quality of life of patients. The chemosensory disorders including olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) are two of the commonest symptoms complained by patients with COVID-19. Although chemosensory function has been reported improved in over 60% of COVID-19 patients in a short time after acute infection, it may last as a major symptom for patients with long COVID-19. This narrative review discussed current literatures on OD and GD in long COVID-19 including the prevalence, risk factors, possible mechanisms, and potential therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Although the prevalence of OD and GD has declined continuously after acute COVID-19, a considerable number of patients had persistent chemosensory disorders 3 months to 2 years after symptom onset. Female gender, initial severity of dysfunction, nasal congestion, emotional distress and depression, and SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified as risk factors for persistent OD and GD in long COVID-19. The pathogenesis of OD and GD in long COVID-19 remains unknown, but may be analogous to the persistent OD and GD post common respiratory viral infection. Corticosteroids and olfactory training might be a potential choice regarding the treatment of lasting OD and GD after SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, more studies are needed to prove it. OD and GD are common long-term consequences of COVID-19 and influenced by gender, initial severity of dysfunction, emotional distress and depression, and SARS-CoV-2 variants. More studies are needed to illustrate their pathogenesis and to establish therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China ,Insititue of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ke Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China ,Insititue of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Insititue of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Insititue of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Jensen MM, Larsen KD, Homøe AS, Simonsen AL, Arndal E, Koch A, Samuelsen GB, Nielsen XC, Todsen T, Homøe P. Subjective and psychophysical olfactory and gustatory dysfunction among COVID-19 outpatients; short- and long-term results. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275518. [PMID: 36191024 PMCID: PMC9529127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are early symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Between 20-80% of infected individuals report subjective altered sense of smell and/or taste during infection. Up to 2/3 of previously infected experience persistent olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction after 6 months. The aim of this study was to examine subjective and psychophysical olfactory and gustatory function in non-hospitalized individuals with acute COVID-19 up to 6 months after infection. METHODS Individuals aged 18-80-years with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test no older than 10 days, were eligible. Only individuals able to visit the outpatient examination facilities were included. Gustatory function was tested with the Burgharts Taste Strips and olfactory function was examined with the Brief Smell Identifications test (Danish version). Subjective symptoms were examined through an online questionnaire at inclusion, day 30, 90 and 180 after inclusion. RESULTS Fifty-eight SARS-CoV-2 positive and 56 negative controls were included. 58.6% (34/58) of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals vs. 8.9% (5/56) of negative controls reported subjective olfactory dysfunction at inclusion. For gustatory dysfunction, 46.5% (27/58) of positive individuals reported impairment compared to 8.9% (5/56) of negative controls. In psychophysical tests, 75.9% (46/58) had olfactory dysfunction and 43.1% (25/58) had gustatory dysfunction among the SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals at inclusion. Compared to negative controls, SARS-CoV-2 infected had significantly reduced olfaction and gustation. Previously infected individuals continued to report lower subjective sense of smell 30 days after inclusion, whereafter the difference between the groups diminished. However, after 180 days, 20.7% (12/58) positive individuals still reported reduced sense of smell and taste. CONCLUSION Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are prevalent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but there is inconsistency between subjective reporting and psychophysical test assessment of especially olfaction. Most individuals regain normal function after 30 days, but approximately 20% report persistent olfactory and gustatory dysfunction 6 months after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mose Jensen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Kasper Daugaard Larsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sophie Homøe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | | | - Elisabeth Arndal
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Koch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Staten Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Xiaohui Chen Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
| | - Tobias Todsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Homøe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Association between chemosensory dysfunctions and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2079-2087. [PMID: 36097300 PMCID: PMC9467422 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that chemosensory dysfunctions, including smell and taste disorders, are common findings in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the underlying biological mechanisms and the role of inflammatory markers are still poorly understood. AIM To investigate the inflammatory biomarkers levels in patients with COVID-19 presenting chemosensory dysfunctions. METHODS This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. A systematic literature search was performed from January 1, 2020, to May 12, 2022. Observational studies that provided data on hematological, biochemical, infection-related indices and cellular immunity, and coagulation function in patients with COVID-19 experiencing smell and/or taste disorders were considered eligible. Effect sizes were reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A negative effect size indicated that the inflammatory biomarker levels were lower among patients with chemosensory dysfunctions. RESULTS Eleven studies were included. Patients with chemosensory disturbances had lower levels of leukocytes (SMD - 0.18, 95% CI - 0.35 to - 0.01, p = 0.04), lactate dehydrogenase (SMD - 0.45, 95% CI - 0.82 to - 0.09, p = 0.01), IL-6 (SMD - 0.25, 95% CI - 0.44 to - 0.06, p < 0.01), and C-reactive protein (SMD - 0.33, 95% CI - 0.58 to - 0.08, p < 0.01) than patients without chemosensory disturbances. CONCLUSION Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who have olfactory and gustatory disorders have a lower inflammatory response than patients who do not have chemosensory alterations. The presence of these symptoms may indicate a more favorable clinical course for COVID-19.
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The Role of Social Media in Improving Patient Recruitment for Research Studies on Persistent Post-Infectious Olfactory Dysfunction. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58030348. [PMID: 35334524 PMCID: PMC8949697 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of cases of post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) has substantially increased. Despite a good recovery rate, olfactory dysfunction (OD) becomes persistent in up to 15% of cases and further research is needed to find new treatment modalities for those patients who have not improved on currently available treatments. Social media has emerged as a potential avenue for patient recruitment, but its role in recruiting patients with smell dysfunction remains unexplored. We conducted a survey using the AbScent Facebook page to evaluate the feasibility of using this platform for future studies on smell dysfunction. Materials and Methods: Between 26 October and 4 November 2021, we conducted an online survey to evaluate propensity of patients with PIOD who would be willing to participate in research studies on smell dysfunction. Results: Sixty-five subjects were surveyed with a response rate of 90.7%. The median visual analogue scale (VAS) for sense of smell was 0 at infection and 2 at survey completion. The median length of OD was 1.6 years, and the main cause of OD was SARS-CoV-2 (57.6%). Parosmia was reported in 41 subjects (69.5%) whilst phantosmia in 22 (37.3%). The median length of olfactory training (OT) was 6 months but subjectively effective in 15 subjects (25.4%). Twenty-seven subjects (45.8%) tried other medications to improve olfaction, but only 6 participants (22.2%) reported an improvement. All subjects expressed their propensity to participate in future studies with most of them (38; 64.4%) willing to be enrolled either in medical and surgical studies or to be part of a randomised study design (11; 18.6%). Conclusions: Using the AbScent Facebook platform we successfully selected a population of subjects with persistent and severe OD that have failed to improve on available treatments and are willing to participate in further clinical trials.
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