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Zanotti-Ávila A, Fernandes VF, Barros KA, Dalvi VC, Azevedo AA, Meira RMSA. Unraveling the secretion mechanism of the curious nectaries in Gentianaceae. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:637-649. [PMID: 35953680 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unusual nectaries were anatomically described as being usual traits for Gentianaceae. They are small, avascularized, and formed by 3 to 5 rosette cells with labyrinthine walls around one central cell. Such as nectaries have been reported for stems, petals, and sepals of different species of the family, however, there is no information on the mechanisms involved with the synthesis and release of secretion. Thus, this work aimed to unravel the mechanism of secretion and exudation of nectar for these curious nectaries using Calolisianthus speciosus as a model. Samples were processed according to standard methods for light and electron microscopy. Leaf and sepal nectaries were described, as were those of the apex of petals where ants were observed patrolling a darkened region. The enzymatic method was used for the detection of sugars, proteins, and amino acids in leaf and sepal exudates. The nectaries of petals of C. speciosus are similar to those of its leaves, sepals, and stem, although their activities are asynchronous. Polysaccharides were detected on the labyrinthine walls of rosette cells and protein in the opposite region of the cytoplasm. Labyrinthine walls increase the contact surface between rosette cells and the central cell, allowing for the transfer of secretion. After accumulation, the secretion is released to the subcuticular space of the central cell through disruption of the cuticle. The secretion and exudation of nectar were elucidated and involve distinct organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analu Zanotti-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ferreira Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Kallyne Ambrósio Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Valdnéa Casagrande Dalvi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade E Conservação, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência E Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Aristéa Alves Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Maria Strozi Alves Meira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
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Bergholt NL, Lysdahl H, Lind M, Foldager CB. A Standardized Method of Applying Toluidine Blue Metachromatic Staining for Assessment of Chondrogenesis. Cartilage 2019; 10:370-374. [PMID: 29582671 PMCID: PMC6585293 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518764262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Staining with toluidine blue is a well-established procedure for the histological assessment of cartilaginous- and chondrogenic-differentiated tissues. Being a cationic dye, toluidine blue staining visualizes proteoglycans in a tissue because of its high affinity for the sulfate groups in proteoglycans. It is generally accepted that metachromatic staining with toluidine blue represents cartilaginous matrix and that the degree of positive staining corresponds with the amount of proteoglycans. DESIGN Articular cartilage and pellets of chondrocytes or bone marrow stromal cells were analyzed with a standardized staining procedure for toluidine blue. RESULTS In the present study, we illustrate why such an assumption is invalid unless a detailed description of the procedure and/or reference to a detailed published method are provided. This is because the staining specificity and intensity depend, as we have shown, on the pH of the staining solution, the use of dehydration, and on staining time. CONCLUSIONS We can, therefore, suggest a well-controlled standardized protocol for toluidine blue staining, which provides an easy and simple selective staining technique for the assessment of cartilage tissue and proteoglycan development in chondrogenic differentiation. If this procedure is not used, then investigators must provide sufficient technical information concerning the staining protocol to allow an assessment of the validity of the staining results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Leth Bergholt
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark,Natasja Leth Bergholt, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, Building 1A, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.
| | - Helle Lysdahl
- Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Lind
- Sports Trauma Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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DAVIES DV. Specificity of Staining Methods for Mucopolysaccharides of the Hyaluronic Acid Type. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 27:65-70. [PMID: 14931080 DOI: 10.3109/10520295209105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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PEDACE EA, BACHMANN AE, RUIZ-MORENO G. Contribution to the study of the reticulo endothelial origin of dust cells or alveolar macrophagi. VI. Some histochemical aspects in the lungs of normal guinea pigs, and others submitted to acetylcholine, histamine, or anaphylactic shock, and so-called experimental asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 23:265-76. [PMID: 14938020 DOI: 10.1016/0021-8707(52)90026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Thomas M, Frederiks WM, Van Noorden CJF, Bosch KS, Pompella A. NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation capacity in unfixed tissue sections: characterization of the pro-oxidizing conditions and optimization of the histochemical detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00166099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thomas M, Frederiks WM, Van Noorden CJ, Bosch KS, Pompella A. NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation capacity in unfixed tissue sections: characterization of the pro-oxidizing conditions and optimization of the histochemical detection. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1994; 26:189-96. [PMID: 8206788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Factors which influence the iron-stimulated lipid peroxidation in rat liver have been studied by incubating unfixed cryostat sections with a pro-oxidant system and using an optimized histochemical detection method for lipid peroxidation products with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide and Fast Blue B. We used a method that was slightly different from the one described previously. The final reaction product was exclusively localized in the cytoplasm of liver parenchymal cells with a homogeneous distribution within the liver lobule. The absorbance maximum, as measured cytophotometrically, was found to be 550 nm. Maximum lipid peroxidation was observed when the pro-oxidant system contained 0.2 mM NADPH, 1 mM ADP and 15 microM FeCl2. Some reaction product was found when NADPH was omitted. Iron concentrations higher than 180 microM prevented the formation of lipid peroxidation products in certain areas of the sections, whereas ADP concentrations higher than 1 mM inhibited the reaction in the whole section. A pH dependency was also observed, with the highest lipid peroxidation at pH 7.2. Optimum lipid peroxidation was induced by incubating for 30 min at 37 degrees C with the pro-oxidant system. A linear relationship was found between the thickness of the sections (up to 20 microns) and the amount of lipid peroxidation products. The addition of scavengers of O2-. (superoxide dismutase), hydrogen peroxide (catalase) and OH. (mannitol) to the first step medium did not affect the amount of final reaction product. These findings appear to confirm the hypothesis proposed for events occurring in isolated microsomes, leading to the formation of hydroperoxides and ultimately lipid peroxidation-derived carbonyls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomas
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Nöhammer G. Quantification of the histochemical staining for carbonyles and DNA using 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide and fast blue B. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1990; 94:485-8. [PMID: 2283311 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fixed cells and tissues pretreated with 4-hydroxynonenal were used as models for the histochemical demonstration of protein bound aldehydic groups. The aldehydes were stained with both a modification of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method (2,4-DNPH) and the optimized staining using 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide and Fast blue B (NAH-FB). A correlation has been found between the specific microphotometric mean integrated maximum absorbance values of cells and tissues stained with 2,4-DNPH and with NAH-FB (cc = 0.999). The maximum absorbance measured after 2,4-DNPH-staining (epsilon 367 = 21,000) were 1.893 +/- 0.072 (P less than 0.01) times that of NAH-FB-staining at 550 nm. Microphotometrically determined DNA-values of different cells stained with the NAH-FB-DNA-method correlated with those determined with methods of analytical biochemistry and published by other authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nöhammer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Austria
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Nöhammer G. Optimization of the histochemical demonstration of DNA using 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide and fast blue B. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1989; 90:465-73. [PMID: 2715053 DOI: 10.1007/bf00494358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous methods for the histochemical demonstration of DNA were optimized. p-Toluene sulfonic acid as catalyst for hydrazone formation between the aldehydes generated after Feulgen hydrolysis and 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide (NAH) was used instead of acetic acid. Modifications of the conditions of the coupling reaction with Fast Blue B reduced the background staining. The optimized histochemical staining method for DNA (NAH-FB-DNA staining) can be performed easily and reproducibly. Without prior Feulgen hydrolysis the optimized method can also be used for the histochemical demonstration of reactive carbonyls undissolved under the given histochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nöhammer
- Institut für Biochemie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria
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Abstract
A technique to detect tocopherol histochemically was proposed in basis on the following schedule: 1. toluidine blue and Schiff reagent negativity before a suitable oxidation; 2. performic acid-toluidine blue and performic acid-Schiff reagent positivity after fixing in formalin-CaCl2; 3. performic acid-toluidine blue and performic acid-Schiff reagent negativity after fixing in formalin-HgCl2; 4. ferric ferricyanide reaction positivity not influenced by the formalin-HgCl2 blockade. This technique tested on filter paper strips loaded with several lipids, steroids, vitamins, proteins, amino acids and ribonucleic acid shows that it is specific to tocopherols among the tested substances. Used on tissue sections this technique appears as very suitable to histochemical purposes.
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Undeutsch W. Schleimbildung in ekkrinen Schwei�dr�sen und deren histochemischer Nachweis. Arch Dermatol Res 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00641832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Behrendt W, Lieneman U. Der ausfall der hotchkiss-reaktion im tonsillengewebe als test zur erkennung einer tonsillogenen fokaltoxikose? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00905790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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LEE MM. Histology and histochemistry of human eccrine sweat glands, with special reference to their defense mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960; 136:97-105. [PMID: 14415200 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091360204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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BRAUN-FALCO O. [Histochemistry of the connective tissue]. ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE DERMATOLOGIE 1957; 206:319-44. [PMID: 13522056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Hale AJ. The Histochemistry of Polysaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1957. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61805-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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BRADEN AW. The reactions of isolated mucopolysaccharides to several histochemical tests. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1955; 30:19-26. [PMID: 13225977 DOI: 10.3109/10520295509113733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Altmann HW. Allgemeine morphologische Pathologie des Cytoplasmas. Die Pathobiosen. DAS CYTOPLASMA 1955. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-86043-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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BACHMANN AE, PEDACE EA. Histochemical study of the mucopolysaccharides in lungs of guinea pigs submitted to shock by drugs and antigens. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY 1954; 25:325-39. [PMID: 13174319 DOI: 10.1016/0021-8707(54)90133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Braun-Falco O. Histochemische und morphologische Studien an normaler und pathologisch ver�nderter Haut. Arch Dermatol Res 1954. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00362269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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CURRAN RC. Observations on the formation of collagen in quartz lesions. THE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY 1953; 66:271-82. [PMID: 13109640 DOI: 10.1002/path.1700660131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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BECKER BJP, CHATGIDAKIS CB, VAN LINGEN B. Cardiovascular collagenosis with parietal endocardial thrombosis; a clinicopathologic study of forty cases. Circulation 1953; 7:345-56. [PMID: 13033062 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.7.3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forty cases of endocardial thrombosis of the heart were selected for pathologic study from a total of 9,500 autopsies performed during 1936 to 1951. Widespread focal involvement of the connective tissue throughout the body and particularly in the heart was demonstrated. Although the histopathologic features were similar to those found in the "diffuse collagen diseases" they did not show the characteristic lesions of rheumatic fever, periarteritis nodosa, lupus erythematosus or diffuse scleroderma. The clinical presentation of a rapidly progressive heart failure, together with the pathologic findings, were sufficiently distinctive to consider this condition as a cardiovascular collagenosis with parietal thrombosis. A similar condition has been described under a variety of names and would appear to constitute a large proportion of cases of so-called "idiopathic hypertrophy" or "myocarditis" of the heart.
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DEANE HW, SELIGMAN AM. Evaluation of procedures for the cytological localization of ketosteroids. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1953; 11:173-204. [PMID: 13147061 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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BALASUBRAHMANYAN M. The ground substance of the fibrous tissue in experimental liver cirrhosis. THE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY 1953; 65:123-8. [PMID: 13035605 DOI: 10.1002/path.1700650113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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GLEGG RE, CLERMONT Y, LEBLOND CP. The use of lead tetraacetate, benzidine, o-dianisdine and a "film test" in investigating the periodic-acid-Schiff technic. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1952; 27:277-305. [PMID: 13015284 DOI: 10.3109/10520295209105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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LENNOX B, PEARSE AGE, RICHARDS HGH. Mucin-secreting tumours of the skin with special reference to the so-called mixed-salivary tumour of the skin and its relation to hidradenoma. THE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY 1952; 64:865-80. [PMID: 13000598 DOI: 10.1002/path.1700640418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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HAMPERL H. [Argyrophile cells]. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV FUR PATHOLOGISCHE ANATOMIE UND PHYSIOLOGIE UND FUR KLINISCHE MEDIZIN 1952; 321:482-507. [PMID: 14951106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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