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Su X, Shang Z, Li X, Song Z, Ye M, Sun L, Hong T, Ma Y, Zhang H, Zhang P. Dural arteriovenous fistulas in the falx cerebri: case series and literature review. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:303. [PMID: 38954153 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) within the falx cerebri are infrequently documented and may be linked with the falcine sinus/venous plexus. The falcine sinus/venous plexus, often regarded as a normal venous structure, can exhibit pathological characteristics, differing from the persistent fetal falcine sinus. A retrospective analysis was conducted at a single center to identify all cases of DAVFs within the falx cerebri spanning from 2002 to 2022. Demographic data, fistula features, treatment modalities, clinical outcomes, and fistula closure were collected and analyzed. Additionally, relevant literature on DAVFs in this location was reviewed. Ten cases were identified at our center, supplemented by 13 cases reported in the literature. In our cohort, patients had an average age of 49.4 ± 8.1 years, with a male predominance of 90%. Trans-arterial embolization (TAE) alone achieved immediate complete occlusion in eight cases, while conservative treatment was pursued in two cases. No treatment-related complications or fistula recurrences were observed. In the literature, seven patients underwent direct surgery, three underwent TAE, and one underwent both direct surgery and radiosurgery for complete fistula closure. No instances of fistula recurrence or treatment complications were reported. Dural arteriovenous fistulas within the falx cerebri are rare, with limited literature available. They typically present as aggressive lesions. Treatment options include direct surgery or TAE. However, due to a lack of long-term DSA follow-up, the cure and recurrence rates are unknown for endovasdcular therapy. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the involvement of the falcine sinus/venous plexus in falx cerebri DAVFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zihao Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Liyong Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yongjie Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- , No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 10053, China.
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Golub D, Lynch DG, Mehta SH, Donaldson H, Shah KA, White TG, Quach ET, Papadimitriou K, Kuffer AF, Woo HH, Link TW, Patsalides A, Dehdashti AR. The role of surgical disconnection for posterior fossa pial arteriovenous fistulas and dural fistulas with pial supply: an illustrative case series. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:189. [PMID: 38658425 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pial arteriovenous fistulas (pAVFs) are rare vascular malformations characterized by high-flow arteriovenous shunting involving a cortical arterial supply directly connecting to venous drainage without an intermediate nidus. Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) can infrequently involve additional pial feeders which can introduce higher flow shunting and increase the associated treatment risk. In the posterior fossa, arteriovenous fistula (AVF) angioarchitecture tends to be particularly complex, involving either multiple arterial feeders-sometimes from both dural and pial origins-or small caliber vessels that are difficult to catheterize and tend to be intimately involved with functionally critical brainstem or upper cervical cord structures. Given their rarity, published experience on microsurgical or endovascular treatment strategies for posterior fossa pAVFs and dAVFs with pial supply remains limited. METHODS Retrospective chart review from 2019-2023 at a high-volume center identified six adult patients with posterior fossa pAVFs that were unable to be fully treated endovascularly and required microsurgical disconnection. These cases are individually presented with a technical emphasis and supported by comprehensive angiographic and intraoperative images. RESULTS One vermian (Case 1), three cerebellopontine angle (Cases 2-4) and two craniovertebral junction (Cases 5-6) posterior fossa pAVFs or dAVFs with pial supply are presented. Three cases involved mixed dural and pial arterial supply (Cases 1, 4, and 6), and one case involved a concomitant microAVM (Case 2). Endovascular embolization was attempted in four cases (Cases 1-4): The small caliber and tortuosity of the main arterial feeder prevented catheterization in two cases (Cases 1 and 3). Partial embolization was achieved in Cases 2 and 4. In Cases 5 and 6, involvement of the lateral spinal artery or anterior spinal artery created a prohibitive risk for endovascular embolization, and surgical clip ligation was pursued as primary management. In all cases, microsurgical disconnection resulted in complete fistula obliteration without evidence of recurrence on follow-up imaging (mean follow-up 27.1 months). Two patients experienced persistent post-treatment sensory deficits without significant functional limitation. CONCLUSIONS This illustrative case series highlights the technical difficulties and anatomical limitations of endovascular management for posterior fossa pAVFs and dAVFs with pial supply and emphasizes the relative safety and utility of microsurgical disconnection in this context. A combined approach involving partial preoperative embolization-when the angioarchitecture is permissive-can potentially decrease surgical morbidity. Larger studies are warranted to better define the role for multimodal intervention and to assess associated long-term AVF obliteration rates in the setting of pial arterial involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Golub
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel G Lynch
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Shyle H Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Hayley Donaldson
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kevin A Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Timothy G White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Eric T Quach
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Henry H Woo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Thomas W Link
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Athos Patsalides
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Amir R Dehdashti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Wang P, Zhang L, Zhang W, Shi T, Sun Y, Cui S, Zhang D, Kong F, Wang T. Dural arteriovenous fistula with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:467. [PMID: 37872601 PMCID: PMC10594680 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-04170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper analyzed the cases of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) in the diagnosis and treatment process. CASE PRESENTATION One case involving dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) from the 306th Hospital of PLA was retrospectively analyzed. The patient consulted the doctor due to lower limb sensory and motor disorders while exhibiting symptoms of urinary dysfunction. A computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and cerebral angiography confirmed the diagnosis of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), necessitating surgical treatment. The patient was referred to our hospital for an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a spinal angiography to obtain a confirmed diagnosis for spinal arteriovenous fistula, after which they underwent surgical fistula resection. The invasive intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) resection proceeded smoothly but did not ease the patient's symptoms. However, postoperative symptoms were partially relieved by the lumbar open spinal dural arteriovenous fistula adminstration. CONCLUSIONS Since not enough is understood about these two diseases, the rate of misdiagnosis is significantly increased. Early diagnosis and treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) can play a positive role during the recovery from neural function damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China
- 306th Clinical College of PLA, The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tiejun Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yikun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shaojie Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Core Facility, Center of Biomedical Analysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Fanxuan Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Korai M, Enomoto N, Satoh K, Matsubara S, Kanematsu Y, Yamaguchi T, Hanaoka M, Niki H, Matsuzaki K, Bando K, Hagino H, Takagi Y. Transarterial embolization for convexity dural arteriovenous fistula with or without pial arterial supply: A report of four patients. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:340. [PMID: 36128114 PMCID: PMC9479601 DOI: 10.25259/sni_215_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Convexity dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVF) usually reflux into cortical veins without involving the venous sinuses. Although direct drainage ligation is curative, transarterial embolization (TAE) may be an alternative treatment. Case Description: Between September 2018 and January 2021, we encountered four patients with convexity dAVFs. They were three males and one female; their age ranged from 36 to 73 years. The initial symptom was headache (n = 1) or seizure (n = 2); one patient was asymptomatic. In all patients, the feeders were external carotid arteries with drainage into the cortical veins; in two patients, there was pial arterial supply from the middle cerebral artery. All patients were successfully treated by TAE alone using either Onyx or N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization. Two patients required two sessions. All dAVFs were completely occluded and follow-up MRI or angiograms confirmed no recurrence. Conclusion: Our small series suggests that TAE with a liquid embolic material is an appropriate first-line treatment in patients with convexity dAVFs with or without pial arterial supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Korai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital, Komatsushima, Tokushima,
| | - Noriya Enomoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital, Komatsushima, Tokushima,
| | - Koichi Satoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital, Komatsushima, Tokushima,
| | - Shunji Matsubara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama,
| | | | - Tadashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital, Komatsushima, Tokushima,
| | - Mami Hanaoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital, Komatsushima, Tokushima,
| | - Hitoshi Niki
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital, Komatsushima, Tokushima,
| | - Kazuhito Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital, Komatsushima, Tokushima,
| | - Koji Bando
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima,
| | - Hirotaka Hagino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Zentsuji, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima,
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Woo SB, Kim JH, Kwon MY, Lee CY. Anatomical safety and precaution of transarterial embolization of a falcotentorial dural arteriovenous fistula fed by the artery of Davidoff and Schechter: Case report and review of the literature. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2022; 24:281-290. [PMID: 35570471 PMCID: PMC9537652 DOI: 10.7461/jcen.2022.e2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The artery of Davidoff and Schechter (ADS), a pure meningeal branch of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), is often reported as a feeder of the tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula (TDAVF). However, there are few reported cases of embolization via this artery. We present an interesting case of a patient with incidentally found TDAVF fed by the ADS and with fetal type posterior communicating artery, in which the feeder was confused with the PCA due to the similar pathways around the brain stem. It was successfully treated with transarterial embolization through the ADS. We reviewed related published articles to determine the safety of embolization via the ADS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Bin Woo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min-Yong Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Su H, Xu K, Wang Y, Yu J. Is the Middle Meningeal Artery the Optimal Path for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Embolization? Front Neurol 2021; 12:675355. [PMID: 34135854 PMCID: PMC8201068 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.675355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The middle meningeal artery (MMA) is the optimal arterial path for endovascular treatment (EVT) of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). However, the details are not completely understood. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients who were admitted to the First Hospital of Jilin University with a diagnosis of cranial DAVF with involvement of the MMA as a feeding artery. On the basis of the arterial path chosen and the role of the MMA in the first EVT procedure, EVT was divided into three types (I–III), each of which was further divided into two subclasses (a and b). The degree of embolization was analyzed. Result: The 104 included patients ranged in age from 13 to 80 years (mean, 53.6 ± 11.8 years). There were 48 cases of hemorrhage (46.2%, 48/104). Complete embolization was achieved in the first procedure in 64.4% of cases, and success was eventually achieved using EVT (the first attempt or a subsequent attempt) in 74.1% of cases. EVT caused complications in 6.7% of cases. A modified Rankin scale score of 0 or 1 was achieved in 78.8% of patients. Statistical analyses revealed that type Ia and IIb EVTs had the lowest complete embolization rates, but no difference was found between type Ia and IIb EVTs. Types IIa and III EVT had the highest complete embolization rates. Most cases had a good prognosis. Conclusion: These findings elucidate the features of the different EVT classes defined by the first EVT procedure and the role of the MMA. The delivery of treatment via slim and tortuous MMA branches increased the failure rate of EVT. A thick, straight MMA branch is the optimal path for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinlu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Li Y, Chen SH, Guniganti R, Kansagra AP, Piccirillo JF, Chen CJ, Buell T, Sheehan JP, Ding D, Lanzino G, Brinjikji W, Kim LJ, Levitt MR, Abecassis IJ, Bulters DO, Durnford A, Fox WC, Polifka AJ, Gross BA, Sur S, McCarthy DJ, Yavagal DR, Peterson EC, Hayakawa M, Derdeyn C, Samaniego EA, Amin-Hanjani S, Alaraj A, Kwasnicki A, Charbel FT, van Dijk JMC, Potgieser AR, Satomi J, Tada Y, Abla A, Phelps R, Du R, Lai PMR, Zipfel GJ, Starke RM. Onyx embolization for dural arteriovenous fistulas: a multi-institutional study. J Neurointerv Surg 2021; 14:neurintsurg-2020-017109. [PMID: 33632883 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-017109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the liquid embolic agent, Onyx, is often the preferred embolic treatment for cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs), there have only been a limited number of single-center studies to evaluate its performance. OBJECTIVE To carry out a multicenter study to determine the predictors of complications, obliteration, and functional outcomes associated with primary Onyx embolization of DAVFs. METHODS From the Consortium for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Outcomes Research (CONDOR) database, we identified patients who were treated for DAVF with Onyx-only embolization as the primary treatment between 2000 and 2013. Obliteration rate after initial embolization was determined based on the final angiographic run. Factors predictive of complete obliteration, complications, and functional independence were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS A total 146 patients with DAVFs were primarily embolized with Onyx. Mean follow-up was 29 months (range 0-129 months). Complete obliteration was achieved in 80 (55%) patients after initial embolization. Major cerebral complications occurred in six patients (4.1%). At last follow-up, 84% patients were functionally independent. Presence of flow symptoms, age over 65, presence of an occipital artery feeder, and preprocedural home anticoagulation use were predictive of non-obliteration. The transverse-sigmoid sinus junction location was associated with fewer complications, whereas the tentorial location was predictive of poor functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter study, we report satisfactory performance of Onyx as a primary DAVF embolic agent. The tentorium remains a more challenging location for DAVF embolization, whereas DAVFs located at the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction are associated with fewer complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stephanie H Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ridhima Guniganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Akash P Kansagra
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jay F Piccirillo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ching-Jen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Buell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dale Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lanzino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Louis J Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R Levitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew Durnford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - W Christopher Fox
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Hospital Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Adam J Polifka
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bradley A Gross
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samir Sur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David J McCarthy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dileep R Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eric C Peterson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Minako Hayakawa
- Division of Neurointerventional Surgery, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Colin Derdeyn
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Edgar A Samaniego
- Department of Neurology, Radiology and Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Ali Alaraj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amanda Kwasnicki
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fady T Charbel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - J Marc C van Dijk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Re Potgieser
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Junichiro Satomi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Tada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Adib Abla
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ryan Phelps
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pui Man Rosalind Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert M Starke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA .,Department of Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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