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Lomeli C. S, Kristin B. A. Epigenetic regulation of craniofacial development and disease. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2271. [PMID: 37964651 PMCID: PMC10872612 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of the craniofacial complex relies on proper neural crest development. The gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and signaling pathways orchestrating this process have been extensively studied. These GRNs and signaling cascades are tightly regulated as alterations to any stage of neural crest development can lead to common congenital birth defects, including multiple syndromes affecting facial morphology as well as nonsyndromic facial defects, such as cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Epigenetic factors add a hierarchy to the regulation of transcriptional networks and influence the spatiotemporal activation or repression of specific gene regulatory cascades; however less is known about their exact mechanisms in controlling precise gene regulation. AIMS In this review, we discuss the role of epigenetic factors during neural crest development, specifically during craniofacial development and how compromised activities of these regulators contribute to congenital defects that affect the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shull Lomeli C.
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Artinger Kristin B.
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Lourdes VH, Mario SC, Didac CA, Mercè B, Loreto M, Leticia P, Lucia FA, Martínez-Monseny AF, Mercedes S. Beyond the known phenotype of sotos syndrome: a 31-individuals cohort study. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1184529. [PMID: 37384309 PMCID: PMC10298147 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1184529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sotos Syndrome (SS, OMIM#117550) is a heterogeneous genetic condition, recognized by three main clinical features present in most cases: overgrowth with macrocephaly, typical facial appearance and different degrees of intellectual disability. Three different types are described caused by variants or deletions/duplications in NSD1, NFIX and APC2 genes. We aimed to describe a cohort of pediatric patients reporting the typical and unexpected findings in order to expand the phenotype of this syndrome and trying to find genotype-phenotype correlations. Methods In our referral center, we collected and analyzed clinical and genetic data of 31-patients cohort diagnosed with SS. Results All of them presented with overgrowth, typical dysmorphic features and different degree of developmental delay. Although structural cardiac defects have been reported in SS, non-structural diseases such as pericarditis were outstanding in our cohort. Moreover, we described here novel oncological malignancies not previously linked to SS such as splenic hamartoma, retinal melanocytoma and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Finally, five patients suffered from recurrent onychocryptosis that required surgical procedures, as an unreported prevalent medical condition. Discussion This is the first study focusing on multiple atypical symptoms in SS at the time that revisits the spectrum of clinical and molecular basis of this heterogeneous entity trying to unravel a genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vega-Hanna Lourdes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sanz-Cuesta Mario
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Sant Boi, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casas-Alba Didac
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine/IPER, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bolasell Mercè
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine/IPER, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martorell Loreto
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine/IPER, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pías Leticia
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine/IPER, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Feller Ana Lucia
- Departamen of Pediatrics, Hospital J P Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentine
| | | | - Serrano Mercedes
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Molecular Analysis and Reclassification of NSD1 Gene Variants in a Cohort of Patients with Clinical Suspicion of Sotos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020295. [PMID: 36833222 PMCID: PMC9956575 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 (nuclear receptor binding SET domain containing protein 1) gene. No clinical diagnostic consensus criteria are published yet, and molecular analysis reduces the clinical diagnostic uncertainty. We screened 1530 unrelated patients enrolled from 2003 to 2021 at Galliera Hospital and Gaslini Institute in Genoa. NSD1 variants were identified in 292 patients including nine partial gene deletions, 13 microdeletions of the entire NSD1 gene, and 115 novel intragenic variants never previously described. Thirty-two variants of uncertain significance (VUS) out of 115 identified were re-classified. Twenty-five missense NSD1 VUS (25/32, 78.1%) changed class to likely pathogenic or likely benign, showing a highly significant shift in class (p < 0.01). Apart from NSD1, we identified variants in additional genes (NFIX, PTEN, EZH2, TCF20, BRWD3, PPP2R5D) in nine patients analyzed by the NGS custom panel. We describe the evolution of diagnostic techniques in our laboratory to ascertain molecular diagnosis, the identification of 115 new variants, and the re-classification of 25 VUS in NSD1. We underline the utility of sharing variant classification and the need to improve communication between the laboratory staff and the referring physician.
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Muhsin E, Basak G, Banu D, Alper G, Mustafa S. Neurodevelopment and Genetic Evaluation of Sotos Syndrome Cases with a Novel Mutation: a Single-Center Experience. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:149-157. [PMID: 34386909 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is a non-progressive neurological disease with overgrowing, increased bone age, and developmental retardation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prenatal, natal, and postnatal clinical findings of patients with Sotos syndrome. Sixteen patients suspected to have Sotos syndrome with clinical findings were examined retrospectively, ranging in ages between 3 and 23. In our file screening, we screened the FISH results of all 16 patients, but not all patients had NSD1 gene analysis results. We collected NSD1 gene analysis results, if there were any. The parameters that we investigated for these patients are birth weight, birth length, Apgar score at the 5th minute, dysmorphological face appearance, bone age, seizure, learning disability, feeding difficulties, surgical operation, and other accompanying abnormalities (brain MRI, abnormal echocardiographic findings, chronic otitis media, etc.). The anamnesis, clinical examination findings, and genetic reports of the patients were examined. For this, the hospital registration system was used. Breech presentation, Apgar score in the 5th minute of between 4 and 7, atrial septal defect at echocardiography, and consanguineous marriage rate were detected to be increased in individuals with Sotos syndrome compared to the normal population. When compared to the general population, delayed psychomotor development was determined. Macrocephaly, increased bone age, chronic otitis media frequency, and hernia operation frequency were determined to see if all patients were consistent with the literature. As a result of NSD1 gene sequencing analyses (NSD1 gene analysis was performed in 6 patients and a mutation was detected in 3 of them), three were found to have NSD1 gene mutation (one of them was novel). A novel deletion-type mutation that was not previously reported in the literature in the 19th exon of the NSD1 gene was determined. Xiphoidal protrusion was detected on this patient that had the novel mutation, and this situation has not been reported in the literature previously. If a patient has rapid growth, difficulty in learning, macrocephaly, speech delay, and timid personality, Sotos syndrome can be considered at the pre-diagnosis stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmas Muhsin
- Medical Genetics Department, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Gogus Basak
- Medical Genetics Department, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Degirmenci Banu
- Medical Genetics Department, Fırat University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Gezdirici Alper
- Medical Genetics Department, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Solak Mustafa
- Medical Genetics Department, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A retrospective comparative study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the NSD1 abnormalities in patients diagnosed with Sotos syndrome and its correlation with the presence, severity, and progression of associated scoliosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Scoliosis has been reported in approximately 30% of patients diagnosed with Sotos syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, learning disability, and overgrowth. Sotos syndrome is mainly attributed to NSD1 haploinsufficiency, but with ethnical differences in genetic profile: NSD1 microdeletions are frequently identified in Japanese Sotos patients whereas intragenic mutations are more frequently found in non-Japanese patients. Although possible genotype-phenotype correlations have been proposed, the genotype of Sotos syndrome patients suffering from scoliosis has not been examined. METHODS The medical records and spinal radiographs of 63 consecutive Sotos syndrome patients at a single center were reviewed. Fluorescent in situ hybridization or microarray comparative genomic hybridization and DNA sequencing or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were performed to detect 5q35 microdeletion involving the NSD1 gene and intragenic mutations of the NSD1 gene, respectively. The phenotypes of all cases and radiological assessments for the presence and progression of scoliosis were studied. RESULTS NSD1 abnormalities were identified in 55 patients (87%): microdeletion in 34 patients (54%) and intragenic mutation in 22 patients (33%). Scoliosis was observed in 26 patients (41%), with a significantly higher ratio of microdeletions than mutations. The 10 patients with progressive scoliosis all had NSD1 microdeletions. CONCLUSION Scoliosis was a common phenotypical trait in children with Sotos syndrome and its presence as well as progression were higher in cases with NSD1 microdeletions. Although all Sotos syndrome patients should be monitored for scoliosis, clinicians should be made aware that patients with NSD1 microdeletions have a higher probability of scoliosis development and progression that may require early intervention.Level of Evidence: 3.
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Choi S, Song B, Shin H, Won C, Kim T, Yoshida H, Lee D, Chung J, Cho KS, Lee IS. Drosophila NSD deletion induces developmental anomalies similar to those seen in Sotos syndrome 1 patients. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:737-748. [PMID: 33864616 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haploinsufficiency of the human nuclear receptor binding suppressor of variegation 3-9, enhancer of zeste, and trithorax (SET) domain 1 (NSD1) gene causes a developmental disorder called Sotos syndrome 1 (SOTOS1), which is associated with overgrowth and macrocephaly. NSD family proteins encoding histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methyltransferases are conserved in many species, and Drosophila has a single NSD homolog gene, NSD. OBJECTIVE To gain insight into the biological functions of NSD1 deficiency in the developmental anomalies seen in SOTOS1 patients using an NSD-deleted Drosophila mutant. METHODS We deleted Drosophila NSD using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted gene knock-out, and analyzed pleiotropic phenotypes of the homozygous mutant of NSD (NSD-/-) at various developmental stages to understand the roles of NSD in Drosophila. RESULTS The site-specific NSD deletion was confirmed in the mutant. The H3K36 di-methylation levels were dramatically decreased in the NSD-/- fly. Compared with the control, the NSD-/- fly displayed an increase in the body size of larvae, similar to the childhood overgrowth phenotype of SOTOS1 patients. Although the NSD mutant flies survived to adulthood, their fecundity was dramatically decreased. Furthermore, the NSD-/- fly showed neurological dysfunctions, such as lower memory performance and motor defects, and a diminished extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. CONCLUSIONS The NSD-deleted Drosophila phenotype resembles many of the phenotypes of SOTOS1 patients, such as learning disability, deregulated ERK signaling, and overgrowth; thus, this mutant fly is a relevant model organism to study various SOTOS1 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeyan Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyeong Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chihyun Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Daewon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Im-Soon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Danis DO, Bodamer O, Levi JR. The otolaryngologic manifestations of Sotos syndrome 1: A systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 143:110649. [PMID: 33640723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sotos syndrome 1 (SOTOS1; MIM:117550) is rare genetic disorder characterized by excessive physical growth before and after birth, distinctive facial features, a large and elongated head, and intellectual disability (Sotos et al., 1964; Tatton-Brown et al., 1993). This systematic review aims to determine otolaryngologic conditions and complications of SOTOS1 based on existing literature through a review of current and past case reports and studies regarding SOTOS1. METHODS A systematic review of all published literature (1964-2020) describing otolaryngologic conditions and/or complications of patients with SOTOS1. Twenty journal articles met inclusion criteria. These articles included 160 patients diagnosed with SOTOS1. RESULTS Of the 160 individuals with SOTOS1 included in this review, 22 (14%) were reported to have otologic conditions. 4 (3%) individuals were reported to have conditions involving the thyroid and parathyroid glands. 2 (1%) individuals were reported to have head & neck tumors. 39 (24%) individuals were reported to have congenital malformations or abnormalities of the head & neck. 47 (29%) individuals were reported to have feeding difficulties. 16% of individuals were reported to have other otolaryngologic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our review found multiple otolaryngologic conditions present in patients with SOTOS1, including hearing loss, otitis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, head & neck tumors, congenital malformations (high arched palate, cleft lip and palate, macroglossia), feeding difficulties, respiratory difficulties, and speech disorders. Additional studies should be conducted to further assess these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Neil Danis
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jessica R Levi
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, 830 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Gravino R, Limongelli G, Petraio A, Masarone D, Russo MG, Maiello C, Verrengia M, De Paulis D, Pacileo G. Berlin Heart EXCOR® pediatric ventricular assist device in a patient with Sotos syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:286. [PMID: 31470900 PMCID: PMC6717362 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Berlin Heart EXCOR® pediatric ventricular assist device is a mechanical circulatory support device currently used in pediatric patients. Sotos syndrome is a well-described multiple anomaly syndrome characterized by overgrowth, distinctive craniofacial appearance, cardiac abnormalities, and variable learning disabilities. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a 7-year-old female Caucasian child with classic Sotos syndrome features subjected to implantation of Berlin Heart EXCOR® pediatric biventricular assist device mechanical support. A heart transplant was carried out after a support time of 459 days. After 5 years of follow-up, our patient is clinically stable and the performance of the transplanted heart is excellent. CONCLUSION This case confirms that Berlin Heart EXCOR® pediatric ventricular assist device can provide satisfactory and safe circulatory support for children with end-stage heart diseases, even in those with Sotos syndrome. The syndrome is not a contraindication to implantation, since the complications are the same as those observed in patients without the syndrome and the prognosis is not affected by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Gravino
- Department of Heart Failure Unit, Monaldi Hospital, via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Petraio
- Department of Cardiac Transplant Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Masarone
- Department of Heart Failure Unit, Monaldi Hospital, via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Russo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Maiello
- Department of Cardiac Transplant Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Verrengia
- Department of Heart Failure Unit, Monaldi Hospital, via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo De Paulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, San Anna & San Sebastiano City Hospital Caserta, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pacileo
- Department of Heart Failure Unit, Monaldi Hospital, via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Roles and regulation of histone methylation in animal development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:625-641. [PMID: 31267065 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone methylation can occur at various sites in histone proteins, primarily on lysine and arginine residues, and it can be governed by multiple positive and negative regulators, even at a single site, to either activate or repress transcription. It is now apparent that histone methylation is critical for almost all stages of development, and its proper regulation is essential for ensuring the coordinated expression of gene networks that govern pluripotency, body patterning and differentiation along appropriate lineages and organogenesis. Notably, developmental histone methylation is highly dynamic. Early embryonic systems display unique histone methylation patterns, prominently including the presence of bivalent (both gene-activating and gene-repressive) marks at lineage-specific genes that resolve to monovalent marks during differentiation, which ensures that appropriate genes are expressed in each tissue type. Studies of the effects of methylation on embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation have helped to elucidate the developmental roles of histone methylation. It has been revealed that methylation and demethylation of both activating and repressive marks are essential for establishing embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages, for ensuring gene dosage compensation via genomic imprinting and for establishing body patterning via HOX gene regulation. Not surprisingly, aberrant methylation during embryogenesis can lead to defects in body patterning and in the development of specific organs. Human genetic disorders arising from mutations in histone methylation regulators have revealed their important roles in the developing skeletal and nervous systems, and they highlight the overlapping and unique roles of different patterns of methylation in ensuring proper development.
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Rashid M, van der Horst M, Mentzel T, Butera F, Ferreira I, Pance A, Rütten A, Luzar B, Marusic Z, de Saint Aubain N, Ko JS, Billings SD, Chen S, Abi Daoud M, Hewinson J, Louzada S, Harms PW, Cerretelli G, Robles-Espinoza CD, Patel RM, van der Weyden L, Bakal C, Hornick JL, Arends MJ, Brenn T, Adams DJ. ALPK1 hotspot mutation as a driver of human spiradenoma and spiradenocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2213. [PMID: 31101826 PMCID: PMC6525246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiradenoma and cylindroma are distinctive skin adnexal tumors with sweat gland differentiation and potential for malignant transformation and aggressive behaviour. We present the genomic analysis of 75 samples from 57 representative patients including 15 cylindromas, 17 spiradenomas, 2 cylindroma-spiradenoma hybrid tumors, and 24 low- and high-grade spiradenocarcinoma cases, together with morphologically benign precursor regions of these cancers. We reveal somatic or germline alterations of the CYLD gene in 15/15 cylindromas and 5/17 spiradenomas, yet only 2/24 spiradenocarcinomas. Notably, we find a recurrent missense mutation in the kinase domain of the ALPK1 gene in spiradenomas and spiradenocarcinomas, which is mutually exclusive from mutation of CYLD and can activate the NF-κB pathway in reporter assays. In addition, we show that high-grade spiradenocarcinomas carry loss-of-function TP53 mutations, while cylindromas may have disruptive mutations in DNMT3A. Thus, we reveal the genomic landscape of adnexal tumors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamunur Rashid
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Michiel van der Horst
- Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Maasstadweg 21, Rotterdam, 3079 DZ, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Mentzel
- Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, Siemensstrasse 6/1, 88048, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Francesca Butera
- Dynamical Cell Systems Laboratory. Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Cancer Biology. Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ingrid Ferreira
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alena Pance
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Arno Rütten
- Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, Siemensstrasse 6/1, 88048, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Bostjan Luzar
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Zlatko Marusic
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Jennifer S Ko
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Steven D Billings
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Sofia Chen
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Marie Abi Daoud
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Medicine and The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - James Hewinson
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sandra Louzada
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Paul W Harms
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
| | - Guia Cerretelli
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Blvd Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Rajiv M Patel
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Chris Bakal
- Dynamical Cell Systems Laboratory. Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Cancer Biology. Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jason L Hornick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark J Arends
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Thomas Brenn
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Medicine and The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2L 2K8, Canada
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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Marques P, Korbonits M. Pseudoacromegaly. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:113-143. [PMID: 30448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with acromegaloid physical appearance or tall stature may be referred to endocrinologists to exclude growth hormone (GH) excess. While some of these subjects could be healthy individuals with normal variants of growth or physical traits, others will have acromegaly or pituitary gigantism, which are, in general, straightforward diagnoses upon assessment of the GH/IGF-1 axis. However, some patients with physical features resembling acromegaly - usually affecting the face and extremities -, or gigantism - accelerated growth/tall stature - will have no abnormalities in the GH axis. This scenario is termed pseudoacromegaly, and its correct diagnosis can be challenging due to the rarity and variability of these conditions, as well as due to significant overlap in their characteristics. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of pseudoacromegaly conditions, highlighting their similarities and differences with acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, to aid physicians with the diagnosis of patients with pseudoacromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Zammit M, Caruana E, Cassar D, Calleja-Agius J. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Review: A Guide for the Neonatal Nurse. Neonatal Netw 2018; 36:129-133. [PMID: 28494824 DOI: 10.1891/0730-0832.36.3.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is the most common pediatric overgrowth syndrome. Features characteristic of the BWS phenotype include both physical attributes, such as macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, gigantism, nevus flammeus, visceromegaly, and mid-face hypoplasia, as well as biochemical abnormalities such as hypoglycemia. It is essential for the neonatal nurse to be able to recognize BWS in the patient's early years of life because of the increased frequency of medical complications, malformations, and the increased risk of embryonic malignancies. This article focuses on the presentation of BWS as an aid to early detection.
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13
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Lu Y, Chong PF, Kira R, Seto T, Ondo Y, Shimojima K, Yamamoto T. Mutations in NSD1 and NFIX in Three Patients with Clinical Features of Sotos Syndrome and Malan Syndrome. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:234-237. [PMID: 29142766 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in nuclear receptor SET domain-containing protein 1 gene ( NSD1 ) are related to Sotos syndrome, which is characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, distinctive features, and neurodevelopmental disabilities. On the other hand, mutations in the nuclear factor I/X gene ( NFIX ) can lead to Malan syndrome, also known as Sotos-like syndrome, or to the Marshall-Smith syndrome. In this study, using next generation sequencing (NGS), we identified de novo mutations in NSD1 and NFIX in three patients with developmental disabilities associated with overgrowth or macrocephaly. Overall, we confirmed that clinical entities of congenital malformation syndromes can be expanded by molecular diagnoses via NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Lu
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pin Fee Chong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kira
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Seto
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ondo
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimojima
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Han JY, Lee IG, Jang W, Shin S, Park J, Kim M. Identification of a novel de novo nonsense mutation of the NSD1 gene in monozygotic twins discordant for Sotos syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 470:31-35. [PMID: 28457852 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sotos syndrome is a congenital overgrowth disorder characterized by facial gestalt, excessively rapid growth, acromegalic features and a non-progressive cerebral disorder with intellectual disability. METHODOLOGY The identical male twins showed somewhat different clinical, cognitive and behavioural phenotypes. Abnormal clinical manifestations including seizures, scoliosis, enlarged ventricles, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were found in the proband (first twin), but not in the sibling (second twin). We used diagnostic exome sequencing (DES) to identify a heterozygous de novo mutation of the NSD1 gene in monozygotic twins with Sotos syndrome. RESULTS DES revealed a novel nonsense mutation c.2596G>T (p.Glu866*) of the NSD1 gene in the proband, the first of monozygotic twins. Sanger sequencing analysis of the proband and his family members showed that this nonsense mutation was present in the proband and his sibling, but was absent in their parents, indicating that it occurred with de novo origin. CONCLUSION This finding expands the phenotypic spectrum associated with variable expression of the Sotos syndrome caused by NSD1 mutation, and it adds further support for postconceptual mutation, epigenetic change and/or an environmental factor involved in the cause of the Sotos syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Goo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Abdalla E, Bartsch O, Galetzka D, Zechner U. Novel clinical findings in the first Egyptian case of Sotos syndrome caused by complete deletion of the NSD1 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1090-1093. [PMID: 28328121 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam Abdalla
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Oliver Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Danuta Galetzka
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Steric Clash in the SET Domain of Histone Methyltransferase NSD1 as a Cause of Sotos Syndrome and Its Genetic Heterogeneity in a Brazilian Cohort. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7110096. [PMID: 27834868 PMCID: PMC5126782 DOI: 10.3390/genes7110096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most histone methyltransferases (HMTase) harbor a predicted Su(var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax (SET) domain, which transfers a methyl group to a lysine residue in their substrates. Mutations of the SET domains were reported to cause intellectual disability syndromes such as Sotos, Weaver, or Kabuki syndromes. Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome with intellectual disability caused by haploinsufficiency of the nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1) gene, an HMTase at 5q35.2–35.3. Here, we analyzed NSD1 in 34 Brazilian Sotos patients and identified three novel and eight known mutations. Using protein modeling and bioinformatic approaches, we evaluated the effects of one novel (I2007F) and 21 previously reported missense mutations in the SET domain. For the I2007F mutation, we observed conformational change and loss of structural stability in Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations which may lead to loss-of-function of the SET domain. For six mutations near the ligand-binding site we observed in simulations steric clashes with neighboring side chains near the substrate S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) binding site, which may disrupt the enzymatic activity of NSD1. These results point to a structural mechanism underlying the pathology of the NSD1 missense mutations in the SET domain in Sotos syndrome. NSD1 mutations were identified in only 32% of the Brazilian Sotos patients in our study cohort suggesting other genes (including unknown disease genes) underlie the molecular etiology for the majority of these patients. Our studies also found NSD1 expression to be profound in human fetal brain and cerebellum, accounting for prenatal onset and hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis seen in Sotos syndrome.
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17
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Lane C, Milne E, Freeth M. Cognition and Behaviour in Sotos Syndrome: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149189. [PMID: 26872390 PMCID: PMC4752321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research investigating cognition and behaviour in Sotos syndrome has been sporadic and to date, there is no published overview of study findings. METHOD A systematic review of all published literature (1964-2015) presenting empirical data on cognition and behaviour in Sotos syndrome. Thirty four journal articles met inclusion criteria. Within this literature, data relating to cognition and/or behaviour in 247 individuals with a diagnosis of Sotos syndrome were reported. Ten papers reported group data on cognition and/or behaviour. The remaining papers employed a case study design. RESULTS Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores were reported in twenty five studies. Intellectual disability (IQ < 70) or borderline intellectual functioning (IQ 70-84) was present in the vast majority of individuals with Sotos syndrome. Seven studies reported performance on subscales of intelligence tests. Data from these studies indicate that verbal IQ scores are consistently higher than performance IQ scores. Fourteen papers provided data on behavioural features of individuals with Sotos syndrome. Key themes that emerged in the behavioural literature were overlap with ASD, ADHD, anxiety and high prevalence of aggression/tantrums. CONCLUSION Although a range of studies have provided insight into cognition and behaviour in Sotos syndrome, specific profiles have not yet been fully specified. Recommendations for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Lane
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Freeth
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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18
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Usemann J, Ernst T, Schäfer V, Lehmberg K, Seeger K. EZH2 mutation in an adolescent with Weaver syndrome developing acute myeloid leukemia and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170A:1274-7. [PMID: 26762561 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Weaver syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth with distinctive craniofacial appearance. Mutations in the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene were found to cause Weaver syndrome, and have been associated with hematologic malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We present the first report of a patient with Weaver syndrome, who developed AML and harbored an EZH2 mutation. The clinical course of the 16-year-old female adolescent patient was complicated by a secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Genomic DNA was isolated from bone marrow cells at AML diagnosis. Polymerase chain reactions were performed with primers covering all exons of the EZH2 gene. We found a novel heterozygous EZH2 mutation within exon 5 that caused an amino acid change from proline to leucine at position 132 (p.Pro132Leu) within the catalytic D1 domain. Analysis of a remission sample also showed this mutation, indicating a germline mutation. It remains to be elucidated whether EZH2 mutations contribute to disease severity in specific AML cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Usemann
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,University Children's Hospital (UKBB) Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Vivien Schäfer
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl Seeger
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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McClelland J, Burgess B, Crock P, Goel H. Sotos syndrome: An unusual presentation with intrauterine growth restriction, generalized lymphedema, and intention tremor. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170A:1064-9. [PMID: 26738611 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is a childhood overgrowth syndrome characterized clinically by a distinctive facial gestalt, advanced bone age, childhood overgrowth, and non-progressive developmental delay; and genetically by haploinsufficiency of the Nuclear receptor binding SET Domain 1 (NSD1) gene. Generalized lymphedema has not previously been associated with Sotos syndrome. Generalized lymphedema has been associated with mutations in several genes including FLT4. This gene is involved in the regulation of VEGFR3, a key governor of lymphatic-endothelial cell development and function. We report on a 28-year-old Caucasian female with a de novo NSD1 intragenic mutation, c.5841_5848dup: p.Leu1950Serfs*22, who presented with characteristic clinical features of Sotos syndrome. Unusually this case includes atypical features of intrauterine growth retardation and post-pubertal onset of primary lymphedema. To our knowledge, no link between Sotos syndrome and generalized lymphedema has previously been described in the literature. We propose a mechanism by which disruptions in NSD1 gene may lead to generalized lymphedema. Aberrations of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-signaling pathway has been identified in both Sotos syndrome and lymphedema. This finding extends the known phenotype of Sotos syndrome through the inclusion of lymphedema. This case also indicates that presence of low birth weight does not exclude the possibility of Sotos syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia Crock
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Pediatric Endocrinology, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Height, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Himanshu Goel
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Genetics, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Genome-wide DNA methylation map of human neutrophils reveals widespread inter-individual epigenetic variation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17328. [PMID: 26612583 PMCID: PMC4661471 DOI: 10.1038/srep17328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of variation in DNA methylation patterns in healthy individuals is not yet well documented. Identification of inter-individual epigenetic variation is important for understanding phenotypic variation and disease susceptibility. Using neutrophils from a cohort of healthy individuals, we generated base-resolution DNA methylation maps to document inter-individual epigenetic variation. We identified 12851 autosomal inter-individual variably methylated fragments (iVMFs). Gene promoters were the least variable, whereas gene body and upstream regions showed higher variation in DNA methylation. The iVMFs were relatively enriched in repetitive elements compared to non-iVMFs, and were associated with genome regulation and chromatin function elements. Further, variably methylated genes were disproportionately associated with regulation of transcription, responsive function and signal transduction pathways. Transcriptome analysis indicates that iVMF methylation at differentially expressed exons has a positive correlation and local effect on the inclusion of that exon in the mRNA transcript.
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21
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Zhang T, Cooper S, Brockdorff N. The interplay of histone modifications - writers that read. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1467-81. [PMID: 26474904 PMCID: PMC4641500 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histones are subject to a vast array of posttranslational modifications including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation. The writers of these modifications play important roles in normal development and their mutation or misregulation is linked with both genetic disorders and various cancers. Readers of these marks contain protein domains that allow their recruitment to chromatin. Interestingly, writers often contain domains which can read chromatin marks, allowing the reinforcement of modifications through a positive feedback loop or inhibition of their activity by other modifications. We discuss how such positive reinforcement can result in chromatin states that are robust and can be epigenetically maintained through cell division. We describe the implications of these regulatory systems in relation to modifications including H3K4me3, H3K79me3, and H3K36me3 that are associated with active genes and H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 that have been linked to transcriptional repression. We also review the crosstalk between active and repressive modifications, illustrated by the interplay between the Polycomb and Trithorax histone-modifying proteins, and discuss how this may be important in defining gene expression states during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Developmental Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Cooper
- Developmental Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Brockdorff
- Developmental Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Vieira GH, Cook MM, Ferreira De Lima RL, Frigério Domingues CE, de Carvalho DR, Soares de Paiva I, Moretti-Ferreira D, Srivastava AK. Clinical and molecular heterogeneity in brazilian patients with sotos syndrome. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:32-8. [PMID: 25852445 DOI: 10.1159/000370169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a multiple anomaly, congenital disorder characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, distinctive facial features and variable degree of intellectual disability. Haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene at 5q35.3, arising from 5q35 microdeletions, point mutations, and partial gene deletions, accounts for a majority of patients with SoS. Recently, mutations and possible pathogenetic rare CNVs, both affecting a few candidate genes for overgrowth, have been reported in patients with Sotos-like overgrowth features. To estimate the frequency of NSD1 defects in the Brazilian SoS population and possibly reveal other genes implicated in the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome, we collected a cohort of 21 Brazilian patients, who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for SoS, and analyzed the NSD1 and PTEN genes by means of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and mutational screening analyses. We identified a classical NSD1 microdeletion, a novel missense mutation (p.C1593W), and 2 previously reported truncating mutations: p.R1984X and p.V1760Gfs*2. In addition, we identified a novel de novo PTEN gene mutation (p.D312Rfs*2) in a patient with a less severe presentation of SoS phenotype, which did not include pre- and postnatal overgrowth. For the first time, our study implies PTEN in the pathogenesis of SoS and further emphasizes the existence of ethno-geographical differences in NSD1 molecular alterations between patients with SoS from Europe/North America (70-93%) and those from South America (10-19%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Vieira
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA ; Department of Genetics, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melissa M Cook
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA
| | | | | | - Daniel R de Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isaias Soares de Paiva
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Anand K Srivastava
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA ; Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C., USA
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23
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Chen CP, Lin CJ, Chern SR, Liu YP, Kuo YL, Chen YN, Wu PS, Town DD, Chen LF, Yang CW, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a 1.07-Mb microdeletion at 5q35.2-q35.3 associated with NSD1 haploinsufficiency and Sotos syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 53:583-7. [PMID: 25510705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a de novo 5q35 microdeletion associated with Sotos syndrome. METHODS This was the first pregnancy of a 29-year-old woman. The pregnancy was uneventful until 27 weeks of gestation when left ventriculomegaly was first noted. At 31 weeks of gestation, polyhydramnios, macrocephaly, and ventriculomegaly were prominent on ultrasound, and left pyelectasis and bilateral ventriculomegaly were diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging. The woman underwent amniocentesis and cordocentesis at 32 weeks of gestation. Conventional cytogenetic analysis was performed using cultured amniocytes and cord blood lymphocytes. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed on uncultured amniocytes and parental blood. Metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on cultured lymphocytes. RESULTS Conventional cytogenetics revealed a karyotype of 46,XX. aCGH on uncultured amniocytes revealed a de novo 1.07-Mb microdeletion at 5q35.2-q35.3 encompassing NSD1. Metaphase FISH analysis on the cord blood lymphocytes confirmed the deletion at 5q35.2. The postnatal phenotype was consistent with Sotos syndrome. CONCLUSION Fetuses with Sotos syndrome may present macrocephaly, polyhydramnios, ventriculomegaly, and pyelectasis in the third trimester. aCGH and metaphase FISH are useful for rapid diagnosis of 5q35 microdeletion associated with Sotos syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Ju Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ni Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Dai-Dyi Town
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Van Rechem C, Whetstine JR. Examining the impact of gene variants on histone lysine methylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1839:1463-76. [PMID: 24859469 PMCID: PMC4752941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a boom in the amount of genome-wide sequencing data that has uncovered important and unappreciated links between certain genes, families of genes and enzymatic processes and diseases such as cancer. Such studies have highlighted the impact that chromatin modifying enzymes could have in cancer and other genetic diseases. In this review, we summarize characterized mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs), histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) and histones. We primarily focus on variants with strong disease correlations and discuss how they could impact histone lysine methylation dynamics and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Van Rechem
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Johnathan R Whetstine
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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25
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Luscan A, Laurendeau I, Malan V, Francannet C, Odent S, Giuliano F, Lacombe D, Touraine R, Vidaud M, Pasmant E, Cormier-Daire V. Mutations in SETD2 cause a novel overgrowth condition. J Med Genet 2014; 51:512-7. [PMID: 24852293 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overgrowth conditions are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterised by increased growth and variable features, including macrocephaly, distinctive facial appearance and various degrees of learning difficulties and intellectual disability. Among them, Sotos and Weaver syndromes are clinically well defined and due to heterozygous mutations in NSD1 and EZH2, respectively. NSD1 and EZH2 are both histone-modifying enzymes. These two epigenetic writers catalyse two specific post-translational modifications of histones: methylation of histone 3 lysine 36 (H3K36) and lysine 27 (H3K27). We postulated that mutations in writers of these two chromatin marks could cause overgrowth conditions, resembling Sotos or Weaver syndromes, in patients with no NSD1 or EZH2 abnormalities. METHODS We analysed the coding sequences of 14 H3K27 methylation-related genes and eight H3K36 methylation-related genes using a targeted next-generation sequencing approach in three Sotos, 11 'Sotos-like' and two Weaver syndrome patients. RESULTS We identified two heterozygous mutations in the SETD2 gene in two patients with 'Sotos-like' syndrome: one missense p.Leu1815Trp de novo mutation in a boy and one nonsense p.Gln274* mutation in an adopted girl. SETD2 is non-redundantly responsible for H3K36 trimethylation. The two probands shared similar clinical features, including postnatal overgrowth, macrocephaly, obesity, speech delay and advanced carpal ossification. CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate the power of targeted next-generation sequencing to identify rare disease-causing variants. We provide a compelling argument for Sotos and Sotos-like syndromes as epigenetic diseases caused by loss-of-function mutations of epigenetic writers of the H3K36 histone mark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Luscan
- EA7331, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France Service de Biochimie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Ingrid Laurendeau
- EA7331, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France Service de Biochimie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Service d'Histo-Embryo-Cytogénétique, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Odent
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR6290, Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | | | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux et EA4576, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Saint-Etienne, hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Michel Vidaud
- EA7331, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France Service de Biochimie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Eric Pasmant
- EA7331, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France Service de Biochimie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- INSERM UMR_1163, Département de génétique, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Tatton-Brown K, Rahman N. The NSD1 and EZH2 overgrowth genes, similarities and differences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:86-91. [PMID: 23592277 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NSD1 and EZH2 are SET domain-containing histone methyltransferases that play key roles in the regulation of transcription through histone modification and chromatin modeling: NSD1 preferentially methylates lysine residue 36 of histone 3 (H3K36) and is primarily associated with active transcription, while EZH2 shows specificity for lysine residue 27 (H3K27) and is associated with transcriptional repression. Somatic dysregulation of NSD1 and EZH2 have been associated with tumorigenesis. NSD1, as a fusion transcript with NUP98, plays a key role in leukemogenesis, particularly childhood acute myeloid leukemia. EZH2 is a major proto-oncogene and mono- and biallelic activating and inactivating somatic mutations occur as early events in the development of tumors, particularly poor prognosis hematopoietic malignancies. Constitutional NSD1 and EZH2 mutations cause Sotos and Weaver syndromes respectively, overgrowth syndromes with considerable phenotypic overlap. NSD1 mutations that cause Sotos syndrome are loss-of-function, primarily truncating mutations or missense mutations at key residues in functional domains. EZH2 mutations that cause Weaver syndrome are primarily missense variants and the rare truncating mutations reported to date are in the last exon, suggesting that simple haploinsufficiency is unlikely to be generating the overgrowth phenotype although the exact mechanism has not yet been determined. Many additional questions about the molecular and clinical features of NSD1 and EZH2 remain unanswered. However, studies are underway to address these and, as more cases are ascertained and technology improves, it is hoped that these will, in time, be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Tatton-Brown
- Institute of Cancer Research, St George's University of London and the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
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Kang D, Cho HS, Toyokawa G, Kogure M, Yamane Y, Iwai Y, Hayami S, Tsunoda T, Field HI, Matsuda K, Neal DE, Ponder BAJ, Maehara Y, Nakamura Y, Hamamoto R. The histone methyltransferase Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1-like 1 (WHSC1L1) is involved in human carcinogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:126-39. [PMID: 23011637 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine methylation plays a fundamental role in chromatin organization. Although a set of histone methyltransferases have been identified and biochemically characterized, the pathological roles of their dysfunction in human cancers are still not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate important roles of WHSC1L1 in human carcinogenesis. Expression levels of WHSC1L1 transcript were significantly elevated in various human cancers including bladder carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of bladder, lung, and liver cancers confirmed overexpression of WHSC1L1. WHSC1L1-specific small interfering RNAs significantly knocked down its expression and resulted in suppression of proliferation of bladder and lung cancer cell lines. WHSC1L1 knockdown induced cell cycle arrest at the G(2)/M phase followed by multinucleation of cancer cells. Expression profile analysis using Affymetrix GeneChip(®) showed that WHSC1L1 affected the expression of a number of genes including CCNG1 and NEK7, which are known to play crucial roles in the cell cycle progression at mitosis. As WHSC1L1 expression is significantly low in various normal tissues including vital organs, WHSC1L1 could be a good candidate molecule for development of novel treatment for various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daechun Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Sohn YB, Lee CG, Ko JM, Yang JA, Yun JN, Jung EJ, Jin HS, Park SJ, Jeong SY. Clinical and genetic spectrum of 18 unrelated Korean patients with Sotos syndrome: frequent 5q35 microdeletion and identification of four novel NSD1 mutations. J Hum Genet 2012. [PMID: 23190751 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome with characteristic facial dysmorphism, variable severity of learning disabilities and macrocephaly with overgrowth. Haploinsufficiency of the nuclear receptor SET domain-containing protein 1 (NSD1) gene located on 5q35 has been implicated as the cause of Sotos syndrome. This study was performed to investigate the mutation spectrum of NSD1 abnormalities and meaningful genotype-phenotype correlations in Korean patients with Sotos syndrome. Eighteen unrelated Korean patients with Sotos syndrome were enrolled for clinical and molecular analyses. Cytogenetic studies were performed to confirm 5q35 microdeletion, and NSD1 sequencing analysis was performed to identify intragenic mutations. NSD1 abnormalities were identified in 15 (83%) patients. Among them, eight patients (53%) had 5q35 microdeletions and the other seven patients (47%) had seven different NSD1 intragenic mutations including four novel mutations. The mutation spectrum of Korean patients with Sotos syndrome was similar to that of previous studies for Japanese patients. Height was significantly shorter and age of walking alone was significantly older in the microdeletion group compared with those in the intragenic mutation group. No significant differences were observed for other clinical characteristics between the microdeletion and intragenic mutation groups. Further studies with a larger number of patients will be necessary to draw conclusive genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bae Sohn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
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29
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Pohjola P, Peippo M, Penttinen MT, Elenius K, Kääriäinen H. Translation of a research-based genetic test on a rare syndrome into clinical service testing, with sotos syndrome as an example. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:1188-94. [PMID: 22924495 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is often the case that the genetic background of a rare disease has been solved, but the testing of a clinical patient can be performed only through research projects. Translating a research-based test into diagnostic service may also appear laborious and costly. Based on our molecular research of the genetics of Sotos syndrome, we developed a clinical laboratory test that is both effective and relatively inexpensive. METHODS AND RESULTS Pilot testing was performed with samples of clinically diagnosed Sotos cases (n=13), and testing was continued with samples of patients who were suspected of having Sotos syndrome (n=161). The testing methods used were direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Sotos syndrome was a suitable example for test translation, because its genetic background was well established, and the demand for the test was expected to be fairly high. In the pilot phase, a mutation was detected in 12 out of 13 patients (92%), and in the second group, 49 out of 161 (30%) patients had a mutation in the NSD1 gene. CONCLUSIONS In Sotos syndrome, detecting the mutation is valuable for the patient/family, while the value of a negative result is less clear and other differential diagnostic diagnoses should be considered. For successful translation of the research-based test into routine diagnostics, intense collaboration between clinicians, researchers, and diagnostic laboratory personnel is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Pohjola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human growth ensues from a complex interplay of physiological factors, in the wider setting of varying genetic traits and environmental influences. Intensive research in these divergent areas, and particularly in the field of genetics, continues to clarify the molecular basis of disorders which result in overgrowth, and it is therefore timely to provide a review of these findings. RECENT FINDINGS This article provides an overview of the factors which regulate growth, followed by a discussion of the more commonly encountered overgrowth syndromes and their genetic basis as it is understood at the current time. There is also an added focus on recently discovered genetic associations in some conditions, such as Weaver, Perlman and Proteus syndromes. SUMMARY New discoveries continue to be made regarding the genetic basis for many overgrowth syndromes and the development of a much needed molecular classification system for overgrowth may become possible as the interlinking functions of these genes on growth are unravelled. As there exists a wide spectrum of syndromes, disorders resulting in overgrowth can represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, from those causing prenatal overgrowth with a poor prognosis to less severe genetic aberrations which are identified in later childhood or adult life.
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31
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Chen CP. Prenatal findings and the genetic diagnosis of fetal overgrowth disorders: Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Sotos syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 51:186-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Abstract
Overgrowth syndromes, although rare, are diagnosed more frequently lately. Major progress, such as the identification of genetic causes, has recently enhanced the delineation of the characteristic and noncharacteristic manifestations, phenotype-genotype correlations and knowledge of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. This review provides a summary of the most important overgrowth syndromes aiming to familiarize the treating physician with the cardinal clinical features involved in these syndromes that encompass overgrowth, but also have a variety of other clinical manifestations (neurologic, musculoskeletal, skin, and accompanying tumors).
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Gibson W, Hood R, Zhan S, Bulman D, Fejes A, Moore R, Mungall A, Eydoux P, Babul-Hirji R, An J, Marra M, Chitayat D, Boycott K, Weaver D, Jones S, Jones SJM. Mutations in EZH2 cause Weaver syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:110-8. [PMID: 22177091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We used trio-based whole-exome sequencing to analyze two families affected by Weaver syndrome, including one of the original families reported in 1974. Filtering of rare variants in the affected probands against the parental variants identified two different de novo mutations in the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2). Sanger sequencing of EZH2 in a third classically-affected proband identified a third de novo mutation in this gene. These data show that mutations in EZH2 cause Weaver syndrome.
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Argente J, Sotos JF. [Overgrowth with and without obesity: clinical and molecular principles]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2011; 76:161.e1-28. [PMID: 22098786 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic overgrowth is a complex and heterogeneous pathology that is only partially understood, although developments in molecular biology have allowed the discovery of the aetiological basis of some of these conditions. The differential diagnosis of a patient with a possible variant of normality, a chromosomopathy, a dysmorphic syndrome, a metabolic or an endocrine disease is essential. The initial clinical evaluation should include a correct anamnesis and physical examination, as well as complementary laboratory and image analyses that will help to orient the diagnosis. This should include a full blood counts and complete biochemical analysis, determinations of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, free T4, TSH and homocystinuria, as well as a karyotype and an X-ray of the left hand and wrist. These results should be very beneficial in orienting the diagnosis. Additional molecular studies should be performed when a monogenic disease is suspected. Cardiological, ophthalmological, skeletal, psychological and psychiatric studies should be performed if the clinical information and previously mentioned complementary studies so indicate. In this review, the aetiological basis and the diagnostic-therapeutic principles in the most common causes of overgrowth, will be analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Argente
- Servicios de Pediatría y Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBER de fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, España.
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Yost JM, Korboukh I, Liu F, Gao C, Jin J. Targets in epigenetics: inhibiting the methyl writers of the histone code. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2011; 5:72-84. [PMID: 21966347 PMCID: PMC3178896 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301005010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are associated with the development of various human diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and psychiatric disorders. Given the significant role of these proteins in human disease, efforts to discover selective small-molecule inhibitors of these enzymes are quickly gaining momentum. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in the discovery of selective PKMT and PRMT inhibitors. A future perspective on developing methyltransferase inhibitors is also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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36
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Nalini A, Biswas A. Sotos syndrome: An interesting disorder with gigantism. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011; 11:190-2. [PMID: 19893668 PMCID: PMC2771975 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.42941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 16-year-old boy diagnosed to have Sotos syndrome, with rare association of bilateral primary optic atrophy and epilepsy. He presented with accelerated linear growth, facial gestalt, distinctive facial features, seizures and progressive diminution of vision in both eyes. He had features of gigantism from early childhood. An MRI showed that brain and endocrine functions were normal. This case is of interest, as we have to be aware of this not so rare disorder. In addition to the classic features, there were two unusual associations with Sotos syndrome in the patient.
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Abstract
Childhood overweight and obesity is highly prevalent within society. In the majority of individuals, weight gain is the result of exposure to an 'obesogenic' environment, superimposed on a background of genetic susceptibility brought about by evolutionary adaptation. These individuals tend to be tall in childhood with a normal final adult height, as opposed to those who have an underlying monogenic cause where short stature is more common (although not universal). Identifying genetic causes of weight gain, or tall stature and overgrowth, within this setting can be extremely problematic and yet it is imperative that clinicians remain alert, as identification of a genetic diagnosis has major implications for the individual, family and potential offspring. Alongside this, the recognition of new genetic mutations in this area is furthering our knowledge on the important mechanisms that regulate childhood growth and body composition. This review describes the genetic syndromes associated with obesity and overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Sabin
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Abstract
Weaver syndrome comprises pre- and postnatal overgrowth, accelerated osseous maturation, characteristic craniofacial appearance and developmental delay; it is a generally sporadic disorder, although autosomal dominant inheritance has been reported. Some of the manifestations characterize both the Weaver and Sotos syndrome, and distinction between the two is mainly by clinical examination and molecular testing. Most of the patients with Sotos syndrome have NSD1 gene deletions or mutations; however, the molecular basis of most of the Weaver syndrome patients is unknown. Patients with overgrowth syndromes have an increased frequency of tumors; the risk in Sotos syndrome patients has been estimated to be about 2-3%, with leukemia and lymphoma accounting for 44% of the malignancies. We report on a 4(1/2)-year-old girl with typical Weaver syndrome who developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia, an association not previously reported, and review the reported cases of Weaver syndrome patients who developed malignancies. Malignancy in Weaver syndrome has been reported previously in six patients. While searching the literature for all reported cases with Weaver syndrome and counting the cases with malignancy, we found that the frequency of tumors or hematologic malignancy was 10.9%. This is likely to be an overestimate, biased by failure to report cases without tumors and by over-reporting cases with this rare association. While the presence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in our patient might be incidental, we cannot exclude a possible causative association between Weaver syndrome and hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Basel-Vanagaite
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel.
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Vora N, Bianchi DW. Genetic considerations in the prenatal diagnosis of overgrowth syndromes. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:923-9. [PMID: 19609940 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Large (>90%) for gestational age (LGA) fetuses are usually identified incidentally. Detection of the LGA fetus should first prompt the provider to rule out incorrect dates and maternal diabetes. Once this is done, consideration should be given to certain overgrowth syndromes, especially if anomalies are present. The overgrowth syndromes have significant clinical and molecular overlap, and are associated with developmental delay, tumors, and other anomalies. Although genetic causes of overgrowth are considered postnatally, they are infrequently diagnosed prenatally. Here, we review prenatal sonographic findings in fetal overgrowth syndromes, including Pallister-Killian, Beckwith-Wiedemann, Sotos, Perlman, and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel. We also discuss prenatal diagnosis options and recurrence risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Vora
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics, Floating Hospital for Children and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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40
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Array-based comparative genomic hybridization identifies a high frequency of copy number variations in patients with syndromic overgrowth. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 18:227-32. [PMID: 19844265 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Overgrowth syndromes are a heterogeneous group of conditions including endocrine hormone disorders, several genetic syndromes and other disorders with unknown etiopathogenesis. Among genetic causes, chromosomal deletions and duplications such as dup(4)(p16.3), dup(15)(q26qter), del(9)(q22.32q22.33), del(22)(q13) and del(5)(q35) have been identified in patients with overgrowth. Most of them, however, remain undetectable using banding karyotype analysis. In this study, we report on the analysis using a 1-Mb resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) of 93 patients with either a recognizable overgrowth condition (ie, Sotos syndrome or Weaver syndrome) or an unclassified overgrowth syndrome. Five clinically relevant imbalances (three duplications and two deletions) were identified and the pathogenicity of two additional anomalies (one duplication and one deletion) is discussed. Altered segments ranged in size from 0.32 to 18.2 Mb, and no recurrent abnormality was identified. These results show that array-CGH provides a high diagnostic yield in patients with overgrowth syndromes and point to novel chromosomal regions associated with these conditions. Although chromosomal deletions are usually associated with growth retardation, we found that the majority of the imbalances detected in our patients are duplications. Besides their importance for diagnosis and genetic counseling, our results may allow to delineate new contiguous gene syndromes associated with overgrowth, pointing to new genes, the deregulation of which may be responsible for growth defect.
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Zechner U, Kohlschmidt N, Kempf O, Gebauer K, Haug K, Engels H, Haaf T, Bartsch O. Familial Sotos syndrome caused by a novel missense mutation, C2175S, in NSD1 and associated with normal intelligence, insulin dependent diabetes, bronchial asthma, and lipedema. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:306-10. [PMID: 19545651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a familial Sotos syndrome in two children, boy and girl, aged 17 and 8 years, and in their 44 year old mother, who displayed normal intelligence at adult age, but suffered from insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, and severe lipedema. The underlying missense mutation, C2175S, occurred in a conserved segment of the NSD1 gene. Our findings confirm that familial cases of SS are more likely to carry missense mutations. This case report may prove useful to avoid underestimation of the recurrence rate of SS, and to demonstrate that the developmental delay may normalize, enabling an independent life and having an own family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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42
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A clinical study of Sotos syndrome patients with review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol 2009; 40:357-64. [PMID: 19380072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is characterized by tall stature, advanced bone age, typical facial abnormalities, and developmental delay. The associated gene is NSD1. The study involved 22 patients who fulfilled the clinical criteria. Phenotypic characteristics, central nervous system findings, and cardiovascular and urinary tract abnormalities were evaluated. Meta-analysis on the incidence of cardinal clinical manifestations from the literature was also performed. Macrocephaly was present in all patients. Advanced bone age was noted in 14 of 22 patients (63%), and its incidence presented significant statistical difference in the meta-analysis of previous studies. Some patients had serious clinical manifestations, such as congenital heart defects, dysplastic kidneys, psychosis, and leukemia. Clinical and laboratory examinations should be performed to prevent and manage any unusual medical aspect of the syndrome. Facial gestalt and macrocephaly, rather than advanced bone age, are the strongest indications for clinical diagnosis.
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Abstract
AbstractThe commentaries on our target article, “Psychosis and Autism as Diametrical Disorders of the Social Brain,” reflect the multidisciplinary yet highly fragmented state of current studies of human social cognition. Progress in our understanding of the human social brain must come from studies that integrate across diverse analytic levels, using conceptual frameworks grounded in evolutionary biology.
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Kurotaki N, Shen JJ, Touyama M, Kondoh T, Visser R, Ozaki T, Nishimoto J, Shiihara T, Uetake K, Makita Y, Harada N, Raskin S, Brown CW, Höglund P, Okamoto N, Lupski JR. Phenotypic consequences of genetic variation at hemizygous alleles: Sotos syndrome is a contiguous gene syndrome incorporating coagulation factor twelve (FXII) deficiency. Genet Med 2008; 7:479-83. [PMID: 16170239 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000177419.43309.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that Sotos syndrome (SoS) due to the common deletion is a contiguous gene syndrome incorporating plasma coagulation factor twelve (FXII) deficiency. The relationship between FXII activity and the genotype at a functional polymorphism of the FXII gene was investigated. METHODS A total of 21 patients including those with the common deletion, smaller deletions, and point mutations, and four control individuals were analyzed. We examined FXII activity in patients and controls, and analyzed their FXII 46C/T genotype using direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS Among 10 common deletion patients, seven patients had lower FXII activity with the 46T allele of the FXII gene, whereas three patients had normal FXII activity with the 46C allele. Two patients with smaller deletions, whose FXII gene is not deleted had low FXII activity, but one patient with a smaller deletion had normal FXII. Four point mutation patients and controls all had FXII activities within the normal range. CONCLUSION FXII activity in SoS patients with the common deletion is predominantly determined by the functional polymorphism of the remaining hemizygous FXII allele. Thus, Sotos syndrome is a contiguous gene syndrome incorporating coagulation factor twelve (FXII) deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Kurotaki
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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47
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Malan V, De Blois MC, Prieur M, Perrier-Waill MC, Huguet-Nedjar C, Gegas L, Turleau C, Vekemans M, Munnich A, Romana SP. Sotos syndrome caused by a paracentric inversion disrupting the NSD1 gene. Clin Genet 2007; 73:89-91. [PMID: 18042263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Saugier-Veber P, Bonnet C, Afenjar A, Drouin-Garraud V, Coubes C, Fehrenbach S, Holder-Espinasse M, Roume J, Malan V, Portnoi MF, Jeanne N, Baumann C, Héron D, David A, Gérard M, Bonneau D, Lacombe D, Cormier-Daire V, Billette de Villemeur T, Frébourg T, Bürglen L. Heterogeneity of NSD1 alterations in 116 patients with Sotos syndrome. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:1098-107. [PMID: 17565729 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome characterized by distinctive facial features, learning difficulties, and macrocephaly with frequent pre- and postnatal overgrowth with advanced bone age. Here, we report on our experience in the molecular diagnostic of Sotos syndrome on 116 patients. Using direct sequencing and a quantitative multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragments (QMPSF)-based assay allowing accurate detection of both total and partial NSD1 deletions, we identified NSD1 abnormalities in 104 patients corresponding to 102 Sotos families (90%). NSD1 point mutations were detected in 80% of the index cases, large deletions removing the NSD1 gene entirely in 14%, and intragenic NSD1 rearrangements in 6%. Among the 69 detected distinct point mutations, 48 were novel. The QMPSF assay detected an exonic duplication and a mosaic partial deletion. QMPSF mapping of the 15 large deletions revealed the heterogeneity of the deletions, which vary in size from 1 to 4.5 Mb. Clinical features of NSD1-positive Sotos patients revealed that the phenotype in patients with nontruncating mutations was less severe that in patients with truncating mutations. This study confirms the heterogeneity of NSD1 alterations in Sotos syndrome and therefore the need to complete sequencing analysis by screening for partial deletions and duplications to ensure an accurate molecular diagnosis of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Saugier-Veber
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
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Abstract
Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth condition characterized by cardinal features including excessive growth during childhood, macrocephaly, distinctive facial gestalt and various degrees of learning difficulty, and associated with variable minor features. The exact prevalence remains unknown but hundreds of cases have been reported. The diagnosis is usually suspected after birth because of excessive height and occipitofrontal circumference (OFC), advanced bone age, neonatal complications including hypotonia and feeding difficulties, and facial gestalt. Other inconstant clinical abnormalities include scoliosis, cardiac and genitourinary anomalies, seizures and brisk deep tendon reflexes. Variable delays in cognitive and motor development are also observed. The syndrome may also be associated with an increased risk of tumors. Mutations and deletions of the NSD1 gene (located at chromosome 5q35 and coding for a histone methyltransferase implicated in transcriptional regulation) are responsible for more than 75% of cases. FISH analysis, MLPA or multiplex quantitative PCR allow the detection of total/partial NSD1 deletions, and direct sequencing allows detection of NSD1 mutations. The large majority of NSD1 abnormalities occur de novo and there are very few familial cases. Although most cases are sporadic, several reports of autosomal dominant inheritance have been described. Germline mosaicism has never been reported and the recurrence risk for normal parents is very low (<1%). The main differential diagnoses are Weaver syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome and 22qter deletion syndrome. Management is multidisciplinary. During the neonatal period, therapies are mostly symptomatic, including phototherapy in case of jaundice, treatment of the feeding difficulties and gastroesophageal reflux, and detection and treatment of hypoglycemia. General pediatric follow-up is important during the first years of life to allow detection and management of clinical complications such as scoliosis and febrile seizures. An adequate psychological and educational program with speech therapy and motor stimulation plays an important role in the global development of the patients. Final body height is difficult to predict but growth tends to normalize after puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Baujat
- Department of Medical Genetic, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Medical Genetic, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Lachman RS. S. TAYBI AND LACHMAN'S RADIOLOGY OF SYNDROMES, METABOLIC DISORDERS AND SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7315357 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-01931-6.50027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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