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Ghetti G, Mennini FS, Marcellusi A, Bischof M, Pistillo GM, Pane M. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Italy. Clin Drug Investig 2024:10.1007/s40261-024-01386-8. [PMID: 39172297 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-024-01386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Untreated spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of death in children younger than 2 years of age. Early detection through newborn screening allows for presymptomatic diagnosis and treatment of SMA. With effective treatments available and reimbursed by the National Health Service, many regions in Italy are implementing newborn screening for SMA. We evaluated the cost effectiveness of universal newborn screening for SMA in Italy. METHODS A decision-analytic model assessed the cost effectiveness of newborn screening from the National Health Service perspective in 400,000 newborns. Newborn screening enabling early identification and presymptomatic treatment of SMA was compared with no newborn screening, symptomatic diagnosis, and treatment. Transition probabilities between health states were estimated from clinical trial data. Higher-functioning health states were associated with increased survival, higher utility values, and lower costs. Long-term survival and utilities were extrapolated from scientific literature. Health care costs were collected from official Italian sources. A lifetime time horizon was applied, and costs and outcomes were discounted at an annual rate of 3%. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS Newborn screening followed by presymptomatic treatment yielded 324 incremental life-years, 390 incremental quality-adjusted life-years, and reduced costs by €1,513,375 over a lifetime time horizon compared with no newborn screening. Thus, newborn screening was less costly and more effective than no newborn screening. Newborn screening has a 100% probability of being cost effective, assuming a willingness-to-pay threshold of > €40,000. CONCLUSIONS Newborn screening followed by presymptomatic SMA treatment is cost effective from the Italian National Health Service perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Ghetti
- AdRes HEOR s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri, 17, 10121, Turin, Italy.
| | - Francesco Saverio Mennini
- CEIS-Economic Evaluation and HTA (EEHTA), Faculty of Economics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Leadership and Management in Health, Kingston University London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Marcellusi
- CEIS-Economic Evaluation and HTA (EEHTA), Faculty of Economics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Leadership and Management in Health, Kingston University London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Marika Pane
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli," IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Nemo Clinical Centre, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli," IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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2
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Efimova IY, Zinchenko RA, Marakhonov AV, Balinova NV, Mikhalchuk KA, Shchagina OA, Polyakov AV, Mudaeva DA, Saydaeva DH, Matulevich SA, Parshintseva PD, Belyashova EY, Yakubovskiy GI, Tebieva IS, Gabisova YV, Irinina NA, Jamschikova AV, Nurgalieva LR, Saifullina EV, Nevmerzhitskaya KS, Belyaeva TI, Romanova OS, Voronin SV, Kutsev SI. Epidemiology of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Based on the Results of a Large-Scale Pilot Project on 202,908 Newborns. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 156:147-154. [PMID: 38781723 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study presents the findings of a newborn screening (NBS) pilot project for 5q-spinal muscular atrophy (5q-SMA) in multiple regions across Russia for during the year 2022. The aim was to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of NBS for SMA5q in diverse populations and estimate the real prevalence of 5q-SMA in Russia as well as the distribution of patients with different number of SMN2 copies. METHODS The pilot project of NBS here was based on data, involving the analysis of 202,908 newborns. SMA screening assay was performed using a commercially available real-time polymerase chain reaction kit, the Eonis SCID-SMA. RESULTS In one year, 202,908 newborns were screened, identifying 26 infants with homozygous deletion of SMN1 exon 7, yielding an estimated 5q-SMA incidence of 1:7804 newborns. It was found that 38.46% had two SMN2 copies, 42.31% had three copies, 15.38% had four copies, and 3.85% had five copies of SMN2. Immediate treatment was proposed for patients with two or three SMN2 copies. Infants with four or more SMN2 copies warranted further investigation on management and treatment. Short-term monitoring after gene therapy showed motor function improvements. Delays in treatment initiation were observed, including the testing for adeno-associated virus 9 antibodies and nonmedical factors. CONCLUSIONS The study emphasizes the need for a standardized algorithm for early diagnosis and management through NBS to benefit affected families. Overall, the NBS program for 5q-SMA in Russia demonstrated the potential to improve outcomes and transform SMA from a devastating disease to a chronic condition with evolving medical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Djamila H Saydaeva
- State Budgetary Institution "Maternity Hospital" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia
| | | | - Polina D Parshintseva
- Children's Regional Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region, Krasnodar, Russia
| | | | | | - Inna S Tebieva
- North-Ossetian State Medical Academy, Vladikavkaz, Russia; Republican Children's Clinical Hospital of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Vladikavkaz, Russia
| | - Yulia V Gabisova
- Republican Children's Clinical Hospital of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Vladikavkaz, Russia
| | - Nataliya A Irinina
- The State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the Vladimir Region "Regional Clinical Hospital", Vladimir, Russia
| | - Anna V Jamschikova
- The State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the Vladimir Region "Regional Clinical Hospital", Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Tatiana I Belyaeva
- Clinical Diagnostic Center "Maternal and Child Health", Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Olga S Romanova
- Clinical Diagnostic Center "Maternal and Child Health", Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Lim JYX, Wang FS, Ling SR, Tay SKH. A consensus survey of neurologists and clinical geneticists on spinal muscular atrophy treatment in Singapore. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2024; 53:386-389. [PMID: 38979994 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Just a decade ago, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) was considered a debilitating, progressive neuromuscular disease that inevitably led to chronic disability and a shortened lifespan. Now, it is treatable with nusinersen, onasemnogene abeparvovec (OAV) and risdiplam—the 3 disease-modifying drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency and most recently, the Health Science Authority in Singapore.1 Clinical trials and real-world data have consistently shown improvement in motor milestones for all 3 drugs, especially if introduced early in the disease course.2-4 More significantly, presymptomatic treatment has enabled age-appropriate development of motor milestones, leading to improved respiratory, orthopaedic and nutritional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Yi Xiu Lim
- Neurology Service, Department of Paediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Furene Sijia Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon Robert Ling
- Neurology Service, Department of Paediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Stacey Kiat Hong Tay
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Bagga P, Singh S, Ram G, Kapil S, Singh A. Diving into progress: a review on current therapeutic advancements in spinal muscular atrophy. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1368658. [PMID: 38854961 PMCID: PMC11157111 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1368658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an uncommon disorder associated with genes characterized by the gradual weakening and deterioration of muscles, often leading to substantial disability and premature mortality. Over the past decade, remarkable strides have been made in the field of SMA therapeutics, revolutionizing the landscape of patient care. One pivotal advancement is the development of gene-targeted therapies, such as nusinersen, onasemnogene abeparvovec and risdiplam which have demonstrated unprecedented efficacy in slowing disease progression. These therapies aim to address the root cause of SMA by targeting the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene, effectively restoring deficient SMN protein levels. The advent of these innovative approaches has transformed the prognosis for many SMA patients, offering a glimmer of hope where there was once limited therapeutic recourse. Furthermore, the emergence of small molecule compounds and RNA-targeting strategies has expanded the therapeutic arsenal against SMA. These novel interventions exhibit diverse mechanisms of action, including SMN protein stabilization and modulation of RNA splicing, showcasing the multifaceted nature of SMA treatment research. Collective efforts of pharmaceutical industries, research centers, and patient advocacy groups have played an important role in expediting the translation of scientific discoveries into visible clinical benefits. This review not only highlights the remarkable progress achieved in SMA therapeutics but also generates the ray of hope for the ongoing efforts required to enhance accessibility, optimize treatment strategies, rehabilitation (care and therapies) and ultimately pave the way for an improved quality of life for individuals affected by SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bagga
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, India
| | - Sudhakar Singh
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, India
| | - Gobind Ram
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Layalpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar, India
| | - Subham Kapil
- Department of Zoology, DAV College Jalandhar, Jalandhar, India
| | - Avtar Singh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computing (SoEEC), Adama Science and Technology University (AS-TU), Adama, Ethiopia
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Therrell BL, Padilla CD, Borrajo GJC, Khneisser I, Schielen PCJI, Knight-Madden J, Malherbe HL, Kase M. Current Status of Newborn Bloodspot Screening Worldwide 2024: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Activities (2020-2023). Int J Neonatal Screen 2024; 10:38. [PMID: 38920845 PMCID: PMC11203842 DOI: 10.3390/ijns10020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) began in the early 1960s based on the work of Dr. Robert "Bob" Guthrie in Buffalo, NY, USA. His development of a screening test for phenylketonuria on blood absorbed onto a special filter paper and transported to a remote testing laboratory began it all. Expansion of NBS to large numbers of asymptomatic congenital conditions flourishes in many settings while it has not yet been realized in others. The need for NBS as an efficient and effective public health prevention strategy that contributes to lowered morbidity and mortality wherever it is sustained is well known in the medical field but not necessarily by political policy makers. Acknowledging the value of national NBS reports published in 2007, the authors collaborated to create a worldwide NBS update in 2015. In a continuing attempt to review the progress of NBS globally, and to move towards a more harmonized and equitable screening system, we have updated our 2015 report with information available at the beginning of 2024. Reports on sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, missing in 2015, have been included. Tables popular in the previous report have been updated with an eye towards harmonized comparisons. To emphasize areas needing attention globally, we have used regional tables containing similar listings of conditions screened, numbers of screening laboratories, and time at which specimen collection is recommended. Discussions are limited to bloodspot screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford L. Therrell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- National Newborn Screening and Global Resource Center, Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - Carmencita D. Padilla
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines;
| | - Gustavo J. C. Borrajo
- Detección de Errores Congénitos—Fundación Bioquímica Argentina, La Plata 1908, Argentina;
| | - Issam Khneisser
- Jacques LOISELET Genetic and Genomic Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Peter C. J. I. Schielen
- Office of the International Society for Neonatal Screening, Reigerskamp 273, 3607 HP Maarssen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jennifer Knight-Madden
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research—Sickle Cell Unit, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Helen L. Malherbe
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
- Rare Diseases South Africa NPC, The Station Office, Bryanston, Sandton 2021, South Africa
| | - Marika Kase
- Strategic Initiatives Reproductive Health, Revvity, PL10, 10101 Turku, Finland;
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Qiu T, Aballéa S, Pochopień M, Toumi M, Dussart C, Yan D. A systematic review on the appropriate discounting rates for the economic evaluation of gene therapies: whether a specific approach is justified to tackle the challenges? Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2024; 40:e23. [PMID: 38725378 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462324000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Discounting the cost and effect for health intervention is a controversial topic over the last two decades. In particular, the cost-effectiveness of gene therapies is especially sensitive to the discount rate because of the substantial delay between the upfront cost incurred and long-lasing clinical benefits received. This study aims to investigate the influence of employing alternative discount rates on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of gene therapies. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to include health economic evaluations of gene therapies that were published until April 2023. RESULTS Sensitivity or scenario analysis indicated that discount rate represented one of the most influential factors for the ICERs of gene therapies. Discount rate for cost and benefit was positively correlated with the cost-effectiveness of gene therapies, that is, a lower discount rate significantly improves the ICERs. The alternative discount rate employed in some cases could be powerful to alter the conclusion on whether gene therapies are cost-effective and acceptable for reimbursement. CONCLUSIONS Although discount rate will have substantial influence on the ICERs of gene therapies, there lacks solid evidence to justify a different discounting rule for gene therapies. However, it is proposed that the discount rate in the reference case should be updated to reflect the real-time preference, which in turn will affect the ICERs and reimbursement of gene therapies more profoundly than conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qiu
- Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Public Health Department, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Samuel Aballéa
- Public Health Department, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Michal Pochopień
- Public Health Department, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Mondher Toumi
- Public Health Department, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Dussart
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Dan Yan
- Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Groulx-Boivin E, Osman H, Chakraborty P, Lintern S, Oskoui M, Selby K, Van Caeseele P, Wyatt A, McMillan HJ. Variability in Newborn Screening Across Canada: Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Beyond. Can J Neurol Sci 2024; 51:203-209. [PMID: 36892082 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2023.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborn screening (NBS) identifies infants with severe, early-onset diseases, enabling early diagnosis and treatment. In Canada, decisions regarding disease inclusion in NBS programs occur at the provincial level, which leads to variability in patient care. We aimed to determine whether important differences exist in NBS programs across provinces and territories. Given that spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most recent disease added to NBS programs, we hypothesized that its inclusion would show interprovincial variability and be more likely in provinces already screening for a greater number of diseases. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all NBS labs in Canada to understand: 1) what conditions were included in their program; 2) what genetic-based testing was performed and; 3) if SMA was included. RESULTS All NBS programs (N = 8) responded to this survey by June 2022. There was a 2.5-fold difference in the number of conditions screened (N = 14 vs N = 36) and a 9-fold difference in the number of conditions screened by gene-based testing. Only nine conditions were common to all provincial NBS programs. NBS for SMA was performed in four provinces at the time of our survey, with BC recently becoming the fifth province to add SMA to their NBS on October 1, 2022. Currently, 72% of Canadian newborns are screened for SMA at birth. CONCLUSION Although healthcare in Canada is universal, its decentralization gives rise to regional differences in NBS programs which creates inequity in the treatment, care, and potential outcomes of affected children across provincial jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Homira Osman
- Muscular Dystrophy Canada, Canada
- Neuromuscular Disease Network of Canada, Canada
| | - Pranesh Chakraborty
- Newborn Screening Ontario, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, ON, Canada
| | | | - Maryam Oskoui
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kathryn Selby
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Alexandra Wyatt
- Newborn Screening Ontario, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - Hugh J McMillan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Kimizu T, Nozaki M, Okada Y, Sawada A, Morisaki M, Fujita H, Irie A, Matsuda K, Hasegawa Y, Nishi E, Okamoto N, Kawai M, Imai K, Suzuki Y, Wada K, Mitsuda N, Ida S. Multiplex Real-Time PCR-Based Newborn Screening for Severe Primary Immunodeficiency and Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Osaka, Japan: Our Results after 3 Years. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:314. [PMID: 38540372 PMCID: PMC10970021 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In newborn screening (NBS), it is important to consider the availability of multiplex assays or other tests that can be integrated into existing systems when attempting to implement NBS for new target diseases. Recent developments in innovative testing technology have made it possible to simultaneously screen for severe primary immunodeficiency (PID) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. We describe our experience of optional NBS for severe PID and SMA in Osaka, Japan. A multiplex TaqMan qPCR assay was used for the optional NBS program. The assay was able to quantify the levels of T-cell receptor excision circles and kappa-deleting recombination excision circles, which is useful for severe combined immunodeficiency and B-cell deficiency screening, and can simultaneously detect the homozygous deletion of SMN1 exon 7, which is useful for NBS for SMA. In total, 105,419 newborns were eligible for the optional NBS program between 1 August 2020 and 31 August 2023. A case each of X-linked agammaglobulinemia and SMA were diagnosed through the optional NBS and treated at early stages (before symptoms appeared). Our results show how multiplex PCR-based NBS can benefit large-scale NBS implementation projects for new target diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Kimizu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan;
| | - Masatoshi Nozaki
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan;
- Department of Perinatal and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan
| | - Yousuke Okada
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (Y.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Akihisa Sawada
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (Y.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Misaki Morisaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (M.M.); (H.F.); (A.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Hiroshi Fujita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (M.M.); (H.F.); (A.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Akemi Irie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (M.M.); (H.F.); (A.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Keiko Matsuda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.H.); (E.N.); (N.O.)
| | - Yuiko Hasegawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.H.); (E.N.); (N.O.)
| | - Eriko Nishi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.H.); (E.N.); (N.O.)
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.H.); (E.N.); (N.O.)
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Endocrinology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan;
| | - Kohsuke Imai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-0042, Japan;
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan;
| | - Kazuko Wada
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan;
| | - Nobuaki Mitsuda
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan;
| | - Shinobu Ida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (M.M.); (H.F.); (A.I.); (S.I.)
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Kiselev A, Maretina M, Shtykalova S, Al-Hilal H, Maslyanyuk N, Plokhih M, Serebryakova E, Frolova M, Shved N, Krylova N, Il’ina A, Freund S, Osinovskaya N, Sultanov I, Egorova A, Lobenskaya A, Koroteev A, Sosnina I, Gorelik Y, Bespalova O, Baranov V, Kogan I, Glotov A. Establishment of a Pilot Newborn Screening Program for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Saint Petersburg. Int J Neonatal Screen 2024; 10:9. [PMID: 38390973 PMCID: PMC10885106 DOI: 10.3390/ijns10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy 5q (SMA) is one of the most common neuromuscular inherited diseases and is the most common genetic cause of infant mortality. SMA is associated with homozygous deletion of exon 7 in the SMN1 gene. Recently developed drugs can improve the motor functions of infants with SMA when they are treated in the pre-symptomatic stage. With aim of providing an early diagnosis, newborn screening (NBS) for SMA using a real-time PCR assay with dried blood spots (DBS) was performed from January 2022 through November 2022 in Saint Petersburg, which is a representative Russian megapolis. Here, 36,140 newborns were screened by the GenomeX real-time PCR-based screening test, and three genotypes were identified: homozygous deletion carriers (4 newborns), heterozygous carriers (772 newborns), and wild-type individuals (35,364 newborns). The disease status of all four newborns that screened positive for the homozygous SMN1 deletion was confirmed by alternate methods. Two of the newborns had two copies of SMN2, and two of the newborns had three copies. We determined the incidence of spinal muscular atrophy in Saint Petersburg to be 1 in 9035 and the SMA carrier frequency to be 1 in 47. In conclusion, providing timely information regarding SMN1, confirmation of disease status, and SMN2 copy number as part of the SMA newborn-screening algorithm can significantly improve clinical follow-up, testing of family members, and treatment of patients with SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kiselev
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Marianna Maretina
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Sofia Shtykalova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Haya Al-Hilal
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Natalia Maslyanyuk
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Mariya Plokhih
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Elena Serebryakova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
- Saint Petersburg State Medical Diagnostic Center (Genetic Medical Center), Tobolskaya Street 5, 353912 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.F.); (A.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Marina Frolova
- Saint Petersburg State Medical Diagnostic Center (Genetic Medical Center), Tobolskaya Street 5, 353912 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.F.); (A.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Natalia Shved
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Nadezhda Krylova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Arina Il’ina
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Svetlana Freund
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Natalia Osinovskaya
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Iskender Sultanov
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Egorova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Anastasia Lobenskaya
- Saint Petersburg State Medical Diagnostic Center (Genetic Medical Center), Tobolskaya Street 5, 353912 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.F.); (A.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Koroteev
- Saint Petersburg State Medical Diagnostic Center (Genetic Medical Center), Tobolskaya Street 5, 353912 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.F.); (A.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Irina Sosnina
- Saint Petersburg State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Consulting and Diagnostic Center for Children”, Aleksa Dundić Street 36/2, 192289 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Yulia Gorelik
- Children’s City Multidisciplinary Clinical Specialized Center of High Medical Technologies, Avangardnaya Street 14, 198205 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Olesya Bespalova
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Vladislav Baranov
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Igor Kogan
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrey Glotov
- Department of Genomic Medicine Named after V.S. Baranov, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya Line 3, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (S.S.); (H.A.-H.); (N.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.); (N.S.); (N.K.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (I.S.); (A.E.); (O.B.); (I.K.); (A.G.)
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10
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Dangouloff T, Thokala P, Stevenson MD, Deconinck N, D'Amico A, Daron A, Delstanche S, Servais L, Hiligsmann M. Cost-effectiveness of spinal muscular atrophy newborn screening based on real-world data in Belgium. Neuromuscul Disord 2024; 34:61-67. [PMID: 38150893 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of real-world spinal muscular atrophy newborn screening followed by treatment. We modeled the lifetime cost-effectiveness of the spinal muscular atrophy newborn screening followed by treatment (screening) compared to treatment without screening (no screening) from the Belgian healthcare perspective. Real-world data, including quality of life, costs, and motor development data, were collected on 12 patients identified by screening and 43 patients identified by their symptoms. "Screening" was associated with slightly higher healthcare costs (€ 6,858,061 vs. € 6,738,120) but more quality-adjusted life years (QALY) (40.95 vs. 20.34) compared to "no screening", leading to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of € 5,820 per QALY gained. "Screening" was dominant from a societal perspective (negative incremental costs: € -14,457; incremental QALY = 20.61), when incorporating the burden on caregivers (negative incremental costs = € -74,353; incremental QALY = 27.51), and when the treatment was chosen by the parents (negative incremental costs = € -2,596,748; incremental QALY = 20.61). Spinal muscular atrophy newborn screening coupled with early treatment is thus cost-effective compared with late treatment following clinical diagnosis and is dominant when societal perspective, caregiver burden, and treatment based on parental preference were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dangouloff
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Liège & University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Praveen Thokala
- Health Economics and Decision Science, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew D Stevenson
- Health Economics and Decision Science, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nicolas Deconinck
- Neuromuscular Reference Center and Paediatric Neurology Department, Hôpital des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adèle D'Amico
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurore Daron
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Liège & University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Delstanche
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Liège & University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Servais
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Liège & University of Liège, Belgium; MDUK Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Mickael Hiligsmann
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Sonehara S, Bo R, Nambu Y, Iketani K, Lee T, Shimomura H, Ueda M, Takeshima Y, Iijima K, Nozu K, Nishio H, Awano H. Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A 2.5-Year Experience in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2211. [PMID: 38137033 PMCID: PMC10742789 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn screening (NBS) for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is necessary, as favorable outcomes can be achieved by treatment with disease-modifying drugs in early infancy. Although SMA-NBS has been initiated in Japan, its clinical results have not been fully reported. We report the findings of the initial 2.5 years of a pilot SMA-NBS of approximately 16,000 infants conducted from February 2021 in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Clinical data of 17 infants who tested positive were retrospectively obtained from the NBS follow-up centers participating in this multicenter cohort observational study. Genetic testing revealed 14 false positives, and three infants were diagnosed with SMA. Case 1 had two copies of survival motor neuron (SMN) 2 and showed SMA-related symptoms at diagnosis. Case 2 was asymptomatic, with two copies of SMN2. Asymptomatic case 3 had four copies of SMN2 exon 7, including the SMN1/2 hybrid gene. Cases 1 and 2 were treated within 1 month and case 3 at 8 months. All the patients showed improved motor function scores and did not require respiratory support. The identification of infants with SMA via NBS and early treatment improved their motor and respiratory outcomes. Thus, implementation of SMA-NBS at a nationwide scale should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Sonehara
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.S.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (K.I.); (K.N.)
| | - Ryosuke Bo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.S.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (K.I.); (K.N.)
| | - Yoshinori Nambu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.S.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (K.I.); (K.N.)
| | - Kiiko Iketani
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.S.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (K.I.); (K.N.)
- Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children’s Hospital, 1-6-7 Minatozimaminami-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (T.L.); (H.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Hideki Shimomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (T.L.); (H.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Masaaki Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyooka Public Hospital, 1094 Tobera, Toyooka 668-8501, Japan;
| | - Yasuhiro Takeshima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (T.L.); (H.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children’s Hospital, 1-6-7 Minatozimaminami-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan;
| | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.S.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (K.I.); (K.N.)
| | - Hisahide Nishio
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Awano
- Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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12
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Farrar MA, Calotes-Castillo L, De Silva R, Barclay P, Attwood L, Cini J, Ferrie M, Kariyawasam DS. Gene therapy-based strategies for spinal muscular atrophy-an Asia-Pacific perspective. Mol Cell Pediatr 2023; 10:17. [PMID: 37964159 PMCID: PMC10645685 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-023-00171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Onasemnogene abeparvovec has been life-changing for children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), signifying the potential and progress occurring in gene- and cell-based therapies for rare genetic diseases. Hence, it is important that clinicians gain knowledge and understanding in gene therapy-based treatment strategies for SMA. In this review, we describe the development and translation of onasemnogene abeparvovec from clinical trials to healthcare practice and share knowledge on the facilitators and barriers to implementation. Rapid and accurate SMA diagnosis, awareness, and education to safely deliver gene therapy to eligible patients and access to expertise in multidisciplinary management for neuromuscular disorders are crucial for health system readiness. Early engagement and intersectoral collaboration are required to surmount complex logistical processes and develop policy, governance, and accountability. The collection and utilisation of real-world evidence are also an important part of clinical stewardship, informing ongoing improvements to care delivery and access. Additionally, a research-enabled clinical ecosystem can expand scientific knowledge and discovery to optimise future therapies and magnify health impacts. Important ethical, equity, economic, and sustainability issues are evident, for which we must connect globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Farrar
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, UNSW Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Loudella Calotes-Castillo
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics and Neurosciences, University of the Philippines - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ranil De Silva
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Innovation in Biotechnology and Neuroscience (ICIBN), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Institute for Combinatorial Advanced Research and Education, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Peter Barclay
- Pharmacy Department, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lani Attwood
- Kids Advanced Therapeutics Programme, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Kids Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Cini
- Advocacy Beyond Borders, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Didu S Kariyawasam
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, UNSW Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Chan SHS, Wong CKH, Wu T, Wong W, Yu MKL, Au ICH, Chan GCF. Significant healthcare burden and life cost of spinal muscular atrophy: real-world data. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2023; 24:1373-1382. [PMID: 36403177 PMCID: PMC10533630 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-022-01548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to quantify the mortality rate, direct healthcare costs, and cumulative life costs of pediatric patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 1, type 2, and type 3 born in Hong Kong. METHODS Data were collected from genetically confirmed SMA patients born in or after 2000 from the Hospital Authority medical database. Patients were followed up from birth until they died, left Hong Kong, reached 18 years, or initiated disease-modifying treatment. Study outcomes included incidence risks of mortality, cumulative direct medical costs-attendances of special outpatient clinics, emergency department, allied health services, and mean length of stay in hospitals over time. Total direct medical costs were calculated as unit costs multiplied by utilization frequencies of corresponding healthcare services at each age. RESULTS Seventy-one patients with SMA were included. Over a median follow-up period of 6 years, the overall incidence rate of death was 5.422/100 person-years (95%CI 3.542-7.945/100 person-years). 67.7% and 11% of deaths occurred in SMA1 and SMA2 groups, respectively. The median age of death was 0.8 years in SMA1 and 10.9 years in SMA2. The mean cumulative direct medical costs in overall SMA, SMA1, SMA2 and SMA3 groups per patient were US$935,570, US$2,393,250, US$413,165, and US$40,735, respectively. INTERPRETATION Our results confirmed a significantly raised mortality and extremely high healthcare burden for patients with SMA especially SMA type 1 and 2 without disease-modifying treatment. Study evaluating health and economic impact of newborn screening and early treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophelia H S Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Carlos K H Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wilfred Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Michael K L Yu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ivan C H Au
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Godfrey C F Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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14
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Farrar MA, Kiernan MC, Kariyawasam DS. Presymptomatic spinal muscular atrophy: a cautionary approach to the proposed new terminology. Brain 2023; 146:e65-e66. [PMID: 36856687 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Farrar
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Didu S Kariyawasam
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
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15
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Weidlich D, Servais L, Kausar I, Howells R, Bischof M. Cost-Effectiveness of Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in England. Neurol Ther 2023; 12:1205-1220. [PMID: 37222861 PMCID: PMC10310612 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-023-00489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of newborn screening (NBS) versus no NBS for 5q spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in England. METHODS A cost-utility analysis using a combination of decision tree and Markov model structures was developed to estimate the lifetime health effects and costs of NBS for SMA, compared with no NBS, from the perspective of the National Health Service (NHS) in England. A decision tree was designed to capture NBS outcomes, and Markov modeling was used to project long-term health outcomes and costs for each patient group following diagnosis. Model inputs were based on existing literature, local data, and expert opinion. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the model and the validity of the results. RESULTS The introduction of NBS for SMA in England is estimated to identify approximately 56 (96% of cases) infants with SMA per year. Base-case results indicate that NBS is dominant (less costly and more effective) than a scenario without NBS, with a yearly cohort of newborns accruing incremental savings of £62,191,531 and an estimated gain in quality-adjusted life-years of 529 years over their lifetime. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated the robustness of the base-case results. CONCLUSIONS NBS improves health outcomes for patients with SMA and is less costly compared with no screening; therefore, it is a cost-effective use of resources from the perspective of the NHS in England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Weidlich
- Health Economics, Clarivate, Munich, Germany.
- Clarivate, Landsberger Straße 302, 80687, Munich, Germany.
| | - Laurent Servais
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Neuromuscular Center of Liège, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Ruth Howells
- Health Technology Assessment, Clarivate, Manchester, UK
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16
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Gavan SP, Wright SJ, Thistlethwaite F, Payne K. Capturing the Impact of Constraints on the Cost-Effectiveness of Cell and Gene Therapies: A Systematic Review. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2023; 41:675-692. [PMID: 36905571 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-022-01234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decision-makers need to resolve constraints on delivering cell and gene therapies to patients as these treatments move into routine care. This study aimed to investigate if, and how, constraints that affect the expected cost and health consequences of cell and gene therapies have been included in published examples of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs). METHOD A systematic review identified CEAs of cell and gene therapies. Studies were identified from previous systematic reviews and by searching Medline and Embase until 21 January 2022. Constraints described qualitatively were categorised by theme and summarised by a narrative synthesis. Constraints evaluated in quantitative scenario analyses were appraised by whether they changed the decision to recommend treatment. RESULTS Thirty-two CEAs of cell (n = 20) and gene therapies (n = 12) were included. Twenty-one studies described constraints qualitatively (70% cell therapy CEAs; 58% gene therapy CEAs). Qualitative constraints were categorised by four themes: single payment models; long-term affordability; delivery by providers; manufacturing capability. Thirteen studies assessed constraints quantitatively (60% cell therapy CEAs; 8% gene therapy CEAs). Two types of constraint were assessed quantitatively across four jurisdictions (USA, Canada, Singapore, The Netherlands): alternatives to single payment models (n = 9 scenario analyses); improving manufacturing (n = 12 scenario analyses). The impact on decision-making was determined by whether the estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios crossed a relevant cost-effectiveness threshold for each jurisdiction (outcome-based payment models: n = 25 threshold comparisons made, 28% decisions changed; improving manufacturing: n = 24 threshold comparisons made, 4% decisions changed). CONCLUSION The net health impact of constraints is vital evidence to help decision-makers scale up the delivery of cell and gene therapies as patient volume increases and more advanced therapy medicinal products are launched. CEAs will be essential to quantify how constraints affect the cost-effectiveness of care, prioritise constraints to be resolved, and establish the value of strategies to implement cell and gene therapies by accounting for their health opportunity cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Gavan
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Stuart J Wright
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Fiona Thistlethwaite
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Katherine Payne
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Belančić A, Strbad T, Kučan Štiglić M, Vitezić D. Effectiveness of Nusinersen in Type 1, 2 and 3 Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Croatian Real-World Data. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2839. [PMID: 37109175 PMCID: PMC10142582 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: To investigate the real-world effectiveness and safety profile of nusinersen in Croatian paediatric and adult spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients. (2) Methods: A retrospective and anonymous collection of relevant demographic and clinical data for all Croatian SMA patients treated with nusinersen and reimbursed by the Croatian Health Insurance Fund (CHIF) between April 2018 and February 2022 was performed through searching the CHIF database and studying the associated reimbursement documentation. All patients who received at least one dose of nusinersen were included in the baseline clinical-demographic overview and safety analysis, whereas only subjects who had completed six doses were included in the effectiveness analysis. (3) Results: Fifty-two patients [61.5% male; median age 13.4 (0.1-51.1) yr.] received nusinersen treatment. In SMA type 1 and type 3 paediatric patients, statistically significant motor function improvement (CHOP INTEND 10.8 ± 10.3 vs. 20.0 ± 15.8, p = 0.003; HFMSE 49.6 ± 7.9 vs. 53.1 ± 7.7, p = 0.008; respectively) was achieved immediately after 4 loading doses of nusinersen and remained statistically significant onwards. Average improvements in HFMSE motor performance in SMA type 2 patients after four, five, and six doses of nusinersen were +6.0, +10.5, and +11.0 points, respectively. In SMA type 3 adult patients, no significant improvement in RHS motor performance or the 6-Minute Walk Test (MWT) was demonstrated. During the study period, 437 doses were administered without any new safety concerns appearing. (4) Conclusions: Our RWD findings indicate that nusinersen is an effective and safe treatment in a heterogeneous group of paediatric patients with all types of SMA; however, no significant benefit (but only RHS and 6MWT maintenance) was demonstrated in SMA type 3 patients who started nusinersen after >18 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Belančić
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology with Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tea Strbad
- Croatian Health Insurance Fund, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marta Kučan Štiglić
- Primorje-Gorski Kotar County Community Health Centre, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Dinko Vitezić
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology with Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Kariyawasam DS, D'Silva AM, Sampaio H, Briggs N, Herbert K, Wiley V, Farrar MA. Newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy in Australia: a non-randomised cohort study. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2023; 7:159-170. [PMID: 36669516 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of a new therapeutic era for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), newborn screening has been proposed as a gateway to facilitate expedient diagnosis and access to therapeutics. However, there is paucity of evidence on health outcomes outside the homogenous populations in clinical trials to justify broader implementation of newborn screening for SMA. In this real-world study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of newborn screening coupled with access to disease-modifying therapeutics, as an intervention for SMA. METHODS In this prospective, non-randomised cohort study done at Sydney Children's Hospital Network (NSW, Australia), we included children younger than 16 years with homozygous exon 7 deletions of survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1) mutations, non-selectively assigned to a screening group (incident population diagnosed by newborn screening) from Aug 1, 2018, to Aug 1, 2020, or a comparator group (incident population diagnosed by clinical referral) from Aug 1, 2016, to July 31, 2018. We excluded infants with compound heterozygous SMN1 mutations and those participating in ongoing and unpublished clinical trials. Effectiveness of newborn screening for SMA was compared using motor development milestone attainment defined by WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study at 2 years post diagnosis. Secondary outcome measures included mortality and change in Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination-2 (HINE-2) score, ventilation requirements, and enteral requirements 2 years from the time of diagnosis. FINDINGS 34 children met the study inclusion criteria, but 33 children were included in the study population after one neonate was excluded due to participation in an ongoing unpublished clinical trial. 15 children were included in the screening group (seven [47%] male and eight [53%] female; median age 2·1 weeks [IQR 1·9-2·7]) and 18 children (nine [50%] male and nine [50%] female) were included in the comparator group (median age 47·8 weeks [13·0-99·9]). The 2-year survival rate was 93% (14 of 15 children) in the screening group and 89% (16 of 18) in the comparator group. Among survivors, 11 (79%) of 14 walked independently or with assistance in the screening group, compared with one (6%) of 16 children in the comparator group (χ2=16·27; p<0·0001). A significantly greater change in motor function was observed in the screening group compared with the comparator group over 2 years (HINE-2 score group difference, 12·32; p<0·0001). The requirement for non-intensive ventilation or feeding support at follow-up was higher in the comparator group than in the screening group (odds ratio 7·1 [95% CI 0·7-70·2]). Significant predictors of functional motor outcomes as determined by HINE-2 score at 2 years post diagnosis were HINE-2 score (p=0·0022), CHOP-INTEND (p=0·0001), compound muscle action potential (CMAP; p=0·0006), and disease status (p=0·023) at diagnosis. INTERPRETATION Newborn screening for SMA, coupled with early access to disease-modifying therapies, effectively ameliorates the functional burden and associated comorbidities for affected children. For children diagnosed through newborn screening, motor score, CMAP, and disease status at diagnosis has clinical utility to determine functional independence. FUNDING Brain Foundation and National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didu S Kariyawasam
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Arlene M D'Silva
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugo Sampaio
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nancy Briggs
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Herbert
- Department of Physiotherapy, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veronica Wiley
- New South Wales Newborn Screening Program, Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle A Farrar
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Chien YH, Hwu WL. The modern face of newborn screening. Pediatr Neonatol 2023; 64 Suppl 1:S22-S29. [PMID: 36481189 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn screening (NBS) has been developed for years to identify newborns with severe but treatable conditions. Taiwan's NBS system, after the initial setup for a total coverage of newborns in 1990s, was later optimized to ensure the timely return of results in infants with abnormal results. Advancements in techniques such as Tandem mass spectrometry enable the screening into a multiplex format and increase the conditions to be screened. Furthermore, advances in therapies, such as enzyme replacement therapy, stem cell transplantation, and gene therapy, significantly expand the needs for newborn screening. Advances in genomics and biomarkers discovery improve the test accuracy with the assistance of second-tier tests, and have the potential to be the first-tier test in the future. Therefore, challenge of NBS now is the knowledge gap, including the evidence of the long-term clinical benefits in large cohorts especially in conditions with new therapies, phenotypic variations and the corresponding management of some screened diseases, and cost-effectiveness of extended NBS programs. A short-term and a long-term follow-up program should be implemented to gather those outcomes better especially in the genomic era. Ethical and psychosocial issues are also potentially encountered frequently. Essential education and better informed consent should be considered fundamental to parallel those new tests into future NBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dangouloff T, Hiligsmann M, Deconinck N, D'Amico A, Seferian AM, Boemer F, Servais L. Financial cost and quality of life of patients with spinal muscular atrophy identified by symptoms or newborn screening. Dev Med Child Neurol 2023; 65:67-77. [PMID: 35673937 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the societal financial costs and quality of life (QoL) of untreated patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and treated patients identified because they presented symptoms or were identified by early testing (sibling or newborn screening). METHOD Data from two different sources were used: data collected prospectively in untreated patients from 2016 to 2018 and data collected during a prospective follow-up study from 2018 to 2021. Patients or their caregiver completed a questionnaire that included questions on direct medical and non-medical costs, indirect non-medical costs, and health-related QoL. RESULTS Data (median; range) were available for 149 patients (93 untreated - 10 years; 2 years-59 years), 42 patients (6 years 3 months; 9 months-58 years) treated after presenting with symptoms, and 14 patients (1 year 7 months; 5 months-2 years) treated after early diagnosis. Total costs were lower in untreated patients due to the high cost of drugs used in treated patients. Costs were lower for treated patients who were identified by early testing than for treated patients identified because they presented with symptoms. In all groups, patients with two SMN2 copies had higher costs than those with more copies. INTERPRETATION Early patient identification and treatment offer the opportunity to reduce the total societal costs of SMA where treatments are available for presymptomatic and postsymptomatic patients. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Untreated patients with spinal muscular atrophy had lower total financial costs than treated patients. Total financial costs were lower for treated patients identified by early screening than for treated patients identified after symptom onset. Direct financial costs excluding treatment were much lower in treated patients identified by early screening. Hospitalization costs were much lower in patients identified by early screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dangouloff
- Division of Child Neurology, Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Liege & University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Mickael Hiligsmann
- Department of Health Services Research, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Deconinck
- Neuromuscular Reference Center and Paediatric Neurology Department, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adèle D'Amico
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU de Liège, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Laurent Servais
- Division of Child Neurology, Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Liege & University of Liege, Belgium.,Muscular Dystrophy UK Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Room to improve: The diagnostic journey of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023; 42:42-46. [PMID: 36525883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To highlight the current diagnostic pathway for children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) in Ireland. We look to identify points along the diagnostic pathway that may impede a timely diagnosis, and argue that newborn screening for SMA is the single best measure to remediate these delays. METHODS Through retrospective chart review and an online questionnaire, we gathered SMA patient data outlining clinical characteristics and the route to diagnosis of the SMA cohort attending the National SMA Treatment centre at Children's Health Ireland. RESULTS We found that 32 children were diagnosed with SMA in Ireland in the 15-years from 2007 to 2021, with twelve cases of SMA type I. Muscle weakness is the most commonly reported initial sign, and the GP is usually the first health provider to address parental concerns. Patients commonly experience delays in diagnosis due to factors such as varied SMA clinical phenotypes, and a lack of experience or awareness of SMA amongst community based health care practitioners. In spite of this, when patients do gain early access to tertiary diagnostics through prenatal or neonatal genetic testing, they then report rapid diagnosis and initiation of disease modifying therapy in the crucial pre-symptomatic window. CONCLUSION We conclude that delays to diagnosis inherent within the current Irish system are pervasive and arise prior to engagement with tertiary services. All of these delays are remediable through the establishment of a dedicated SMA newborn screening programme.
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22
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Keller E, Chambers GM. Valuing infertility treatment: Why QALYs are inadequate, and an alternative approach to cost-effectiveness thresholds. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:1053719. [PMID: 36619344 PMCID: PMC9822722 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.1053719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Newborn genetic testing in the United States and access to needed specialist care, National Survey of Children's Health, 2020: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279352. [PMID: 36538557 PMCID: PMC9767346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn screening tests (NST) are important public health procedures with potential to improve quality of life, and decrease morbidity/mortality by identifying metabolic, genetic, enzymatic, and endocrinological diseases/conditions. In the United States (U.S.), Hawaii conducts the fewest NST (28) and Connecticut conducts the most (75). The purpose of this research is to determine if difficulty receiving specialty care for children with genetic diseases is associated with NST determination of the genetic condition. The research hypothesis is that parents/guardians of children with determination of genetic disease from NST are more likely to report no/slight difficulty accessing specialty care versus parents/guardians of children with genetic diseases whose determination was other than NST. This study has a cross-sectional design with National Survey of Children's Health, 2020 data. Data were analyzed for frequency, Rao Scott Chi square, and logistic regression analyses. Of 833 children with genetic diseases, most parents/guardians reported no/slight difficulty in receiving needed specialty care; however, children whose determination of a genetic condition was other than NST were 4.82 times as likely (95%CI: 1.66, 14.02; p = 0.0040) to have difficulty. In analysis adjusted for sex, race, age, premature birth, and birthweight, the adjusted odds ratio was 6.71 (95% CI:1.91, 23.60 p = 0.0031). Parents/guardians of children screened with a positive NST reported less difficulty in receiving needed specialist care as compared with reports of parents/guardians of children with genetic conditions who were diagnosed later. The implication is there would be greater population level benefits realized in the U.S. if NST were expanded in states conducting minimal testing.
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O'Shea R, Ma AS, Jamieson RV, Rankin NM. Precision medicine in Australia: now is the time to get it right. Med J Aust 2022; 217:559-563. [PMID: 36436133 PMCID: PMC10100177 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan S Ma
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.,Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW
| | - Robyn V Jamieson
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.,Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW
| | - Nicole M Rankin
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.,Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
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25
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Leon-Astudillo C, Byrne BJ, Salloum RG. Addressing the implementation gap in advanced therapeutics for spinal muscular atrophy in the era of newborn screening programs. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1064194. [PMID: 36578307 PMCID: PMC9790909 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1064194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic disease that results in progressive neuromuscular weakness. Without therapy, the most common form of the disease, type 1, typically results in death or chronic respiratory failure in the first 2 years of life. Thanks to the recent introduction of newborn screening programs and the discovery of three disease-modifying therapies in the last decade, the outcomes of children with SMA have dramatically improved. Patients are able to achieve many, if not all, of the typical neuromotor milestones, such as sitting, standing and walking, as well as safe oral intake. As the natural history of treated patients is continuously evolving, children with SMA continue to require complex and multidisciplinary care, posing implementation and sustainability challenges. Accordingly, there is a significant need for the application and evaluation of implementation science to address the steps involved in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with SMA, ensuring that all pertinent stakeholders and systems are working effectively to deliver timely and appropriate care. In this manuscript, we discuss the current challenges and gaps in the care for children with SMA, as well as how implementation science can advance this field. In addition, we provide an adapted implementation science framework that includes the main domains and subdomains involved in the care of patients with SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Leon-Astudillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Carmen Leon-Astudillo
| | - Barry J. Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ramzi G. Salloum
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Velikanova R, van der Schans S, Bischof M, van Olden RW, Postma M, Boersma C. Cost-Effectiveness of Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in The Netherlands. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:1696-1704. [PMID: 35963838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness and paralysis. In its most common and severe form, the majority of untreated infants die before 2 years of age. Early detection and treatment, ideally before symptom onset, maximize survival and achievement of age-appropriate motor milestones, with potentially substantial impact on health-related quality of life. Therefore, SMA is an ideal candidate for inclusion in newborn screening (NBS) programs. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of including SMA in the NBS program in The Netherlands. METHODS We developed a cost-utility model to estimate lifetime health effects and costs of NBS for SMA and subsequent treatment versus a treatment pathway without NBS (ie, diagnosis and treatment after presentation with overt symptoms). Model inputs were based on literature, local data, and expert opinion. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to assess model robustness and validity of results. RESULTS After detection of SMA by NBS in 17 patients, the number of quality-adjusted life-years gained per annual birth cohort was estimated at 320 with NBS followed by treatment compared with treatment after clinical SMA diagnosis. Total healthcare costs, including screening, diagnostics, treatment, and other healthcare resource use, were estimated to be €12 014 949 lower for patients identified by NBS. CONCLUSIONS NBS for early identification and treatment of SMA versus later symptomatic treatment after clinical diagnosis improves health outcomes and is less costly and, therefore, is a cost-effective use of resources. Results were robust in sensitivity and scenario analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimma Velikanova
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Asc Academics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Maarten Postma
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Health-Ecore, Zeist, The Netherlands; Department of Economics, Econometrics & Finance, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Boersma
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Health-Ecore, Zeist, The Netherlands; Department of Management Sciences, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
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shen L, Ding J. Serological Characteristics, Etiological Analysis, and Treatment Prognosis of Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism. Emerg Med Int 2022; 2022:8005848. [PMID: 36204333 PMCID: PMC9532153 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study is to analyze the serological features, etiology, and prognosis of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) treated with L-thyroxine sodium (L-T4). Methods A total of 126 CH children in our hospital from June 2015 to January 2020 were selected as the research objects, and L-T4 treatment was given immediately after diagnosis. After diagnosis and 24 months of treatment, laboratory serum thyroid function-related indicators were examined, and thyroid changes were determined by ultrasound. We compared serum thyroxine levels in children with different thyroid changes, compared serum thyroid hormone levels, serum ghrelin levels, and body mass index (BMI) changes in children with CH before treatment and after 24 months of treatment, and analyzed the prognosis of treatment in children. In terms of thyroid changes in 126 CH children, 32 cases (25.40%) had a normal thyroid gland, 16 cases (12.70%) had a hypoplastic thyroid gland, 40 cases (31.75%) had an ectopic thyroid gland, 28 cases (22.22%) had an absent thyroid gland, and 10 cases (7.93%) had an enlarged thyroid gland, with an ectopic thyroid gland being the most common. In terms of serological expression of CH children, the TSH level in children with thyroid dysplasia was significantly higher than that in children with basic normal and T3 and T4 levels were significantly lower than those in children with basic normal (P < 0.05). At the same time, the TSH level in children with thyroid absence, ectopic, and enlargement was increased, while thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) levels were decreased compared with those in children with thyroid dysplasia. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in birth weight, week of gestation at delivery, maternal age at childbirth, household registration, and a family history of thyroid disease compared between the two groups (P < 0.05); multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that birth weight <2,500 g, maternal age >35 years, rural residence, and a family history of thyroid disease were risk factors for neonatal CH (P < 0.05). Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, serum ghrelin levels, and the body mass index of children with CH decreased significantly, and T4 levels increased significantly after 24 months of treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion Screening for common causes of CH is conducive to timely detection of children with CH, and L-T4 treatment can effectively improve thyroid function in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin shen
- Department of Paediatrics, Zhuji Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhuji, Zhejiang Province 311800, China
| | - Jingchao Ding
- Department of Paediatrics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, China
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Abstract
Onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma®) is a gene therapy approved for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Administered as a one-time intravenous infusion, onasemnogene abeparvovec uses the adeno-associated virus vector to deliver a functional copy of the human survival motor neuron (SMN) gene to motor neuron cells. SMN1 encodes survival motor neuron protein, which is responsible for the maintenance and function of motor neurons. In clinical trials, onasemnogene abeparvovec improved event-free survival, motor function and motor milestone outcomes in patients with SMA, with these improvements maintained over the longer term (up to a median of ≈ 5 years). Onasemnogene abeparvovec was also associated with rapid age-appropriate achievement of motor milestones and improvements in motor function in children with pre-symptomatic SMA, indicating the benefit of early treatment. Onasemnogene abeparvovec was generally well tolerated. Hepatotoxicity is a known risk that can generally be mitigated with prophylactic prednisolone. In conclusion, onasemnogene abeparvovec represents an important treatment option for patients with SMA, particularly when initiated early in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Blair
- Springer Nature, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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Woolfenden S, Farrar MA, Eapen V, Masi A, Wakefield CE, Badawi N, Novak I, Nassar N, Lingam R, Dale RC. Delivering paediatric precision medicine: Genomic and environmental considerations along the causal pathway of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:1077-1084. [PMID: 35661141 PMCID: PMC9545914 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Precision medicine refers to treatments that are targeted to an individual's unique characteristics. Precision medicine for neurodevelopmental disorders (such as cerebral palsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder) in children has predominantly focused on advances in genomic sequencing technologies to increase our ability to identify single gene mutations, diagnose a multitude of rare neurodevelopmental disorders, and gain insights into pathogenesis. Although targeting specific gene variants with high penetrance will help some children with rare disease, this approach will not help most children with neurodevelopmental disorders. A 'pathway' driven approach targeting the cumulative influence of psychosocial, epigenetic, or cellular factors is likely to be more effective. To optimize the therapeutic potential of precision medicine, we present a biopsychosocial integrated framework to examine the 'gene-environment neuroscience interaction'. Such an approach would be supported through harnessing the power of big data, transdiagnostic assessment, impact and implementation evaluation, and a bench-to-bedside scientific discovery agenda with ongoing clinician and patient engagement. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Precision medicine has predominantly focused on genetic risk factors. The impact of environmental risk factors, particularly inflammatory, metabolic, and psychosocial risks, is understudied. A holistic biopsychosocial model of neurodevelopmental disorder causal pathways is presented. The model will provide precision medicine across the full spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Woolfenden
- Discipline of PaediatricsSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydney
- Sydney Institute of Women, Children and their Families, Sydney Local Health DistrictSydney
| | - Michelle A. Farrar
- Discipline of PaediatricsSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydney
- Department of NeurologySydney Children's Hospitals NetworkSydney
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, UNSW SydneySydney
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry South West Sydney (AUCS)SWSLHD & Ingham InstituteSydney
| | - Anne Masi
- School of Psychiatry, UNSW SydneySydney
| | - Claire E. Wakefield
- Discipline of PaediatricsSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydney
- Behavioural Sciences UnitKids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's HospitalSydney
| | - Nadia Badawi
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Specialty of Child & Adolescent HealthThe University of SydneySydney
- Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydney
- The Grace Centre for Newborn Intensive CareThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydney
| | - Iona Novak
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Specialty of Child & Adolescent HealthThe University of SydneySydney
- Faculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Natasha Nassar
- Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydney
| | - Raghu Lingam
- Discipline of PaediatricsSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydney
| | - Russell C. Dale
- Department of NeurologySydney Children's Hospitals NetworkSydney
- Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydney
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30
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Sawada T, Kido J, Sugawara K, Yoshida S, Ozasa S, Nomura K, Okada K, Fujiyama N, Nakamura K. Newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy in Japan: One year of experience. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 32:100908. [PMID: 35942129 PMCID: PMC9356196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a degenerative neuromuscular disease that causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy due to loss of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. Although effective treatments, such as gene therapy, have emerged in recent years, their therapeutic efficacy depends on a restricted time window of treatment initiation. For the treatment to be effective, it must be started before symptoms of the disease emerge. For this purpose, newborn screening (NBS) for SMA is conducted in many countries worldwide. The NBS program for SMA has been initiated in Japan in several regions, including the Kumamoto Prefecture. We started the NBS program in February 2021 and detected a patient with SMA after screening 13,587 newborns in the first year. Herein, we report our experience with the NBS program for SMA and discuss an issue to be approached in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Sawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Kido
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keishin Sugawara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Shiro Ozasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Nomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Natsumi Fujiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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31
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Vázquez-Costa JF, Martínez-Moreno M, Madruga-Garrido M, Munell F, Nascimento A, Pitarch Castellano I, Pascual Pascual SI, Povedano M, Cattinari MG. Treatment of spinal muscular atrophy patients among European countries: a call into action. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:3475-3477. [PMID: 35971869 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Vázquez-Costa
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, IIS La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain.,Medicine Department, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Martínez-Moreno
- Children Rehabilitation Unit. Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Society of Children Rehabilitation, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francina Munell
- Children Neuromuscular Diseases Unit. Pediatrics. Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain.,Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Pitarch Castellano
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, IIS La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | | | - Mónica Povedano
- Motor Neuron Functional Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Motyl AAL, Gillingwater TH. Timing is everything: Clinical evidence supports pre-symptomatic treatment for spinal muscular atrophy. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100725. [PMID: 35977471 PMCID: PMC9418840 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two new studies by Strauss et al. demonstrated safe and effective pre-symptomatic delivery of gene therapy in children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).1,2 These results highlight the importance of newborn screening programs and early therapy delivery for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A L Motyl
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Modelling the Cost-Effectiveness and Budget Impact of a Newborn Screening Program for Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Int J Neonatal Screen 2022; 8:ijns8030045. [PMID: 35892475 PMCID: PMC9326684 DOI: 10.3390/ijns8030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) are rare, inherited genetic disorders with severe mortality and morbidity. The benefits of early diagnosis and initiation of treatment are now increasingly recognized, with the most benefits in patients treated prior to symptom onset. The aim of the economic evaluation was to investigate the costs and outcomes associated with the introduction of universal newborn screening (NBS) for SCID and SMA, by generating measures of cost-effectiveness and budget impact. A stepwise approach to the cost-effectiveness analyses by decision analytical models nested with Markov simulations for SMA and SCID were conducted from the government perspective. Over a 60-year time horizon, screening every newborn in the population and treating diagnosed SCID by early hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and SMA by gene therapy, would result in 95 QALYs gained per 100,000 newborns, and result in cost savings of USD 8.6 million. Sensitivity analysis indicates 97% of simulated results are considered cost-effective against commonly used willingness-to-pay thresholds. The introduction of combined NBS for SCID and SMA is good value for money from the long-term clinical and economic perspectives, representing a cost saving to governments in the long-term, as well as improving and saving lives.
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34
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Onasemnogene abeparvovec for presymptomatic infants with two copies of SMN2 at risk for spinal muscular atrophy type 1: the Phase III SPR1NT trial. Nat Med 2022; 28:1381-1389. [PMID: 35715566 PMCID: PMC9205281 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SPR1NT ( NCT03505099 ) was a Phase III, multicenter, single-arm study to investigate the efficacy and safety of onasemnogene abeparvovec for presymptomatic children with biallelic SMN1 mutations treated at ≤6 weeks of life. Here, we report final results for 14 children with two copies of SMN2, expected to develop spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 1. Efficacy was compared with a matched Pediatric Neuromuscular Clinical Research natural-history cohort (n = 23). All 14 enrolled infants sat independently for ≥30 seconds at any visit ≤18 months (Bayley-III item #26; P < 0.001; 11 within the normal developmental window). All survived without permanent ventilation at 14 months as per protocol; 13 maintained body weight (≥3rd WHO percentile) through 18 months. No child used nutritional or respiratory support. No serious adverse events were considered related to treatment by the investigator. Onasemnogene abeparvovec was effective and well-tolerated for children expected to develop SMA type 1, highlighting the urgency for universal newborn screening.
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35
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Carey KA, Farrar MA, Kasparian NA, Street DJ, De Abreu Lourenco R. Family, healthcare professional, and societal preferences for the treatment of infantile spinal muscular atrophy: A discrete choice experiment. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:753-761. [PMID: 34962299 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To understand the factors that most influence decision-making in the treatment of infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHOD A discrete choice experiment was conducted among parents of people with SMA (parents), healthcare professionals (HCPs), and members of the Australian general population (GenPop). Respondents were asked to accept/reject treatment for an infant newly diagnosed with SMA in eight hypothetical scenarios, characterized by different combinations of the attributes of the treatment offered. The results were analyzed using probability analysis. RESULTS Completed responses were provided from 1113 individuals (1024 GenPop, 21 parents, 68 HCPs). Respondents were more likely to accept treatments that improved functioning and mobility. Treatments with higher costs, invasive delivery, and risks of adverse events were accepted less often. Cost most affected treatment choices by HCPs and GenPop, while change in mobility and mode of administration were most influential for parents. INTERPRETATION These results highlight the importance of understanding value for money and clinical impact in affecting treatment choice, which are crucial for effective planning of healthcare and the successful implementation of treatment programmes for SMA. What this paper adds Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) treatments with a higher chance of improving functioning and mobility are preferred by the general population, parents, and healthcare professionals. Treatments with higher costs, invasive delivery, and risk of adverse events are less preferred. Willingness to pay for SMA treatments increases with impact on functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Carey
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle A Farrar
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadine A Kasparian
- Cincinnati Children's Center for Heart Disease and Mental Health, Heart Institute and the Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Deborah J Street
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard De Abreu Lourenco
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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36
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Ryan MM. Gene therapy for neuromuscular disorders: prospects and ethics. Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:421-426. [PMID: 34462265 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Most childhood neuromuscular disorders are caused by mutations causing abnormal expression or regulation of single genes or genetic pathways. The potential for gene therapy, gene editing and genetic therapies to ameliorate the course of these conditions is extraordinarily exciting, but there are significant challenges associated with their use, particularly with respect to safety, efficacy, cost and equity. Engagement with these novel technologies mandates careful assessment of the benefits and burdens of treatment for the patient, their family and their society. The examples provided by spinal muscular atrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy illustrate the potential value and challenges of gene and genetic therapies for paediatric neurological conditions. The cost and complexity of administration of these agents is a challenge for all countries. Jurisdictional variations in availability of newborn screening, genetic diagnostics, drug approval and reimbursement pathways, treatment and rehabilitation will affect equity of access, nationally and internationally. These challenges will best be addressed by collaboration by governments, pharma, clinicians and patient groups to establish frameworks for safe and cost-effective use of these exciting new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M Ryan
- Children's Neurosciences Centre, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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37
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D'Silva AM, Kariyawasam DST, Best S, Wiley V, Farrar MA. Integrating newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy into health care systems: an Australian pilot programme. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:625-632. [PMID: 34839535 PMCID: PMC9299803 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study dynamically designed, evaluated, and implemented the components of an Australian newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) pilot programme for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHOD We used an implementation-effectiveness study design and continuous interdisciplinary review to measure SMA NBS test protocol performance, identify and overcome laboratory and clinical barriers to implementation, and describe progress during the 2-year pilot study. RESULTS The NBS programme screened 252 081 newborn infants from 1st August 2018 to 31st January 2021. Using an NBS pilot test protocol, 21 infants were diagnostically confirmed with SMA. The NBS pilot test protocol had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity greater than 99.9%, false-positive rate less than 0.001%, a false-negative rate of 0%, and positive predictive value of 95.5%. A severe phenotype was predicted on the basis of two copies of SMN2 in 57.2% of newborn infants screening positive for SMA. Clinical signs consistent with SMA were evident in 6 out of 21 screen-positive newborn infants within the first 4 weeks of life. A multidisciplinary team establishing strong partnerships across clinical and laboratory staff was key to implementation. INTERPRETATION This pilot programme suggests that NBS is essential for early identification of newborn infants at risk of SMA and can be effectively translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M D'Silva
- Department of NeurologySydney Children’s Hospital NetworkSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Women’s and Children’s HealthUniversity of New South Wales Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Didu S T Kariyawasam
- Department of NeurologySydney Children’s Hospital NetworkSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Women’s and Children’s HealthUniversity of New South Wales Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Stephanie Best
- Australian Institute of Health InnovationMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Australian GenomicsMurdoch Children’s Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Veronica Wiley
- NSW Newborn Screening ProgrammeChildren’s Hospital WestmeadWestmeadNew South WalesAustralia,Discipline of Child and Adolescent HealthSydney Medical SchoolFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Michelle A Farrar
- Department of NeurologySydney Children’s Hospital NetworkSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Women’s and Children’s HealthUniversity of New South Wales Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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38
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McMillan HJ, Proud CM, Farrar MA, Alexander IE, Muntoni F, Servais L. Onasemnogene abeparvovec for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1075-1090. [PMID: 35437095 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2066471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) represents a significant milestone in the treatment of neurologic diseases. SMA is a neurodegenerative disease that results in motor neuron loss because of mutations of the survival motor neuron 1 gene, which directs survival motor neuron (SMN) protein production. Onasemnogene abeparvovec, a one-time gene replacement therapy, delivers a functional transgene to restore SMN protein expression. Onasemnogene abeparvovec has demonstrated improved survival and motor milestone achievements for presymptomatic infants and patients with SMA type 1. AREAS COVERED This expert review describes the current state of gene therapy for SMA, reviews the mechanism of and clinical experience with onasemnogene abeparvovec, explains future efforts to expand applications of gene therapy for SMA, and provides context for developing gene therapy for other conditions. EXPERT OPINION Onasemnogene abeparvovec has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials and, because of this, is a valuable treatment option for patients with symptomatic infantile SMA and those identified by newborn screening. Gene therapy is still in its infancy, and challenges and uncertainties associated with transgene delivery must be addressed. With ongoing development of vector technology, more specific tissue tropism, reduced "off-target" effects, and an enhanced safety profile will continue to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh J McMillan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Crystal M Proud
- Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Michelle A Farrar
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney.,Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, & Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, UK
| | - Laurent Servais
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège & Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.,MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Nguyen CQ, Alba-Concepcion K, Palmer EE, Scully JL, Millis N, Farrar MA. The involvement of rare disease patient organisations in therapeutic innovation across rare paediatric neurological conditions: a narrative review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:167. [PMID: 35436886 PMCID: PMC9014615 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The patient voice is becoming increasingly prominent across all stages of therapeutic innovation. It pervades research domains from funding and recruitment, to translation, care, and support. Advances in genomic technologies have facilitated novel breakthrough therapies, whose global developments, regulatory approvals, and confined governmental subsidisations have stimulated renewed hope amongst rare disease patient organisations (RDPOs). With intensifying optimism characterising the therapeutic landscape, researcher-advocate partnerships have reached an inflexion point, at which stakeholders may evaluate their achievements and formulate frameworks for future refinement.
Main text
Through this narrative review, we surveyed relevant literature around the roles of RDPOs catering to the rare paediatric neurological disease community. Via available literature, we considered RDPO interactions within seven domains of therapeutic development: research grant funding, industry sponsorship, study recruitment, clinical care and support, patient-reported outcome measures, and research prioritisation. In doing so, we explored practical and ethical challenges, gaps in understanding, and future directions of inquiry. Current literature highlights the increasing significance of ethical and financial challenges to patient advocacy. Biomedical venture philanthropy is gaining momentum amongst RDPOs, whose small grants can incrementally assist laboratories in research, training, and pursuits of more substantial grants. However, RDPO seed funding may encounter long-term sustainability issues and difficulties in selecting appropriate research investments. Further challenges include advocate-industry collaborations, commercial biases, and unresolved controversies regarding orphan drug subsidisation. Beyond their financial interactions, RDPOs serve instrumental roles in project promotion, participant recruitment, biobank creation, and patient registry establishment. They are communication conduits between carers, patients, and other stakeholders, but their contributions may be susceptible to bias and unrealistic expectations.
Conclusion
Further insights into how RDPOs navigate practical and ethical challenges in therapeutic development may enhance cooperative efforts. They may also inform resources, whose distribution among advocates, parents, and clinicians, may assist decision-making processes around rare disease clinical trials and treatments.
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40
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Gillingwater TH. Maximising returns: combining newborn screening with gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:1252. [PMID: 34321342 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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