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Sterling KG, Dodd GK, Alhamdi S, Asimenios PG, Dagda RK, De Meirleir KL, Hudig D, Lombardi VC. Mucosal Immunity and the Gut-Microbiota-Brain-Axis in Neuroimmune Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13328. [PMID: 36362150 PMCID: PMC9655506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have opened the door to a wellspring of information regarding the composition of the gut microbiota. Leveraging NGS technology, early metagenomic studies revealed that several diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism, and myalgic encephalomyelitis, are characterized by alterations in the diversity of gut-associated microbes. More recently, interest has shifted toward understanding how these microbes impact their host, with a special emphasis on their interactions with the brain. Such interactions typically occur either systemically, through the production of small molecules in the gut that are released into circulation, or through signaling via the vagus nerves which directly connect the enteric nervous system to the central nervous system. Collectively, this system of communication is now commonly referred to as the gut-microbiota-brain axis. While equally important, little attention has focused on the causes of the alterations in the composition of gut microbiota. Although several factors can contribute, mucosal immunity plays a significant role in shaping the microbiota in both healthy individuals and in association with several diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the components of mucosal immunity that impact the gut microbiota and then discuss how altered immunological conditions may shape the gut microbiota and consequently affect neuroimmune diseases, using a select group of common neuroimmune diseases as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Griffin Kutler Dodd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Shatha Alhamdi
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialist Children’s Hospital, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ruben K. Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | - Dorothy Hudig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Vincent C. Lombardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Hu YZ, Ma ZY, Wu CS, Wang J, Zhang YA, Zhang XJ. LECT2 Is a Novel Antibacterial Protein in Vertebrates. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2037-2053. [PMID: 35365566 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, leukocyte-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2) is an important immunoregulator with conserved chemotactic and phagocytosis-stimulating activities to leukocytes during bacterial infection. However, whether LECT2 possesses direct antibacterial activity remains unknown. In this article, we show that, unlike tetrapods with a single LECT2 gene, two LECT2 genes exist in teleost fish, named LECT2-a and LECT2-b Using grass carp as a research model, we found that the expression pattern of grass carp LECT2-a (gcLECT2-a) is more similar to that of LECT2 in tetrapods, while gcLECT2-b has evolved to be highly expressed in mucosal immune organs, including the intestine and skin. Interestingly, we found that gcLECT2-b, with conserved chemotactic and phagocytosis-stimulating activities, can also kill Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria directly in a membrane-dependent and a non-membrane-dependent manner, respectively. Moreover, gcLECT2-b could prevent the adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells through agglutination by targeting peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid. Further study revealed that gcLECT2-b can protect grass carp from Aeromonas hydrophila infection in vivo, because it significantly reduces intestinal necrosis and tissue bacterial load. More importantly, we found that LECT2 from representative tetrapods, except human, also possesses direct antibacterial activities, indicating that the direct antibacterial property of LECT2 is generally conserved in vertebrates. Taken together, to our knowledge, our study discovered a novel function of LECT2 in the antibacterial immunity of vertebrates, especially teleost fish, greatly enhancing our knowledge of this important molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-You Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang-Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; and
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
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3
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Tan C, Kong Y, Tong Y, Deng H, Wang M, Zhao Y, Wan M, Lin S, Liu X, Meng X, Ma Y. Anti-apoptotic effects of high hydrostatic pressure treated cyanidin-3-glucoside and blueberry pectin complexes on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in Caco-2 cells. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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4
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Ibarra-Valencia MA, Espino-Solis GP, Estrada BE, Corzo G. Immunomodulatory Responses of Two Synthetic Peptides against Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. Molecules 2021; 26:5573. [PMID: 34577046 PMCID: PMC8466354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro assays of phagocytic activity showed that the peptide Pin2[G] stimulates phagocytosis in BMDM cells from 0.15 to 1.25 μg/mL, and in RAW 264.7 cells at 0.31 μg/mL. In the same way, the peptide FA1 induced phagocytosis in BMDM cells from 1.17 to 4.69 μg/mL and in RAW 264.7 cells at 150 μg/mL. Cytokine profiles of uninfected RAW 264.7 showed that Pin2[G] increased liberation TNF (from 1.25 to 10 μg/mL) and MCP-1 (10 μg/mL), and FA1 also increased the release of TNF (from 18.75 to 75 μg/mL) but did not increase the liberation of MCP-1. In RAW 264.7 macrophages infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the expression of TNF increases with Pin2[G] (1.25-10 μg/mL) or FA1 (18.75-75 μg/mL). In these cells, FA1 also increases the expression of IL-12p70, IL-10 and IFN-γ when applied at concentrations of 37.5, 75 and 150 μg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, stimulation with 1.25 and 10 μg/mL of Pin2[G] promotes the expression of MCP-1 and IL-12p70, respectively. Finally, peptides treatment did not resolve murine gastric infection, but improves their physical condition. Cytokine profiles showed that FA1 reduces IFN-γ and MCP-1 but increases IL-10, while Pin2[G] reduces IFN-γ but increases the liberation of IL-6 and IL-12p70. This data suggests a promising activity of FA1 and Pin2[G] as immunomodulators of gastric infections in S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Ibarra-Valencia
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Pável Espino-Solis
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional and Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo-UACH, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico; (G.P.E.-S.); (B.E.E.)
| | - Blanca Elisa Estrada
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional and Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo-UACH, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico; (G.P.E.-S.); (B.E.E.)
| | - Gerardo Corzo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
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Kuhlmann N, Nehls C, Heinbockel L, Correa W, Moll R, Gutsmann T, Hübner C, Englisch U, Brandenburg K. Encapsulation and release of As pidasept peptides in polysaccharide formulation for oral application. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 158:105687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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6
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Subh L, Correa W, Pinkvos T, Behrens P, Brandenburg K, Gutsmann T, Stiesch M, Doll K, Winkel A. Synthetic anti‐endotoxin peptides interfere with Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, their adhesion and biofilm formation on titanium. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1272-1286. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Subh
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials ScienceHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - W. Correa
- Division of Biophysics Research Center Borstel – Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
| | - T.‐J. Pinkvos
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - P. Behrens
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | | | - T. Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics Research Center Borstel – Leibniz Lung Center Borstel Germany
| | - M. Stiesch
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials ScienceHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - K. Doll
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials ScienceHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - A. Winkel
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials ScienceHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
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Hornef MW, Torow N. 'Layered immunity' and the 'neonatal window of opportunity' - timed succession of non-redundant phases to establish mucosal host-microbial homeostasis after birth. Immunology 2019; 159:15-25. [PMID: 31777069 PMCID: PMC6904599 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate host–microbial interaction and the overwhelming complexity of the mucosal immune system in the adult host raise the question of how this system is initially established. Here, we propose the implementation of the concept of the ‘postnatal window of opportunity’ into the model of a ‘layered immunity’ to explain how the newborn's mucosal immune system matures and how host–microbial immune homeostasis is established after birth. We outline the concept of a timed succession of non‐redundant phases during postnatal immune development and discuss the possible influence of external factors and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias W Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalia Torow
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Hu J, Ma L, Nie Y, Chen J, Zheng W, Wang X, Xie C, Zheng Z, Wang Z, Yang T, Shi M, Chen L, Hou Q, Niu Y, Xu X, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Wei H, Yan X. A Microbiota-Derived Bacteriocin Targets the Host to Confer Diarrhea Resistance in Early-Weaned Piglets. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:817-832.e8. [PMID: 30543777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternatives to antibiotics for preventing diarrhea in early-weaned farm animals are sorely needed. CM piglets (a native Chinese breed) are more resistant to early-weaning stress-induced diarrhea than the commercial crossbred LY piglets. Transferring fecal microbiota, but not saline, from healthy CM into LY piglets by oral administration prior to early weaning conferred diarrhea resistance. By comparing the relative abundance of intestinal microbiota in saline and microbiota transferred LY piglets, we identified and validated Lactobacillus gasseri LA39 and Lactobacillus frumenti as two bacterial species that mediate diarrhea resistance. Diarrhea resistance depended on the bacterial secretory circular peptide gassericin A, a bacteriocin. The binding of gassericin A to Keratin 19 (KRT19) on the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells was essential for enhancement of fluid absorption and decreased secretion. These findings suggest the use of L. gasseri LA39 and L. frumenti as antibiotic alternatives for preventing diarrhea in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Libao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yangfan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Wenyong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xinkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Chunlin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zilong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qiliang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yaorong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaofan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Hong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Synthetic Anti-lipopolysaccharide Peptides (SALPs) as Effective Inhibitors of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1117:111-129. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3588-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Correa W, Heinbockel L, Behrends J, Kaconis Y, Barcena-Varela S, Gutsmann T, Mauss K, Schürholz T, Schromm AB, Martinez de Tejada G, Brandenburg K. Antibacterial action of synthetic antilipopolysaccharide peptides (SALP) involves neutralization of both membrane-bound and free toxins. FEBS J 2019; 286:1576-1593. [PMID: 30843356 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing failure of conventional antibiotics to combat bacterial infections requires the urgent development of new antibacterial drugs; a promising class of new drugs based on antimicrobial peptides. Here, we studied the molecular interaction of polycationic synthetic antilipopolysaccharide peptides (SALPs) with various gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including resistant strains. The analysis of antimicrobial activity by conventional techniques and atomic force microscopy showed a strict dependence on amino acid (aa) sequences, with the type of amino acid, its position within the primary structure, and the sequence length being critical parameters. By monitoring lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or bacteria-induced cytokine production in human mononuclear cells and whole blood, we found a direct link between the binding of the lead compound Pep19-2.5 to Salmonella enterica and the anti-inflammatory activity of the peptide. Thermodynamic analysis of Pep19-2.5 binding to the bacterial cell envelope showed an exothermic reaction with saturation characteristics, whereas small-angle X-ray scattering data indicated a direct attachment of Pep19-2.5 to the bacterial cell envelope. This binding preferentially takes place to the LPS outer monolayer, as evidenced by the change in the LPS acyl chain and phosphate vibrational bands seen by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. We report here that the anti-inflammatory activity of Pep19-2.5 is not only connected with neutralization of cell-free bacterial toxins but also with a direct binding of the peptide to the outer leaflet of the bacterial outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmar Correa
- Division of Biophysics, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Behrends
- Core Facility Fluorescence Cytometrie, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
| | - Yani Kaconis
- Division of Biophysics, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
| | - Sergio Barcena-Varela
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
| | - Karl Mauss
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery Section, Asklepios-Klinik Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schürholz
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Germany
| | - Andra B Schromm
- Division of Immunobiophysics, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Brandenburg
- Brandenburg Antiinfektiva GmbH, c/o Forschungszentrum Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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11
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Prevention of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice with the Antimicrobial Peptide Sublancin. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4353580. [PMID: 29854837 PMCID: PMC5964538 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4353580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sublancin is a glycosylated antimicrobial peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis 168 with combined antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of sublancin on immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. In normal mice, the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages was significantly enhanced by oral administration of sublancin (1.0 mg/kg body weight) to BALB/c mice for 7 days (P < 0.01). In addition, the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in peritoneal macrophages from sublancin- (1.0 mg/kg body weight) administered mice was significantly increased (P < 0.05). In cyclophosphamide-treated mice, oral sublancin administration accelerated the recovery of peripheral white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobins, and platelets and enhanced the macrophage phagocytic activity. Furthermore, sublancin restored the mRNA levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 in the spleen. Finally, the intestinal absorption of sublancin was poor as detected in the Caco-2 transwell system. Taken together, these findings suggest that sublancin plays a crucial role in the protection against immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice and could be a potential candidate for use in immune therapy regimens.
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12
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Darnaud M, Dos Santos A, Gonzalez P, Augui S, Lacoste C, Desterke C, De Hertogh G, Valentino E, Braun E, Zheng J, Boisgard R, Neut C, Dubuquoy L, Chiappini F, Samuel D, Lepage P, Guerrieri F, Doré J, Bréchot C, Moniaux N, Faivre J. Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1009-1023.e14. [PMID: 29133078 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Paneth cell dysfunction causes deficiencies in intestinal C-type lectins and antimicrobial peptides, which leads to dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, alters the mucosal barrier, and promotes development of inflammatory bowel diseases. We investigated whether transgenic (TG) expression of the human regenerating family member 3 alpha gene (REG3A) alters the fecal microbiota and affects development of colitis in mice. METHODS We performed studies with C57BL/6 mice that express human regenerating family member 3 alpha (hREG3A) in hepatocytes, via the albumin gene promoter. In these mice, hREG3A travels via the bile to the intestinal lumen. Some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis. Feces were collected from mice and the composition of the microbiota was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The fecal microbiome was also analyzed from mice that express only 1 copy of human REG3A transgene but were fed feces from control mice (not expressing hREG3A) as newborns. Mice expressing hREG3A were monitored for DSS-induced colitis after cohousing or feeding feces from control mice. Colitis was induced in another set of control and hREG3A-TG mice by administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; some mice were given intrarectal injections of the hREG3A protein. Colon tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry to detect mucin 2, as well as by 16S ribosomal RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, transcriptional analyses, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We measured levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacterial cultures and fecal microbiota using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and flow cytometry. RESULTS The fecal microbiota of mice that express hREG3A had a significant shift in composition, compared with control mice, with enrichment of Clostridiales (Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae) and depletion of Bacteroidetes (Prevotellaceae); the TG mice developed less-severe colitis following administration of DSS than control mice, associated with preserved gut barrier integrity and reduced bacterial translocation, epithelial inflammation, and oxidative damage. A similar shift in the composition of the fecal microbiota occurred after a few months in TG mice heterozygous for REG3A that harbored a wild-type maternal microbiota at birth; these mice developed less-severe forms of colitis following DSS administration. Cohoused and germ-free mice fed feces from REG3A-TG mice and given DSS developed less-severe forms of colitis and had reduced lipopolysaccharide activation of the toll-like receptor 4 and increased survival times compared with mice not fed feces from REG3A-TG mice. REG3A TG mice developed only mild colonic inflammation after exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, compared with control mice. Control mice given intrarectal hREG3A and exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid showed less colon damage and inflammation than mice not given intrarectal hREG3A. Fecal samples from REG3A-TG mice had lower levels of ROS than feces from control mice during DSS administration. Addition of hREG3A to bacterial cultures reduced levels of ROS and increased survival of oxygen-sensitive commensal bacteria (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia intestinalis). CONCLUSIONS Mice with hepatocytes that express hREG3A, which travels to the intestinal lumen, are less sensitive to colitis than control mice. We found hREG3A to alter the colonic microbiota by decreasing levels of ROS. Fecal microbiota from REG3A-TG mice protect non-TG mice from induction of colitis. These findings indicate a role for reduction of oxidative stress in preserving the gut microbiota and its ability to prevent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Darnaud
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alexandre Dos Santos
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrick Gonzalez
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sandrine Augui
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Claire Lacoste
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christophe Desterke
- University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Unit of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emma Valentino
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emilie Braun
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jinzi Zheng
- CEA, DSV, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; INSERM, U1023, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Raphael Boisgard
- CEA, DSV, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; INSERM, U1023, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Christel Neut
- LIRIC-U995, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Franck Chiappini
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Patricia Lepage
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Roma, Italy
| | - Joel Doré
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christian Bréchot
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Moniaux
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jamila Faivre
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pôle de Biologie Médicale, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Villejuif, France.
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13
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Coorens M, Schneider VAF, de Groot AM, van Dijk A, Meijerink M, Wells JM, Scheenstra MR, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP. Cathelicidins Inhibit Escherichia coli-Induced TLR2 and TLR4 Activation in a Viability-Dependent Manner. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:1418-1428. [PMID: 28710255 PMCID: PMC5544931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the immune system needs to be tightly regulated to provide protection against infections and, at the same time, to prevent excessive inflammation to limit collateral damage to the host. This tight regulation includes regulating the activation of TLRs, which are key players in the recognition of invading microbes. A group of short cationic antimicrobial peptides, called cathelicidins, have previously been shown to modulate TLR activation by synthetic or purified TLR ligands and may play an important role in the regulation of inflammation during infections. However, little is known about how these cathelicidins affect TLR activation in the context of complete and viable bacteria. In this article, we show that chicken cathelicidin-2 kills Escherichia coli in an immunogenically silent fashion. Our results show that chicken cathelicidin-2 kills E. coli by permeabilizing the bacterial inner membrane and subsequently binds the outer membrane-derived lipoproteins and LPS to inhibit TLR2 and TLR4 activation, respectively. In addition, other cathelicidins, including human, mouse, pig, and dog cathelicidins, which lack antimicrobial activity under cell culture conditions, only inhibit macrophage activation by nonviable E. coli In total, this study shows that cathelicidins do not affect immune activation by viable bacteria and only inhibit inflammation when bacterial viability is lost. Therefore, cathelicidins provide a novel mechanism by which the immune system can discriminate between viable and nonviable Gram-negative bacteria to tune the immune response, thereby limiting collateral damage to the host and the risk for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Coorens
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Viktoria A F Schneider
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Marit de Groot
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Meijerink
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike R Scheenstra
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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14
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Abstract
Although largely deprived from exogenous stimuli in utero, the mucosal barriers of the neonate after birth are bombarded by environmental, nutritional, and microbial exposures. The microbiome is established concurrently with the developing immune system. The nature and timing of discrete interactions between these two factors underpins the long-term immune characteristics of these organs, and can set an individual on a trajectory towards or away from disease. Microbial exposures in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are some of the key determinants of the overall immune tone at these mucosal barriers and represent a leading target for future intervention strategies. In this review, we discuss immune maturation in the gut and lung and how microbes have a central role in this process.
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15
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Alexander DB, Iigo M, Abdelgied M, Ozeki K, Tanida S, Joh T, Takahashi S, Tsuda H. Bovine lactoferrin and Crohn's disease: a case study. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:133-141. [PMID: 28165294 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 22-year-old male suffering from abdominal pain, repeated diarrhea, and weight loss visited the Digestive Disease Department of Nagoya City University Hospital on 19 December 2011. He was hospitalized and diagnosed with Crohn's colitis. His Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) was 415. Treatment by granulocyte apheresis, mesalazine, and adalimumab was started. His CDAI was 314 on 30 December and 215 on 5 January. A colonoscopic examination on 19 January showed almost complete remission in the transverse colon and marked remission in the rectum. Mesalazine therapy was stopped on 28 February, and the patient was instructed to self-inject 40 mg of adalimumab every other week. His CDAI was 50 on 10 April, indicating clinical remission. His last self-injection of adalimumab was on 24 April 2012, and he started taking 1 g of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) daily. His CDAI was 35 on 8 January 2013. He continued taking 1 g of bLF daily without any other treatment for Crohn's disease. Laboratory blood tests on 7 September 2015 showed no sign of disease recurrence, and a colonoscopic examination on 23 October 2015 showed almost complete mucosal healing. This case indicates that ingestion of bLF to maintain Crohn's disease in a remissive state should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaaki Iigo
- a Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdelgied
- a Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,b Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,c Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Keiji Ozeki
- d Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanida
- d Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- d Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- b Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuda
- a Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Research Advance in Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:9686238. [PMID: 27651792 PMCID: PMC5019909 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9686238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the etiology and pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) have not been fully elucidated. It is widely accepted that genetic, immune, and environment factors are closely related to the development of CD. As an important defensive line for human body against the environment, intestinal mucosa is able to protect the homeostasis of gut bacteria and alleviate the intestinal inflammatory and immune response. It is evident that the dysfunction of intestinal mucosa barriers plays a crucial role in CD initiation and development. Yet researches are insufficient on intestinal mucosal barrier's action in the prevention of CD onset. This article summarizes the research advances about the correlations between the disorders of intestinal mucosal barriers and CD.
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17
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Schulte M, Hensel M. Models of intestinal infection by Salmonella enterica: introduction of a new neonate mouse model. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27408697 PMCID: PMC4926732 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8468.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a foodborne pathogen causing inflammatory disease in the intestine following diarrhea and is responsible for thousands of deaths worldwide. Many
in vitro investigations using cell culture models are available, but these do not represent the real natural environment present in the intestine of infected hosts. Several
in vivo animal models have been used to study the host-pathogen interaction and to unravel the immune responses and cellular processes occurring during infection. An animal model for
Salmonella-induced intestinal inflammation relies on the pretreatment of mice with streptomycin. This model is of great importance but still shows limitations to investigate the host-pathogen interaction in the small intestine
in vivo. Here, we review the use of mouse models for
Salmonella infections and focus on a new small animal model using 1-day-old neonate mice. The neonate model enables researchers to observe infection of both the small and large intestine, thereby offering perspectives for new experimental approaches, as well as to analyze the
Salmonella-enterocyte interaction in the small intestine
in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schulte
- Department of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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18
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Epithelial calcineurin controls microbiota-dependent intestinal tumor development. Nat Med 2016; 22:506-15. [PMID: 27043494 PMCID: PMC5570457 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation-associated pathways are active in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Calcineurin, a phosphatase required for the activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors, shows increased expression in CRC. We therefore investigated the role of calcineurin in intestinal tumor development. We demonstrate that calcineurin and NFAT factors are constitutively expressed by primary IECs and selectively activated in intestinal tumors as a result of impaired stratification of the tumor-associated microbiota and toll-like receptor signaling. Epithelial calcineurin supports the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells in an NFAT-dependent manner and promotes the development of intestinal tumors in mice. Moreover, somatic mutations that have been identified in human CRC are associated with constitutive activation of calcineurin, whereas nuclear translocation of NFAT is associated with increased death from CRC. These findings highlight an epithelial cell-intrinsic pathway that integrates signals derived from the commensal microbiota to promote intestinal tumor development.
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19
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Crosstalk between microbiota, pathogens and the innate immune responses. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:257-265. [PMID: 26996809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade has convincingly demonstrated that the microbiota is crucial in order to prime and orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses of their host and influence barrier function as well as multiple developmental and metabolic parameters of the host. Reciprocally, host reactions and immune responses instruct the composition of the microbiota. This review summarizes recent evidence from experimental and human studies which supports these arms of mutual relationship and crosstalk between host and resident microbiota, with a focus on innate immune responses in the gut, the role of cell death pathways and antimicrobial peptides. We also provide some recent examples on how dysbiosis and pathogens can act in concert to promote intestinal infection, inflammatory pathologies and cancer. The future perspectives of these combined research efforts include the discovery of protective species within the microbiota and specific traits and factors of microbes that weaken or enforce host intestinal homeostasis.
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20
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Zhang K, Hornef MW, Dupont A. The intestinal epithelium as guardian of gut barrier integrity. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1561-9. [PMID: 26294173 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A single layer of epithelial cells separates the intestinal lumen from the underlying sterile tissue. It is exposed to a multitude of nutrients and a large number of commensal bacteria. Although the presence of commensal bacteria significantly contributes to nutrient digestion, vitamin synthesis and tissue maturation, their high number represents a permanent challenge to the integrity of the epithelial surface keeping the local immune system constantly on alert. In addition, the intestinal mucosa is challenged by a variety of enteropathogenic microorganisms. In both circumstances, the epithelium actively contributes to maintaining host-microbial homeostasis and antimicrobial host defence. It deploys a variety of mechanisms to restrict the presence of commensal bacteria to the intestinal lumen and to prevent translocation of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms to the underlying tissue. Enteropathogenic microorganisms in turn have learnt to evade the host's immune system and circumvent the antimicrobial host response. In the present article, we review recent advances that illustrate the intense and intimate host-microbial interaction at the epithelial level and improve our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Zhang
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aline Dupont
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Dupont A, Heinbockel L, Brandenburg K, Hornef MW. Antimicrobial peptides and the enteric mucus layer act in concert to protect the intestinal mucosa. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:761-5. [PMID: 25483327 PMCID: PMC4615892 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.972238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa squares the circle by allowing efficient nutrient absorption while generating a firm barrier toward the enteric microbiota, enteropathogenic microorganisms and high luminal concentrations of potent immunostimulatory molecules. The mucus layer together with local antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptides significantly contribute to this ability. Here we summarize the recent progress made to better understand the critical importance of this dynamic, complex and highly structured anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dupont
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Heinbockel
- Division of Biophysics; Research Center Borstel; Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover, Germany,Institut for Medical Microbiology; RWTH University; Aachen, Germany,Correspondence to: Mathias W Hornef; or
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22
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Hornef MW, Fulde M. Ontogeny of intestinal epithelial innate immune responses. Front Immunol 2014; 5:474. [PMID: 25346729 PMCID: PMC4191320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that processes during postnatal development might significantly influence the establishment of mucosal host-microbial homeostasis. Developmental and adaptive immunological processes but also environmental and microbial exposure early after birth might thus affect disease susceptibility and health during adult life. The present review aims at summarizing the current understanding of the intestinal epithelial innate immune system and its developmental and adaptive changes after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias W Hornef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany ; Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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23
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Zhang K, Dupont A, Torow N, Gohde F, Leschner S, Lienenklaus S, Weiss S, Brinkmann MM, Kühnel M, Hensel M, Fulde M, Hornef MW. Age-dependent enterocyte invasion and microcolony formation by Salmonella. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004385. [PMID: 25210785 PMCID: PMC4161480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordinated action of a variety of virulence factors allows Salmonella enterica to invade epithelial cells and penetrate the mucosal barrier. The influence of the age-dependent maturation of the mucosal barrier for microbial pathogenesis has not been investigated. Here, we analyzed Salmonella infection of neonate mice after oral administration. In contrast to the situation in adult animals, we observed spontaneous colonization, massive invasion of enteroabsorptive cells, intraepithelial proliferation and the formation of large intraepithelial microcolonies. Mucosal translocation was dependent on enterocyte invasion in neonates in the absence of microfold (M) cells. It further resulted in potent innate immune stimulation in the absence of pronounced neutrophil-dominated pathology. Our results identify factors of age-dependent host susceptibility and provide important insight in the early steps of Salmonella infection in vivo. We also present a new small animal model amenable to genetic manipulation of the host for the analysis of the Salmonella enterocyte interaction in vivo. Non-typhoidal Salmonella are among of the most prevalent causative agents of infectious diarrheal disease worldwide but also very significantly contribute to infant sepsis and meningitis particularly in developing countries. The underlying mechanisms of the elevated susceptibility of the infant host to systemic Salmonella infection have not been investigated. Here we analyzed age-dependent differences in the colonization, mucosal translocation and systemic spread in a murine oral infection model. We observed efficient entry of Salmonella in intestinal epithelial cells of newborn mice. Enterocyte invasion was followed by massive bacterial proliferation and the formation of large intraepithelial bacterial colonies. Intraepithelial, but not non-invasive, extracellular Salmonella induced a potent immune stimulation. Also, enterocyte invasion was required for translocation through the mucosal barrier and spread of Salmonella to systemic organs. This requirement was due to the absence of M cells, specialized epithelial cells that forward luminal antigen to the underlying immune cells, in the neonate host. Our results identify age-dependent factors of host susceptibility and illustrate the initial phase of Salmonella infection. They further present a new small animal model amenable to genetic manipulation to investigate the interaction of this pathogen with epithelial cells and characterize the early steps in Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Zhang
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aline Dupont
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia Torow
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fredrik Gohde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sara Leschner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Department of Viral Immune Modulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Kühnel
- Centre for Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (MF); (MWH)
| | - Mathias W. Hornef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (MF); (MWH)
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