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Li J, Yao YX, Yao PS. Circulating Biomarkers and Risk of Hypertension: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Study. Heart Lung Circ 2023; 32:1434-1442. [PMID: 38042639 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study systematically assessed circulating proteins to identify new serum biomarkers and risk of hypertension using Mendelian randomisation. METHODS The associations between 4,782 human circulating proteins and the risk of hypertension were evaluated using two-sample Mendelian randomisation. The FinnGen study demonstrated a link between genetic predisposition and hypertension in 85,438 cases and 223,663 controls. RESULTS Inverse variance weighted and sensitivity analysis revealed nine proteins in circulation that have a causative effect on hypertension. SMOC1 and TIE1 were determined to be causative factors in the decreased likelihood of developing hypertension, with odds ratios of 0.86 (95% CI 0.81-0.91; p=1.06e-06) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.98; p=9.39e-05), respectively. NDUFB4, ETHE1, POFUT2, TRIL, ADAM23, GXYLT1, OXT, TPST2, and TMCC3 showed a possible connection to hypertension. CONCLUSIONS This two-sample Mendelian randomisation study found that SMOC1 and TIE1 are causally linked to hypertension, making them a promising target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fujian Provincial Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yue-Xian Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fujian Provincial Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pei-Sen Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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2
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Platt I, Bisgin A, Kilavuz S. Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy: a literature review and two new cases of mild phenotype. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3827-3852. [PMID: 37458841 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare intoxication-type metabolic disorder with multisystem involvement. It is caused by mutations in ETHE1, which encodes the ETHE1 enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix that plays a key role in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detoxification acting as a sulphur dioxygenase. RESULTS This review focuses on the clinical, metabolic, genetic and neuroradiological features of 70 reported cases, including two new cases. The common manifestations of EE are psychomotor regression, hypotonia, developmental delay, petechia, pyramidal signs, chronic diarrhoea, orthostatic acrocyanosis and failure to thrive, respectively. A significant difference was found in EMA and C4 levels (p=0.003, p=0.0236) between classical and mild phenotypes. Urinary EMA, C4 and C5 levels were found to exhibit normal values in milder cases during attack-free periods. The most common ETHE1 gene homozygous state mutations were (p.R163Q) (c.488G>A), exon 4 deletion, (p.R163W)(c.487C>T), (p.Glu44ValfsTer62)(c.131_132delAG) and (p.M1I)(c.3G>T) mutations, respectively. Fifty-two patients underwent cranial MRI. Basal ganglia signal alterations were detected in 42 cases. Of the 70 cases, eight had a mild phenotype and slow neurological progression with low levels of ethylmalonic acid (EMA) and C4 acylcarnitine. The current age of alive patients in the published articles with mild phenotype was significantly higher than the classical phenotype. (p=0.002). Reducing the accumulation and inducing detoxification of sulfide is the main long-term treatment strategy for EE, including metronidazole, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), dietary modification, liver transplantation and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). CONCLUSION Measuring EMA and C4 acylcarnitine during metabolic attacks is critical to diagnosing EE, allowing for early treatment initiation to prevent further encephalopathic crises. Experience with liver transplantation, diet and CRRT, is currently limited. An early multidisciplinary approach with combination therapies is vital to prevent irreversible neurological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atil Bisgin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cukurova University AGENTEM (Adana Genetic Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment Center), Adana, Turkey
| | - Sebile Kilavuz
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
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Yang SY, Liao L, Hu SY, Deng L, Andriani L, Zhang TM, Zhang YL, Ma XY, Zhang FL, Liu YY, Li DQ. ETHE1 Accelerates Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Metastasis by Activating GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14566. [PMID: 37834012 PMCID: PMC10572406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most fatal subtype of breast cancer; however, effective treatment strategies for TNBC are lacking. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanism of TNBC metastasis and identify its therapeutic targets. Dysregulation of ETHE1 leads to ethylmalonic encephalopathy in humans; however, the role of ETHE1 in TNBC remains elusive. Stable cell lines with ETHE1 overexpression or knockdown were constructed to explore the biological functions of ETHE1 during TNBC progression in vitro and in vivo. Mass spectrometry was used to analyze the molecular mechanism through which ETHE1 functions in TNBC progression. ETHE1 had no impact on TNBC cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth but promoted TNBC cell migration and invasion in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. The effect of ETHE1 on TNBC cell migratory potential was independent of its enzymatic activity. Mechanistic investigations revealed that ETHE1 interacted with eIF2α and enhanced its phosphorylation by promoting the interaction between eIF2α and GCN2. Phosphorylated eIF2α in turn upregulated the expression of ATF4, a transcriptional activator of genes involved in cell migration and tumor metastasis. Notably, inhibition of eIF2α phosphorylation through ISRIB or ATF4 knockdown partially abolished the tumor-promoting effect of ETHE1 overexpression. ETHE1 has a functional and mechanistic role in TNBC metastasis and offers a new therapeutic strategy for targeting ETHE1-propelled TNBC using ISRIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ying Yang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-Y.Y.); (L.L.); (S.-Y.H.); (L.D.); (T.-M.Z.)
- Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.-L.Z.); (F.-L.Z.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Liao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-Y.Y.); (L.L.); (S.-Y.H.); (L.D.); (T.-M.Z.)
- Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.-L.Z.); (F.-L.Z.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-Y.Y.); (L.L.); (S.-Y.H.); (L.D.); (T.-M.Z.)
| | - Ling Deng
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-Y.Y.); (L.L.); (S.-Y.H.); (L.D.); (T.-M.Z.)
| | - Lisa Andriani
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (L.A.); (X.-Y.M.)
| | - Tai-Mei Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-Y.Y.); (L.L.); (S.-Y.H.); (L.D.); (T.-M.Z.)
| | - Yin-Ling Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.-L.Z.); (F.-L.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Yan Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (L.A.); (X.-Y.M.)
| | - Fang-Lin Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.-L.Z.); (F.-L.Z.)
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (L.A.); (X.-Y.M.)
| | - Da-Qiang Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-Y.Y.); (L.L.); (S.-Y.H.); (L.D.); (T.-M.Z.)
- Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.-L.Z.); (F.-L.Z.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (L.A.); (X.-Y.M.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Kashima DT, Sloan-Heggen CM, Gottlieb-Smith RJ, Barone Pritchard A. An atypically mild case of ethylmalonic encephalopathy with pathogenic ETHE1 variant. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1614-1618. [PMID: 36891747 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare, severe, autosomal recessive condition caused by pathogenic variants in ETHE1 leading to progressive encephalopathy, hypotonia evolving to dystonia, petechiae, orthostatic acrocyanosis, diarrhea, and elevated ethylmalonic acid in urine. In this case report, we describe a patient with only mild speech and gross motor delays, subtle biochemical abnormalities, and normal brain imaging found to be homozygous for a pathogenic ETHE1 variant (c.586G>A) via whole exome sequencing. This case highlights the clinical heterogeneity of ETHE1 mutations and the utility of whole-exome sequencing in diagnosing mild cases of EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Kashima
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christina M Sloan-Heggen
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism, and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rachel J Gottlieb-Smith
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda Barone Pritchard
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism, and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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5
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Cardelo Autero N, Cordón Martínez AM, Ramos-Fernández JM. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy: phenotype-genotype description and review of its management. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021; 36:729-731. [PMID: 34274260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Cardelo Autero
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Regional Universitario Materno-Infantil de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - A M Cordón Martínez
- Servicio de Pediatría (lactantes), Hospital Regional Universitario Materno-Infantil de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - J M Ramos-Fernández
- Sección de Neurología Pediátrica, Grupo IBIMA, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Regional Universitario Materno-Infantil de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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6
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de Moura Alvorcem L, Britto R, Cecatto C, Cristina Roginski A, Rohden F, Nathali Scholl J, Guma FCR, Figueiró F, Umpierrez Amaral A, Zanatta G, Seminotti B, Wajner M, Leipnitz G. Ethylmalonic acid impairs bioenergetics by disturbing succinate and glutamate oxidation and induces mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in rat cerebellum. J Neurochem 2021; 158:262-281. [PMID: 33837559 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tissue accumulation and high urinary excretion of ethylmalonic acid (EMA) are found in ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE), an inherited disorder associated with cerebral and cerebellar atrophy whose pathogenesis is poorly established. The in vitro and in vivo effects of EMA on bioenergetics and redox homeostasis were investigated in rat cerebellum. For the in vitro studies, cerebellum preparations were exposed to EMA, whereas intracerebellar injection of EMA was used for the in vivo evaluation. EMA reduced state 3 and uncoupled respiration in vitro in succinate-, glutamate-, and malate-supported mitochondria, whereas decreased state 4 respiration was observed using glutamate and malate. Furthermore, mitochondria permeabilization and succinate supplementation diminished the decrease in state 3 with succinate. EMA also inhibited the activity of KGDH, an enzyme necessary for glutamate oxidation, in a mixed manner and augmented mitochondrial efflux of α-ketoglutarate. ATP levels were markedly reduced by EMA, reflecting a severe bioenergetic disruption. Docking simulations also indicated interactions between EMA and KGDH and a competition with glutamate and succinate for their mitochondrial transporters. In vitro findings also showed that EMA decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and Ca2+ retention capacity, and induced swelling in the presence of Ca2+ , which were prevented by cyclosporine A and ADP and ruthenium red, indicating mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Moreover, EMA, at high concentrations, mildly increased ROS levels and altered antioxidant defenses in vitro and in vivo. Our data indicate that EMA-induced impairment of glutamate and succinate oxidation and MPT may contribute to the pathogenesis of the cerebellum abnormalities in EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo de Moura Alvorcem
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Britto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Cecatto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Roginski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francieli Rohden
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliete Nathali Scholl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fátima C R Guma
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Geancarlo Zanatta
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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7
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Cardelo Autero N, Cordón Martínez AM, Ramos-Fernández JM. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy: Phenotype-genotype description and review of its management. Neurologia 2021; 36:S0213-4853(21)00009-8. [PMID: 33722452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Cardelo Autero
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Regional Universitario Materno-Infantil de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - A M Cordón Martínez
- Servicio de Pediatría (lactantes), Hospital Regional Universitario Materno-Infantil de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - J M Ramos-Fernández
- Sección de Neurología Pediátrica, Grupo IBIMA, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Regional Universitario Materno-Infantil de Málaga, Málaga, España.
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8
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Sathe G, Deepha S, Gayathri N, Nagappa M, Parayil Sankaran B, Taly AB, Khanna T, Pandey A, Govindaraj P. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy ETHE1 p. D165H mutation alters the mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle proteome. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:64-71. [PMID: 33639274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism. To study the molecular effects of ETHE1 p. D165H mutation, we employed mass spectrometry-based mitochondrial proteome and phosphoproteome profiling in the human skeletal muscle. Eighty-six differentially altered proteins were identified, of which thirty-seven mitochondrial proteins were differentially expressed, and most of the proteins (37%) were down-regulated in the OXPHOS complex-IV. Also, nine phosphopeptides that correspond to eight mitochondrial proteins were significantly affected in EE patient. These altered proteins recognized are involved in several pathways and molecular functions, predominantly in oxidoreductase activity. This is the first study that has integrated proteome and phosphoproteome of skeletal muscle and identified multiple proteins associated in the pathogenesis of EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India; Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sekar Deepha
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Narayanappa Gayathri
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Madhu Nagappa
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Bindu Parayil Sankaran
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Genetic Metabolic Disorders Services, Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arun B Taly
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Tripti Khanna
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India; Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Periyasamy Govindaraj
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India; Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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9
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Kasamatsu S. Persulfide-Dependent Regulation of Electrophilic Redox Signaling in Neural Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:1320-1331. [PMID: 32536194 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis is precisely modulated by intricate systems that regulate production, elimination, and metabolism of electrophilic substances (electrophiles) in the nervous system. Since the first report of the endogenous production of reactive persulfide species in cells, such as cysteine persulfides (CysSSH), these reactive species have been a topic of extreme interest in the field of redox biology; persulfides/polysulfides possess unique chemical properties and are involved in multiple cellular functions. Recent Advances: Electrophilic signaling is mainly regulated by endogenous electrophiles that are generated from reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and their derivatives during stress responses, as well as by exogenous electrophiles, including compounds in foods and environmental pollutants, such as methylmercury (MeHg). Among diverse electrophiles that are endogenously generated, 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) possesses unique redox properties, of which the biosynthetic pathway, signaling mechanism, and metabolism in cells have been elucidated. Critical Issues: Persulfides, such as CysSSH, that are endogenously produced are critically involved in 8-nitro-cGMP metabolism. Exposure of neurons to the exogenous neurotoxicant, MeHg, causes severe neurodegeneration via disruption of persulfide-dependent 8-nitro-cGMP metabolism. Future Directions: Accumulating evidence indicates that persulfides are involved in various cellular functions under physiological and pathological conditions. These new aspects of redox biology related to persulfides may be frontiers of cell research, medical and clinical investigations of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as other fields. 8-Nitro-cGMP-mediated signaling and its persulfide-dependent metabolism in cells could, therefore, be potential targets for drug development, which may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic agents for many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kasamatsu
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Brewitz L, Nakashima Y, Schofield CJ. Synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate derivatives and their evaluation as cosubstrates and inhibitors of human aspartate/asparagine-β-hydroxylase. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1327-1342. [PMID: 34163896 PMCID: PMC8179049 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate (2OG) is involved in biological processes including oxidations catalyzed by 2OG oxygenases for which it is a cosubstrate. Eukaryotic 2OG oxygenases have roles in collagen biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, DNA/RNA modification, transcriptional regulation, and the hypoxic response. Aspartate/asparagine-β-hydroxylase (AspH) is a human 2OG oxygenase catalyzing post-translational hydroxylation of Asp/Asn-residues in epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGFDs) in the endoplasmic reticulum. AspH is of chemical interest, because its Fe(ii) cofactor is complexed by two rather than the typical three residues. AspH is upregulated in hypoxia and is a prognostic marker on the surface of cancer cells. We describe studies on how derivatives of its natural 2OG cosubstrate modulate AspH activity. An efficient synthesis of C3- and/or C4-substituted 2OG derivatives, proceeding via cyanosulfur ylid intermediates, is reported. Mass spectrometry-based AspH assays with >30 2OG derivatives reveal that some efficiently inhibit AspH via competing with 2OG as evidenced by crystallographic and solution analyses. Other 2OG derivatives can substitute for 2OG enabling substrate hydroxylation. The results show that subtle changes, e.g. methyl- to ethyl-substitution, can significantly alter the balance between catalysis and inhibition. 3-Methyl-2OG, a natural product present in human nutrition, was the most efficient alternative cosubstrate identified; crystallographic analyses reveal the binding mode of (R)-3-methyl-2OG and other 2OG derivatives to AspH and inform on the balance between turnover and inhibition. The results will enable the use of 2OG derivatives as mechanistic probes for other 2OG utilizing enzymes and suggest 2-oxoacids other than 2OG may be employed by some 2OG oxygenases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Brewitz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
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Bottani E, Lamperti C, Prigione A, Tiranti V, Persico N, Brunetti D. Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Mitochondrial Diseases: "One-Size-Fits-All" and "Precision Medicine" Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1083. [PMID: 33187380 PMCID: PMC7696526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMD) refer to a group of severe, often inherited genetic conditions due to mutations in the mitochondrial genome or in the nuclear genes encoding for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The mutations hamper the last step of aerobic metabolism, affecting the primary source of cellular ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by extremely heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunction with different clinical courses. The limited information of the natural history, the limitations of currently available preclinical models, coupled with the large variability of phenotypical presentations of PMD patients, have strongly penalized the development of effective therapies. However, new therapeutic strategies have been emerging, often with promising preclinical and clinical results. Here we review the state of the art on experimental treatments for mitochondrial diseases, presenting "one-size-fits-all" approaches and precision medicine strategies. Finally, we propose novel perspective therapeutic plans, either based on preclinical studies or currently used for other genetic or metabolic diseases that could be transferred to PMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Clinic Düsseldorf (UKD), Heinrich Heine University (HHU), 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
| | - Nicola Persico
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Brunetti
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.L.); (V.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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12
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Grings M, Wajner M, Leipnitz G. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Redox Homeostasis Impairment as Pathomechanisms of Brain Damage in Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy: Insights from Animal and Human Studies. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:565-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Identification of a novel homozygous nonsense variant in a Chinese patient with ethylmalonic encephalopathy and a genotype-phenotype spectrum review. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Ersoy M, Tiranti V, Zeviani M. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy: Clinical course and therapy response in an uncommon mild case with a severe ETHE1 mutation. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100641. [PMID: 32923369 PMCID: PMC7476058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by dysfunction of ETHE1 protein, a mitochondrial dioxygenase involved in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detoxification. EE is usually a fatal disease with a severe clinical course mainly associated with developmental delay and regression, recurrent petechiae, orthostatic acrocyanosis, and chronic diarrhoea. Treatment includes antioxidants, antibiotics that lower H2S levels and antispastic medications, which are not curative. The mutations causing absence of the ETHE1 protein, as is the case for the described patient, usually entail a severe fatal phenotype. Although there are rare reported cases with mild clinical findings, the mechanism leading to these milder cases is also unclear. Here, we describe an 11-year-old boy with an ETHE1 gene mutation who has no neurocognitive impairment but chronic diarrhoea, which is controlled by oral medical treatment, and progressive spastic paraparesis that responded to Achilles tendon lengthening.
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Key Words
- 3-MST, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
- CAT, cysteine aminotransferase
- CBS, cystathionine β-synthase
- CSE, cystathionine γ-lyase
- EE, ethylmalonic encephalopathy
- EMA, ethylmalonic acid
- ETHE1 gene
- GSH, glutathione
- H2S
- H2S, hydrogen sulfide
- H2SO3, persulfide
- MTZ, metronidazole
- Mild course
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- SCAD, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- SDO, sulfur dioxygenase
- SQR, sulfide quinone oxidoreductase
- SUOX, sulfite oxidase
- TST, thiosulfate sulfur transferase
- Therapy response
- UQ, quinone
- cIII, complex III
- cIV, complex IV
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Ersoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism, Health Sciences University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Molecular Pathogenesis of Mitochondrial Disorders Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- The Clinical School, University of Padova Department of Neurosciences Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine Via Orus 2, Padova, Italy
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Marutani E, Ichinose F. Emerging pharmacological tools to control hydrogen sulfide signaling in critical illness. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:5. [PMID: 32006269 PMCID: PMC6994583 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-0296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been known as a toxic environmental hazard. Discovery of physiological roles of H2S as a neurotransmitter by Kimura and colleagues triggered an intensive research in the biological roles of H2S in the past decades. Manipulation of H2S levels by inhibiting H2S synthesis or administration of H2S-releasing molecules revealed beneficial as well as harmful effects of H2S. As a result, it is now established that H2S levels are tightly controlled and too much or too little H2S levels cause harm. Nonetheless, translation of sulfide-based therapy to clinical practice has been stymied due to the very low therapeutic index of sulfide and the incomplete understanding of endogenous sulfide metabolism. One potential strategy to circumvent this problem is to use a safe and stable sulfide metabolite that may mediate effects of H2S. Alternatively, endogenous sulfide levels may be controlled using specific sulfide scavengers. In this review article, the role of endogenous H2S production and catabolism will be briefly reviewed followed by an introduction of thiosulfate and H2S scavengers as novel pharmacological tools to control H2S-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizo Marutani
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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16
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de Moura Alvorcem L, Britto R, Parmeggiani B, Glanzel NM, da Rosa-Junior NT, Cecatto C, Bobermin LD, Amaral AU, Wajner M, Leipnitz G. Evidence that thiol group modification and reactive oxygen species are involved in hydrogen sulfide-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in rat cerebellum. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:141-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Tam A, AlDhaheri NS, Mysore K, Tessier ME, Goss J, Fernandez LA, D'Alessandro AM, Schwoerer JS, Rice GM, Elsea SH, Scaglia F. Improved clinical outcome following liver transplant in patients with ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1015-1019. [PMID: 30864297 PMCID: PMC9873405 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rapidly progressive autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the ETHE1 gene that encodes the mitochondrial sulfur dioxygenase. It is characterized by neurodevelopmental delay and regression, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs, recurrent petechiae, chronic diarrhea, and orthostatic acrocyanosis. Laboratory findings include elevated serum levels of lactate and C4-C5 acylcarnitines, and elevated urinary excretion of ethylmalonic acid and C4-C6 acylglycines, notably isobutyrylglycine and 2-methylbutyrylglycine. These findings are attributed to deficiency of the mitochondrial sulfur dioxygenase resulting in toxic accumulation of hydrogen sulfide metabolites in vascular endothelium and mucosal cells of the large intestine. Medical management has thus far been directed toward decreasing the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide metabolites using a combination of metronidazole and N-acetylcysteine. More recently, orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) has been reported as a new therapeutic option for EE. Here, we report two additional cases of EE who achieved psychomotor developmental improvement after 7- and 22-months following OLT. The second case serves as the longest developmental outcome follow-up reported, thus far, following OLT for EE. This report provides additional evidence to validate OLT as a promising therapeutic approach for what was considered to be a fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Tam
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Noura Salem AlDhaheri
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Krupa Mysore
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary Elizabeth Tessier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - John Goss
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas,Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Luis A. Fernandez
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anthony M. D'Alessandro
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jessica Scott Schwoerer
- Department of Pediatrics and the Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gregory M. Rice
- Department of Pediatrics and the Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sarah H. Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas,BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
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18
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19
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Kitzler TM, Gupta IR, Osterman B, Poulin C, Trakadis Y, Waters PJ, Buhas DC. Acute and Chronic Management in an Atypical Case of Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy. JIMD Rep 2018; 45:57-63. [PMID: 30349987 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2018_136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is caused by mutations in the ETHE1 gene. ETHE1 is vital for the catabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Patients with pathogenic mutations in ETHE1 have markedly increased thiosulfate, which is a reliable index of H2S levels. Accumulation of H2S is thought to cause the characteristic metabolic derangement found in EE. Recently introduced treatment strategies in EE, such as combined use of metronidazole (MNZ) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), are aimed at lowering chronic H2S load. Experience with treatment strategies directed against acute episodes of metabolic decompensation (e.g., hemodialysis) is limited. Here we present an unusually mild, molecularly confirmed, case of EE in a 19-year-old male on chronic treatment with MNZ and NAC. During an acute episode of metabolic decompensation, we employed continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) to regain metabolic control. On continuous treatment with NAC and MNZ during the months preceding the acute event, plasma thiosulfate levels ranged from 1.6 to 4 μg/mL (reference range up to 2 μg/mL) and had a mean value of 2.5 μg/mL. During the acute decompensation, thiosulfate levels were 6.7 μg/mL, with hyperlactatemia and perturbed organic acid, acylglycine, and acylcarnitine profiles. CRRT decreased thiosulfate within 24 h to 1.4 μg/mL. Following discontinuation of CRRT, mean thiosulfate levels were 3.2 μg/mL (range, 2.4-3.7 μg/mL) accompanied by clinical improvement with metabolic stabilization of blood gas, acylcarnitine, organic acid, and acylglycine profiles. In conclusion, CRRT may help to regain metabolic control in patients with EE who have an acute metabolic decompensation on chronic treatment with NAC and MNZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Kitzler
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Indra R Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bradley Osterman
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Poulin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yannis Trakadis
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paula J Waters
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke Hospital Centre (CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela C Buhas
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Kabil O, Motl N, Strack M, Seravalli J, Metzler-Nolte N, Banerjee R. Mechanism-based inhibition of human persulfide dioxygenase by γ-glutamyl-homocysteinyl-glycine. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12429-12439. [PMID: 29980601 PMCID: PMC6093238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule with many beneficial effects. However, its cellular concentration is strictly regulated to avoid toxicity. Persulfide dioxygenase (PDO or ETHE1) is a mononuclear non-heme iron-containing protein in the sulfide oxidation pathway catalyzing the conversion of GSH persulfide (GSSH) to sulfite and GSH. PDO mutations result in the autosomal-recessive disorder ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE). Here, we developed γ-glutamyl-homocysteinyl-glycine (GHcySH), in which the cysteinyl moiety in GSH is substituted with homocysteine, as a mechanism-based PDO inhibitor. Human PDO used GHcySH as an alternative substrate and converted it to GHcy-SO2H, mimicking GS-SO2H, the putative oxygenated intermediate formed with the natural substrate. Because GHcy-SO2H contains a C-S bond rather than an S-S bond in GS-SO2H, it failed to undergo the final hydrolysis step in the catalytic cycle, leading to PDO inhibition. We also characterized the biochemical penalties incurred by the L55P, T136A, C161Y, and R163W mutations reported in EE patients. The variants displayed lower iron content (1.4-11-fold) and lower thermal stability (1.2-1.7-fold) than WT PDO. They also exhibited varying degrees of catalytic impairment; the kcat/Km values for R163W, L55P, and C161Y PDOs were 18-, 42-, and 65-fold lower, respectively, and the T136A variant was most affected, with a 200-fold lower kcat/Km Like WT enzyme, these variants were inhibited by GHcySH. This study provides the first characterization of an intermediate in the PDO-catalyzed reaction and reports on deficits associated with EE-linked mutations that are distal from the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Kabil
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Nicole Motl
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Martin Strack
- Inorganic Chemistry-Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany, and
| | - Javier Seravalli
- the Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Inorganic Chemistry-Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany, and
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
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21
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Grings M, Parmeggiani B, Moura AP, de Moura Alvorcem L, Wyse ATS, Wajner M, Leipnitz G. Evidence that Thiosulfate Inhibits Creatine Kinase Activity in Rat Striatum via Thiol Group Oxidation. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:693-705. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Rühl P, Haas P, Seipel D, Becker J, Kletzin A. Persulfide Dioxygenase From Acidithiobacillus caldus: Variable Roles of Cysteine Residues and Hydrogen Bond Networks of the Active Site. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1610. [PMID: 30072973 PMCID: PMC6060420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persulfide dioxygenases (PDOs) are abundant in Bacteria and also crucial for H2S detoxification in mitochondria. One of the two pdo-genes of the acidophilic bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus was expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein (AcPDO) had 0.77 ± 0.1 Fe/subunit and an average specific sulfite formation activity of 111.5 U/mg protein (Vmax) at 40°C and pH 7.5 with sulfur and GSH following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. KM for GSH and Kcat were 0.5 mM and 181 s-1, respectively. Glutathione persulfide (GSSH) as substrate gave a sigmoidal curve with a Vmax of 122.3 U/mg protein, a Kcat of 198 s-1 and a Hill coefficient of 2.3 ± 0.22 suggesting positive cooperativity. Gel permeation chromatography and non-denaturing gels showed mostly tetramers. The temperature optimum was 40-45°C, the melting point 63 ± 1.3°C in thermal unfolding experiments, whereas low activity was measurable up to 95°C. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that residues located in the predicted GSH/GSSH binding site and in the central hydrogen bond networks including the iron ligands are essential for activity. Among these, the R139A, D141A, and H171A variants were inactive concomitant to a decrease of their melting points by 3-8 K. Other variants were inactivated without significant melting point change. Two out of five cysteines are likewise essential, both of which lie presumably in close proximity at the surface of the protein (C87 and C224). MalPEG labeling experiments suggests that they form a disulfide bridge. The reducing agent Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine was inhibitory besides N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide suggesting an involvement of cysteines and the disulfide in catalysis and/or protein stabilization. Mass spectrometry revealed modification of C87, C137, and C224 by 305 mass units equivalent to GSH after incubation with GSSH and with GSH in case of the C87A and C224A variants. The results of this study suggest that disulfide formation between the two essential surface-exposed cysteines and Cys-S-glutathionylation serve as a protective mechanism against uncontrolled thiol oxidation and the associated loss of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arnulf Kletzin
- Department of Biology, Sulfur Biochemistry and Microbial Bioenergetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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23
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Plutino M, Chaussenot A, Rouzier C, Ait-El-Mkadem S, Fragaki K, Paquis-Flucklinger V, Bannwarth S. Targeted next generation sequencing with an extended gene panel does not impact variant detection in mitochondrial diseases. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:57. [PMID: 29625556 PMCID: PMC5889585 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Since the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS), several studies have tried to evaluate the relevance of targeted gene panel sequencing and whole exome sequencing for molecular diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases. The comparison between these different strategies is extremely difficult. A recent study analysed a cohort of patients affected by a mitochondrial disease using a NGS approach based on a targeted gene panel including 132 genes. This strategy led to identify the causative mutations in 15.2% of cases. The number of novel genes responsible for respiratory chain deficiency increases very rapidly. Methods In order to determine the impact of larger panels used as a first screening strategy on molecular diagnosis success, we analysed a cohort of 80 patients affected by a mitochondrial disease with a first mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) NGS screening and secondarily a targeted mitochondrial panel of 281 nuclear genes. Results Pathogenic mtDNA abnormalities were identified in 4.1% (1/24) of children and 25% (14/56) of adult patients. The remaining 65 patients were analysed with our targeted mitochondrial panel and this approach enabled us to achieve an identification rate of 21.7% (5/23) in children versus 7.1% (3/42) in adults. Conclusions Our results confirm that larger gene panels do not improve diagnostic yield of mitochondrial diseases due to (i) their very high genetic heterogeneity, (ii) the ongoing discovery of novel genes and (iii) mutations in genes apparently not related to mitochondrial function that lead to secondary respiratory chain deficiency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-018-0568-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Plutino
- Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | | | - Cécile Rouzier
- Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Bannwarth
- Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France. .,IRCAN UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081, Medicine School, 28 av de Valombrose, 06107, Nice cedex 2, France.
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24
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Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles present in virtually all human cells that are needed for a multitude of cellular functions, including energy production, control of cell apoptosis and numerous biochemical catabolic and synthetic pathways that are critical for cellular health. Primary mitochondrial disorders are a group of greater than 200 single gene defects arising from two genomes (nuclear and mitochondrial) leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, and are associated with extremely heterogeneous phenotypes. Neuromuscular features predominate, but often with multisystem involvement. Clinical suspicion of a mitochondrial disorder should prompt multipronged investigation with biochemical and molecular genetic studies. Recent wide-scale adoption of next-generation sequencing approaches has led to a rapid increase in the number of disease genes. The advances in unravelling the genetic landscape of mitochondrial diseases have not yet been matched by progress in developing effective therapies, and the mainstay of care remains supportive therapies in a multidisciplinary team setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Davison
- Metabolic Unit,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Metabolic Unit,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Mitochondrial Research Group,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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25
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Satapathy AK, Correa A, Kabra M, Eichler S, Rolfs A, Jana M, Gupta N. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy masquerading as malabsorption syndrome - A case report. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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26
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Motl N, Skiba MA, Kabil O, Smith JL, Banerjee R. Structural and biochemical analyses indicate that a bacterial persulfide dioxygenase-rhodanese fusion protein functions in sulfur assimilation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14026-14038. [PMID: 28684420 PMCID: PMC5572905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.790170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule that is toxic at elevated concentrations. In eukaryotes, it is cleared via a mitochondrial sulfide oxidation pathway, which comprises sulfide quinone oxidoreductase, persulfide dioxygenase (PDO), rhodanese, and sulfite oxidase and converts H2S to thiosulfate and sulfate. Natural fusions between the non-heme iron containing PDO and rhodanese, a thiol sulfurtransferase, exist in some bacteria. However, little is known about the role of the PDO-rhodanese fusion (PRF) proteins in sulfur metabolism. Herein, we report the kinetic properties and the crystal structure of a PRF from the Gram-negative endophytic bacterium Burkholderia phytofirmans The crystal structures of wild-type PRF and a sulfurtransferase-inactivated C314S mutant with and without glutathione were determined at 1.8, 2.4, and 2.7 Å resolution, respectively. We found that the two active sites are distant and do not show evidence of direct communication. The B. phytofirmans PRF exhibited robust PDO activity and preferentially catalyzed sulfur transfer in the direction of thiosulfate to sulfite and glutathione persulfide; sulfur transfer in the reverse direction was detectable only under limited turnover conditions. Together with the kinetic data, our bioinformatics analysis reveals that B. phytofirmans PRF is poised to metabolize thiosulfate to sulfite in a sulfur assimilation pathway rather than in sulfide stress response as seen, for example, with the Staphylococcus aureus PRF or sulfide oxidation and disposal as observed with the homologous mammalian proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Motl
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600
| | - Meredith A Skiba
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Omer Kabil
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600
| | - Janet L Smith
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600.
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Bioenergetics dysfunction, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and lipid peroxidation induced by hydrogen sulfide as relevant pathomechanisms underlying the neurological dysfunction characteristic of ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017. [PMID: 28624490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (sulfide) accumulates at high levels in brain of patients with ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE). In the present study, we evaluated whether sulfide could disturb energy and redox homeostasis, and induce mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening in rat brain aiming to better clarify the neuropathophysiology of EE. Sulfide decreased the activities of citrate synthase and aconitase in rat cerebral cortex mitochondria, and of creatine kinase (CK) in rat cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus supernatants. Glutathione prevented sulfide-induced CK activity decrease in the cerebral cortex. Sulfide also diminished mitochondrial respiration in cerebral cortex homogenates, and dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and induced swelling in the presence of calcium in brain mitochondria. Alterations in ΔΨm and swelling caused by sulfide were prevented by the combination of ADP and cyclosporine A, and by ruthenium red, indicating the involvement of mPT in these effects. Furthermore, sulfide increased the levels of malondialdehyde in cerebral cortex supernatants, which was prevented by resveratrol and attenuated by glutathione, and of thiol groups in a medium devoid of brain samples. Finally, we verified that sulfide did not alter cell viability and DCFH oxidation in cerebral cortex slices, primary cortical astrocyte cultures and SH-SY5Y cells. Our data provide evidence that bioenergetics disturbance and lipid peroxidation along with mPT pore opening are involved in the pathophysiology of brain damage observed in EE.
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Kılıç M, Dedeoğlu Ö, Göçmen R, Kesici S, Yüksel D. Successful treatment of a patient with ethylmalonic encephalopathy by intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:293-296. [PMID: 27830356 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is an autosomal recessive devastating metabolic disorder affecting the brain, gastrointestinal tract, peripheral vessels and rarely the other vascular organs. We report a 10-month-old girl who presented as a meningococcemia clinic but later diagnosed ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Molecular analyses revealed a homozygous c.554 T > G; p. L185R mutation in ETHE1 gene. She was only partially benefited from riboflavine, coenzyme Q10, metronidazole, N-acetylcysteine and symptomatic treatment and discharged from hospital with the sequela of oxygene dependance and developmental delay. We observed N-acetylcysteine 100 mg/kg/day intravenous infusion theraphy may be the most important drug especially in comatous EE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kılıç
- Metabolism Unit, Sami Ulus Children Hospital, Babur cad. No: 44 Altındağ, 06080, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Özge Dedeoğlu
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Sami Ulus Children Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahşan Göçmen
- Deparment of Radiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selman Kesici
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Sami Ulus Children Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yüksel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Sami Ulus Children Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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TAVASOLI AR, ROSTAMI P, ASHRAFI MR, KARIMZADEH P. Neurological and Vascular Manifestations of Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2017; 11:57-60. [PMID: 28698729 PMCID: PMC5493831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a severe mitochondrial disease of early infancy clinically characterized by a combination of developmental delay, progressive pyramidal signs, and vascular lesions including petechial purpura, orthostatic acrocyanosis, and chronic hemorrhagic diarrhea. Biochemical hallmarks of the disease are persistently high level of lactate, and C4-C5-acylcarnitines in blood, markedly elevated urinary excretion of methylsuccinic and ethylmalonic (EMA) acids. Here we report two patients with EE as a 16-months-old male infant and a 2-yr-old boy referred to Pediatric Neurology Clinic in Children's Medical Center, Tehran-Iran that in one patient genetic analysis revealed a homozygous mutation of the ETHE1 gene in favor of ethylmalonic acidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza TAVASOLI
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Neurometabolic Registry Center, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo ROSTAMI
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Reza ASHRAFI
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Neurometabolic Registry Center, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh KARIMZADEH
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Neurology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Pediatric Neurology Excellence Center, Pediatric Neurology Department, Mofid Children Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran
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30
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Jung M, Kasamatsu S, Matsunaga T, Akashi S, Ono K, Nishimura A, Morita M, Abdul Hamid H, Fujii S, Kitamura H, Sawa T, Ida T, Motohashi H, Akaike T. Protein polysulfidation-dependent persulfide dioxygenase activity of ethylmalonic encephalopathy protein 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:180-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Di Meo I, Lamperti C, Tiranti V. Mitochondrial diseases caused by toxic compound accumulation: from etiopathology to therapeutic approaches. EMBO Mol Med 2016. [PMID: 26194912 PMCID: PMC4604682 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are a group of highly invalidating human conditions for which effective treatment is currently unavailable and characterized by faulty energy supply due to defective oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Given the complexity of mitochondrial genetics and biochemistry, mitochondrial inherited diseases may present with a vast range of symptoms, organ involvement, severity, age of onset, and outcome. Despite the wide spectrum of clinical signs and biochemical underpinnings of this group of dis-orders, some common traits can be identified, based on both pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches. Here, we will review two peculiar mitochondrial disorders, ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) and mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE), caused by mutations in the ETHE1 and TYMP nuclear genes, respectively. ETHE1 encodes for a mitochondrial enzyme involved in sulfide detoxification and TYMP for a cytosolic enzyme involved in the thymidine/deoxyuridine catabolic pathway. We will discuss these two clinical entities as a paradigm of mitochondrial diseases caused by the accumulation of compounds normally present in traces, which exerts a toxic and inhibitory effect on the OXPHOS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Di Meo
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
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33
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Kriegbaum MC, Jacobsen B, Füchtbauer A, Hansen GH, Christensen IJ, Rundsten CF, Persson M, Engelholm LH, Madsen AN, Di Meo I, Lund IK, Holst B, Kjaer A, Lærum OD, Füchtbauer EM, Ploug M. C4.4A gene ablation is compatible with normal epidermal development and causes modest overt phenotypes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25833. [PMID: 27169360 PMCID: PMC4864438 DOI: 10.1038/srep25833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C4.4A is a modular glycolipid-anchored Ly6/uPAR/α-neurotoxin multidomain protein that exhibits a prominent membrane-associated expression in stratified squamous epithelia. C4.4A is also expressed in various solid cancer lesions, where high expression levels often are correlated to poor prognosis. Circumstantial evidence suggests a role for C4.4A in cell adhesion, migration, and invasion, but a well-defined biological function is currently unknown. In the present study, we have generated and characterized the first C4.4A-deficient mouse line to gain insight into the functional significance of C4.4A in normal physiology and cancer progression. The unchallenged C4.4A-deficient mice were viable, fertile, born in a normal Mendelian distribution and, surprisingly, displayed normal development of squamous epithelia. The C4.4A-deficient mice were, nonetheless, significantly lighter than littermate controls predominantly due to differences in fat mass. Congenital C4.4A deficiency delayed migration of keratinocytes enclosing incisional skin wounds in male mice. In chemically induced bladder carcinomas, C4.4A deficiency attenuated the incidence of invasive lesions despite having no effect on total tumour burden. This new C4.4A-deficient mouse line provides a useful platform for future studies on functional aspects of C4.4A in tumour cell invasion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Camilla Kriegbaum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benedikte Jacobsen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Füchtbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gert Helge Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Friis Rundsten
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Persson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine &PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Henning Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ivano Di Meo
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milano, Italy
| | - Ida Katrine Lund
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Deparment of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine &PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Didrik Lærum
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory of Pathology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Michael Ploug
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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34
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Sahebekhtiari N, Nielsen CB, Johannsen M, Palmfeldt J. Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals a Link between ETHE1-Mediated Disruptive Redox State and Altered Metabolic Regulation. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1630-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sahebekhtiari
- Research
Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Camilla Bak Nielsen
- Section
for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Section
for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Research
Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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35
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The Chemical Biology of Human Metallo-β-Lactamase Fold Proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:338-355. [PMID: 26805042 PMCID: PMC4819959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The αββα metallo β-lactamase (MBL) fold (MBLf) was first observed in bacterial enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of almost all β-lactam antibiotics, but is now known to be widely distributed. The MBL core protein fold is present in human enzymes with diverse biological roles, including cell detoxification pathways and enabling resistance to clinically important anticancer medicines. Human (h)MBLf enzymes can bind metals, including zinc and iron ions, and catalyze a range of chemically interesting reactions, including both redox (e.g., ETHE1) and hydrolytic processes (e.g., Glyoxalase II, SNM1 nucleases, and CPSF73). With a view to promoting basic research on MBLf enzymes and their medicinal targeting, here we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms and roles of these important molecules. MBLs are mono- or di-zinc ion-dependent hydrolases that enable bacterial resistance to almost all β-lactam antibiotics. The αββα MBL core fold is widely distributed and supports a range of catalytic activities, including redox reactions. hMBL proteins are a small family of approximately 18 zinc- and iron-dependent proteins with roles in metabolism and/or detoxification and nucleic acid modification. In a notable parallel with the role of bacterial MBLs in antibiotic resistance, some hMBLf enzymes enable resistance to chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin and mitomycin C.
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36
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Sattler SA, Wang X, Lewis KM, DeHan PJ, Park CM, Xin Y, Liu H, Xian M, Xun L, Kang C. Characterizations of Two Bacterial Persulfide Dioxygenases of the Metallo-β-lactamase Superfamily. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18914-23. [PMID: 26082492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persulfide dioxygenases (PDOs), also known as sulfur dioxygenases (SDOs), oxidize glutathione persulfide (GSSH) to sulfite and GSH. PDOs belong to the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily and play critical roles in animals, plants, and microorganisms, including sulfide detoxification. The structures of two PDOs from human and Arabidopsis thaliana have been reported; however, little is known about the substrate binding and catalytic mechanism. The crystal structures of two bacterial PDOs from Pseudomonas putida and Myxococcus xanthus were determined at 1.5- and 2.5-Å resolution, respectively. The structures of both PDOs were homodimers, and their metal centers and β-lactamase folds were superimposable with those of related enzymes, especially the glyoxalases II. The PDOs share similar Fe(II) coordination and a secondary coordination sphere-based hydrogen bond network that is absent in glyoxalases II, in which the corresponding residues are involved instead in coordinating a second metal ion. The crystal structure of the complex between the Pseudomonas PDO and GSH also reveals the similarity of substrate binding between it and glyoxalases II. Further analysis implicates an identical mode of substrate binding by known PDOs. Thus, the data not only reveal the differences in metal binding and coordination between the dioxygenases and the hydrolytic enzymes in the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily, but also provide detailed information on substrate binding by PDOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Sattler
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660
| | - Xia Wang
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China, and
| | - Kevin M Lewis
- the Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
| | - Preston J DeHan
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660
| | - Chung-Min Park
- the Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
| | - Yufeng Xin
- the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China, and
| | - Honglei Liu
- the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China, and
| | - Ming Xian
- the Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
| | - Luying Xun
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660, the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China, and
| | - ChulHee Kang
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660, the Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
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37
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Pettinati I, Brem J, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. Crystal structure of human persulfide dioxygenase: structural basis of ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2458-69. [PMID: 25596185 PMCID: PMC4383860 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ethylmalonic encephalopathy protein 1 (ETHE1) catalyses the oxygen-dependent oxidation of glutathione persulfide (GSSH) to give persulfite and glutathione. Mutations to the hETHE1 gene compromise sulfide metabolism leading to the genetic disease ethylmalonic encephalopathy. hETHE1 is a mono-iron binding member of the metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) fold superfamily. We report crystallographic analysis of hETHE1 in complex with iron to 2.6 Å resolution. hETHE1 contains an αββα MBL-fold, which supports metal-binding by the side chains of an aspartate and two histidine residues; three water molecules complete octahedral coordination of the iron. The iron binding hETHE1 enzyme is related to the ‘classical’ di-zinc binding MBL hydrolases involved in antibiotic resistance, but has distinctive features. The histidine and aspartate residues involved in iron-binding in ETHE1, occupy similar positions to those observed across both the zinc 1 and zinc 2 binding sites in classical MBLs. The active site of hETHE1 is very similar to an ETHE1-like enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana (60% sequence identity). A channel leading to the active site is sufficiently large to accommodate a GSSH substrate. Some of the observed hETHE1 clinical mutations cluster in the active site region. The structure will serve as a basis for detailed functional and mechanistic studies on ETHE1 and will be useful in the development of selective MBL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pettinati
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jürgen Brem
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michael A McDonough
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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38
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Ethylmalonic encephalopathy ETHE1 R163W/R163Q mutations alter protein stability and redox properties of the iron centre. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107157. [PMID: 25198162 PMCID: PMC4157841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ETHE1 is an iron-containing protein from the metallo β-lactamase family involved in the mitochondrial sulfide oxidation pathway. Mutations in ETHE1 causing loss of function result in sulfide toxicity and in the rare fatal disease Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy (EE). Frequently mutations resulting in depletion of ETHE1 in patient cells are due to severe structural and folding defects. However, some ETHE1 mutations yield nearly normal protein levels and in these cases disease mechanism was suspected to lie in compromised catalytic activity. To address this issue and to elicit how ETHE1 dysfunction results in EE, we have investigated two such pathological mutations, ETHE1-p.Arg163Gln and p.Arg163Trp. In addition, we report a number of benchmark properties of wild type human ETHE1, including for the first time the redox properties of the mononuclear iron centre. We show that loss of function in these variants results from a combination of decreased protein stability and activity. Although structural assessment revealed that the protein fold is not perturbed by mutations, both variants have decreased thermal stabilities and higher proteolytic susceptibilities. ETHE1 wild type and variants bind 1 ± 0.2 mol iron/protein and no zinc; however, the variants exhibited only ≈ 10% of wild-type catalytically activity. Analysis of the redox properties of ETHE1 mononuclear iron centre revealed that the variants have lowered reduction potentials with respect to that of the wild type. This illustrates how point mutation-induced loss of function may arise via very discrete subtle conformational effects on the protein fold and active site chemistry, without extensive disruption of the protein structure or protein-cofactor association.
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39
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Cecatto C, Amaral AU, Leipnitz G, Castilho RF, Wajner M. Ethylmalonic acid induces permeability transition in isolated brain mitochondria. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:168-78. [PMID: 24557940 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Predominant accumulation of ethylmalonic acid (EMA) in tissues and biological fluids is a characteristic of patients affected by short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Neurological abnormalities are frequently found in these disorders, but the mechanisms underlying the brain injury are still obscure. Since hyperlacticacidemia is also found in many affected patients indicating a mitochondrial dysfunction; in the present work, we evaluated the in vitro and ex vivo effects of EMA plus Ca(2+) on mitochondrial integrity and redox balance in succinate-supported brain organelles. We verified that the evaluated parameters were disturbed only when EMA was associated with exogenous micromolar Ca(2+) concentrations. Thus, we found that this short chain organic acid plus Ca(2+) dissipated the membrane potential and provoked mitochondrial swelling, as well as impaired the mitochondrial Ca(2+) retention capacity, resulting in a rapid Ca(2+) release and decreased NAD(P)H matrix content. In contrast, EMA was not able to stimulate mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation. We also observed that all these effects were prevented by the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake inhibitor ruthenium red and the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitors cyclosporin A (CsA) and ADP. Furthermore, mitochondria isolated from rat brains after in vivo intrastriatal administration of EMA was more susceptible to Ca(2+)-induced swelling, which was fully prevented by CsA and ADP. Finally, EMA significantly decreased striatal slice viability, which was attenuated by CsA. The data strongly indicate that EMA reduced the mitochondrial threshold for Ca(2+)-induced MPT reinforcing the role of this cation in EMA-induced disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics. It is, therefore, presumed that EMA acting synergistically with Ca(2+) compromises mitochondrial energy homeostasis in the central nervous system that may explain at least in part the neurologic alterations presented by patients with abnormal levels of this organic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Cecatto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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40
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Distribution, diversity, and activities of sulfur dioxygenases in heterotrophic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1799-806. [PMID: 24389926 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03281-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur oxidation by chemolithotrophic bacteria is well known; however, sulfur oxidation by heterotrophic bacteria is often ignored. Sulfur dioxygenases (SDOs) (EC 1.13.11.18) were originally found in the cell extracts of some chemolithotrophic bacteria as glutathione (GSH)-dependent sulfur dioxygenases. GSH spontaneously reacts with elemental sulfur to generate glutathione persulfide (GSSH), and SDOs oxidize GSSH to sulfite and GSH. However, SDOs have not been characterized for bacteria, including chemolithotrophs. The gene coding for human SDO (human ETHE1 [hETHE1]) in mitochondria was discovered because its mutations lead to a hereditary human disease, ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Using sequence analysis and activity assays, we discovered three subgroups of bacterial SDOs in the proteobacteria and cyanobacteria. Ten selected SDO genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant proteins were purified. The SDOs used Fe(2+) for catalysis and displayed considerable variations in specific activities. The wide distribution of SDO genes reveals the likely source of the hETHE1 gene and highlights the potential of sulfur oxidation by heterotrophic bacteria.
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41
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Pavlou E, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Gregersen N, Haas D, Gkampeta A, Athanassiadou-Piperopoulou F. An infant with ethylmalonic encephalopathy masquerading as a hematologic disorder. J Child Neurol 2013; 28:668-71. [PMID: 22805253 DOI: 10.1177/0883073812449070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 4-month-old male infant was brought to the emergency department because of striking petechial skin lesions and acrocyanosis. Routine hematology revealed leukocytosis and thrombocytosis and the infant was admitted for further investigations. Laboratory findings showed no evidence of infection, and a bone marrow aspirate demonstrated a normal number of immature cells of all lineages. Coagulation and routine biochemistry analyses were within the normal range. Three months later, the infant developed signs and symptoms of encephalopathy with episodes of hypotonia and an altered state of consciousness. A brain magnetic resonance imaging suggested the possibility of an inborn error of metabolism. The urinary organic acid and acylcarnitine profile indicated ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Mutation analysis of the ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 (ETHE1) gene confirmed the diagnosis of ethylmalonic encephalopathy at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Pavlou
- 2nd Paediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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42
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Tiranti V, Zeviani M. Altered sulfide (H(2)S) metabolism in ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a011437. [PMID: 23284046 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (sulfide, H(2)S) is a colorless, water-soluble gas with a typical smell of rotten eggs. In the past, it has been investigated for its role as a potent toxic gas emanating from sewers and swamps or as a by-product of industrial processes. At high concentrations, H(2)S is a powerful inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase; in trace amounts, it is an important signaling molecule, like nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), together termed "gasotransmitters." This review will cover the physiological role and the pathogenic effects of H(2)S, focusing on ethylmalonic encephalopathy, a human mitochondrial disorder caused by genetic abnormalities of sulfide metabolism. We will also discuss the options that are now conceivable for preventing genetically driven chronic H(2)S toxicity, taking into account that a complete understanding of the physiopathology of H(2)S has still to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Tiranti
- Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Center for Research on Children's Mitochondrial Disorders, Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation, Milan, Italy.
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Dweikat I, Naser E, Damsah N, Libdeh BA, Bakri I. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy associated with crescentic glomerulonephritis. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:613-6. [PMID: 22584649 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ETHE1 gene and characterized by chronic diarrhea, encephalopathy, relapsing petechiae and acrocyanosis. Nephrotic syndrome has been described in an infant with EE but the renal histology findings were not described in previous reports. We report a Palestinian girl with EE who presented with chronic diarrhea, encephalopathy, petechial rash and acrocyanosis. Subsequently, she developed progressive deterioration of renal function caused by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis resulting in death within few days. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported occurrence of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in a child with ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Its presence is a serious complication associated with poor prognosis and may be explained by the diffuse vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Dweikat
- Makassed Hospital, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Holdorf MM, Owen HA, Lieber SR, Yuan L, Adams N, Dabney-Smith C, Makaroff CA. Arabidopsis ETHE1 encodes a sulfur dioxygenase that is essential for embryo and endosperm development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:226-36. [PMID: 22786886 PMCID: PMC3440201 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.201855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in human (Homo sapiens) ETHYLMALONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY PROTEIN1 (ETHE1) result in the complex metabolic disease ethylmalonic encephalopathy, which is characterized in part by brain lesions, lactic acidemia, excretion of ethylmalonic acid, and ultimately death. ETHE1-like genes are found in a wide range of organisms; however, the biochemical and physiological role(s) of ETHE1 have not been examined outside the context of ethylmalonic encephalopathy. In this study we characterized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ETHE1 and determined the effect of an ETHE1 loss-of-function mutation to investigate the role(s) of ETHE1 in plants. Arabidopsis ETHE1 is localized in the mitochondrion and exhibits sulfur dioxygenase activity. Seeds homozygous for a DNA insertion in ETHE1 exhibit alterations in endosperm development that are accompanied by a delay in embryo development followed by embryo arrest by early heart stage. Strong ETHE1 labeling was observed in the peripheral and chalazal endosperm of wild-type seeds prior to cellularization. Therefore, ETHE1 appears to play an essential role in regulating sulfide levels in seeds.
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Giordano C, Viscomi C, Orlandi M, Papoff P, Spalice A, Burlina A, Di Meo I, Tiranti V, Leuzzi V, d'Amati G, Zeviani M. Morphologic evidence of diffuse vascular damage in human and in the experimental model of ethylmalonic encephalopathy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:451-8. [PMID: 22020834 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset encephalopathy, chronic diarrhoea, petechiae, orthostatic acrocyanosis and defective cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in muscle and brain. High levels of lactic, ethylmalonic and methylsuccinic acids are detected in body fluids. EE is caused by mutations in ETHE1, a mitochondrial sulphur dioxygenase. By studying a suitable mouse model, we found that loss of ETHE1 leads to accumulation of sulphide, which is a poison for COX and other enzymatic activities thus accounting for the main features of EE. We report here the first autopsy case of a child with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of EE, and compare the histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical findings with those of the constitutive Ethe1 (-/-) mice. In addition to COX depleted cells, widespread endothelial lesions of arterioles and capillaries of the brain and gastrointestinal tract were the pathologic hallmarks in both organisms. Our findings of diffuse vascular damage of target critical organs are in keeping with the hypothesis that the pathologic effects of ETHE1 deficiency may stem from high levels of circulating hydrogen sulphide rather than the inability of specific organs to detoxify its endogenous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Giordano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Amaral AU, Cecatto C, Busanello ENB, Ribeiro CAJ, Melo DR, Leipnitz G, Castilho RF, Wajner M. Ethylmalonic acid impairs brain mitochondrial succinate and malate transport. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:84-90. [PMID: 22133302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue accumulation and high urinary excretion of ethylmalonic acid (EMA) occur in ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) and short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD). Although these autosomal recessive disorders are clinically characterized by neurological abnormalities, the mechanisms underlying the brain damage are poorly known. Considering that little is known about the neurotoxicity of EMA and that hyperlacticacidemia occurs in EE and SCADD, we evaluated the effects of this metabolite on important parameters of oxidative metabolism in isolated rat brain mitochondria. EMA inhibited either ADP-stimulated or uncoupled mitochondrial respiration supported by succinate and malate, but not by glutamate plus malate. In addition, EMA mildly stimulated oxygen consumption by succinate-respiring mitochondria in resting state. Methylmalonic acid (MMA), malonic acid (MA) and butylmalonic acid (BtMA) had a similar effect on ADP-stimulated or uncoupled respiration. Furthermore, EMA-, MMA- and BtMA-induced inhibitory effects on succinate oxidation were significantly minimized by nonselective permeabilization of the mitochondrial membranes by alamethicin, whereas MA inhibitory effect was not altered. In addition, MA was the only tested compound that reduced succinate dehydrogenase activity. We also observed that EMA markedly inhibited succinate and malate transport through the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier. Mitochondrial membrane potential was also reduced by EMA and MA, but not by MMA, using succinate as electron donor, whereas none of these compounds was able to alter the membrane potential using glutamate plus malate as electron donors. Taken together, our results strongly indicate that EMA impairs succinate and malate uptake through the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Ueki I, Roman HB, Valli A, Fieselmann K, Lam J, Peters R, Hirschberger LL, Stipanuk MH. Knockout of the murine cysteine dioxygenase gene results in severe impairment in ability to synthesize taurine and an increased catabolism of cysteine to hydrogen sulfide. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E668-84. [PMID: 21693692 PMCID: PMC3191547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00151.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine homeostasis is dependent on the regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) in response to changes in sulfur amino acid intake. CDO oxidizes cysteine to cysteinesulfinate, which is further metabolized to either taurine or to pyruvate plus sulfate. To gain insight into the physiological function of CDO and the consequence of a loss of CDO activity, mice carrying a null CDO allele (CDO(+/-) mice) were crossed to generate CDO(-/-), CDO(+/-), and CDO(+/+) mice. CDO(-/-) mice exhibited postnatal mortality, growth deficit, and connective tissue pathology. CDO(-/-) mice had extremely low taurine levels and somewhat elevated cysteine levels, consistent with the lack of flux through CDO-dependent catabolic pathways. However, plasma sulfate levels were slightly higher in CDO(-/-) mice than in CDO(+/-) or CDO(+/+) mice, and tissue levels of acid-labile sulfide were elevated, indicating an increase in cysteine catabolism by cysteine desulfhydration pathways. Null mice had lower hepatic cytochrome c oxidase levels, suggesting impaired electron transport capacity. Supplementation of mice with taurine improved survival of male pups but otherwise had little effect on the phenotype of the CDO(-/-) mice. H(2)S has been identified as an important gaseous signaling molecule as well as a toxicant, and pathology may be due to dysregulation of H(2)S production. Control of cysteine levels by regulation of CDO may be necessary to maintain low H(2)S/sulfane sulfur levels and facilitate the use of H(2)S as a signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iori Ueki
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Drousiotou A, DiMeo I, Mineri R, Georgiou T, Stylianidou G, Tiranti V. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy: application of improved biochemical and molecular diagnostic approaches. Clin Genet 2011; 79:385-90. [PMID: 20528888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE, OMIM # 602473) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder of infancy affecting the brain, the gastrointestinal tract and peripheral vessels. It is caused by a defect in the ETHE1 gene product, which was recently shown to be part of a metabolic pathway devoted to sulphide detoxification. We report the application of improved biochemical and molecular approaches to the diagnosis of three cases of EE from two unrelated Cypriot families. The children presented all the typical biochemical hallmarks of the disease including elevated lactate and butyrylcarnitine in blood and elevated urinary excretion of ethylmalonic acid, 2-methylsuccinate, isobutyrylglycine and isovalerylglycine. We also detected an elevated level of thiosulphate in urine, which we propose as an additional biochemical marker of the disease. The proband of the first family was shown to be a compound heterozygote for a missense mutation in exon 5, L185R, and a deletion of exon 4. The deletion was identified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Using the same technique, the proband of the second family was found to be homozygous for the exon 4 deletion. A prenatal diagnosis was performed for the second family using qRT-PCR, thus establishing the usefulness of RT-PCR in prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Drousiotou
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Dimauro S. A history of mitochondrial diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:261-76. [PMID: 20490929 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This articles reviews the development of mitochondrial medicine from the premolecular era (1962-1988), when mitochondrial diseases were defined on the basis of clinical examination, muscle biopsy, and biochemical criteria, through the molecular era, when the full complexity of these disorders became evident. In a chronological order, I have followed the introduction of new pathogenic concepts that have shaped a rational genetic classification of these clinically heterogeneous disorders. Thus, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-related diseases can be divided into two main groups: those that impair mitochondrial protein synthesis in toto, and those that affect specific respiratory chain proteins. Mutations in nuclear DNA can affect components of respiratory chain complexes (direct hits) or assembly proteins (indirect hits), but they can also impair mtDNA integrity (multiple mtDNA mutations), replication (mtDNA depletion), or mtDNA translation. Besides these disorders that affect the respiratory chain directly, defects in other mitochondrial functions may also affect oxidative phosphorylation, including problems in mitochondrial protein import, alterations of the inner mitochondrial membrane lipid composition, and defects of mitochondrial dynamics. The enormous and still ongoing progress in our understanding of mitochondrial medicine was made possible by the intense collaboration of an international cadre of "mitochondriacs." Having published my first paper on a patient with mitochondrial myopathy 37 years ago (DiMauro et al., 1973), I feel qualified to write a history of the mitochondrial diseases, a fascinating, still evolving, and continuously puzzling area of medicine. In each section, I follow a chronological order of the salient discoveries and I show only the portraits of distinguished deceased mitochondriacs and those whose names became eponyms of mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Dimauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Palmfeldt J, Vang S, Stenbroen V, Pavlou E, Baycheva M, Buchal G, Monavari AA, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Mandel H, Gregersen N. Proteomics reveals that redox regulation is disrupted in patients with ethylmalonic encephalopathy. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2389-96. [PMID: 21410200 DOI: 10.1021/pr101218d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of the sulfide metabolizing protein ETHE1 is the cause of ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE), an inherited and severe metabolic disorder. To study the molecular effects of EE, we performed a proteomics study on mitochondria from cultured patient fibroblast cells. Samples from six patients were analyzed and revealed seven differentially regulated proteins compared with healthy controls. Two proteins involved in pathways of detoxification and oxidative/reductive stress were underrepresented in EE patient samples: mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase X (ALDH1B). Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQRDL), which takes part in the same sulfide pathway as ETHE1, was also underrepresented in EE patients. The other differentially regulated proteins were apoptosis inducing factor (AIFM1), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHB), chloride intracellular channel (CLIC4) and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1). These proteins have been reported to be involved in encephalopathy, energy metabolism, ion transport, and nitric oxide regulation, respectively. Interestingly, oxidoreductase activity was overrepresented among the regulated proteins indicating that redox perturbation plays an important role in the molecular mechanism of EE. This observation may explain the wide range of symptoms associated with the disease, and highlights the potency of the novel gaseous mediator sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Palmfeldt
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark.
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