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Maltman N, Sterling A, Santos E, Hagerman R. Language use predicts symptoms of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome in men and women with the FMR1 premutation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20707. [PMID: 39237554 PMCID: PMC11377817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder caused by a premutation of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. Despite the pervasive physical and cognitive effects of FXTAS, no studies have examined language in symptomatic males and females, limiting utility as an outcome measure in clinical trials of FXTAS. The goal of this work is to determine (a) the extent to which male and female FMR1 premutation carriers with FXTAS symptoms differ in their language use and (b) whether language production predicts FXTAS symptoms. Thirty-one individuals with the FMR1 premutation (21M, 10F), ages 58-85 years with some symptoms of FXTAS, were recruited from a larger cross-sectional study. Participants completed a five-minute monologic language sample. Language transcripts were assessed for rate of dysfluencies, lexical-semantics, syntax, and speech rate. Multivariable linear and ordinal regressions were used to predict FXTAS-associated symptoms, cognitive functioning, and executive functioning. Males and females did not differ in their language use. Language production predicted FXTAS symptom severity, cognitive functioning, and executive functioning. Language production difficulties may co-occur with FXTAS-associated symptoms and may be a viable outcome measure in future clinical trials, with future research needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell Maltman
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, 1131 2nd St , Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Audra Sterling
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ellery Santos
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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2
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Satoer D, Koudstaal PJ, Visch-Brink E, van der Giessen RS. Cerebellar-Induced Aphasia After Stroke: Evidence for the "Linguistic Cerebellum". CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:1457-1465. [PMID: 38244134 PMCID: PMC11269354 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum is traditionally known to subserve motor functions. However, for several decades, the concept of the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" has evolved. Studies in healthy participants and patients have confirmed the cerebellar role in language. The exact involvement of the cerebellum regarding cerebellar aphasia remains uncertain. We included 43 cerebellar stroke patients who were tested at 3 months post-onset with the Boston Naming Test (BNT), the Token Test (TT), and the Diagnostic Instrument for Mild Aphasia (DIMA). Lesion side (left/right) and volume (cm3) were investigated. Patients significantly deviated on the following: BNT (p<0.001), TT (p<0.05), DIMA subtests: sentences repetition (p=0.001), semantic odd-picture-out (p<0.05), sentence completion (p<0.05) without an effect of lesion location (left/right) or volume (cm3) (p>0.05). Our clinical study confirms a non-lateralized cerebellar aphasia post-stroke, characterized by impairments in word retrieval, phonology, semantics, and syntax resembling cerebral-induced aphasia. The integral cerebellum appears to interact with eloquent cortico-subcortical language areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djaina Satoer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, room Na-2106, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evy Visch-Brink
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, room Na-2106, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Selvadurai LP, Perlman SL, Ashizawa T, Wilmot GR, Onyike CU, Rosenthal LS, Shakkottai VG, Paulson HL, Subramony SH, Bushara KO, Kuo SH, Dietiker C, Geschwind MD, Nelson AB, Gomez CM, Opal P, Zesiewicz TA, Hawkins T, Yacoubian TA, Nopoulos PC, Sha SJ, Morrison PE, Figueroa KP, Pulst SM, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome Scale in Spinocerebellar Ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:1411-1425. [PMID: 38165578 PMCID: PMC11217149 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome (CCAS) manifests as impaired executive control, linguistic processing, visual spatial function, and affect regulation. The CCAS has been described in the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), but its prevalence is unknown. We analyzed results of the CCAS/Schmahmann Scale (CCAS-S), developed to detect and quantify CCAS, in two natural history studies of 309 individuals Symptomatic for SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, or SCA8, 26 individuals Pre-symptomatic for SCA1 or SCA3, and 37 Controls. We compared total raw scores, domain scores, and total fail scores between Symptomatic, Pre-symptomatic, and Control cohorts, and between SCA types. We calculated scale sensitivity and selectivity based on CCAS category designation among Symptomatic individuals and Controls, and correlated CCAS-S performance against age and education, and in Symptomatic patients, against genetic repeat length, onset age, disease duration, motor ataxia, depression, and fatigue. Definite CCAS was identified in 46% of the Symptomatic group. False positive rate among Controls was 5.4%. Symptomatic individuals had poorer global CCAS-S performance than Controls, accounting for age and education. The domains of semantic fluency, phonemic fluency, and category switching that tap executive function and linguistic processing consistently separated Symptomatic individuals from Controls. CCAS-S scores correlated most closely with motor ataxia. Controls were similar to Pre-symptomatic individuals whose nearness to symptom onset was unknown. The use of the CCAS-S identifies a high CCAS prevalence in a large cohort of SCA patients, underscoring the utility of the scale and the notion that the CCAS is the third cornerstone of clinical ataxiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa P Selvadurai
- Department of Neurology, Ataxia Center, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Susan L Perlman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George R Wilmot
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chiadi U Onyike
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vikram G Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sub H Subramony
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Khalaf O Bushara
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cameron Dietiker
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Puneet Opal
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theresa A Zesiewicz
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida Ataxia Research Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trevor Hawkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Talene A Yacoubian
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Peggy C Nopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sharon J Sha
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter E Morrison
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karla P Figueroa
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Ataxia Center, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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4
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van der Giessen RS, Satoer D, Koudstaal PJ. The CODECS study: COgnitive DEficits in Cerebellar Stroke. Brain Cogn 2023; 173:106102. [PMID: 37922627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Part of the extra-pyramidal system, the cerebellum is more and more recognized by its non-motor functions known as the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Several studies have identified disturbances specifically in executive and attentional functions after focal cerebellar lesions. However, most studies were performed in small and heterogeneous patient groups. Furthermore, there is a substantial variation in the methodology of assessment. Here, we present the results of a large and homogeneous cohort of patients with isolated uniform cerebellar lesions. After three months post-stroke all patients underwent structural neuroimaging to confirm an isolated lesion and were given neuropsychological testing. The results show that cerebellar lesions relate to mild but long-term cognitive impairment in a broad spectrum of neurocognitive functions compared to normative values. These findings confirm involvement of the cerebellum in cognitive processing and supports the theory of 'dysmetria of thought' based upon uniform cerebellar processing in multiple cognitive domains. This study highlights the following results: 1-Cognitive impairments after isolated cerebellar stroke is confirmed in several cognitive domains. 2-Semantic and phonemic fluency are most affected in cerebellar stroke patients. 3-Verbal deficits show an age-independent long term effect post-stroke and should be studied further in depth. 4-Cognitive disorders after cerebellar stroke are more prominent in women than men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Djaina Satoer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Torres K, Singleton M. Analyses of correct responses and errors on measures of verbal fluency among Parkinson's disease and essential tremor patients. Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:1479-1497. [PMID: 36550679 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2157885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) involve neuroanatomical circuitry that impact frontal lobe functioning, via the striatum and cerebellum, respectively. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate quantitative and qualitative performance between and within these groups on measures of verbal fluency. Method: Sixty-three PD and 53 ET patients completed neuropsychological testing. Linear regression models with robust variance estimation compared verbal fluency performance between groups related to correct responses and errors. Paired t-tests investigated within group error rates. Results: PD patients gave more correct responses for phonological (β ̂ =5.3, p=.01) and category fluency (β ̂ =4.1, p=.01) than ET patients; however, when processing speed was added as a covariate, this attenuated performance on both measures and only phonological fluency remained significant (β ̂ =4.0, p=.04). There were no statistical differences in error scores between groups. Error rates within groups suggested that PD patients had higher error rates in total errors and perseveration errors on phonological fluency (M = 2.6, p=.00; M = 1.6, p=.00) and higher total errors and set-loss error rates on category switching (M = 5.1, p<.001; M = 4.1, p<.001). ET patients had higher error rate with relation to total errors and set-loss errors on phonological fluency (M = 2.5, p=.00; M = 1.5, p=.02) and category switching (M = 3.9, p=,00; M = 3.9, p<.001). Conclusions: PD patients performed better than ET patients on phonological fluency. PD patients appear to make more perseveration errors on phonological fluency, while ET patients made more set-loss errors. Implications for frontal lobe dysfunction and clinical impact are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Torres
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Singleton
- Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Li Y, Yang J, Evans K, Wong JBW, Dissanayaka NN, Vogel AP. Optimising verbal fluency analysis in neurological patients with dysarthria: examples from Parkinson's disease and hereditary ataxia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:452-463. [PMID: 37656122 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2249172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verbal fluency tests (VFTs) are widely used to assess cognitive-linguistic performance in neurological diseases. However, the influence of dysarthria on performance in tests requiring oral responses is unclear in ataxia and Parkinson's disease. OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of dysarthria on VFT performance and evaluate the validity and reliability of alternative methods for analyzing VFT data. METHOD Trained raters evaluated dysarthria using VFT recordings in people with ataxia (N = 61) or Parkinson's disease (PD; N = 69). Total Correct Items scores and qualitative parameters (intrusions, ambiguous verbalizations, perseverations, and interjections) were compared across semantic, phonemic, and alternating fluency tasks. Disease severity was considered as a covariate in the regression model. RESULTS VFT dysarthria ratings correlated with the benchmark (ground truth) dysarthria scores derived from a monologue. Ambiguous responses resulting from unclear speech impeded the rater's ability to determine if a response was correct. Regression analysis indicated that more severe dysarthria ratings predicted diminished scores in all three tasks (semantic fluency, phonemic fluency and alternating fluency) in the ataxia group. The contribution of disease severity to semantic, phonemic and alternating fluency was reduced substantially in the ataxia group after accounting for dysarthria severity in the model in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Dysarthria severity can be estimated based on speech samples derived from VFT. Dysarthria can lead to lower total correct items and is associated with more ambiguous verbalizations in VFT. Dysarthria severity should be considered when interpreting VFT performance in common movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Centre for Neuroscience of Speech, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Redenlab, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jihyun Yang
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Herston QLD, Australia
| | - Kristine Evans
- Centre for Neuroscience of Speech, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Nadeeka N Dissanayaka
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Herston QLD, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam P Vogel
- Centre for Neuroscience of Speech, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Redenlab, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany & Center for Neurology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Cundari M, Vestberg S, Gustafsson P, Gorcenco S, Rasmussen A. Neurocognitive and cerebellar function in ADHD, autism and spinocerebellar ataxia. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1168666. [PMID: 37415926 PMCID: PMC10321758 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1168666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a major role in balance, motor control and sensorimotor integration, but also in cognition, language, and emotional regulation. Several neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as neurological diseases such as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) are associated with differences in cerebellar function. Morphological abnormalities in different cerebellar subregions produce distinct behavioral symptoms related to the functional disruption of specific cerebro-cerebellar circuits. The specific contribution of the cerebellum to typical development may therefore involve the optimization of the structure and function of cerebro-cerebellar circuits underlying skill acquisition in multiple domains. Here, we review cerebellar structural and functional differences between healthy and patients with ADHD, ASD, and SCA3, and explore how disruption of cerebellar networks affects the neurocognitive functions in these conditions. We discuss how cerebellar computations contribute to performance on cognitive and motor tasks and how cerebellar signals are interfaced with signals from other brain regions during normal and dysfunctional behavior. We conclude that the cerebellum plays a role in many cognitive functions. Still, more clinical studies with the support of neuroimaging are needed to clarify the cerebellum's role in normal and dysfunctional behavior and cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cundari
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Unit of Neuropsychiatry, Hospital of Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
- Unit of Neurology, Hospital of Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Vestberg
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peik Gustafsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sorina Gorcenco
- Department for Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Rasmussen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Pellegrino M, Ben-Soussan TD, Paoletti P. A Scoping Review on Movement, Neurobiology and Functional Deficits in Dyslexia: Suggestions for a Three-Fold Integrated Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3315. [PMID: 36834011 PMCID: PMC9966639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a common complex neurodevelopmental disorder. Many theories and models tried to explain its symptomatology and find ways to improve poor reading abilities. The aim of this scoping review is to summarize current findings and several approaches and theories, focusing on the interconnectedness between motion, emotion and cognition and their connection to dyslexia. Consequently, we present first a brief overview of the main theories and models regarding dyslexia and its proposed neural correlates, with a particular focus on cerebellar regions and their involvement in this disorder. After examining different types of intervention programs and remedial training, we highlight the effects of a specific structured sensorimotor intervention named Quadrato Motor Training (QMT). QMT utilizes several cognitive and motor functions known to be relevant in developmental dyslexia. We introduce its potential beneficial effects on reading skills, including working memory, coordination and attention. We sum its effects ranging from behavioral to functional, structural and neuroplastic, especially in relation to dyslexia. We report several recent studies that employed this training technique with dyslexic participants, discussing the specific features that distinguish it from other training within the specific framework of the Sphere Model of Consciousness. Finally, we advocate for a new perspective on developmental dyslexia integrating motion, emotion and cognition to fully encompass this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pellegrino
- Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation for Development and Communication, 06081 Assisi, Italy
| | - Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan
- Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation for Development and Communication, 06081 Assisi, Italy
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9
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Siciliano L, Olivito G, Lupo M, Urbini N, Gragnani A, Saettoni M, Delle Chiaie R, Leggio M. The role of the cerebellum in sequencing and predicting social and non-social events in patients with bipolar disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1095157. [PMID: 36874211 PMCID: PMC9974833 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1095157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Advances in the operational mode of the cerebellum indicate a role in sequencing and predicting non-social and social events, crucial for individuals to optimize high-order functions, such as Theory of Mind (ToM). ToM deficits have been described in patients with remitted bipolar disorders (BD). The literature on BD patients' pathophysiology reports cerebellar alterations; however, sequential abilities have never been investigated and no study has previously focused on prediction abilities, which are needed to properly interpret events and to adapt to changes. Methods To address this gap, we compared the performance of BD patients in the euthymic phase with healthy controls using two tests that require predictive processing: a ToM test that require implicit sequential processing and a test that explicitly assesses sequential abilities in non-ToM functions. Additionally, patterns of cerebellar gray matter (GM) alterations were compared between BD patients and controls using voxel-based morphometry. Results Impaired ToM and sequential skills were detected in BD patients, specifically when tasks required a greater predictive load. Behavioral performances might be consistent with patterns of GM reduction in cerebellar lobules Crus I-II, which are involved in advanced human functions. Discussion These results highlight the importance of deepening the cerebellar role in sequential and prediction abilities in patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libera Siciliano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy Olivito
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Lupo
- Servizio di Tutela della Salute Mentale e Riabilitazione dell'Età Evolutiva ASL, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Urbini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gragnani
- Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, Grosseto, Italy.,Associazione Psicologia Cognitiva (APC)/Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva (SPC), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Saettoni
- Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, Grosseto, Italy.,Unità Funzionale Salute Mentale Adulti ASL Toscana Nord-Ovest Valle del Serchio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Delle Chiaie
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health-Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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10
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Yap KH, Abdul Manan H, Yahya N, Azmin S, Mohamed Mukari SA, Mohamed Ibrahim N. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Clinical Correlation in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:859651. [PMID: 35757531 PMCID: PMC9226753 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.859651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a complex cerebrocerebellar disease primarily characterized by ataxia symptoms alongside motor and cognitive impairments. The heterogeneous clinical presentation of SCA3 necessitates correlations between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical findings in reflecting progressive disease changes. At present, an attempt to systematically examine the brain-behavior relationship in SCA3, specifically, the correlation between MRI and clinical findings, is lacking. Objective We investigated the association strength between MRI abnormality and each clinical symptom to understand the brain-behavior relationship in SCA3. Methods We conducted a systematic review on Medline and Scopus to review studies evaluating the brain MRI profile of SCA3 using structural MRI (volumetric, voxel-based morphometry, surface analysis), magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging, including their correlations with clinical outcomes. Results Of 1,767 articles identified, 29 articles met the eligibility criteria. According to the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for case-control studies, all articles were of excellent quality. This systematic review found that SCA3 neuropathology contributes to widespread brain degeneration, affecting the cerebellum and brainstem. The disease gradually impedes the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia in the late stages of SCA3. Most findings reported moderate correlations (r = 0.30–0.49) between MRI features in several regions and clinical findings. Regardless of the MRI techniques, most studies focused on the brainstem and cerebellum. Conclusions Clinical findings suggest that rather than individual brain regions, the connectivity between different brain regions in distributed networks (i.e., cerebellar-cerebral network) may be responsible for motor and neurocognitive function in SCA3. This review highlights the importance of evaluating the progressive changes of the cerebellar-cerebral networks in SCA3 patients, specifically the functional connectivity. Given the relative lack of knowledge about functional connectivity on SCA3, future studies should investigate possible functional connectivity abnormalities in SCA3 using fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Hui Yap
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanani Abdul Manan
- Makmal Pemprosesan Imej Kefungsian, Department of Radiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Radiology and Intervency, Hospital Pakar Kanan-Kanak, Children Specialist Hospital, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorazrul Yahya
- School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Azmin
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahizon Azura Mohamed Mukari
- Makmal Pemprosesan Imej Kefungsian, Department of Radiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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De Benedictis A, Rossi-Espagnet MC, de Palma L, Carai A, Marras CE. Networking of the Human Cerebellum: From Anatomo-Functional Development to Neurosurgical Implications. Front Neurol 2022; 13:806298. [PMID: 35185765 PMCID: PMC8854219 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.806298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, the cerebellum was considered to be substantially involved in sensory-motor coordination. However, a growing number of neuroanatomical, neuroimaging, clinical and lesion studies have now provided converging evidence on the implication of the cerebellum in a variety of cognitive, affective, social, and behavioral processes as well. These findings suggest a complex anatomo-functional organization of the cerebellum, involving a dense network of cortical territories and reciprocal connections with many supra-tentorial association areas. The final architecture of cerebellar networks results from a complex, highly protracted, and continuous development from childhood to adulthood, leading to integration between short-distance connections and long-range extra-cerebellar circuits. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the anatomo-functional organization of the cerebellar connectome. We will focus on the maturation process of afferent and efferent neuronal circuitry, and the involvement of these networks in different aspects of neurocognitive processing. The final section will be devoted to identifying possible implications of this knowledge in neurosurgical practice, especially in the case of posterior fossa tumor resection, and to discuss reliable strategies to improve the quality of approaches while reducing postsurgical morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro De Benedictis
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Rossi-Espagnet
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca de Palma
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Efisio Marras
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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12
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Mendez MF. The neurologist who could not stop rhyming and rapping. Neurocase 2022; 28:77-83. [PMID: 35067191 PMCID: PMC9064902 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2022.2027455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
.A neurologist, at age 55, developed an irrepressible urge to rhyme after a series of strokes and seizures. His strokes included right posterior cerebellar and right thalamic infarctions, and his subsequent focal-onset seizures emanated from the left frontotemporal region. On recovery, he described the emergence of an irresistible urge to rhyme, even in thought and daily speech. His pronounced focus on rhyming led him to actively participate in freestyle rap and improvisation. This patient's rhyming and rapping may have been initially facilitated by epileptiform activation of word sound associations but perpetuated as compensation for impaired cerebellar effects on timed anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA); Neurology Service, Neurobehavior Unit, V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Cipolotti L, Xu T, Harry B, Mole J, Lakey G, Shallice T, Chan E, Nachev P. Multi-model mapping of phonemic fluency. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab232. [PMID: 34693285 PMCID: PMC8530259 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The voluntary generation of non-overlearned responses is usually assessed with phonemic fluency. Like most frontal tasks, it draws upon different complex processes and systems whose precise nature is still incompletely understood. Many claimed aspects regarding the pattern of phonemic fluency performance and its underlying anatomy remain controversial. Major limitations of past investigations include small sample size, scant analysis of phonemic output and methodologically insufficient lesion analysis approaches. We investigated a large number of patients with focal unilateral right or left frontal (n = 110) or posterior (n = 100) or subcortical (n = 65) lesions imaged with magnetic resonance or computed tomography and compared their performance on the number of overall responses, words produced over time, extremely infrequent/unknown words and inappropriate words generated. We also employed, for the first time parcel-based lesion-symptom mapping, tract-wise statistical analysis as well as Bayesian multi-variate analysis based on meta-analytically defined functional region of interest, including their interactions. We found that left frontal damage was associated with greater impairment than right frontal or posterior damage on overall fluency performance, suggesting that phonemic fluency shows specificity to frontal lesions. We also found that subcorticals, similar to frontals, performed significantly worse than posteriors on overall performance suggesting that subcortical regions are also involved. However, only frontal effects were found for words produced over time, extremely infrequent/unknown and inappropriate words. Parcel-based lesion-symptom mapping analysis found that worse fluency performance was associated with damage to the posterior segment of the left frontal middle and superior gyrus, the left dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and caudate nucleus. Tract-wise statistical analysis revealed that disconnections of left frontal tracts are critical. Bayesian multi-variate models of lesions and disconnectome maps implicated left middle and inferior frontal and left dorsomedial frontal regions. Our study suggests that a set of well localized left frontal areas together with subcortical regions and several left frontal tracts are critical for word generation. We speculate that a left lateralized network exists. It involves medial, frontal regions supporting the process of 'energization', which sustains activation for the duration of the task and middle and inferior frontal regions concerned with 'selection', required due to the competition produced by associated stored words, respectively. The methodology adopted represents a promising and empirically robust approach in furthering our understanding of the neurocognitive architecture underpinning executive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Bronson Harry
- The MARCS Institute, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South, NSW NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Joe Mole
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Grace Lakey
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.,International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Parashkev Nachev
- Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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14
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Won J, Faroqi-Shah Y, Callow DD, Williams A, Awoyemi A, Nielson KA, Smith JC. Association Between Greater Cerebellar Network Connectivity and Improved Phonemic Fluency Performance After Exercise Training in Older Adults. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 20:542-555. [PMID: 33507462 PMCID: PMC10734642 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of exercise training (ET) on lexical characteristics during fluency task and its association with cerebellum functional connectivity. The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate whether ET alters response patterns during phonemic and semantic fluency tasks and (2) to assess the association between ET-related changes in cerebellum functional connectivity (FC) and lexical characteristics during fluency tasks. Thirty-five older adults (78.0 ± 7.1 years; 17 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 18 healthy cognition (HC)) underwent a 12-week treadmill ET. Before and after ET, cardiorespiratory fitness tests, phonemic and semantic fluency tests, and resting-state fMRI scans were administered. We utilized a seed-based correlation analysis to measure cerebellum FC and linear regression to assess the association of residualized ET-induced Δcerebellum FC with Δtask performance. Improved mean switches and frequency during the phonemic fluency task were observed following ET in all participants. There were significant associations between ET-induced increases in cerebellum FC and greater phonemic fluency task log frequency, increases in mean switches, and a reduction in the number of syllables in HC. Lastly, there was a significant interaction between group and cerebellar connectivity on phonemic fluency mean log frequency and number of syllables. A 12-week walking ET is related to enhanced phonemic fluency lexical characteristics in older adults with MCI and HC. The association between ET-induced increases in cerebellum FC and enhanced response patterns after ET suggests that the cerebellum may play an important role in ET-related improvement in phonemic fluency performance in cognitively healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyeon Won
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yasmeen Faroqi-Shah
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel D Callow
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Allison Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Adewale Awoyemi
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kristy A Nielson
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Neuropsychology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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15
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Yap KH, Kessels RPC, Azmin S, van de Warrenburg B, Mohamed Ibrahim N. Neurocognitive Changes in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: A Systematic Review with a Narrative Design. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:314-327. [PMID: 34231180 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), the commonest dominantly inherited ataxia worldwide, is characterized by disruption in the cerebellar-cerebral and striatal-cortical networks. Findings on SCA3-associated cognitive impairments are mixed. The classification models, tests and scoring systems used, language, culture, ataxia severity, and depressive symptoms are all potential confounders in neuropsychological assessments and may have contributed to the heterogeneity of the neurocognitive profile of SCA3. We conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating neurocognitive function in SCA3 patients. Of 1304 articles identified, 15 articles met the eligibility criteria. All articles were of excellent quality according to the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for case-control studies. In line with the disrupted cerebellar-cerebral and striatal-cortical networks in SCA3, this systematic review found that the neurocognitive profile of SCA3 is characterized by a core impairment of executive function that affects processes such as nonverbal reasoning, executive aspects of language, and recall. Conversely, neurocognitive domains such as general intelligence, verbal reasoning, semantic aspect of language, attention/processing speed, recognition, and visuospatial perception and construction are relatively preserved. This review highlights the importance of evaluating neurocognitive function in SCA3 patients. Considering the negative impact of cognitive and affective impairment on quality of life, this review points to the profound impairments that existing or future treatments should prioritize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Hui Yap
- Department of Medicine, UKM Medical Center, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Vincent Van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands
| | - Shahrul Azmin
- Department of Medicine, UKM Medical Center, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bart van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Temp AGM, Dyrba M, Kasper E, Teipel S, Prudlo J. Case Report: Cognitive Conversion in a Non-brazilian VAPB Mutation Carrier (ALS8). Front Neurol 2021; 12:668772. [PMID: 34149599 PMCID: PMC8208309 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.668772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 8 (ALS8) is a predominantly lower motor neuron syndrome originally described in a Portuguese–Brazilian family, which originated from a common founder. ALS8 is caused by a VAPB mutation and extremely rare in Central Europe. We present a 51-year-old German man with ALS8 who had the P56S VAPB mutation independently of the founder effect. In the final 4 years of his life (disease duration 10 years), the patient had five MRI scans and four in-depth neuropsychological assessments. This paper addresses the course of the patient's cognitive status and relates cognitive performance to structural brain changes in order to determine whether this ALS8 case showed a different pattern of cognitive decline compared with sporadic ALS. The executive functions, verbal fluency, and memory of the patient and 17 age-, sex-, and education-matched controls were assessed on four different occasions. His cognitive performance and decline were investigated for abnormality using cross-sectional and longitudinal matched case–control analysis. We obtained five T1-weighted MRI, which we analyzed using voxel-wise non-parametric analysis with statistical non-parametric mapping in Matlab. Moreover, we conducted a single-subject correlation between cognitive performance and brain atrophy. The cognitive profile of the index patient featured executive dysfunction. Notably, his working memory and shifting ability declined from a healthy baseline to an impaired performance, leading to a transition from cognitively non-impaired (ALSni) to cognitively impaired (ALSci). The correlations we observed between cerebellar atrophy and verbal fluency in addition to fusiform gyrus atrophy and shifting are novel findings. We found that the conversion from ALSni to ALSci was associated with widespread cerebral atrophy, which extended beyond the primary motor and premotor cortex and affected, among others, the cerebellum and left fusiform gyrus. The index patients' cognitive profile resembles that of other ALS phenotypes, but the extensive atrophy beyond extra-motor areas has not yet been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G M Temp
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Dyrba
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kasper
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Prudlo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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17
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Runnqvist E, Chanoine V, Strijkers K, Pattamadilok C, Bonnard M, Nazarian B, Sein J, Anton JL, Dorokhova L, Belin P, Alario FX. Cerebellar and Cortical Correlates of Internal and External Speech Error Monitoring. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab038. [PMID: 34296182 PMCID: PMC8237718 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined how speakers inspect their own speech for errors. Concretely, we sought to assess 1) the role of the temporal cortex in monitoring speech errors, linked with comprehension-based monitoring; 2) the involvement of the cerebellum in internal and external monitoring, linked with forward modeling; and 3) the role of the medial frontal cortex for internal monitoring, linked with conflict-based monitoring. In a word production task priming speech errors, we observed enhanced involvement of the right posterior cerebellum for trials that were correct, but on which participants were more likely to make a word as compared with a nonword error (contrast of internal monitoring). Furthermore, comparing errors to correct utterances (contrast of external monitoring), we observed increased activation of the same cerebellar region, of the superior medial cerebellum, and of regions in temporal and medial frontal cortex. The presence of the cerebellum for both internal and external monitoring indicates the use of forward modeling across the planning and articulation of speech. Dissociations across internal and external monitoring in temporal and medial frontal cortex indicate that monitoring of overt errors is more reliant on vocal feedback control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Runnqvist
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence 13100, France
| | - Valérie Chanoine
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence 13100, France
- Institute of Language, Communication and the Brain, Aix-en-Provence 13100, France
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Nazarian
- Centre IRM, Marseille 13005, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INT 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Sein
- Centre IRM, Marseille 13005, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INT 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Anton
- Centre IRM, Marseille 13005, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INT 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Lydia Dorokhova
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence 13100, France
| | - Pascal Belin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INT 13005, Marseille, France
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18
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Geva S, Schneider LM, Roberts S, Green DW, Price CJ. The Effect of Focal Damage to the Right Medial Posterior Cerebellum on Word and Sentence Comprehension and Production. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:664650. [PMID: 34093152 PMCID: PMC8172582 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.664650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional imaging studies of neurologically intact adults have demonstrated that the right posterior cerebellum is activated during verb generation, semantic processing, sentence processing, and verbal fluency. Studies of patients with cerebellar damage converge to show that the cerebellum supports sentence processing and verbal fluency. However, to date there are no patient studies that investigated the specific importance of the right posterior cerebellum in language processing, because: (i) case studies presented patients with lesions affecting the anterior cerebellum (with or without damage to the posterior cerebellum), and (ii) group studies combined patients with lesions to different cerebellar regions, without specifically reporting the effects of right posterior cerebellar damage. Here we investigated whether damage to the right posterior cerebellum is critical for sentence processing and verbal fluency in four patients with focal stroke damage to different parts of the right posterior cerebellum (all involving Crus II, and lobules VII and VIII). We examined detailed lesion location by going beyond common anatomical definitions of cerebellar anatomy (i.e., according to lobules or vascular territory), and employed a recently proposed functional parcellation of the cerebellum. All four patients experienced language difficulties that persisted for at least a month after stroke but three performed in the normal range within a year. In contrast, one patient with more damage to lobule IX than the other patients had profound long-lasting impairments in the comprehension and repetition of sentences, and the production of spoken sentences during picture description. Spoken and written word comprehension and visual recognition memory were also impaired, however, verbal fluency was within the normal range, together with object naming, visual perception and verbal short-term memory. This is the first study to show that focal damage to the right posterior cerebellum leads to language difficulties after stroke; and that processing impairments persisted in the case with most damage to lobule IX. We discuss these results in relation to current theories of cerebellar contribution to language processing. Overall, our study highlights the need for longitudinal studies of language function in patients with focal damage to different cerebellar regions, with functional imaging to understand the mechanisms that support recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Geva
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Letitia M Schneider
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cognition, Emotion and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Roberts
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W Green
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
SCA36 is an autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) affecting many families from Costa da Morte, a northwestern region of Spain. It is caused by an intronic GGCCTG repeat expansion in NOP56. In order to characterize the cognitive and affective manifestations of this cerebellar disease, a group of 30 SCA36 mutation carriers (11 preataxic and 19 ataxic patients) were assessed with a comprehensive battery of standardized tests. Phonological verbal fluency - but not semantic fluency - was already mildly impaired in preataxic subjects. In ataxic patients, both phonological and semantic fluencies were significantly below normal. Depression, while more frequent and prominent in ataxic patients, was also often present in the preataxic stage. This is the first systematic study supporting the presence of a mild cerebellar cognitive and affective syndrome in SCA36. Routine evaluation of cognitive and emotional spheres in SCA36 patients as well as asymptomatic mutation carriers should allow early detection and timely therapeutic intervention.
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20
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Lupo M, Olivito G, Angelini L, Funghi G, Pignatelli F, Siciliano L, Leggio M, Clausi S. Does the cerebellar sequential theory explain spoken language impairments? A literature review. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2021; 35:296-309. [PMID: 32290716 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2020.1745285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, converging evidence from clinical, neuroimaging and neuroanatomical studies has demonstrated the key role of the cerebellum in the processing of non-motor aspects of language. Although more is known about the way in which the cerebellum participates in the mechanisms involved in written language, there is ambiguous information on its role in other aspects of language, such as in non-motor aspects of spoken language. Thus, to contribute additional insight into this important issue, in the present work, we review several original scientific papers focusing on the most frequent non-motor spoken language impairments evidenced in patients affected by cerebellar pathology, namely, verbal working memory, grammar processing and verbal fluency impairments. Starting from the collected data, we provide a common interpretation of the spoken language disorders in cerebellar patients, suggesting that sequential processing could be the main mechanism by which the cerebellum participates in these abilities. Indeed, according to the cerebellar sequential theory, spoken language impairments could be due to altered cerebellar function to supervise, synchronize and coordinate the activity of different functional modules, affecting the correct optimization of linguistic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lupo
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - G Olivito
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - L Angelini
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - G Funghi
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - F Pignatelli
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - L Siciliano
- PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Leggio
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Clausi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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21
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Wang J, Zhang J, Cui Z. L2 Verbal Fluency and Cognitive Mechanism in Bilinguals: Evidence from Tibetan-Chinese Bilinguals. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2021; 50:355-374. [PMID: 32897509 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-020-09730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a basic indicator of verbal ability, verbal fluency refers to the degree of fluency in the use of language to convey information. The different components of working memory play an important role in verbal fluency. The inhibiting control mechanism takes place during L2 production processing in bilinguals, which may affect their verbal fluency and distinguish them from native speakers. The participants of our study were 90 Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals and 30 native Chinese speakers. The study attempts to investigate the verbal fluency and cognitive mechanism of bilinguals' L2. The present study's results found L2 verbal fluency in Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals is significantly lower than that of native Chinese speakers. L2 verbal fluency has changed under the influence of their mother tongue, mainly manifested as its semantic fluency of L2 relying not only on the visuospatial sketchpad but also the phonological loop. Moreover, the processing of bilinguals' L2 is influenced by the processing mode of L1 in the verbal fluency task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- College of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Jijia Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhanling Cui
- College of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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22
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Schmahmann JD. Emotional disorders and the cerebellum: Neurobiological substrates, neuropsychiatry, and therapeutic implications. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 183:109-154. [PMID: 34389114 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The notion that the cerebellum is devoted exclusively to motor control has been replaced by a more sophisticated understanding of its role in neurological function, one that includes cognition and emotion. Early clinical reports, as well as physiological and behavioral studies in animal models, raised the possibility of a nonmotor role for the cerebellum. Anatomical studies demonstrate cerebellar connectivity with the distributed neural circuits linked with autonomic, sensorimotor, vestibular, associative, and limbic/paralimbic brain areas. Identification of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in adults and children underscored the clinical relevance of the role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion. It opened new avenues of investigation into higher-order deficits that accompany the ataxias and other cerebellar diseases, as well as the contribution of cerebellar dysfunction to neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. Brain imaging studies have demonstrated the complexity of cerebellar functional topography, revealing a double representation of the sensorimotor cerebellum in the anterior lobe and lobule VIII and a triple cognitive representation in the cerebellar posterior lobe, as well as representation in the cerebellum of the intrinsic connectivity networks identified in the cerebral hemispheres. This paradigm shift in thinking about the cerebellum has been advanced by the theories of dysmetria of thought and the universal cerebellar transform, harmonizing the dual anatomic realities of homogeneously repeating cerebellar cortical microcircuitry set against the heterogeneous and topographically arranged cerebellar connections with extracerebellar structures. This new appreciation of cerebellar incorporation into circuits that subserve cognition and emotion mandates a deeper understanding of the cerebellum by practitioners in behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry because it impacts the understanding and diagnosis of disorders of emotion and intellect and has potential for novel cerebellar-based approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Center, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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23
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Tse NY, Chen Y, Irish M, Cordato NJ, Landin-Romero R, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Ahmed RM. Cerebellar contributions to cognition in corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain Commun 2021; 2:fcaa194. [PMID: 33381758 PMCID: PMC7753056 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests an association between cerebellar atrophy and cognitive impairment in the main frontotemporal dementia syndromes. In contrast, whether cerebellar atrophy is present in the motor syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy) and the extent of its contribution to their cognitive profile remain poorly understood. The current study aimed to comprehensively chart profiles of cognitive impairment in relation to cerebellar atrophy in 49 dementia patients (corticobasal syndrome = 33; progressive supranuclear palsy = 16) compared to 33 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls. Relative to controls, corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy patients demonstrated characteristic cognitive impairment, spanning the majority of cognitive domains including attention and processing speed, language, working memory, and executive function with relative preservation of verbal and nonverbal memory. Voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed largely overlapping patterns of cerebellar atrophy in corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy relative to controls, primarily involving bilateral Crus II extending into adjacent lobules VIIb and VIIIa. After controlling for overall cerebral atrophy and disease duration, exploratory voxel-wise general linear model analysis revealed distinct cerebellar subregions differentially implicated across cognitive domains in each patient group. In corticobasal syndrome, reduction in grey matter intensity in the left Crus I was significantly correlated with executive dysfunction. In progressive supranuclear palsy, integrity of the vermis and adjacent right lobules I-IV was significantly associated with language performance. These results are consistent with the well-established role of Crus I in executive functions and provide further supporting evidence for vermal involvement in cognitive processing. The current study presents the first detailed exploration of the role of cerebellar atrophy in cognitive deficits in corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy, offering insights into the cerebellum's contribution to cognitive processing even in neurodegenerative syndromes characterized by motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Yan Tse
- Central Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Muireann Irish
- School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Cordato
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Department of Aged Care, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia.,Calvary Health Care Sydney, Kogarah, Australia
| | - Ramon Landin-Romero
- School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Central Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebekah M Ahmed
- Central Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Memory and Cognition Clinic, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Beuriat PA, Cohen-Zimerman S, Smith GNL, Krueger F, Gordon B, Grafman J. A New Insight on the Role of the Cerebellum for Executive Functions and Emotion Processing in Adults. Front Neurol 2020; 11:593490. [PMID: 33424746 PMCID: PMC7786249 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.593490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We investigated whether the cerebellum plays a critical or supportive role in in executive and emotion processes in adults. Many investigators now espouse the hypothesis that participants with cerebellar lesions experience executive functions and emotions (EE) disorders. But we hypothesized that these disorders would be milder if the damage is relatively limited to the cerebellum compared to damage involving the cerebellum plus additional cortical areas. Methods: We studied veterans with penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury (pTBI) participating in the Vietnam Head Injury Study (VHIS). We selected veterans with a cerebellar lesion (n = 24), a prefrontal cortex lesion (n = 20), along with healthy controls (HC) (n = 55). Tests of executive functions and emotions were analyzed as well as caregiver burden. We performed between-group null hypothesis significance testing, Bayesian hypothesis tests and correlational analyses. Results: Performance of participants with cerebellar lesions which extended to the cerebral cortex was similar to the HC on the Executive Function tests but they were significantly impaired on the Working Memory Index. No differences were found on the emotional processing tasks with one exception-the Facial Expression of Emotion-Test (FEEST). We then examined a sub-group of participants with large cerebellar lesions (>15%) but minimal lesions in the cerebral cortex (<15%). This sub-group of participants performed similarly to the HC on the Working Memory Index and on the FEEST. Conclusions: We suggest that the cerebellar cortex may not be critical for executive functions or processing emotional stimuli in adults as suggested. Instead, we find that the cerebellum has a supportive role characterized by its computing of the motor requirements when EE processing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Aurélien Beuriat
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research, Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, United States
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Rockfeller School of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | - Shira Cohen-Zimerman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research, Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gretchen N. L. Smith
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research, Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Frank Krueger
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barry Gordon
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research, Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, United States
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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25
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Contribution of the Cerebellum and the Basal Ganglia to Language Production: Speech, Word Fluency, and Sentence Construction-Evidence from Pathology. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:282-294. [PMID: 33120434 PMCID: PMC8004516 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence reported in recent decades increasingly confirms that both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia, which are primarily involved in movement control, also have a significant role in a vast range of cognitive and affective functions. Evidence from pathology indicates that the disorders of some aspects of language production which follow damage of the cerebellum or respectively basal ganglia, i.e., disorders of speech, word fluency, and sentence construction, have identifiable neuropsychological profiles and that most manifestations can be specifically attributed to the dysfunctions of mechanisms supported by one or the other of these structures. The cerebellum and the basal ganglia are reciprocally interconnected. Thus, it is plausible that some disorders observed when damage involves one of these structures could be remote effects of abnormal activity in the other. However, in a purely clinical-neuropsychological perspective, primary and remote effects in the network are difficult to disentangle. Functional neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques likely represent the indispensable support for achieving this goal.
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26
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Dellatolas G, Câmara-Costa H. The role of cerebellum in the child neuropsychological functioning. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:265-304. [PMID: 32958180 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter proposes a review of neuropsychologic and behavior findings in pediatric pathologies of the cerebellum, including cerebellar malformations, pediatric ataxias, cerebellar tumors, and other acquired cerebellar injuries during childhood. The chapter also contains reviews of the cerebellar mutism/posterior fossa syndrome, reported cognitive associations with the development of the cerebellum in typically developing children and subjects born preterm, and the role of the cerebellum in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and developmental dyslexia. Cognitive findings in pediatric cerebellar disorders are considered in the context of known cerebellocerebral connections, internal cellular organization of the cerebellum, the idea of a universal cerebellar transform and computational internal models, and the role of the cerebellum in specific cognitive and motor functions, such as working memory, language, timing, or control of eye movements. The chapter closes with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive affective syndrome as it has been described in children and some conclusions and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Dellatolas
- GRC 24, Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Hugo Câmara-Costa
- GRC 24, Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Centre d'Etudes en Santé des Populations, INSERM U1018, Paris, France
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27
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Perez M, Amayra I, Lazaro E, García M, Martínez O, Caballero P, Berrocoso S, López-Paz JF, Al-Rashaida M, Rodríguez AA, Luna P, Varona L. Intrusion errors during verbal fluency task in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233349. [PMID: 32469951 PMCID: PMC7259757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have noted the presence of a dysexecutive component of the ALS-FTD. The most widely replicated result refers to the significantly reduced verbal fluency of ALS patients when compared to healthy people. As ALS patients have motor alterations that interfere with production, qualitative studies have the advantage of being independent of the degree of motor disability and revealing patients' cognitive state. This study examined the production differences between 42 ALS patients who presented with different degrees of dementia and motor impairment and 42 healthy people. Production processes were studied by extending the administration time of a letter fluency task to 2 minutes for the phonemic verbal fluency (PVF) and semantic verbal fluency (SVF) categories. This ensured that the qualitative aspects of verbal fluency were addressed, paying special attention to the new perseverations and intrusions, as well as any clinical correlates that may exist. RESULTS The ALS patients produced a significantly lower number of responses in PVF (p = .017) and SVF (p = .008). The rest of the indicators for frontal lobe alteration also suggested the existence of a dysfunction. The most remarkable results were the number of intrusions on the PVF task, which was much higher in the ALS group (p = .002). However, the number of perseverations did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the value of intrusions in addressing cognitive deterioration in ALS patients. This deterioration seems to be independent of the degree of motor impairment and of behavioural alterations. Therefore, the value of the intromissions on the verbal fluency task was highlighted as an indicator of a new cognitive alteration, which can be easily evaluated, even retrospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Caballero
- University of Deusto, Vizcaya, Spain
- Clinical Psychology, Galdakao University Hospital, Vizcaya, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luis Varona
- Department of Neurology, Basurto University Hospital, Vizcaya, Spain
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28
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Abstract
The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) was first described by Schmahmann and Sherman in 1998. Despite their clear depiction of the syndrome, it is our experience that the CCAS has not yet found solid ground as a disease entity in routine clinical practice. This made us question the dimension of the CCAS in cerebellar patients. We performed a systematic review of the literature according to the PRISMA guidelines, in order to answer the question whether patients with acquired isolated cerebellar lesions perform significantly worse on neuropsychological testing compared to healthy controls. Studies were selected based on the predefined eligibility criteria and quality assessment. The systematic search resulted in ten studies, mainly observational cohorts consecutively including adult patients with isolated cerebellar lesions. Patients were compared to healthy controls, and neuropsychological investigation was done within one year of diagnosis. Meta-analysis of the twelve tests that were done in two or more studies showed that cerebellar patients perform significantly worse on Phonemic Fluency, Semantic Fluency, Stroop Test (naming, reading and interference), Block Design test and WMS-R visual memory. Cerebellar patients have significant and relevant deficits in the visuospatial, language and executive function domain. This meta-analysis therefore emphasizes the importance of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome as described by Schmahmann and Sherman.
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29
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Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:102-125. [PMID: 31522332 PMCID: PMC6978293 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703 Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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30
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Language Cerebro-cerebellar Reorganization in Children After Surgery of Right Cerebellar Astrocytoma: a fMRI Study. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 18:791-806. [PMID: 31111430 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Language processing depends on an integrated circuit involving the left supratentorial language areas and the right posterior lateral cerebellar hemisphere (lobule VI, lobule VII, Crus I, and Crus II). Reorganization of the language system after lesions of the cerebral language areas includes also cerebellar relocation. This is the first study assessing functional language reorganization after lesions concerning primarily the cerebellum, using a fMRI paradigm of phonological covert word production task in six children operated for right cerebellar astrocytoma and in 15 typically developing children. We found right cerebellar and left frontal activations in healthy controls and high variability of reorganizational patterns in patients with early right cerebellar lesion. Also lesions not located in the areas typically involved in language tasks (Crus I and Crus II) can cause reorganization between the two hemispheres or hemispheric language reinforcement of the original lateralization. We discuss the role of several variables in determining the reorganizational pattern such as the site, extension, and timing of surgery. No variables revealed as predictors, suggesting that co-occurring influence of other biological and/or pathological factors are not yet demonstrated. Lesions in the postero-lateral cerebellum seem related to less efficient language performances, as an indicator of the system's functioning.
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31
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Pisano F, Marangolo P. Looking at ancillary systems for verb recovery: Evidence from non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Cogn 2020; 139:105515. [PMID: 31902738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.105515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several behavioural and neuroimaging studies have suggested that the language function is not restricted into the left areas but it involves regions not predicted by the classical language model. Accordingly, the Embodied Cognition theory postulates a close interaction between the language and the motor system. Indeed, it has been shown that non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is effective for language recovery also when applied over sensorimotor regions, such as the motor cortex, the cerebellum and the spinal cord. We will review a series of NIBS studies in post-stroke aphasic people aimed to assess the impact of NIBS on verb recovery. We first present results which, following the classical assumption of the Broca's area as the key region for verb processing, have shown that the modulation over this area is efficacious for verb improvement. Then, we will present experiments which, according to Embodied Cognition, have directly investigated through NIBS the role of different sensorimotor regions in enhancing verb production. Since verbs play a crucial role for sentence construction which are most often impaired in the aphasic population, we believe that these results have important clinical implications. Indeed, they address the possibility that different structures might support verb processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pisano
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy; IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - P Marangolo
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy; IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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32
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Bilingual language processing: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:834-853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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33
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Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019. [PMID: 31522332 DOI: 10.1007/s12311‐019‐01068‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Piras F, Piras F, Banaj N, Ciullo V, Vecchio D, Edden RAE, Spalletta G. Cerebellar GABAergic correlates of cognition-mediated verbal fluency in physiology and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139:582-594. [PMID: 30887499 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Defective cerebellar GABAergic inhibitory control may participate to the cognitive impairments seen in SZ. We tested the prediction of a model for the relationship between cerebellar GABA concentration and the associative/executive processes required by verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and matched healthy controls (HC). METHOD Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of GABA was performed using a 3 Tesla scanner and verbal fluency assessed by the Controlled Word (WFT) and Semantic (SFT) Fluency tests. Cerebellar GABA measurements were obtained using the MEGA-PRESS acquisition sequence. Linear correlations between cerebellar GABA levels and the WFT, SFT score were performed to test differences between correlation coefficients of SZ and HC. Quantile regressions between GABA levels and the WFT score were performed. RESULTS Higher cerebellar GABA concentration was associated in SZ with lower phonemic fluency and reduced number of switches among subcategories as opposed to what observed in HC (with higher cerebellar GABA associated with higher number of words and phonemic switches). GABA levels explained phonemic fluency in SZ performing above the group mean. CONCLUSION Studying cerebellar GABA provides a valid heuristic to explore the molecular mechanisms of SZ. This is crucial for developing pharmacological treatments to improve cognition and functional recovery in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Piras
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - F Piras
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - N Banaj
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - V Ciullo
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - D Vecchio
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - R A E Edden
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Spalletta
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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35
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Cognitive Functioning in Chiari Malformation Type I Without Posterior Fossa Surgery. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:564-574. [PMID: 29766459 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chiari Malformation type I (CM-I) is a neurological disorder characterized by a displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum into the spinal canal. Most research has focused on physical symptomatology but few studies include neuropsychological examinations. Moreover, although current research highlights the involvement of the cerebellum on higher cognitive functions, little is known about cognitive consequences associated with CM-I. The aim of this study is to analyze cognitive functioning between 39 CM-I patients and 39 healthy controls, matched by gender, age and years of education. Participants have been examined on a large battery of neuropsychological tests, including executive functioning, verbal fluency, spatial cognition, language, verbal memory, processing speed, facial recognition and theory of mind. Results show a poorer performance of the clinical group compared to the control group, even after controlling the effect of physical pain and anxious-depressive symptomatology. The findings suggest the presence of a generalized cognitive deficit associated with CM-I, which makes it necessary to focus attention not only on physical consequences, but also on cognitive ones.
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36
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Sheu YS, Liang Y, Desmond JE. Disruption of Cerebellar Prediction in Verbal Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:61. [PMID: 30846935 PMCID: PMC6393359 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the right cerebellum contributes to verbal working memory, but the functional role of this contribution remains unclear. In an established theory of motor control, the cerebellum is thought to predict sensory consequences of movements through an internal "forward model." Here, we hypothesize a similar predictive process can generalize to cerebellar non-motor function, and that the right cerebellum plays a predictive role that is beneficial for rapidly engaging the phonological loop in verbal working memory. To test this hypothesis, double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was administered over either the right cerebellum or right occipital lobe (control site), on half the trials, to interrupt the rehearsal of a 6-letter sequence. We found that cerebellar stimulation resulted in greater errors in participants' report of the letter in the current position. Additional analyses revealed that immediately after cerebellar TMS, participants were more likely to use out of date information to predict the next letter in the sequence. This pattern of errors is consistent with TMS causing a temporary disruption of state estimation and cerebellar forward model function, leading to prediction errors in the phonological loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shin Sheu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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37
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Karavasilis E, Christidi F, Velonakis G, Giavri Z, Kelekis NL, Efstathopoulos EP, Evdokimidis I, Dellatolas G. Ipsilateral and contralateral cerebro-cerebellar white matter connections: A diffusion tensor imaging study in healthy adults. J Neuroradiol 2019; 46:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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38
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The cerebellum and cognition. Neurosci Lett 2019; 688:62-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lázaro E, García M, Ibarrola A, Amayra I, López-Paz JF, Martínez O, Pérez M, Berrocoso S, Al-Rashaida M, Rodríguez AA, Fernández P, Luna PM. Chiari Type I Malformation Associated With Verbal Fluency Impairment. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2018; 61:2458-2466. [PMID: 30304345 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chiari malformation (CM) Type I is a rare disorder that implies an anomaly in the craniocervical junction, where one or both cerebellar tonsils are displaced below the foramen magnum into the cervical spinal channel. Research carried out regarding cognitive symptoms such as verbal fluency is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate whether verbal fluency is impaired in a CM clinical group compared to a group of healthy control individuals while controlling for depression and anxiety symptomatology. METHOD For this purpose, 101 individuals were enrolled to take part in the study (51 CM, 50 healthy controls). The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Benton, de Hamsher, & Sivan, 1983) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) were administered. RESULTS Results showed significantly lower scores for the CM group in verbal fluency compared to the control group (p < .005). After performing an analysis of covariance to eliminate depression and anxiety symptomatology tendencies, it was observed that verbal fluency could not be predicted by this variable (p > .005). CONCLUSIONS From the results of this study, it can be concluded that people suffering from CM exhibit less verbal fluency than healthy control individuals and that this difference is not caused by depression or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lázaro
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maitane García
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ane Ibarrola
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Imanol Amayra
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco López-Paz
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oscar Martínez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sarah Berrocoso
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mohammad Al-Rashaida
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alicia Aurora Rodríguez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula Fernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula María Luna
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
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Rentiya ZS, Jung BC, Bae J, Liszewski CM, Fishman A, Du AX, Margolis RL, Ying SH. Selective Patterns of Cognitive Impairment in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 and Idiopathic Late-Onset Cerebellar Ataxia. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:427-436. [PMID: 28961751 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine cognitive impairment patterns in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) compared to patients with idiopathic late-onset cerebellar ataxia (ILOCA). Methods Neurocognitive testing was conducted on 21 SCA6, nine ILOCA, and 27 controls subjects. Intergroup differences were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-ranked test or Student's t-test. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on nine cognitive variables, and Hotelling's T-squared test assessed group-specific differences. Pearson's correlations assessed changes in cognitive performance and disease progression. Intra-group differences among SCA6 were examined in a post-hoc analysis. Results SCA6 and ILOCA patients showed impairment in visuo-spatial executive function, phonemic verbal fluency, and semantic-verb word generation. ILOCA showed impairment in mental flexibility/response inhibition, verbal learning, semantic-noun verbal fluency, and forward numerical working memory. Within the first three principal components, SCA6 and ILOCA differed from controls and from each other. Verbal working and immediate visuo-spatial memory correlated with disease duration for SCA6. For ILOCA, Mini-Mental Status Exam and RCF copy correlated with disease duration. Conclusion Differing patterns of cognitive dysfunction were seen in SCA6 and ILOCA. PCA suggested that distinct SCA6 subgroups may exist, SCA61 with significant ILOCA overlap in several cognitive deficits, and SCA62 showing deficits in visuo-spatial performance only.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian C Jung
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, USA
| | - Junun Bae
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
| | - Christine M Liszewski
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Michigan State University School of Medicine, East Lansing, USA
| | - Ann Fishman
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Annie X Du
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Sarah H Ying
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Incorporated, New York, USA
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Cocozza S, Costabile T, Tedeschi E, Abate F, Russo C, Liguori A, Del Vecchio W, Paciello F, Quarantelli M, Filla A, Brunetti A, Saccà F. Cognitive and functional connectivity alterations in Friedreich's ataxia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:677-686. [PMID: 29928651 PMCID: PMC5989773 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to perform the first resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI) analysis in Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) patients to assess possible brain functional connectivity (FC) differences in these patients, and test their correlations with neuropsychological performances. Methods In total, 24 FRDA patients (M/F: 15/9, mean age 31.3 ± 15.0) and 24 healthy controls (HC; M/F: 15/9, mean age 30.7 ± 15.5) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All patients underwent a thorough neuropsychological battery, investigating different cognitive domains. RS-fMRI data were analyzed using a seed-based approach, probing the FC of cortical areas potentially referable to specific executive and cognitive functions compromised in FRDA. Results Compared to HC, FRDA patients showed overall worse neuropsychological scores in several domains, including global cognitive assessment, spatial memory, visuoperception and visuospatial functions, and executive functions. Analysis of RS-fMRI data showed a higher FC in FRDA patients compared to HC between paracingulate gyri and the medial frontal gryrus, between the superior frontal gyrus and bilateral angular gyri, and between the middle temporal gyrus and the cingulate gyrus, with a reduced FC between the medial frontal gryrus and the cerebellum. Interpretation We found a reduction in FC between frontal areas and the contralateral cerebellar cortex in FRDA, in line with the known alteration in cerebello-cortical pathway in this condition. On the other hand, a higher FC between different cortical areas was shown, possibly reflecting a compensatory phenomenon. These results, in conjunction with clinical findings, may shed new light on the pattern of supratentorial and infratentorial involvement, and on dynamics of brain plasticity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Cocozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
| | - Teresa Costabile
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
| | - Enrico Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
| | - Filomena Abate
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
| | - Camilla Russo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
| | - Agnese Liguori
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
| | - Walter Del Vecchio
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging National Research Council Naples Italy
| | - Francesca Paciello
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
| | - Mario Quarantelli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging National Research Council Naples Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Saccà
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences University "Federico II" Naples Italy
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Structural cerebellar correlates of cognitive functions in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. J Neurol 2018; 265:597-606. [PMID: 29356974 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease involving the cerebellum and characterized by a typical motor syndrome. In addition, the presence of cognitive impairment is now widely acknowledged as a feature of SCA2. Given the extensive connections between the cerebellum and associative cerebral areas, it is reasonable to hypothesize that cerebellar neurodegeneration associated with SCA2 may impact on the cerebellar modulation of the cerebral cortex, thus resulting in functional impairment. The aim of the present study was to investigate and quantitatively map the pattern of cerebellar gray matter (GM) atrophy due to SCA2 neurodegeneration and to correlate that with patients' cognitive performances. Cerebellar GM maps were extracted and compared between SCA2 patients (n = 9) and controls (n = 33) by using voxel-based morphometry. Furthermore, the relationship between cerebellar GM atrophy and neuropsychological scores of the patients was assessed. Specific cerebellar GM regions were found to be affected in patients. Additionally, GM loss in cognitive posterior lobules (VI, Crus I, Crus II, VIIB, IX) correlated with visuospatial, verbal memory and executive tasks, while additional correlations with motor anterior (V) and posterior (VIIIA, VIIIB) lobules were found for the tasks engaging motor and planning components. Our results provide evidence that the SCA2 neurodegenerative process affects the cerebellar cortex and that MRI indices of atrophy in different cerebellar subregions may account for the specificity of cognitive symptomatology observed in patients, as result of a cerebello-cerebral dysregulation.
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Hoche F, Guell X, Vangel MG, Sherman JC, Schmahmann JD. The cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome scale. Brain 2018; 141:248-270. [PMID: 29206893 PMCID: PMC5837248 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS; Schmahmann's syndrome) is characterized by deficits in executive function, linguistic processing, spatial cognition, and affect regulation. Diagnosis currently relies on detailed neuropsychological testing. The aim of this study was to develop an office or bedside cognitive screen to help identify CCAS in cerebellar patients. Secondary objectives were to evaluate whether available brief tests of mental function detect cognitive impairment in cerebellar patients, whether cognitive performance is different in patients with isolated cerebellar lesions versus complex cerebrocerebellar pathology, and whether there are cognitive deficits that should raise red flags about extra-cerebellar pathology. Comprehensive standard neuropsychological tests, experimental measures and clinical rating scales were administered to 77 patients with cerebellar disease-36 isolated cerebellar degeneration or injury, and 41 complex cerebrocerebellar pathology-and to healthy matched controls. Tests that differentiated patients from controls were used to develop a screening instrument that includes the cardinal elements of CCAS. We validated this new scale in a new cohort of 39 cerebellar patients and 55 healthy controls. We confirm the defining features of CCAS using neuropsychological measures. Deficits in executive function were most pronounced for working memory, mental flexibility, and abstract reasoning. Language deficits included verb for noun generation and phonemic > semantic fluency. Visual spatial function was degraded in performance and interpretation of visual stimuli. Neuropsychiatric features included impairments in attentional control, emotional control, psychosis spectrum disorders and social skill set. From these results, we derived a 10-item scale providing total raw score, cut-offs for each test, and pass/fail criteria that determined 'possible' (one test failed), 'probable' (two tests failed), and 'definite' CCAS (three tests failed). When applied to the exploratory cohort, and administered to the validation cohort, the CCAS/Schmahmann scale identified sensitivity and selectivity, respectively as possible exploratory cohort: 85%/74%, validation cohort: 95%/78%; probable exploratory cohort: 58%/94%, validation cohort: 82%/93%; and definite exploratory cohort: 48%/100%, validation cohort: 46%/100%. In patients in the exploratory cohort, Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores were within normal range. Complex cerebrocerebellar disease patients were impaired on similarities in comparison to isolated cerebellar disease. Inability to recall words from multiple choice occurred only in patients with extra-cerebellar disease. The CCAS/Schmahmann syndrome scale is useful for expedited clinical assessment of CCAS in patients with cerebellar disorders.awx317media15678692096001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hoche
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xavier Guell
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit (URNC), Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark G Vangel
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet C Sherman
- Psychology Assessment Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
During the past decades neuroanatomic, neuroimaging, and clinical studies have substantially changed the long-standing view of the role of the cerebellum as a sole coordinator of sensorimotor function. Currently, the cerebellum is considered to be crucially implicated in a variety of cognitive, affective, social, and behavioral processes as well. In this chapter we aim to summarize a number of critical insights from different research areas (neuroanatomy, functional neuroimaging, clinical practice) that provide evidence for a role of the cerebellum in motor speech and nonmotor language processing in both adults and children. Neuroanatomic studies have provided a robust basis for the development of new insights in the modulatory role of the cerebellum in neurocognition, including nonmotor language processing by means of identifying a dense network of crossed reciprocal connections between the cerebellum and the supratentorial association areas. A topologic distinction has been established between the "motor" cerebellum, projecting to the cortical motor areas, and the "cognitive/affective" cerebellum, connected with the cortical and limbic association areas. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated cerebellar involvement in several different language tasks, even after controlling for motor aspects. In addition, several clinical studies have identified a variety of nonmotor linguistic deficits after cerebellar disease in both children and adults, implying a prominent role for the cerebellum in linguistic processes. Functional neuroimaging has confirmed the functional impact of cerebellar lesions on remote, structurally intact cortical regions via crossed cerebellocerebral diaschisis. Overall, evidence from neuroanatomic, neuroimaging, and clinical studies shows a (strongly lateralized) involvement of the cerebellum in a broad spectrum of nonmotor language functions through a dense network of crossed and reciprocal cerebellocerebral connections. It is argued that the cerebellum is involved in language in a similar manner as it is involved in motor functions: through monitoring/coordinating cortical functions via timing and sequencing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mariën
- Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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45
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Rentiya Z, Khan NS, Ergun E, Ying SH, Desmond JE. Distinct cerebellar regions related to motor and cognitive performance in SCA6 patients. Neuropsychologia 2017; 107:25-30. [PMID: 29100951 PMCID: PMC5705404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a correlation between anatomic regional changes in Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 6 (SCA6) patients and measures of cognitive performance on neuropsychological tests. METHODS Neurocognitive testing was conducted on 24 SCA6 and 28 control subjects. For each cognitive test, SCA6 patients were compared against the controls using Student's t-test. For the cerebellar patients, using voxel based morphometry, correlations between cerebellar gray matter volume at each voxel and performance on the neuropsychological exams were calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient implemented in SPM8. RESULTS Compared to controls, SCA6 patients exhibited significantly impaired performance on the following cognitive tests: Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test Trial V, Controlled Oral Word Association phonemic test and semantic-verb test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure copy test as well as immediate and delayed visuo-spatial memory recall test, Trail Making Test (TMT) Part A and Part B, Stroop Color Task completion time, Stroop Color-Word Task score, and Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) Dominant and Non-Dominant Hand time. Correlations of gray matter density with cognitive test performance were determined for all SCA6 subjects. Using a p-value threshold of 0.001 and family-wise small volume error correction, significant correlations were found for GPT Non-Dominant, GPT Dominant, TMT Part A, and TMT Part B. CONCLUSION Different regional patterns of cerebellar involvement were found for the motoric GPT task and the executive version of the TMT. The results for the GPT strongly indicated that the integrity of medial superior hemispheric regions was associated with motor task performance, whereas executive cognitive function was localized in distinctly different inferior regions. This is the first VBM study to differentiate cognitive and motor contributions of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubir Rentiya
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department Radiology, Neurology, Ophthalmology, United States.
| | - Noore-Sabah Khan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department Radiology, Neurology, Ophthalmology, United States.
| | - Ezgi Ergun
- Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United States.
| | - Sarah H Ying
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department Radiology, Neurology, Ophthalmology, United States.
| | - John E Desmond
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, United States.
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46
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Marangolo P, Fiori V, Caltagirone C, Pisano F, Priori A. Transcranial Cerebellar Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Verb Generation but Not Verb Naming in Poststroke Aphasia. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 30:188-199. [PMID: 29064340 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of the cerebellum in motor function is well recognized, its involvement in the lexical domain remains to be further elucidated. Indeed, it has not yet been clarified whether the cerebellum is a language structure per se or whether it contributes to language processing when other cognitive components (e.g., cognitive effort, working memory) are required by the language task. Neuromodulation studies on healthy participants have suggested that cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a valuable tool to modulate cognitive functions. However, so far, only a single case study has investigated whether cerebellar stimulation enhances language recovery in aphasic individuals. In a randomized, crossover, double-blind design, we explored the effect of cerebellar tDCS coupled with language treatment for verb improvement in 12 aphasic individuals. Each participant received cerebellar tDCS (20 min, 2 mA) in four experimental conditions: (1) right cathodal and (2) sham stimulation during a verb generation task and (3) right cathodal and (4) sham stimulation during a verb naming task. Each experimental condition was run in five consecutive daily sessions over 4 weeks. At the end of treatment, a significant improvement was found after cathodal stimulation only in the verb generation task. No significant differences were present for verb naming among the two conditions. We hypothesize that cerebellar tDCS is a viable tool for recovery from aphasia but only when the language task, such as verb generation, also demands the activation of nonlinguistic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Marangolo
- Università Federico II, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Caltagirone
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Cacciola A, Milardi D, Calamuneri A, Bonanno L, Marino S, Ciolli P, Russo M, Bruschetta D, Duca A, Trimarchi F, Quartarone A, Anastasi G. Constrained Spherical Deconvolution Tractography Reveals Cerebello-Mammillary Connections in Humans. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 16:483-495. [PMID: 27774574 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-016-0830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to the classical view, the cerebellum has long been confined to motor control physiology; however, it has now become evident that it exerts several non-somatic features other than the coordination of movement and is engaged also in the regulation of cognition and emotion. In a previous diffusion-weighted imaging-constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) tractography study, we demonstrated the existence of a direct cerebellum-hippocampal pathway, thus reinforcing the hypothesis of the cerebellar role in non-motor domains. However, our understanding of limbic-cerebellar interconnectivity in humans is rather sparse, primarily due to the intrinsic limitation in the acquisition of in vivo tracing. Here, we provided tractographic evidences of connectivity patterns between the cerebellum and mammillary bodies by using whole-brain CSD tractography in 13 healthy subjects. We found both ipsilateral and contralateral connections between the mammillary bodies, cerebellar cortex, and dentate nucleus, in line with previous studies performed in rodents and primates. These pathways could improve our understanding of cerebellar role in several autonomic functions, visuospatial orientation, and memory and may shed new light on neurodegenerative diseases in which clinically relevant impairments in navigational skills or memory may become manifest at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | - Demetrio Milardi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy.,IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", S.S. 113, Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Calamuneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Lilla Bonanno
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", S.S. 113, Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", S.S. 113, Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Ciolli
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Margherita Russo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", S.S. 113, Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Bruschetta
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Duca
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Trimarchi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy.,IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", S.S. 113, Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Anastasi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
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48
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Abstract
In this review, we present the growing literature suggesting, from a variety of angles, that the cerebellum contributes to higher-order cognitive functions, rather than simply sensorimotor functions, and more specifically to language and its development. The cerebellum's association with language function is determined by the specific cortico-cerebellar connectivity to the right cerebellum from the left cortical hemisphere. The findings we review suggest that the cerebellum plays an important role as part of a broader language network, and also implies that the cerebellum may be a potential new therapeutic target to treat speech and language deficits, especially during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vias
- a Department of Psychology , Florida International University , Miami , Florida
| | - Anthony Steven Dick
- a Department of Psychology , Florida International University , Miami , Florida
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49
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Nitta K, Matsuzaki Y, Konno A, Hirai H. Minimal Purkinje Cell-Specific PCP2/L7 Promoter Virally Available for Rodents and Non-human Primates. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 6:159-170. [PMID: 28828391 PMCID: PMC5552061 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-type-specific promoters in combination with viral vectors and gene-editing technology permit efficient gene manipulation in specific cell populations. Cerebellar Purkinje cells play a pivotal role in cerebellar functions. Although the Purkinje cell-specific L7 promoter is widely used for the generation of transgenic mice, it remains unsuitable for viral vectors because of its large size (3 kb) and exceedingly weak promoter activity. Here, we found that the 0.8-kb region (named here as L7-6) upstream of the transcription initiation codon in the first exon was alone sufficient as a Purkinje cell-specific promoter, presenting a far stronger promoter activity over the original 3-kb L7 promoter with a sustained significant specificity to Purkinje cells. Intravenous injection of adeno-associated virus vectors that are highly permeable to the blood-brain barrier confirmed the Purkinje cell specificity of the L7-6 in the CNS. The features of the L7-6 were also preserved in the marmoset, a non-human primate. The high sequence homology of the L7-6 among mouse, marmoset, and human suggests the preservation of the promoter strength and Purkinje cell specificity features also in humans. These findings suggest that L7-6 will facilitate the cerebellar research targeting the pathophysiology and gene therapy of cerebellar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nitta
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.,Research Program for Neural Signalling, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Signal Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Kansal K, Yang Z, Fishman AM, Sair HI, Ying SH, Jedynak BM, Prince JL, Onyike CU. Structural cerebellar correlates of cognitive and motor dysfunctions in cerebellar degeneration. Brain 2017; 140:707-720. [PMID: 28043955 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
See King et al. (doi:10.1093/aww348) for a scientific commentary on this article.Detailed mapping of clinical dysfunctions to the cerebellar lobules in disease populations is necessary to establish the functional significance of lobules implicated in cognitive and motor functions in normal subjects. This study constitutes the first quantitative examination of the lobular correlates of a broad range of cognitive and motor phenomena in cerebellar disease. We analysed cross-sectional data from 72 cases with cerebellar disease and 36 controls without cerebellar disease. Cerebellar lobule volumes were derived from a graph-cut based segmentation algorithm. Sparse partial least squares, a variable selection approach, was used to identify lobules associated with motor function, language, executive function, memory, verbal learning, perceptual organization and visuomotor coordination. Motor dysfunctions were chiefly associated with the anterior lobe and posterior lobule HVI. Confrontation naming, noun fluency, recognition, and perceptual organization did not have cerebellar associations. Verb and phonemic fluency, working memory, cognitive flexibility, immediate and delayed recall, verbal learning, and visuomotor coordination were variably associated with HVI, Crus I, Crus II, HVII B and/or HIX. Immediate and delayed recall also showed associations with the anterior lobe. These findings provide preliminary anatomical evidence for a functional topography of the cerebellum first defined in task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of normal subjects and support the hypotheses that (i) cerebellar efferents target frontal lobe neurons involved in forming action representations and new search strategies; (ii) there is greater involvement of the cerebellum when immediate recall tasks involve more complex verbal stimuli (e.g. longer words versus digits); and (iii) it is involved in spontaneous retrieval of long-term memory. More generally, they provide an anatomical background for studies that seek the mechanisms by which cognitive and motor dysfunctions arise from cerebellar degeneration. Beyond replicating these findings, future research should employ experimental tasks to probe the integrity of specific functions in cerebellar disease, and new imaging methods to quantitatively map atrophy across the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Kansal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann M Fishman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haris I Sair
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah H Ying
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruno M Jedynak
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jerry L Prince
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiadi U Onyike
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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