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Bulluck H, Foin N, Tan JW, Low AF, Sezer M, Hausenloy DJ. Invasive Assessment of the Coronary Microcirculation in Reperfused ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients: Where Do We Stand? Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10:CIRCINTERVENTIONS.116.004373. [PMID: 28242607 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.116.004373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For patients presenting with an acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, the most effective therapy for reducing myocardial infarct size and preserving left ventricular systolic function is primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). However, mortality and morbidity remain significant. This is partly attributed to the development of microvascular obstruction, which occurs in around 50% of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients post-PPCI, and it is associated with adverse left ventricular remodeling and worse clinical outcomes. Although microvascular obstruction can be detected by cardiac imaging techniques several hours post-PPCI, it may be too late to intervene at that time. Therefore, being able to predict the development of microvascular obstruction at the time of PPCI may identify high-risk patients who might benefit from further adjuvant intracoronary therapies, such as thrombolysis, vasodilators, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory agents that may reduce microvascular obstruction. Recent studies have shown that invasive coronary physiology measurements performed during PPCI can be used to assess the coronary microcirculation. In this article, we provide an overview of the various invasive methods currently available to assess the coronary microcirculation in the setting of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, and how they could potentially be used in the future for tailoring therapies to those most at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heerajnarain Bulluck
- From the Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (H.B., N.F., D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore (H.B., N.F., J.W.T., D.J.H.); National University Heart Centre, Singapore (A.F.L.); Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Çapa, Turkey (M.S.); Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore (D.J.H.)
| | - Nicolas Foin
- From the Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (H.B., N.F., D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore (H.B., N.F., J.W.T., D.J.H.); National University Heart Centre, Singapore (A.F.L.); Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Çapa, Turkey (M.S.); Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore (D.J.H.)
| | - Jack W Tan
- From the Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (H.B., N.F., D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore (H.B., N.F., J.W.T., D.J.H.); National University Heart Centre, Singapore (A.F.L.); Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Çapa, Turkey (M.S.); Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore (D.J.H.)
| | - Adrian F Low
- From the Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (H.B., N.F., D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore (H.B., N.F., J.W.T., D.J.H.); National University Heart Centre, Singapore (A.F.L.); Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Çapa, Turkey (M.S.); Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore (D.J.H.)
| | - Murat Sezer
- From the Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (H.B., N.F., D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore (H.B., N.F., J.W.T., D.J.H.); National University Heart Centre, Singapore (A.F.L.); Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Çapa, Turkey (M.S.); Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore (D.J.H.)
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- From the Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom (H.B., D.J.H.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (H.B., N.F., D.J.H.); National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore (H.B., N.F., J.W.T., D.J.H.); National University Heart Centre, Singapore (A.F.L.); Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Çapa, Turkey (M.S.); Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore (D.J.H.).
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11
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Teunissen PFA, de Waard GA, Hollander MR, Robbers LFHJ, Danad I, Biesbroek PS, Amier RP, Echavarría-Pinto M, Quirós A, Broyd C, Heymans MW, Nijveldt R, Lammertsma AA, Raijmakers PG, Allaart CP, Lemkes JS, Appelman YE, Marques KM, Bronzwaer JGF, Horrevoets AJG, van Rossum AC, Escaned J, Beek AM, Knaapen P, van Royen N. Doppler-derived intracoronary physiology indices predict the occurrence of microvascular injury and microvascular perfusion deficits after angiographically successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8:e001786. [PMID: 25717044 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.114.001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A total of 40% to 50% of patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction develop microvascular injury (MVI) despite angiographically successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We investigated whether hyperemic microvascular resistance (HMR) immediately after angiographically successful PCI predicts MVI at cardiovascular magnetic resonance and reduced myocardial blood flow at positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction were included in this prospective study. Immediately after successful PCI, intracoronary pressure-flow measurements were performed and analyzed off-line to calculate HMR and indices derived from the pressure-velocity loops, including pressure at zero flow. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and H2 (15)O PET imaging were performed 4 to 6 days after PCI. Using cardiovascular magnetic resonance, MVI was defined as a subendocardial recess of myocardium with low signal intensity within a gadolinium-enhanced area. Myocardial perfusion was quantified using H2 (15)O PET. Reference HMR values were obtained in 16 stable patients undergoing coronary angiography. Complete data sets were available in 48 patients of which 24 developed MVI. Adequate pressure-velocity loops were obtained in 29 patients. HMR in the culprit artery in patients with MVI was significantly higher than in patients without MVI (MVI, 3.33±1.50 mm Hg/cm per second versus no MVI, 2.41±1.26 mm Hg/cm per second; P=0.03). MVI was associated with higher pressure at zero flow (45.68±13.16 versus 32.01±14.98 mm Hg; P=0.015). Multivariable analysis showed HMR to independently predict MVI (P=0.04). The optimal cutoff value for HMR was 2.5 mm Hg/cm per second. High HMR was associated with decreased myocardial blood flow on PET (myocardial perfusion reserve <2.0, 3.18±1.42 mm Hg/cm per second versus myocardial perfusion reserve ≥2.0, 2.24±1.19 mm Hg/cm per second; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Doppler-flow-derived physiological indices of coronary resistance (HMR) and extravascular compression (pressure at zero flow) obtained immediately after successful primary PCI predict MVI and decreased PET myocardial blood flow. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL http://www.trialregister.nl. Unique identifier: NTR3164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F A Teunissen
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Guus A de Waard
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Maurits R Hollander
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Lourens F H J Robbers
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Ibrahim Danad
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - P Stefan Biesbroek
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Raquel P Amier
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Mauro Echavarría-Pinto
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Alicia Quirós
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Christopher Broyd
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Martijn W Heymans
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Robin Nijveldt
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Pieter G Raijmakers
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Cornelis P Allaart
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Jorrit S Lemkes
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Yolande E Appelman
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Koen M Marques
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Jean G F Bronzwaer
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Anton J G Horrevoets
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Albert C van Rossum
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Javier Escaned
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Aernout M Beek
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Paul Knaapen
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.)
| | - Niels van Royen
- From the Departments of Cardiology (P.F.A.T., G.A.d.W., M.R.H., L.F.H.J.R., I.D., P.S.B., R.P.A., R.N., C.P.A., J.S.L., Y.E.A., K.M.M., J.G.F.B., A.C.v.R., A.M.B., P.K., N.v.R.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.W.H.), Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.A.L., P.G.R.), and Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (A.J.G.H.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos/Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (M.E.-P., A.Q., C.B., J.E.).
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