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Diet G, Lenoir C, Fontaine M, Boussingault L, Orte Cano C, Mtimet L, Liénard D, Sanak D, Moulart F, Bernardi D, Trepant AL, Perez-Anker J, Puig S, Malvehy J, Cinotti E, Tognetti L, Rubegni P, Perrot JL, Marmol VD, Suppa M. The Role of Line-Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography in Detecting Extramammary Paget Disease Recurrences: A Pilot Diagnostic Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1562. [PMID: 39061699 PMCID: PMC11276029 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14141562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is an uncommon adenocarcinoma of apocrine gland-rich areas, presenting significant diagnostic challenges due to its nonspecific clinical appearance and frequent misidentification as benign, inflammatory skin conditions. Traditional diagnostic methods such as biopsy are invasive and uncomfortable, often required repeatedly due to high recurrence rates. Dermoscopy and non-invasive imaging techniques have been used but provide limited diagnostic accuracy due to their constraints in depth penetration and resolution. Recent advancements in imaging technologies, such as line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT), show promise in enhancing diagnostic precision while minimizing invasive procedures. LC-OCT merges high-resolution imaging with deep penetration capabilities, capturing detailed horizontal and vertical skin images akin to histopathology. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of LC-OCT in detecting EMPD and its recurrence in 17 clinically suspicious anogenital regions, belonging to six patients. Data were collected prospectively at the patient's bedside by an LC-OCT expert with poor training for EMPD, and, then, reviewed retrospectively by an independent LC-OCT expert with adequate training for EMPD and no concerns about time. The prospective examination yielded 64.7% accuracy (11 true results out of 17 total cases), 71.4% sensitivity (10 true positives out of 14 actual positives), and 33.3% specificity (1 true negative out of 3 actual negatives). The retrospective analysis achieved 94.1% accuracy (16 true results out of 17 total cases), 100% sensitivity (14 true positives out of 14 actual positives), and 66.7% specificity (2 true positives out of 3 actual positives), with the only false positive case being a difficult-to-diagnose concomitant presentation of a lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Despite the need for specialized training, our results suggest that LC-OCT represents a valuable tool for accurately identifying EMPD and improving its management by reducing unnecessary biopsies. Further studies are needed to standardize its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Diet
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clément Lenoir
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margot Fontaine
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lucas Boussingault
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmen Orte Cano
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lyna Mtimet
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danielle Liénard
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dilara Sanak
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florine Moulart
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dana Bernardi
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Laure Trepant
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Javiera Perez-Anker
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Cinotti
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Groupe d’Imagerie Cutanée Non Invasive (GICNI) of the Société Française de Dermatologie (SFD), 42055 Paris, France
| | - Linda Tognetti
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Luc Perrot
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Véronique Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariano Suppa
- Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Groupe d’Imagerie Cutanée Non Invasive (GICNI) of the Société Française de Dermatologie (SFD), 42055 Paris, France
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Della Corte L, Ascione M, Bifulco G. Modified clock mapping biopsy sec. Della Corte-Bifulco in the preoperative assessment of excisional surgery for vulvar Paget's disease. Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611803. [PMID: 38978790 PMCID: PMC11228168 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a biopsy technique aimed at preoperative evaluating the extent of Paget's vulvar disease in order to plan subsequent radical vulvar surgery. The aim is to find all possible lesion sites that are not visible macroscopically, to obtain a clear evaluation of the disease spread and to tailor the radical surgical procedure to remove even microscopic lesions, avoiding recurrences and excessively destructive surgery, adopting as conservative an approach as possible. We used this procedure for the first time to establish the radicality of the surgical intervention in a 68-year-old patient initially suffering from a single invasive vulvar Paget's lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Della Corte
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Ascione
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Dababneh MN, Bottalico DM, Schneider KM, Moh M, Stojanov IJ. Extramammary Paget Disease of Oral Mucosa: Case Report with Literature Review. Head Neck Pathol 2024; 18:33. [PMID: 38658519 PMCID: PMC11043298 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-024-01638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Extramammary Paget disease (EPMD) of the oral mucosa is an unusual and extremely rare condition, with fewer than ten cases documented. Here, we report a case of EMPD extensively involving oral mucosa and underlying salivary ducts in a 72-year-old male and review published clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and prognostic features of this rare entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melad N Dababneh
- Robert J. Tomsich Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Keith M Schneider
- Private Practice, Mentor, OH, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michelle Moh
- Robert J. Tomsich Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ivan J Stojanov
- Robert J. Tomsich Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Zayas J, Sokumbi O. Dense Lichenoid Inflammation in Paget Disease: A Diagnostic Pitfall. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:175-178. [PMID: 38153267 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mammary Paget disease is a rare form of breast cancer, which typically presents as an eczematous plaque on the nipple or surrounding skin. It is often a clinical diagnosis that is confirmed with skin biopsy. Histologic hallmarks of mammary Paget disease include large, pleomorphic, malignant, ductal epithelial cells within the epidermis. Chronic lichenoid inflammation may be seen in the papillary dermis but is not diagnostic. Because mammary Paget disease often overlies ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma of the breast, prompt bilateral mammography is warranted. We report a case of Paget disease of the nipple with negative breast imaging that was originally misdiagnosed due to a dense lichenoid infiltrate obscuring the neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Zayas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Olayemi Sokumbi
- Departments of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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5
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Lydrup E, Lydrup ML, Agger E. Primary perianal Paget's disease: three cases. J Surg Case Rep 2023; 2023:rjad684. [PMID: 38163059 PMCID: PMC10755087 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Perianal Paget's disease (PPD) is a rare intraepidermal neoplastic disease, presenting with nonspecific symptoms, such as pruritis ani or eczema. Perianal Paget's disease may present as a primary lesion or as a paramalignant phenomenon. Uniform evidence-based treatment strategies have not been defined for this rare condition, and currently, different treatment methods are suggested. This case report presents three cases of perianal Paget's disease with three different treatments and outcomes. Pathogenesis, treatment, and the importance of a strict follow-up program are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lydrup
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Skåne University Hospital (SUS Malmö), Jan Waldenströms gata 18, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Lydrup
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Unit, Skåne University Hospital (SUS Malmö), S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Agger
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Unit, Skåne University Hospital (SUS Malmö), S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Ragusa D, Vagnarelli P. Contribution of histone variants to aneuploidy: a cancer perspective. Front Genet 2023; 14:1290903. [PMID: 38075697 PMCID: PMC10702394 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1290903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone variants, which generally differ in few amino acid residues, can replace core histones (H1, H2A, H2B, and H3) to confer specific structural and functional features to regulate cellular functions. In addition to their role in DNA packaging, histones modulate key processes such as gene expression regulation and chromosome segregation, which are frequently dysregulated in cancer cells. During the years, histones variants have gained significant attention as gatekeepers of chromosome stability, raising interest in understanding how structural and functional alterations can contribute to tumourigenesis. Beside the well-established role of the histone H3 variant CENP-A in centromere specification and maintenance, a growing body of literature has described mutations, aberrant expression patterns and post-translational modifications of a variety of histone variants in several cancers, also coining the term "oncohistones." At the molecular level, mechanistic studies have been dissecting the biological mechanisms behind histones and missegregation events, with the potential to uncover novel clinically-relevant targets. In this review, we focus on the current understanding and highlight knowledge gaps of the contribution of histone variants to aneuploidy, and we have compiled a database (HistoPloidyDB) of histone gene alterations linked to aneuploidy in cancers of the The Cancer Genome Atlas project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Ragusa
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Vagnarelli
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
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Huh G, Lee GY, Chung Y, Chae SW, Choi YJ. Pathologically Confirmed Subcutaneous Fat and Lymphovascular Invasion of a Hypopigmented Area in Extramammary Paget Disease. Ann Dermatol 2023; 35:S229-S233. [PMID: 38061710 PMCID: PMC10727877 DOI: 10.5021/ad.21.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare adenocarcinoma that usually occurs in areas of the body that are rich in apocrine sweat glands. Great depth of tumor invasion is a well-known risk factor for worse prognosis. Paget cells usually are limited to the epidermis, whereas invasive EMPD, which infiltrates the dermis, is relatively rare. It is even rarer for the tumor to spread beyond the dermis. Only 3.1% of patients with EMPD of the penis and scrotum have exhibited infiltration of the subcutaneous fat layer. We report a case of a 62-year-old male with EMPD that invaded the subcutaneous fat layer. He presented with a several-year history of a slowly expanding erythematous plaque with the hypopigmented area on the left penoscrotum. One month before presentation, the patient had undergone punch biopsy at another hospital and diagnosed with EMPD. He had no personal history of urogenital cancers. The patient was treated with Mohs micrographic surgery, and negative margins were achieved after four stages. The histopathologic findings revealed Paget cells scattered throughout the epidermis. At the hypopigmented area, Paget cells extended to the subcutaneous fat layer with lymphovascular invasion. There was no evidence of recurrence at seven months postoperatively. Herein, we describe a case of hypopigmented EMPD that infiltrated the subcutaneous layer, which rarely has been reported in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoo Huh
- Department of Dermatology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yumin Chung
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Wan Chae
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Cho A, Kim DY, Suh DS, Kim JH, Kim YM, Kim YT, Park JY. Outcomes and prognostic factors of surgically treated extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva. J Gynecol Oncol 2023; 34:e76. [PMID: 37477099 PMCID: PMC10627755 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2023.34.e76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) of the vulva is a rare disease which predominantly presents in postmenopausal Caucasian women. As yet, no studies on Asian female patients with EMPD have been performed. This study aimed to identify the clinical features of patients with vulvar EMPD in Korea, and to evaluate the risk factors of recurrence and postoperative complications in surgically treated EMPD. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 47 patients with vulvar EMPD who underwent wide local excision or radical vulvectomy. The clinical data and surgical and oncological outcomes following surgery were extracted from medical records and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses for predicting recurrence and postoperative complications were performed. RESULTS 21.3% of patients had complications after surgery, and wound dehiscence was the most common. 14.9% of patients experienced recurrence, and the median interval to recurrence from initial treatment was 69 (range 33-169) months. Vulvar lesions larger than 40 mm was the independent risk factor of postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR]=7.259; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.545-34.100; p=0.012). Surgical margin status was not associated with recurrence in surgically treated vulvar EMPD patients (OR=0.83; 95% CI=0.16-4.19; p=1.000). CONCLUSION Positive surgical margin is a frequent finding in the patients with vulvar EMPD, but disease recurrence is not related with surgical margin status. Since EMPD is a slow growing tumor, a surveillance period longer than 5 years is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jeju University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Dae-Yeon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Shik Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeok Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Man Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Tak Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Yeol Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Yamaguchi A, Takahashi T, Kato T, Tanaka T, Nishi E, Fujimoto N. Immunohistochemical and clinicopathological study regarding nardilysin on extramammary Paget's disease. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:1979-1987. [PMID: 36867223 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that nardilysin (NRDC), a metalloendopeptidase which regulates various growth factors and cytokines, is associated with malignancies in a conflicting manner, in which it promoted gastric, hepatocellular, and colorectal cancers and suppressed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. However, it has not been investigated how NRDC is associated with cutaneous malignancies for now. Immunohistochemical staining has revealed that NRDC expression is observed in all extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) cases. Notably, other cutaneous malignancies including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and eccrine porocarcinoma, did not show increased NRDC expression in immunohistochemistry. EMPD typically presents several types of lesions including nodules, and positive staining of NRDC on EMPD was observed regardless of the type of lesions. Examination using samples taken from nodular lesions showed that some cases showed heterogenous NRDC expression within each lesion. We also found that NRDC staining was weaker in the marginal parts of EMPD lesion than in the central parts in several cases, and tumor cells tend to be distributed beyond the macroscopic skin lesions in these cases. It was speculated that decreased NRDC expression in the marginal zones of the skin lesions may be associated with the ability of tumor cells to produce the cutaneous manifestation of EMPD. This study suggests that NRDC may be associated with EMPD like other malignancies reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kato
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Noriki Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
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Sohn BS, Kim J, Kim M, Hong JY, Lee J, Park SE, Kim H, Lee HJ, Kang EJ, Lee SI, Lee IH, Huh SJ, Jo J, Kim HY. Treatment outcomes of advanced/metastatic extramammary Paget's disease in Korean patients: KCSG-RC20-06. Cancer Med 2023; 12:15159-15175. [PMID: 37264748 PMCID: PMC10417073 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is rare. There are no standard treatments due to its rarity and few clinical trials. METHODS The objective of this multicenter study was to investigate treatment outcomes of Korean patients with advanced/metastatic EMPD. Data were collected retrospectively from 14 institutions participating in Korean Cancer Study Group (KCSG) Rare Cancer Committee. RESULTS A total of 37 patients were identified. Of these 37 patients, 6 received locoregional therapy as a first-line treatment. In 31 patients who received systemic chemotherapy as a first-line treatment, platinum-based chemotherapy (n = 22) achieved an objective response rate (ORR) of 45.5% and a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 7.89 months. Taxane-based chemotherapy (n = 8) achieved an objective response rate of 62.5% and median PFS of 9.73 months. In second-line chemotherapy, platinum-based chemotherapy (n = 4) had a disease control rate (DCR) of 75.0% and median PFS of 3.45 months. Taxane-based chemotherapy (n = 8) had a DCR of 75.0% and a median PFS of 8.67 months. Six patients received anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) antibody during first- and second-line chemotherapy. Overall, systemic chemotherapy combined with anti-HER2 antibody had an ORR of 100% and a median PFS of 13.31 months. The ORR and PFS with systemic chemotherapy combined with trastuzumab was better than platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy only. CONCLUSIONS Due to its rarity, advanced or metastatic EMPD still has no established standard treatment. Results of our study indicate that the combination of trastuzumab with taxane has longer survival than trastuzumab monotherapy or conventional platinum- or taxane-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Seok Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik HospitalInje University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jeongeun Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Miso Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University HospitalSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jung Yong Hong
- Division of Hematology‐Oncology, Department of MedicineSamsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal MedicineSeoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Song Ee Park
- Division of Hematology‐Oncology, Department of MedicineChung‐Ang University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hyojeong Kim
- Division of Hemato‐Oncology, Department of Internal MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineBusanSouth Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal MedicineCollege of Medicine, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kang
- Division of Hematology‐Oncology, Department of Internal MedicineKorea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Soon Il Lee
- Division of Hematology‐Oncology, Department of Internal MedicineDankook University College of MedicineCheonanSouth Korea
| | - In Hee Lee
- Department of Oncology/HematologyKyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguSouth Korea
| | - Seok Jae Huh
- Department of Internal MedicineDong‐A University College of MedicineBusanSouth Korea
| | - Jeongmin Jo
- Department of Hematology‐OncologyEwha Womans University Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Ho Young Kim
- Department of Hematological OncologyHallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of MedicineAnyang‐siSouth Korea
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Boșoteanu LA, Așchie M, Orǎșanu CI, Boșoteanu M. HER2 Negative Mammary Paget's Disease or In Situ Melanoma? A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Pathol 2023; 2023:1101130. [PMID: 37260825 PMCID: PMC10229244 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary Paget's disease (MPD) is a rare histological condition, accounting for 1-4% of female breast cancers, which may appear either independently (1.4-13% of the cases), or in association with an in situ or invasive ductal carcinoma (approximately 90% of the cases). The purpose of this article is to highlight the histopathological challenges related to the microscopical polymorphism of this disease and the utmost importance of immunohistochemistry in the thorough process of Paget's disease differential diagnosis. Moreover, the primary objective of this review of literature was to corroborate the existing data concerning the potential peculiar immunohistochemical profile that mammary Paget's disease might express. We report the case of a 44-year-old female patient, histopathologically diagnosed with HER2-negative MPD accompanying an invasive mammary carcinoma. The histopathological and immunohistochemical approach is derived from the exigency of excluding the possibility of synchronous tumors-a mammary invasive carcinoma, accompanied by another component with MPD phenotypic mimicry. The unexpected negative HER2 reaction is conducted to a primary focus on excluding a malignant melanoma in situ. The absence of MelanA and S100 immunoexpression and lack of pigmentation and clinical aspects infirmed it. Bowen's disease was invalidated by its rare presentation in the breast cutaneous tissue and the absence of individual risk factors suggestive of an existing immunosuppressive status. In the case of similar morphoimmunohistochemical aspects, significant expression of Ki-67 signals MPD, an immunoreactivity that helped distinguish the cellular population from Toker cells. The great similarity of MPD with other benign and malignant cutaneous tumors might determine delay or misdiagnosis. Thus, the utmost importance of immunohistochemistry is reflected in its prognostic significance and geared towards extending the therapeutic arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana-Andreea Boșoteanu
- Department of Dermatology, “Elias” Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Institute of Doctoral Studies, Doctoral School of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
| | - Mariana Așchie
- Clinical Service of Pathology, “Saint Andrew” Emergency County Hospital, Constanta, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Romania
- Department VIII-Medical Sciences, Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Ionuţ Orǎșanu
- Clinical Service of Pathology, “Saint Andrew” Emergency County Hospital, Constanta, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Romania
| | - Mădălina Boșoteanu
- Clinical Service of Pathology, “Saint Andrew” Emergency County Hospital, Constanta, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Romania
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12
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Rudnicki Y, Stapleton SM, Batra R, Gan T, Mathis KL, Kelley SR. Perianal Paget's-an aggressive disease. Colorectal Dis 2023. [PMID: 36945125 DOI: 10.1111/codi.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM Perianal Paget's disease (PAPD) is a rare disorder with a predisposition to anal and colorectal malignancies and an unclear prognosis. Our previous 25-year series demonstrated a non-aggressive nature. This study aims to describe our updated institutional experience. METHODS This is a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with primary PAPD from 1991 to 2021. A prospectively maintained institutional database was searched which included demographics, clinical and pathological manifestations, treatment methods, recurrence, oncological outcome and mortality. RESULTS Thirty patients were diagnosed with PAPD. Fifteen were women (50%); the average age at diagnosis was 71 ± 10.7 years, and the average lesion size was 3.7 ± 2.6 cm. At diagnosis, 12 (40%) were harbouring invasive anal adenocarcinoma. Eight (27%) developed adenocarcinomas concurrent with PAPD recurrence at a mean interval of 9 ± 4.4 years (range 1.9-14.8). The Kaplan-Meier curve estimated overall survival of 93%, 86%, 82%, 65% and 56% at 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. Median survival was 16 years. Six (20%) had disease-related mortality. Initially, nine (30%) were treated with abdominoperineal resection (APR), 15 (50%) underwent local resection, three (10%) were treated with radiotherapy, two (7%) received only topical therapy and one (3%) chose observation. Fifteen (50%) experienced recurrence of PAPD, two after undergoing APR. Five (17%) had persistent disease until death. Only 10 (33%) did not experience PAPD recurrence, seven of whom underwent APR. The mean follow-up time was 9.2 ± 6.2 years. CONCLUSIONS Perianal Paget's disease is an aggressive entity with high rates of synchronous anal adenocarcinoma at diagnosis and development of metachronous adenocarcinoma later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Rudnicki
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sahael M Stapleton
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rishi Batra
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tong Gan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kellie L Mathis
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott R Kelley
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Caruso G, Barcellini A, Mazzeo R, Gallo R, Vitale MG, Passarelli A, Mangili G, Pignata S, Palaia I. Vulvar Paget’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the MITO Rare Cancer Group. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061803. [PMID: 36980691 PMCID: PMC10046936 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvar Paget’s disease (VPD) is a rare form of cutaneous adenocarcinoma of the vulva, which accounts for about 1–2% of all vulvar neoplasms and mainly affects post-menopausal women. The clinical presentation is usually non-specific and mimics chronic erythematous skin lesions; therefore, the diagnosis is often difficult and delayed. Although VPD is typically diagnosed at a locally advanced stage and has a high recurrence rate, the prognosis is overall favorable with a 5-year survival of nearly 90%. Due to the limited and poor-quality evidence, there is no global consensus on optimal management. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature through the main electronic databases to deepen the current knowledge of this rare disease and discuss the available treatment strategies. Wide surgical excision is recommended as the standard-of-care treatment and should be tailored to the tumor position/extension and the patient’s performance status. The goal is to completely remove the tumor and achieve clear margins, thus reducing the rate of local recurrences. Non-surgical treatments, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and topical approaches, can be considered, especially in the case of unresectable and recurrent disease. In the absence of clear recommendations, the decision-making process should be individualized, also considering the new emerging molecular targets, such as HER2 and PD-L1, which might pave the way for future targeted therapies. The current review aims to raise awareness of this rare disease and encourage international collaboration to collect larger-scale, high-quality evidence and standardize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Barcellini
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Clinical Department, CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzeo
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Gallo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giuseppa Vitale
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Passarelli
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCSS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mangili
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Pignata
- Department of Urology and Gynecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCSS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Innocenza Palaia
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
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14
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Clemente N, Ciavattini A, Valenti G, Zannier F, Di Giuseppe J, Delli Carpini G, Fichera M, Del Fabro A, Giorda G, Goteri G, Canzonieri V, Sopracordevole F. Extramammary Paget's Disease of the Vulva and Concomitant Premalignant/Malignant Vulvar Lesions: A Potential Challenge in Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:959-966. [PMID: 36661722 PMCID: PMC9857742 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of concomitant vulvar cancers or premalignant lesions in women surgically treated for extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva (EMPDV) through a multicenter case series. The medical records of all women diagnosed with and treated for EMPDV from January 2010 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Women with EMPDV and synchronous vulvar cancer, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and/or lichen sclerosus (LS) at the histology report were included in the study. A total of 69 women eligible for the present study were considered. Concomitant vulvar lesions occurred in 22 cases (31.9%). A total of 11 cases of synchronous VIN (50%) and 14 cases (63.6%) of concomitant LS were observed. One patient (4.5%) had synchronous vulvar SCC (FIGO stage 1B). Women with EMPDV and concomitant premalignant/malignant vulvar lesions had a significantly higher rate of invasive EMPDV and wider lesions with an extravulvar involvement. The specific meaning of the association between EMPDV, VIN, SCC and LS remains unclear. The potential overlapping features between different vulvar lesions highlight the importance of dedicated gynecologists and pathologists in referral centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Clemente
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico—National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciavattini
- Gynecologic Section, Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gaetano Valenti
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico—National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Umberto I Hospital, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Federica Zannier
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico—National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Jacopo Di Giuseppe
- Gynecologic Section, Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delli Carpini
- Gynecologic Section, Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mariasole Fichera
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico—National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Gynecologic Section, Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Del Fabro
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico—National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giorda
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico—National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Gaia Goteri
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico—National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Sopracordevole
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico—National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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15
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Lee HK, Youn SM, Shim SJ, Lee MJ. Electron radiotherapy for EMPD of penis and scrotum. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:S998-S1001. [PMID: 38384101 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_506_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Electron beams represent an important treatment modality for providing an accurate dose of therapy to superficial cancers. This case reports important findings of dermal invasion in patients with extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) using microscopic measurements and electron beam coverage. EMPD is a rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma generally arising in the anogenital region. Surgery is still a curable treatment option for patients with EMPD, whereas radiation therapy (RT) is an alternative for inoperable cases and is necessary in cases where surgery is not performed. This case report describes our experience and reviews the relevant literature on the feasibility of electron RT according to the dermal invasion length. An 80-year-old patient was diagnosed with EMPD and presented for definite radiation treatment. We observed no grade 3 toxicities during electron RT, and at the last follow-up visit, no signs of relapse were observed. There are no reports of electron irradiation as a feasible treatment option for EMPD considering the epidermal invasion length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Min Youn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Shim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eulji University, College of Medicine, Eulji Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jo Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Della Corte L, Cafasso V, Conte C, Cuomo L, Giampaolino P, Lavitola G, Bifulco G. Medical and Surgical Strategies in Vulvar Paget Disease: Let's Throw Some Light! J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13010100. [PMID: 36675761 PMCID: PMC9861591 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvar Paget's disease (VPD) is defined as a neoplasm of epithelial origin, mostly in postmenopausal women. Due to the extreme rarity of VPD, limited data about recommended treatment options are available. Surgical excision has been the treatment of choice although in the recent decade medical treatments have been proposed. METHODS A systematic computerized search of the literature was performed in the main electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library), from 2003 to September 2022, in order to analyze all medical and surgical strategies used for the treatment of VPD. RESULTS Thirty-four articles were included in this review with findings as follows: 390 patients were treated with medical or other conservative treatment while 2802 patients were treated surgically; 235/434 (54%) patients had a complete response, 67/434 (15%) a partial response, 10/434 (2.3%) a stable disease, 3/434 (0.7%) disease progress, 3/434 (0.7%) died of the disease, 55/434 (13%) died of other causes during follow up while 7/434 (1.6%) had to stop topical treatments with 5% imiquimod cream because of side effects; 239/434 patients (55%) had a recurrence and 11/434 (2.5%) were lost to follow-up. The length of follow-up was variable, according to the different studies analyzed. CONCLUSION VPD is a chronic disease with a high recurrence rate and low mortality. There are no significant differences in recurrence rates in patients who undergo surgery and those who do not and the margin status at the time of primary surgery and recurrence. Several surgical and medical approaches providing both local control of the disease and minimal tissue damage have been developed. Clock mapping, a recent preoperative vulvo-vaginal workup tool, can predict the invasiveness and the extension of VPD. However, to date, due to the different treatment options available and in the absence of a global consensus, it is critical to tailor treatments to individual patient characteristics and biopsy histopathologic findings, to ensure the best type of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Della Corte
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Valeria Cafasso
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Conte
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties—Institute of Obstetrics and Ginecology, A.O.U. Policlinico Rodolico—San Marco, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Lara Cuomo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giada Lavitola
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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17
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Local Recurrence Rates of Extramammary Paget Disease Are Lower After Mohs Micrographic Surgery Compared With Wide Local Excision: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dermatol Surg 2023; 49:8-12. [PMID: 36206405 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare, slow growing neoplasm that presents most commonly in the anogenital region of older adults. OBJECTIVE To analyze the difference in local recurrence rates of EMPD in patients treated with wide local excision (WLE) versus Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis were performed. Inclusion criteria were adults greater than 18 years of age with a diagnosis of EMPD who have undergone surgical intervention and had follow-up data. Studies were independently reviewed by 2 coinvestigators with discrepancies resolved by the principal investigator. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Patients had a 2.67 times higher chance of local recurrence after WLE than MMS (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.47, 4.85; p = .001). Meta-analysis of single-arm studies revealed a 7.3% local recurrence rate after MMS (95% CI: 0.039, 0.107; p < .001) versus a 26.3% recurrence rate after WLE (95% CI: 0.149, 0.376; p < .001). After excluding recurrent tumors, the odds ratio for recurrence in WLE versus MMS was 2.3 (95% CI: 0.285, 18.43, p = .435). CONCLUSION There is a clinically and statistically increased risk of local recurrence of EMPD after WLE compared with MMS.
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18
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Vavolizza RD, Dengel LT. Management of Nipple Discharge. Surg Clin North Am 2022; 102:1077-1087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Kim W, Kim S, Sung H, Lee K, Pyon J. Penoscrotal defect reconstruction using loco‐regional flaps in treatment of extramammary Paget's disease: Experience and suggestion of a simplified algorithm. Microsurgery 2022; 43:316-324. [PMID: 36420576 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstruction of penoscrotal defects resulted from margin-controlled excision of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) remains challenging, due to its unpredictably varying extents. The present study aimed to investigate outcomes of reconstruction of penoscrotal defects following radical excision of EMPD and to introduce a simplified algorithm for selecting reconstruction strategies. METHODS Patients with penoscrotal EMPD who were treated with wide excision and subsequent reconstruction from 2009 to 2020 were reviewed. Their demographics, operation-related characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS In total, 46 patients with a mean age of 64.9 years (range, 44-85 years) were analyzed. An average size of defects was 129.6 cm2 (range, 8-900 cm2 ). The most frequently involving anatomical subunit was scrotum, followed by suprapubic area and penile shaft. Twenty-six patients had defects spanning multiple subunits. The most commonly used reconstruction methods for each anatomical subunit were internal pudendal artery perforator (IPAP) flaps and/or scrotal flaps for scrotal defects, superficial external pudendal artery perforator (SEPAP) flaps for suprapubic defects, and skin grafts for penile defects. In all but four cases, successful reconstruction was achieved with combination of those reconstruction options. No major complications developed except for one case of marginal flap necrosis. All patients were satisfied with their aesthetic and functional results. CONCLUSIONS Diverse penoscrotal defects following excision of EMPD could be solidly reconstructed with combination of several loco-regional options. A simplified algorithm using in combination of IPAP flap, SEPAP flap, scrotal flap, and skin graft may enable efficient and reliable reconstruction of penoscrotal EMPD defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo‐Ju Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chung‐Ang University Gwangmyeong hospital Chung‐Ang University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Su‐Hwan Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun‐Hwan Sung
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong‐Tae Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jai‐Kyong Pyon
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
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20
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Kang I, Lee JH, Lee JI, Hong JS, Mo YW, Jung GY. Coexistence of condyloma acuminatum and extramammary Paget's disease on penis and scrotum: A rare case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31754. [PMID: 36397375 PMCID: PMC9666121 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare skin cancer that commonly occurs in sites rich in apocrine glands, such as perineum, vulva, axilla, scrotum, and penis. On the other hand, condyloma acuminatum (CA; also referred to as anogenital warts) is a common benign neoplasm caused by human papillomavirus. Few cases of coexistent EMPD and CA have been reported because of the rarity of the condition. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS A 72-year-old man with a genital mass, which appeared to be composed of multiple papillomatous masses, was referred for surgical resection. The lesion was first noticed 6 months previously and grew rapidly. CO2 ablative laser therapy was performed twice at a primary clinic, but the mass recurred. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES Excisional biopsy revealed the presence of coexistent EMPD and CA. Additional wide excision was performed, and postoperative biopsy confirmed no residual tumor. Two years after surgery, no recurrence had occurred. LESSONS CA can co-occur with several types of skin malignancies, and a skin malignancy coexisting with CA is difficult to diagnose visually. Therefore, even if a skin lesion in the genital region is considered to be CA, we recommend punch biopsy before treatment because it can benefit prognosiss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Kang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ho Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Im Lee
- Pathology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Shik Hong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woong Mo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Yong Jung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju-si, Republic of Korea
- * Correspondence: Gyu Yong Jung, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, 87 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38067, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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21
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Barrera JM, Vummadi T, Mihal VJ. Scrotal Extramammary Paget’s Disease in an Elderly Caucasian Male. Cureus 2022; 14:e29486. [PMID: 36299959 PMCID: PMC9588197 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) is a rare dermatologic malignancy affecting regions with a dense population of apocrine glands within the intraepithelial tissue, including the vulva, perineum, axilla, scrotum, and penile regions. Clinical presentation varies from being asymptomatic to burning, painful, and pruritic lesions. As a result, it could be misdiagnosed for other dermatologic diseases. Our case report discloses a patient with an erythematous pruritic lesion that was initially treated with topical antifungal therapy. After failed treatment, a biopsy revealed EMPD of the scrotum. With no standard guidelines in the treatment of EMPD, there are different treatment modalities for the disease. Mohs micrographic surgery currently is the preferred treatment modality presenting with the lowest rates of recurrence. With early diagnosis and treatment, the five-year survival rate for patients with primary EMPD is 87%. Therefore, there should be a high level of clinical suspicion for EMPD in patients presenting with pruritic lesions in areas with apocrine glands that have failed initial medical treatment.
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22
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Shah VI, Bergin L, Rowlands GL, McCluggage WG. Unusual Manifestations of Vulval Paget Disease. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2022; 41:476-483. [PMID: 34570018 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vulval extramammary Paget disease (vEMPD) is an uncommon epithelial malignancy that may arise within the vulva (primary vEMPD) or represent vulval skin involvement by a noncutaneous carcinoma (secondary vEMPD). Primary vEMPD is most often an in situ carcinoma arising within the epidermis but may be associated with dermal invasion (invasive vEMPD) or represent intraepidermal spread of an adenocarcinoma originating in vulval skin adnexa or anogenital mammary-like glands. The latter, termed mammary gland-like adenocarcinoma (MGLA), exhibits morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of various breast carcinomas but, as far as we are aware, the metaplastic variant of MGLA has not been reported on the vulva. We report 2 cases of metaplastic MGLA of the vulva with associated Paget disease and postulate that some cases of vulval MGLA may arise from Paget disease rather than originating in mammary-like glands. We also report a unique case of secondary vEMPD resulting from spread of urothelial carcinoma in situ that subsequently progressed to invasive urothelial carcinoma within the vulva.
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Berta-Antalics A, Hetzmann Z, Rodriguez-Cantu I, Höbling W, Baradaran Dilmaghani R. [Tumor with incrustation on the lower lid in a 73-year-old patient]. DIE OPHTHALMOLOGIE 2022; 119:639-642. [PMID: 34705090 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-021-01515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Berta-Antalics
- Abteilung Augenheilkunde, Krankenhaus St. Josef Braunau, Braunau am Inn, Österreich.
| | - Zs Hetzmann
- Institut für Klinische Pathologie, Molekularpathologie und Zytodiagnostik, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Österreich
| | - I Rodriguez-Cantu
- Abteilung Augenheilkunde, Krankenhaus St. Josef Braunau, Braunau am Inn, Österreich
| | - W Höbling
- Institut für Klinische Pathologie, Molekularpathologie und Zytodiagnostik, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Österreich
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Özdemir Ü, Salış M, Özer İ, Ünal B. Perianal Paget’s Disease; Surgery and Non-surgical Interventions, Untreated Patient: a Report of Two Cases. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-022-03376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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25
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Hristu R, Eftimie LG, Stanciu SG, Glogojeanu RR, Gheorghita P, Stanciu GA. Assessment of Extramammary Paget Disease by Two-Photon Microscopy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:839786. [PMID: 35280872 PMCID: PMC8913931 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.839786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy techniques are non-linear optical imaging methods which are gaining momentum in the investigation of fixed tissue sections, fresh tissue or even for in vivo experiments. Two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation are two non-linear optical contrast mechanisms which can be simultaneously used for offering complementary information on the tissue architecture. While the former can originate from endogenous autofluorescence sources (e.g., NADH, FAD, elastin, keratin, lipofuscins, or melanin), or exogenous eosin, the latter is generated in fibrillar structures within living organisms (e.g., collagen and myosin). Here we test the ability of both these contrast mechanisms to highlight features of the extramammary Paget disease on fixed tissue sections prepared for standard histological examination using immunohistochemical markers and hematoxylin and eosin staining. We also demonstrate the label-free abilities of both imaging techniques to highlight histological features on unstained fixed tissue sections. The study demonstrated that two-photon microscopy can detect specific cellular features of the extramammary Paget disease in good correlation with histopathological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Hristu
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian G. Eftimie
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Pathology Department, Central University Emergency Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan G. Stanciu
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Remus R. Glogojeanu
- Department of Special Motricity and Medical Recovery, The National University of Physical Education and Sports, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pavel Gheorghita
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Energetics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - George A. Stanciu
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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26
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O'Neill D, Evans M, Nunns D, El-Ghobashy A. Vulval extra-mammary Paget's disease: the master of disguise revealed. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2022; 83:1-12. [DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2021.0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extra-mammary Paget's disease is a rare cancer affecting the anogenital region and can present with a myriad of symptoms. In women, the diagnosis of Paget's disease can be challenging as it mimics several other vulval conditions. It is important to promptly recognise this disease because of its potential association with synchronous tumours, such as colorectal adenocarcinoma. The mainstay of treatment is with immunomodulating therapies or surgery, but unfortunately the risk of recurrence is high and appears to be independent of treatment choice and tissue margin status. There is growing evidence to move away from traditional surgical excision to using topical therapy, such as imiquimod, as surgery can often be extensive and disfiguring with a prolonged recovery time. There is considerable psychosexual and physical morbidity associated with Paget's disease, largely owing to multiple surgical recurrences. As recurrences can occur several years after the initial presentation, long-term follow up of patients is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle O'Neill
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Matthew Evans
- Department of Pathology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - David Nunns
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alaa El-Ghobashy
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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27
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Mohanty P, Das P, Mohapatra A. Imprint cytology can be a better option for diagnosis of mammary Paget’s disease!!!: A case report with review. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2022; 15:196-198. [PMID: 35965905 PMCID: PMC9364448 DOI: 10.4103/jcas.jcas_145_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary Paget’s disease (MPD) is a rare form of pruritic eczematous skin lesion involving the nipple areola complex usually associated with an underlying in-situ or invasive carcinoma of breast, accounting ≤ 4% of overall breast carcinoma. The patient may present with nipple discharge, eczema, plaque, or nipple destruction with or without a lump which is resistant to common remedies. Diagnosis of MPD is usually accomplished by a punch biopsy, but imprint cytology is found to be an effective modern technique yet less explored. Cytological diagnosis is advantageous over surgical excisional biopsy; advantages being easy practicability, cost-effective, quick non-invasive, and above all can lead the physician for breast-preserving surgeries in selective cases rather than more aggressive standard mastectomies. We report one such case of MPD in a 52-year-old female diagnosed on imprint cytology with the aim to emphasize that imprint cytology can be a better option to improve the treatment protocol.
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Urano-Takaoka M, Sumida H, Miyagawa T, Awaji K, Nagai K, Omatsu J, Miyake T, Sato S. Serum Cytokeratin 18 as a Metastatic and Therapeutic Marker for Extramammary Paget's Disease. Acta Derm Venereol 2021; 102:adv00636. [PMID: 34904690 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v101.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma with unfavorable prognosis once it becomes invasive. A tumor marker that reflects disease progression is required for adequate management of this disease. Cytokeratin 18 is highly expressed in many types of cancer and its soluble forms are detected by M30 (for caspase-cleaved form) and M65 (for both caspase-cleaved and intact forms) assays. Here, we report that tumor cells of EMPD in both lesional skin and lymph node metastasis are positive for CK18 immunohistochemically and the baseline serum M30 and M65 levels in metastatic EMPD patients are significantly higher than those in non-metastatic patients. In addition, serial serum M30 and M65 levels might reflect recurrence of EMPD and response to chemotherapy. These results suggest that serum CK18 levels may be a useful tumor marker for advanced EMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayakazu Sumida
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-8655 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takuya Miyagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, , Japan.
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29
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Rosen Y. Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinomas in Situ: Do They Exist? Histopathology 2021; 80:627-634. [PMID: 34758145 DOI: 10.1111/his.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although precursor lesions of pulmonary squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and carcinoid tumor are well known and accepted entities, precursor lesions of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas, i.e., small cell lung carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, have never been identified. A small body of literature documenting intraepithelial involvement in cases of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas begs the question of whether the intraepithelial lesion represents de novo intraepithelial neoplasia or invasion by underlying tumour. METHODS AND MATERIALS The literature on cases of invasive neuroendocrine carcinomas with an intraepithelial component exhibiting a neuroendocrine immunophenotype was thoroughly and critically reviewed. RESULTS The authors of the publications of cases of coexisting invasive and intraepithelial neuroendocrine carcinoma generally favour invasion as the explanation for the intraepithelial component. However, in practice, it is difficult or impossible to determine the direction of migration of tumor cells when there is both an invasive and intraepithelial component. Pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ have been produced in genetically engineered mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Based on the illustrations in the literature of human cases and the production of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ in genetically engineered mice, it seems likely that these tumours also exist in humans. However, their existence and acceptance require definitive proof. Studies should be undertaken to identify bronchial and other lung biopsies with in situ carcinoma exhibiting a neuroendocrine immunophenotype and a subsequent negative resection specimen and no follow-up evidence of invasive carcinoma. Documenting such cases would provide definitive proof for the existence pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Rosen
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Department of Pathology, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
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30
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Impact of Surgery on Extramammary Paget's Disease Vulva: a Case Series. Indian J Surg Oncol 2021; 12:524-529. [PMID: 34658580 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-021-01366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget's disease is a rare neoplasm that may affect the vulva. It usually presents as a pruritic red eczematous lesion with islands of hyperkeratosis that is often mistaken for other benign conditions. There are no specific guidelines for the management of this disease. Surgical excision is the standard treatment but recurrences are common in spite of extensive surgery with negative margins. We report here a series of 7 cases of Paget's disease vulva treated by primary surgery. The series highlights some of the challenges in the diagnosis and management of Paget's disease vulva.
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31
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Thomsen TV, Makki A, Hasanbegovic E, Rindom MB, Stolle LB. Treatment challenges associated with primary extramammary Paget’s disease. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-021-01876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Brough K, Carley SK, Vidal NY. The treatment of anogenital extramammary Paget's disease as part of a multidisciplinary approach: The use of Mohs surgery moat method with CK7. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:238-245. [PMID: 34435670 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although most cases of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) are localized to the intraepidermal, the extensive subclinical extension can lead to high rates of marginal recurrence with wide local excisions and topically destructive treatments. Recurrence rates of EMPD treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) without immunohistochemical staining are better but variable. Here, we describe our multidisciplinary approach for treating large EMPD tumors of the anogenital region involving critical anatomy using MMS for peripheral margin clearance (moat method) and intraoperative CK7 immunostaining. Our clinical pearls for the management of anogenital EMPD are based on 53 multidisciplinary cases treated at the author's institution between 2014 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brough
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sama K Carley
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nahid Y Vidal
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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33
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Ishizuki S, Nakamura Y. Extramammary Paget's Disease: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Treatment with Focus on Recent Developments. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:2969-2986. [PMID: 34436026 PMCID: PMC8395499 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare neoplasm that usually develops in apocrine gland-bearing areas, such as the vulva, scrotum, and penis. EMPD may present with a focal, multifocal, or an ectopic lesion. Clinically, EMPD lesions often exhibit infiltrative erythema, which is sometimes similar to other skin disorders such as eczema. While primary EMPD arises as intraepithelial neoplasm of the epidermis, EMPD-like lesions may occur from epidermotropic spread of malignant cells or direct extension from an underlying internal neoplasm, known as secondary EMPD. Because treatment strategies differ for primary EMPD and secondary EMPD, accurate diagnosis based on detailed histopathological evaluation is required. In the early stages, EMPD usually shows indolent growth, and most cases are diagnosed as carcinoma in situ. However, invasive lesions may result in metastases, and deep invasion is associated with high incidence of metastases. Conventional chemotherapies have been used for EMPD treatment in patients with distant metastases, but the efficacy is not satisfactory, and the prognosis for such patients remains poor. Recent studies have provided various insights into the molecular pathogenesis of the development and advancement of EMPD, which may lead to novel treatment approaches for metastatic EMPD. This review addresses the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of EMPD with focus on recent progress in understanding this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan;
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34
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Ji WY, Luo B, Wang XW, Xiao Y, Tian JY. Axillary Paget disease with a visible satellite: a case report and literature review. Diagn Pathol 2021; 16:69. [PMID: 34334143 PMCID: PMC8327420 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-021-01131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is an uncommon malignancy affecting apocrine gland–bearing skin, such as vulvar, perianal, axillary and penoscrotal areas. Paget cells are sometimes detected outside clinical border in a phenomenon called subclinical extension. Satellite is one of the patterns of subclinical extension which is likely to be invisible. The standard management strategy for EMPD without distant metastasis is a complete surgical removal, sometimes called wide local excision. However, there is no consensus regarding surgical margin width to decrease the high recurrence rate. Here we describe the first macroscopically visible satellite of axillary EMPD and wide local excision of both main lesion and the satellite lesion with only 0.5 cm margin, succeeded by a short review of the literature. Case presentation A 48-year-old female with a red macule in the right axilla was presented to our clinic. A well-demarcated 4 cm × 3 cm erythematous plaque was observed in the right axilla, and a similar lesion measuring 0.5 cm × 0.3 cm was found 3.5 cm away from the primary site. Breast and axillary node examination was unremarkable. Biopsy of the large plaque revealed Paget disease, then we performed a local extended excision of both lesions with a 0.5 cm margin, all margins negative indicated, by frozen pathology. Pathology revealed the nature of the satellite beside the main lesion also as Paget disease. The patient is currently followed-up for 20 months and has shown no signs of recurrence, with normal shoulder motor function. Conclusion We have report the first visible satellite of extramammary Paget disease, indicating the necessity of an extended local resection of both the main leision and the satellite lesion. Considering the anatomical structure of axillary Paget disease, a 0.5 cm negative surgical margin indicated by frozen pathology might be sufficient to sustain the shoulder motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Yang Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Xue-Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Jin-Yi Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, China.
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35
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Staged pelvic exenteration followed by oblique fleur-de-lis rectus abdominis myocutaneous (OFRAM) flap and keystone flap reconstruction for extramammary Paget’s disease. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-021-01844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
A 78-year-old woman with a complaint of fecal incontinence was noted to have a perianal rash. Despite improvement of the incontinence with medical management, the rash persisted. She had no symptoms related to the rash, but due to its persistence after two years, she saw a dermatologist who performed a punch biopsy of the area. The biopsy revealed extramammary Paget’s disease that was positive for CAM5.2, CK7, and CDX2 and equivocal for CK20. On physical examination, she had a 2×3cm raised and erythematous lesion on the right buttock extending to the anal margin without anal canal involvement (see Figure 1 ). Subsequent work-up including upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, CT of the chest and abdomen and pelvis, and small bowel follow through was negative. This patient’s case was discussed at the multi-disciplinary conference, and wide local excision was recommended. The patient underwent wide local excision with healing via secondary intention. Closure was foregone due to the small size of the wound and the patient’s medical comorbidities. Pathological examination confirmed negative margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvar cancers, although rare, are becoming an increasingly serious threat to women's health. Cancer of the vulva accounted for 0.3% of all new cancers in the United States in 2019, with 6,070 newly diagnosed cases. This review details the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of vulvar malignancies. OBJECTIVE To review cancer entities of the vulva, including vulvar intraepithelial neoplasms, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and adenocarcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature review using PubMed search for articles related to cancer of the vulva. RESULTS Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasms represent premalignant precursors to SCC of the vulva. There are several different histopathologic subtypes of SCC, and treatment is dependent on characteristics of primary tumor and lymph node involvement. Melanoma is the second most common cancer to affect the vulva, and staging is based on tumor, node, and metastatic spread. CONCLUSION Vulvar malignancies are rare, and diagnosis is dependent on biopsy and pathologic evaluation. Treatment for vulvar malignancies depends on histopathologic diagnosis but ranges from wide local excision with or without lymph node biopsy or dissection to radiation therapy with chemo- or immunotherapy. Overall survival varies by diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biopsy
- Carcinoma in Situ/diagnosis
- Carcinoma in Situ/epidemiology
- Carcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Carcinoma in Situ/therapy
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Melanoma/diagnosis
- Melanoma/epidemiology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Melanoma/therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Staging
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Treatment Outcome
- Vulva/diagnostic imaging
- Vulva/pathology
- Vulva/surgery
- Vulvar Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Vulvar Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Vulvar Neoplasms/pathology
- Vulvar Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Basia M Michalski
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - John D Pfeifer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - David Mutch
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - M Laurin Council
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
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38
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Dauendorffer JN, Herms F, Baroudjian B, Basset-Seguin N, Cavelier-Balloy B, Fouéré S, Bagot M, Lebbé C. Penoscrotal Paget's disease. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2021; 148:71-76. [PMID: 33461789 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2020.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Paget's disease (PD) denotes an initially intra-epidermal adenocarcinoma that can later invade the dermis and metastasise. Among the extramammary forms of PD (EMPD), penoscrotal presentations are rarer than the vulvar and perianal forms. Once diagnosis has been confirmed by histopathological examination, a search for associated neoplasia must be conducted, although penoscrotal EMPD is less frequently associated with underlying neoplasia than mammary PD (MPD). The associated cancer most often involves a neighbouring organ, with prostate cancer being the most common, or in some cases consists of underlying cutaneous adnexal tumours. First-line therapy consists of surgical excision. Alternatives to surgery (imiquimod, CO2 laser vaporisation, dynamic phototherapy) may be considered in certain cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Herms
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - B Baroudjian
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - N Basset-Seguin
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | | | - S Fouéré
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - M Bagot
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - C Lebbé
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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39
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Qi R, Mao X, Jin F. Expression of lipoma preferred partner in mammary and extramammary Paget disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23443. [PMID: 33371071 PMCID: PMC7748372 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGOUND This study aims to identify the expression of lipoma preferred partner (LPP) in Paget disease (PD) and to further understand the pathogenesis of PD. METHODS Tissue microarray was used to evaluate the expression of LPP by immunohistochemistry in 40 PD patients. The results of LPP expression were combined with clinical and histopathological characteristics. Patient files were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Twenty-one cases were mammary Paget disease (MPD) and 19 extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) involving the vulva, scrotum, and penis. LPP was expressed in PD and this expression was significantly greater in MPD versus EMPD (P = .031). The expression of LPP in MPD was significantly related with age (P = .009) and expression of Ki-67 (P = .011). No statistically significant differences were observed in LPP expression as related to sex, body location, and time of PD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS While LPP is expressed in both MPD and EMPD, the intensity of this expression is greater in MPD. LPP expression is positively correlated with Ki-67 and is more prevalent in middle-aged versus senior MPD patients. Further research is needed to determine its potential role in tumorigenesis and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Yangbin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Mao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University
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"Dark Paget" Cells in Extramammary Paget Disease: A Staining Artifact and Diagnostic Pitfall. Am J Dermatopathol 2020; 43:469-471. [PMID: 33264132 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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[Pathology of the nipple-areola complex : I. Paget's disease of the nipple, variants, and differential diagnoses]. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 41:393-399. [PMID: 32405655 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The classical Paget's disease of the nipple is histologically characterized by tumor cell infiltration originating in intraductal or invasive breast carcinoma, immunohistologically by a frequent overexpression of HER2 and clinically by eczema-like changes of the nipple and areola. Variants with different histological, immunohistological, and clinical features are observed in nonclassical forms of Paget's disease, such as isolated Paget's disease of the nipple, anaplastic Paget's disease, Paget's disease with invasion, and pigmented Paget's disease of the nipple. In the differential diagnosis of Paget's disease, benign changes have to be considered, including Toker cell hyperplasia, nipple eczema, and rare dermatoses.
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Tohmatsu Y, Imura J, Sakai T, Takagi K, Minamisaka T, Tanaka S, Noguchi A, Nakajima T, Nagata T, Makino T, Shimizu T, Fujii T. Expression of laminin-5 gamma 2 chain predicts invasion of extramammary Paget's disease cell. APMIS 2020; 129:3-8. [PMID: 32996218 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare malignant skin neoplasm characterized by intraepidermal proliferation of tumor cells. The tumor cells of EMPD may sometimes invade into the dermis or metastasize into the regional lymph nodes. Several studies have proposed mechanisms underlying the increased invasiveness of EMPD; however, molecular markers indicating invasiveness have yet to be well characterized. Laminin-5 (Lam-5), a heterotrimer composed of three chains (α3, β3, and γ2), is a major component of the basement membrane in many tissues. One of the chains, Lam-5 γ2, is a marker of invasion, because it often develops as a monomer in malignant neoplasms. We investigated the expression of Lam-5 γ2 and its role for the invasiveness in EMPD. Paraffin-embedded specimens of EMPD obtained from 36 patients were examined immunohistochemically for Lam-5 γ2. The cases adopted into this study comprised 16 cases of intraepidermal lesions and 20 cases with dermal invasion. The basement membrane seen in normal skin disappeared in one-third of non-invasive cases and in most invasive cases. The disappearance of Lam-5 γ2 in the basement membrane and its cytoplasmic expression was more observed in the invasive cases than non-invasive cases. Expression of Lam-5 γ2 may be a biological marker to predict invasiveness of EMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuko Tohmatsu
- Departments of Surgery and Science, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Johji Imura
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata Prefectural Central Hospital, Johetsu City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kohji Takagi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Takeshi Minamisaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Akira Noguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakajima
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagata
- Departments of Surgery and Science, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Makino
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- Departments of Surgery and Science, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Japan
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43
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Konstantinova AM, Kazakov DV. Extramammary Paget disease of the vulva. Semin Diagn Pathol 2020; 38:50687. [PMID: 32921571 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare neoplasm with uncertain histogenesis, usually presenting in the anogenital area, most commonly in the vulva. The disease is characterized by slow grow and high recurrence rates. This article reviews the epidemiological, clinical, morphological, genetic and treatment features of EMPD of the vulva reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia M Konstantinova
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Research and Practical Center for Specialized Oncological care, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russian Federation; Department of Pathology, Saint-Petersburg Medico-Social Institute, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V Kazakov
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Bioptical Laboratory, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Phyo AK, Mun KS, Kwan KC, Ann CC, Kuppusamy S. Genitourinary extramammary Paget's disease: review and outcome in a multidisciplinary setting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2369-2376. [PMID: 33042345 PMCID: PMC7539884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare malignant disease originating from the apocrine glands involving the perineum, vulva, axilla, scrotum, and penis. OBJECTIVE To study the clinical presentation, extent of disease, efficacy of treatment, and survival outcomes of the cases in a single institution. METHODS Retrospective observation data analysis of 19 EMPD cases was performed. Demographic information, clinical management records, and histopathologic data of individual cases were obtained from the inpatient hospital data registry. RESULTS The mean age (years) at time of diagnosis was 62.4 with equal gender distribution. Synchronous tumors were detected in 6 cases (31.5%). 18 out of 19 patients underwent definitive surgical management in the form of wide local excision (WLE) and reconstructive surgery. Positive margins were found in 11 (68.8%) cases and 7 out of these 11 cases underwent second look surgical intervention to achieve oncological clearance or adjuvant oncology treatment. Follow-up period for living patients varied depending on time of diagnosis and definitive treatment. 10 out 19 cases (52.7%) were alive at the time of the study. Among the 7 cases of mortality from cancer, 5 cases died from progression of underlying associated malignancy and only 2 cases died with advanced stage of EMPD. CONCLUSION EMPD can be quite aggressive, especially in the secondary form, and surgical management is challenging with a high rate of residual tumor at the surgical margin. EMPD can easily mislead the clinician and patient, leading to unnecessary delay prior to definitive effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Kyaw Phyo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kein-Seong Mun
- Department of Pathology, University MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong Chee Kwan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chai Chu Ann
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shanggar Kuppusamy
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Weng S, Zhu N, Li D, Chen Y, Tan Y, Chen J, Yuan Y. Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Prognostic Factors of Patients With Primary Extramammary Paget's Disease (EMPD): A Retrospective Analysis of 44 Patients From a Single Center and an Analysis of Data From the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1114. [PMID: 32983958 PMCID: PMC7477308 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Primary extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare cutaneous malignancy. The aim of this article is to analyze clinical characteristics, evidence of the prognosis, and share treatment experience of primary EMPD. Methods: We extracted 771 patients' data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program between 1973 and 2013 to investigate the characteristics and prognosis of patients with EMPD. In addition, 44 patients with primary EMPD in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed for 10 years. Results: Compared with patients younger than 65 years, patients diagnosed at 65–74 years [hazard ratio (HR), 2.453] and 75 years or older (HR, 5.750) had shorter survival. Patients with a primary site in the truncal skin (HR, 0.367) or scrotum (HR, 0.246) had better survival compared to those with a primary site in the perianal area. Compared with localized EMPD, EMPD with distant (HR, 18.821) and regional (HR, 2.180) metastases was associated with a worse prognosis. Patients who received radiotherapy had decreased survival, with an HR of 2.039. Patients with a higher N stage, M stage, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage had a decreased prognosis (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Older age at diagnosis, primary site in the perianal area, distant metastasis, radiotherapy, and higher N stage, M stage, and AJCC stage may result in decreased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Weng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yurong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yinuo Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Arita T, Kondo J, Kaneko Y, Tsutsumi M, Kanemaru M, Matsui M, Arakawa Y, Katoh N, Inoue M, Asai J. Novel ex vivo disease model for extramammary Paget's disease using the cancer tissue-originated spheroid method. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 99:185-192. [PMID: 32800410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare skin cancer that frequently occurs in the anogenital region in the elderly. Prognosis in patients with metastatic EMPD is poor as EMPD treatment has advanced little in recent years, primarily because no EMPD cell line has been established. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish an ex vivo EMPD disease model using the cancer tissue-originated spheroid (CTOS) method, which is used to prepare and culture primary cancer cells while maintaining cell-cell contact. METHODS Thirteen samples from 12 EMPD patients were obtained. CTOSs were prepared and cultured using CTOS method. Histopathological examination of the CTOSs was performed. We investigated optimum medium conditions and effects of growth factors for CTOS growth. Chemo-sensitivity assays were conducted. RESULTS CTOSs were successfully prepared from 3 primary lesions and 2 metastatic lymph nodes. Of these, 2 CTOSs (EMPD-3 and EMPD-4) could be maintained and passaged long term ex vivo. Following transplantation of CTOSs to NOD/Scid mice, CTOS-derived xenotumors exhibited ductal formation, indicating that CTOSs retained the original tumor characteristics. Chemo-sensitivity assays revealed that docetaxel significantly inhibited EMPD-3 growth in a dose-dependent manner, whereas EMPD-4 was not clearly inhibited. These findings indicate the heterogeneity of EMPD and potential use of chemosensitivity assays with patient-derived CTOS to select the most effective drugs for each patient. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this study represents the first establishment of an ex vivo-EMPD disease model involving conventional cell lines. EMPD CTOSs might be useful for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Arita
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yuka Kaneko
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miho Tsutsumi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mai Kanemaru
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mari Matsui
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Arakawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norito Katoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Asai
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
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Piras A, Sanfratello A, Boldrini L, La Vecchia M, Venuti V, Amari ML, Orlando M, Zichichi L, Angileri T, Daidone A. Paget's disease of scrotum and penis case report of a re-irradiation and review of the literature. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13890. [PMID: 32584449 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma generally arising in the anogenital region. Surgery is still considered the treatment of choice for patients with EMPD, while Radiotherapy is a common alternative for inoperable cases and it's necessary in case of lack of surgical radicality. In this article, we described our experience and a review of the literature, with a particular focus on radiation-induced toxicity and on the feasibility of re-irradiation. A 70-year-old patient with EPMD underwent adjuvant radiotherapy in 2015. After 28 months for recurrence another radiant treatment was performed. No G3 (CTCAE v4) toxicity were recorded. In the last follow-up visit at 18 months, no signs of relapse were reported. A search strategy of the bibliographic database PubMed was performed. The inclusion criteria for the articles were case report, clinical prospective, or retrospective studies with histological confirmation of EMPD of scrotum and penis; studies with patients undergoing RT; studies in the past 30 years. In most of the 14 reported studies, RT was overall well tolerated. The major observed toxicity was G3 skin toxicity in one study. To our knowledge, there are no other cases of EPMD re-irradiation in literature. Our patient showed an excellent response and tolerated very well the high doses of both the radiation treatments. This suggests that the tolerance of skin to re-irradiation following a long period between the two treatments may be comparable to the normal constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Piras
- Villa Santa Teresa, Radioterapia Oncologica, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Luca Boldrini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria La Vecchia
- Radioterapia Oncologica, Università degli Studi di, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Venuti
- Radioterapia Oncologica, Università degli Studi di, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Orlando
- Villa Santa Teresa, Radioterapia Oncologica, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leonardo Zichichi
- U.O.C. Dermatologia e Venerologia, Ospedale San Antonio Abate, Trapani, Italy
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Lydrup E, Berg JO, Hjorth SV, Hølmich LR, Lock-Andersen J, Chakera AH. Extramammary Paget's Disease and Melanoma: 2 Cases of Double Cancers. Case Rep Dermatol 2020; 12:107-113. [PMID: 32518542 PMCID: PMC7265716 DOI: 10.1159/000507917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare intraepidermal neoplastic disease. There is a well-known relationship between EMPD and underlying malignancy. However, only a few cases of EMPD and cutaneous melanoma have been reported previously. In this case report we present 2 cases of such double cancers: one as a collision tumor, the other at separate sites. We discuss the pathogenesis, treatment, and importance of a thorough clinical and radiological examination and review the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lydrup
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jais Oliver Berg
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sofie Vetli Hjorth
- Department of Pathology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lisbet Rosenkrantz Hølmich
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Lock-Andersen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Annette Hougaard Chakera
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Su T, Yang B, Gao T, Liu T, Li J. Polymer nanoparticle-assisted chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920915978. [PMID: 32426046 PMCID: PMC7222269 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920915978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease characterized by highly dense stroma fibrosis. Only 15-20% of patients with pancreatic cancer have resectable tumors, and only around 20% of them survive to 5 years. Traditional cancer treatments have little effect on their prognosis, and successful surgical resection combined with effective perioperative therapy is the main method for maximizing long-term survival. For this reason, chemotherapy is an adjunct treatment for resectable cancer and is the main therapy for incurable pancreatic cancer, including metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, there are various side effects of chemotherapeutic medicine and low drug penetration because the complex tumor microenvironment limits the application of chemotherapy. As a novel strategy, polymer nanoparticles make it possible to target the tumor microenvironment, release cytotoxic agents through various responsive reactions, and thus overcome the treatment barrier. As drug carriers, polymer nanoparticles show marked advantages, such as increased drug delivery and efficiency, controlled drug release, decreased side effects, prolonged half-life, and evasion of immunogenic blockade. In this review, we discuss the factors that cause chemotherapy obstacles in pancreatic cancer, and introduce the application of polymer nanoparticles to treat pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Su
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianren Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People’s Republic of China
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50
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Shah AK. Mucopolysaccharide Keratin Dystrophy: Update on Pathogenesis and Microscopic Features. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2020; 8:132-133. [PMID: 33282689 PMCID: PMC7703016 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_71_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arpan K Shah
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manubhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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