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Martin-Gall V, Neil A, Macintyre K, Rehman S, Nguyen TP, Harding B, Gall S. Tobacco retail availability and smoking-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39228169 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
ISSUES Health policy makers worldwide have adopted evidence-based legislation, largely directed at consumers, to reduce tobacco-related harm. It is suggested that limiting supply by decreasing retail availability can also reduce cigarette smoking. To inform policy makers this systematic literature review assesses whether reducing availability is associated with smoking behaviours. APPROACH Systematic literature searches of five databases were carried out up to January 2023. Included studies had at least one exposure (tobacco retail density, proximity or mixed measures thereof) and outcomes of smoking behaviour. Meta-analysis of effect estimates were undertaken if there were at least three studies with similar population, exposure and outcome measures. KEY FINDINGS Sixty-two studies were included, and positive associations were found between tobacco outlet density and cigarette smoking in pregnancy, youth, adults and cessation. Meta-analyses were undertaken for retail density and ever smoking (odds ratio [OR] 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04, 1.37; I2 = 87.3%), and current youth smoking (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.08, 1.40; I2 = 0.0%), adult smoking (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.01, 1.22; I2 = 74.8%); and mixed measures of retail availability near schools and current youth smoking (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01, 1.05; I2 = 0.0%). IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION There is evidence higher tobacco retail density is consistently associated with cigarette smoking in pregnant women, young people and adults when ecological studies are included in meta-analysis. Meanwhile, evidence synthesis reveals restrictive tobacco retail laws based on proximity or mixed measures near home or very near school may not reduce smoking except in men who smoke heavily. Mechanisms to reduce retailer density should be thus considered part of tobacco control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Martin-Gall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Public Health Services, Department of Health, Hobart, Australia
| | - Amanda Neil
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Kate Macintyre
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Sabah Rehman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Thuy Phuong Nguyen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Ben Harding
- Public Health Services, Department of Health, Hobart, Australia
| | - Seana Gall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Baggett CD, Richardson DB, Kuo TM, Rudolph JE, Kong AY, Ribisl KM, Golden SD. Tobacco retailer density and its association with birth outcomes in the USA: 2000-2016. Tob Control 2024:tc-2024-058779. [PMID: 39168593 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2024-058779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Significant progress has been made in reducing maternal exposure to tobacco smoke and subsequent adverse birth outcomes, however, reductions may require strategies that reduce the availability of tobacco retailers. In this study, we investigated the relationship between tobacco retailer density and birth outcomes across the USA and predicted the potential impact of a tobacco retailer density cap on these outcomes. METHODS Annual US county (n=3105), rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational age, all-cause infant mortality and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were calculated using National Vital Statistics System data. Tobacco retailers were identified from the National Establishment Time-Series Database. We used Poisson regression to estimate the effect of capping retailer density at 1.4 retailers per 1000 population, controlling for county demographics and air pollution, using propensity score weighting. RESULTS Tobacco retailer density was positively associated with most adverse birth outcomes. We estimate that a nationwide cap on tobacco retailer density, implemented in 2016, would have resulted in a reduction of 4275 (95% CI 2210 to 6392) preterm births, 6096 (95% CI 4421 to 7806) small-for-gestational-age births, 3483 (95% CI 2615 to 4378) low birthweight births, 538 (95% CI 345 to 733) all-cause infant deaths and 107 (95% CI 55 to 158) SIDS deaths in that year. CONCLUSION Higher rates of adverse birth outcomes were seen in counties with high tobacco retailer density compared with those with low density. These results provide further support for regulating tobacco retail density to reduce adverse health outcomes associated with tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Baggett
- Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David B Richardson
- UCI Susan & Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Tzy-Mey Kuo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Rudolph
- Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Golden SD, Kuo TM, Combs T, Kong AY, Ribisl KM, Baggett CD. Supply and demand effects between tobacco retailer density and smoking prevalence. Tob Control 2024:tc-2024-058739. [PMID: 39134401 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2024-058739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Places with more tobacco retailers have higher smoking prevalence levels, but whether this is because retailers locate where people who smoke live or whether tobacco availability prompts tobacco use is unknown. In this study, we compare the role of consumer demand with that of tobacco supply in longitudinal, area-based associations of tobacco retailer density with smoking prevalence. METHODS We merged annual adult smoking prevalence estimates derived from the USA Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System data with annual county estimates of tobacco retailer density calculated from the National Establishment Time Series data for 3080 counties between 2000 and 2010. We analysed relationships between retailer density and smoking in 3080 counties, using random intercept cross-lagged panel models and employing two measures of tobacco retailer density capturing the number of likely tobacco retailers in a county divided by either the population or land area. RESULTS Both density models provided evidence of significant demand and supply effects; in the population-based model, the association of smoking prevalence in 1 year with tobacco retailer density in the next year (standardised coefficient=0.038, p<0.01) was about double the association between tobacco retailer density with subsequent smoking prevalence (0.017, p<0.01). The reverse was true in the land area-based model, where the supply effect (0.042, p<0.01) was more than 10 times stronger than the demand effect (0.003, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Policies that restrict access to retail tobacco have the potential to reduce smoking prevalence, but pairing such policies with interventions to reduce consumer demand remains important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D Golden
- Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tzy-Mey Kuo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd Combs
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chris D Baggett
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Canty R, Gartner CE, Hoek J, Hefler M. Global policy scan of commercial combustible tobacco product retailing regulations by WHO region. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058523. [PMID: 39059815 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Regulatory schemes for tobacco retailing help restrict the supply and availability of smoked tobacco products. Tobacco retailer density and the proximity of tobacco outlets to youth spaces, such as schools, are greater in more disadvantaged areas. Exposure to tobacco retailing normalises smoking and increases ease of access, thus increasing smoking uptake and undermining quitting. To inform future policy, we conducted a global scan of combustible tobacco retail regulatory schemes (We use the term schemes to refer to any kind of relevant initiative, policy, regulations or legislation that we found). METHODS All types of English language records concerning the regulation of commercial tobacco product availability were considered, including peer-reviewed journal articles, key reports and policy documents. The key features of regulatory schemes were documented. In addition, we contacted key informants in different countries and regions for advice on additional sources and undertook targeted searching in regions where we initially found little data. RESULTS/FINDINGS Although many countries have well-established and comprehensive tobacco control programmes, tobacco retail policy that actively addresses the availability of tobacco is underutilised. Many jurisdictions have implemented a minimum purchase age and restricted point-of-sale advertising and marketing. Other tobacco retailing regulations also included licensing systems with licence fees, caps on licences and restrictions on store location, type and retailer density/proximity. A very small number of jurisdictions have ended tobacco retailing altogether. CONCLUSIONS At a minimum, policy-makers should implement licensing schemes, licence caps and proximity limits and invest in robust monitoring systems and compliance enforcement. Tobacco products' ubiquity is incompatible with its status as a dangerous addictive substance and does not align with tobacco endgame goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Canty
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Coral E Gartner
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janet Hoek
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Public Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marita Hefler
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Boyle J, Barsell DJ, Zhang JJ, Oliver JA, McClernon FJ, Dahman B, Hoyo C, Fuemmeler BF, Wheeler DC. Modeling the Effects of Policies that Restrict Tobacco Retail Outlets on Prenatal Smoke Exposure and Perinatal Health Care Utilization. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2024; 25:910-918. [PMID: 39230657 PMCID: PMC11390818 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-024-01718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco retail outlet (TRO) density has been associated with increased cotinine levels in pregnant persons and their children. As such, the higher densities of TROs may represent higher levels of active smoking during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to simulate the reduction in cotinine (a biomarker of smoke exposure) and health care utilization that could occur in pregnant persons under enactment of several candidate TRO reduction policy recommendations. Using existing retail outlet data from the state of North Carolina and from the Newborn Epigenetic Study (NEST), the present study created hypothetical policy-informed datasets of TROs that a) limited the number of TROs to the same density as the 2014 San Francisco (SF) policy (Policy 1), b) set the minimum distance to 500 feet between TROs from a school and from other TROs (Policy 2), c) restricted the types of TROs to exclude pharmacies (Policy 3), and d) a combination of Policies 1-3 (Policy 4). We estimated the effects of each policy individually and in a separate model with their combined effects in terms of the reduction on cotinine levels and health care utilization, as measured by number of visits to the emergency department (ED). We found that the hypothetical policies were likely to be effective in reducing maternal cotinine and ED visits, with the majority of the mothers in the dataset demonstrating reductions in these outcomes after implementation of the policies. We found that Policy 1 led to moderate reductions in TRO exposure for the majority of the sample as well as stratified by race/ethnicity. Additionally, Policy 4 had slightly larger estimated effects than Policy 1, but could be more onerous to implement in practice. Overall, we identified evidence supporting the efficacy of TRO reduction strategies that could impact smoke exposure during pregnancy in our diverse sample in North Carolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Boyle
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - D Jeremy Barsell
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Environmental Science and Policy Division, Duke Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jason A Oliver
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Bassam Dahman
- Department of Social Behavioral Science, School of Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Bernard F Fuemmeler
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - David C Wheeler
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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Kong AY, Lee JGL, Halvorson-Fried SM, Sewell KB, Golden SD, Henriksen L, Herbert L, Ribisl KM. Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review. Tob Control 2024:tc-2024-058718. [PMID: 38937098 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2024-058718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine inequities in tobacco retailer availability by neighbourhood-level socioeconomic, racial/ethnic and same-sex couple composition. DATA SOURCES We conducted a 10 November 2022 search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Global Health, LILACS, Embase, ABI/Inform, CINAHL, Business Source Complete, Web of Science and Scopus. STUDY SELECTION We included records from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries that tested associations of area-level measures of tobacco retailer availability and neighbourhood-level sociodemographic characteristics. Two coders reviewed the full text of eligible records (n=58), including 41 records and 205 effect sizes for synthesis. DATA EXTRACTION We used dual independent screening of titles, abstracts and full texts. One author abstracted and a second author confirmed the study design, location, unit of analysis, sample size, retailer data source, availability measure, statistical approach, sociodemographic characteristic and unadjusted effect sizes. DATA SYNTHESIS Of the 124 effect sizes related to socioeconomic inequities (60.5% of all effect sizes), 101 (81.5%) indicated evidence of inequities. Of 205 effect sizes, 69 (33.7%) tested associations between retailer availability and neighbourhood composition of racially and ethnically minoritised people, and 57/69 (82.6%) documented inequities. Tobacco availability was greater in neighbourhoods with more Black, Hispanic/Latine and Asian residents (82.8%, 90.3% and 40.0% of effect sizes, respectively). Two effect sizes found greater availability with more same-sex households. CONCLUSIONS There are stark inequities in tobacco retailer availability. Moving beyond documenting inequities to partnering with communities to design, implement, and evaluate interventions that reduce and eliminate inequities in retail availability is needed to promote an equitable retail environment. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019124984.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joseph G L Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah M Halvorson-Fried
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kerry B Sewell
- Laupus Health Sciences Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelley Diane Golden
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lily Herbert
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Bendotti H, Gartner CE, Marshall HM, Ireland D, Garvey G, Lawler S. Exploring associations of population characteristics and tobacco and vape retailer density and proximity in Australia: a scoping review. Tob Control 2024:tc-2024-058760. [PMID: 38969498 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2024-058760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This scoping review synthesises Australian evidence on associations between tobacco and vape retailer density/proximity and various population measures and smoking behaviour to identify research gaps and inform future policy and strategies. DATA SOURCES Following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, relevant studies published in English since 2003 were identified via searches of eight databases in March and August 2023. STUDY SELECTION Two reviewers independently completed screening procedures. Eligible studies were from Australia and described associations between tobacco or vape retailer density/proximity and adult or youth smoking/vaping prevalence or behaviours, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, geographic location, school locations and/or Indigenous status. DATA EXTRACTION Results are reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. DATA SYNTHESIS Of 794 publications screened, 12 studies from 6 Australian states were included. Six studies from five states reported statistically significant associations between neighbourhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage and tobacco retailer density, yet only two studies from two states found a significant relationship between retailer density and adult smoking prevalence. Increasing retailer density was consistently significantly associated with increasing geographical remoteness in three states. No studies explored associations with tobacco retailer proximity or vape retailer density/proximity. CONCLUSIONS Despite a moderate number of studies overall, state-level evidence is limited, and unknown for Australian territories. Evidence from five Australian states reflects the international evidence that increasing retailer density is significantly associated with increasing socioeconomic disadvantage and remoteness, supporting the need for tobacco supply-based policies. Further research is required to understand the impact of retailer density and adult and youth smoking prevalence in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Bendotti
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Thoracic Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - Coral E Gartner
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Henry M Marshall
- Thoracic Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Ireland
- Australian eHealth Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gail Garvey
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sheleigh Lawler
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Zheng C, Pearce J, Feng Z. Potential impacts of spatial restrictions on tobacco retail availability in China: a simulation study in Shanghai. Tob Control 2024; 33:503-510. [PMID: 36889913 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regulating tobacco retail availability provides promising new opportunities for effective tobacco control. This study simulates the potential impacts of introducing spatial restrictions on the availability of tobacco in Shanghai, the largest city in China. METHODS Twelve stakeholder-informed simulation scenarios under four types of spatial restrictions were considered: (1) capping, (2) ban of sales, (3) minimum spacing and (4) school-buffer exclusion zone. Tobacco retailer data for Shanghai (n=19 413) were used. The main outcome was per cent reduction in retail availability measured by population-weighted kernel density estimation across neighbourhoods, and impacts on social inequality in availability were estimated using the Kruskal-Wallis test and effect size estimation. All analyses were further stratified by three levels of urbanity to examine geographical disparities in overall effectiveness and equity of the simulation scenarios. RESULTS All simulation scenarios have the potential to reduce availability, with overall reductions ranging from 8.60% to 85.45%. Compared with the baseline, the effect size regarding the association between availability and neighbourhood deprivation quintiles suggests that the most effective scenario, '500 m minimum spacing' between retailers, increased the social inequality in availability (p<0.001). Conversely, school-buffer scenarios were both effective and equitable. Additionally, the effectiveness and the equity impact of scenarios varied by urbanity level. CONCLUSION Spatial restrictions offer potential new policy opportunities to reduce retail availability, but some may increase social inequality in accessing tobacco. For effective tobacco control, policymakers should consider the overall and equity impacts of spatial restrictions when developing comprehensive tobacco retail regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zheng
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health (CRESH), School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Pearce
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health (CRESH), School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health (CRESH), School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Centre for Administrative Data Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Malone RE, McAfee T. Birthdate-based commercial tobacco sales restrictions: will 'tobacco-free generation' policies advance or delay the endgame? Tob Control 2024:tc-2024-058716. [PMID: 38897727 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2024-058716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Endgame thinking means transitioning from merely trying to 'control' the tobacco epidemic to developing plans and measures to bring it to an end within a specific time, by changing the underlying dynamics that have created and perpetuated it for more than a century. Among the innovative policies characterised as 'endgame' policies are so-called 'tobacco-free generation' or 'smoke-free generation' policies, which prohibit sales of some or all tobacco products to individuals born on or after a particular date. Such birthdate-based sales restrictions (BSR) have intuitive appeal, largely because they do not appreciably disrupt the status quo of retail sales, which continue unchanged for all those born before the designated cut-off date. They also hold the potential for further denormalising tobacco use and sales by anticipating the long-term end of tobacco sales. In this Special Communication, we analyse BSR policies through an endgame lens and propose questions that should be discussed in jurisdictions considering them. We suggest that this policy has potential underexamined pitfalls, particularly related to equity, and that if enacted, it should include policy guardrails and be part of a package of endgame measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Malone
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tim McAfee
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA
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Graham-DeMello A, Hoek J. How do people who smoke perceive a tobacco retail outlet reduction policy in Aotearoa New Zealand? A qualitative analysis. Tob Control 2024; 33:e25-e31. [PMID: 36720649 PMCID: PMC10958291 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aotearoa New Zealand plans to greatly reduce tobacco retail outlets, which are concentrated in areas of higher deprivation and perpetuate health inequities caused by smoking and borne particularly by Māori. However, we lack in-depth analyses of how this measure could affect people who smoke. METHODS We undertook in-depth interviews with 24 adults from two urban areas who smoke. We used a novel interactive mapping approach to examine participants' current retail outlets and their views on a scenario where very few outlets would sell tobacco. To inform policy implementation, we probed participants' anticipated responses and explored the measure's wider implications, including unintended impacts. We used qualitative description to interpret the data. RESULTS Most participants anticipated accommodating the changes easily, by using alternative outlets or bulk-purchasing tobacco; however, they felt others would face access problems and increased costs, and greater stress. They thought the policy would spur quit attempts, reduce relapse among people who had quit and protect young people from smoking uptake, and expected more people to switch to alternative nicotine products. However, most foresaw unintended social outcomes, such as increased crime and reduced viability of local businesses. CONCLUSIONS Many participants hoped to become smoke-free and thought retail reduction measures would prompt quit attempts and reduce relapse. Adopting a holistic well-being perspective, such as those developed by Māori, could address concerns about unintended adverse outcomes and provide comprehensive support to people who smoke as they adjust to a fundamental change in tobacco availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Hoek
- Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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11
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Marsh L, Doscher C, Iosua E, Quigg R, Tomintz M. What impact would tobacco retailer proximity limit have on tobacco availability in New Zealand? Tob Control 2024; 33:215-220. [PMID: 35953283 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One policy option to reduce the density of tobacco retailers is to restrict the distance retailers can be located to each other. This study examined the impacts of proximity limits of 150 m, 300 m and 450 m between tobacco retailers in New Zealand and if critical threshold reduction in tobacco retailers of 90%-95% would be achieved. METHODS Using a spatial modelling approach, tobacco retailers were randomly removed based on a minimum distance between retailers until there were zero retailers within each scenario's minimum distance. This was repeated for all three proximity limit scenarios and descriptive statistics are provided for each. RESULTS Implementation of 150 m, 300 m or 450 m distance restrictions between tobacco retailers would result in an average reduction in availability of 35%, 49% and 58%, respectively. On average, the current median distance to the closest retailer increases from 110 m to 377 m, to 568 m or to 718 m, respectively. The average median distance from a retailer to the closest school also increases across the three proximity limits, from 1017 m to 1087 m, to 1149 m or to 1231 m, respectively. Reduced clustering in deprived areas would be most apparent if a 450 m restriction policy was implemented. CONCLUSIONS A proximity limit of 450 m would reduce retailers by 58%, but would not reach proposed critical behaviour-change threshold of 90%-95% required to reduce smoking prevalence independently. There is a need for a combination of policies, which focus on promoting equity, to achieve this bold endgame goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Marsh
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Crile Doscher
- Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ella Iosua
- Biostatistics Centre, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robin Quigg
- Ngāi Tahu Māori Health Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Tomintz
- Geospatial Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Joó T, Foley K, Brys Z, Rogers T, Szócska M, Bodrogi J, Gaál P, Pénzes M. Impact of regulatory tightening of the Hungarian tobacco retail market on availability, access and cigarette smoking prevalence of adolescents. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058232. [PMID: 38242687 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Policies that reduce tobacco retail density to decrease tobacco use among the youth are critical for the tobacco endgame. This paper reviews a Hungarian tobacco regulatory measure, which, since 2013, has confined the sale of tobacco products exclusively to so-called National Tobacco Shops, summarises the changes in the national tobacco retail marketplace and reports on analyses of the impact of this intervention on illegal sales to minors and adolescent smoking behaviour. METHODS We reviewed the available national statistical data on the structure and dynamics of the tobacco retail market. Changes in lifetime and current (past 30 days) use of cigarettes among Hungarian adolescents aged 13-17 years were assessed using data from international youth surveys on health behaviours collected in 2010-2020. RESULTS Since the start of policy implementation, the density of tobacco shops in Hungary decreased by 85%, from 4.1 to 0.6 per 1000 persons. The prevalence of lifetime and current cigarette smoking among adolescents declined by 13-24 percentage points (pp) and by 4.8-15 pp, respectively. The rate of illegal sales of tobacco products to minors decreased by 27.6 pp, although the prevalence of compensatory access strategies, especially asking others to buy cigarettes for minors, increased. CONCLUSIONS After a significant decrease in the nationwide availability of licensed tobacco retailers, Hungary experienced short-term reductions in youth smoking prevalence. However, the sporadic implementation of complementary, evidence-based tobacco control strategies might limit further declines in youth smoking initiation and tobacco product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Joó
- Data-Driven Health Division of the National Laboratory for Health Security, Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Healthcare Management Association, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristie Foley
- Implementation Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zoltán Brys
- Doctoral School of Mental Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Sociology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Todd Rogers
- Public Health Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miklós Szócska
- Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Bodrogi
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gaál
- Hungarian Healthcare Management Association, Budapest, Hungary
- Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Pénzes
- Data-Driven Health Division of the National Laboratory for Health Security, Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Giovenco DP, Morrison CN, Mehranbod CA, Spillane TE, Easter AG, Hernández D, Humphreys DK, Mauro CM, Kong AY, Branas CC. Impact and Equity of New York City's Tobacco Retail Reduction Initiative. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:235-242. [PMID: 37816459 PMCID: PMC10872861 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High levels of tobacco retailer density in communities is associated with a range of tobacco use behaviors and is a key structural driver of tobacco-related disparities. This study evaluates the impacts of New York City's (NYC) novel policy intervention to cap tobacco retail licenses on tobacco retailer density levels and neighborhood inequities in tobacco access. METHODS Using geocoded tobacco retail licensing data from 2010 to 2022, Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson panel models estimated the association between policy implementation in 2018 and retailer density per 1,000 population, controlling for neighborhood-level sociodemographic factors. Data were analyzed in 2023. RESULTS The number of tobacco retail licenses decreased from 9,304 in 2010 to 5,107 in 2022, with the rate of decline significantly accelerating post-policy (-14·2% versus -34·2%). Policy effects were stronger in districts with lower income and greater proportions of non-Hispanic Black residents. CONCLUSIONS NYC's policy substantially reduced tobacco retailer density and appeared to close longstanding patterns of inequity in tobacco access, serving as a rare example of a tobacco control policy that may effectively reduce tobacco-related disparities. This emergent approach to restructure tobacco retail in communities may reach populations that have not benefitted from traditional tobacco control policies and should be considered by other localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Giovenco
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Christopher N Morrison
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New York, NY, USA; Monash University, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christina A Mehranbod
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Torra E Spillane
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexa G Easter
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Hernández
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - David K Humphreys
- University of Oxford, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine M Mauro
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Y Kong
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Charles C Branas
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Hoek J, Muthumala C, Fenton E, Gartner CE, Petrović-van der Deen FS. New Zealand community pharmacists' perspectives on supplying smoked tobacco as an endgame initiative: a qualitative analysis. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058126. [PMID: 37940403 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco endgame strategies often include measures to reduce tobacco availability by decreasing retailer numbers. Recently, some US pharmacies have delisted tobacco, though overall retailer numbers have not reduced markedly. Paradoxically, others have suggested limiting tobacco sales to pharmacies, to reduce supply and support cessation. We explored how pharmacists from Aotearoa New Zealand, a country planning to reduce tobacco supply, perceived supplying tobacco. METHODS We undertook in-depth interviews with 16 pharmacists from Ōtepoti Dunedin; most served more deprived communities with higher smoking prevalence. We probed participants' views on supplying tobacco, explored factors that could limit implementation of this policy, and analysed their ethical positions. We used qualitative description to analyse data on limiting factors and reflexive thematic analysis to interpret the ethical arguments adduced. RESULTS Most participants noted time, space and safety concerns, and some had strong moral objections to supplying tobacco. These included concerns that supplying tobacco would contradict their duty not to harm patients, reduce them to sales assistants, undermine their role as health experts, and tarnish their profession. A minority focused on the potential benefits of a pharmacy supply measure, which they thought would use and extend their skills, and improve community well-being. CONCLUSIONS Policy-makers will likely encounter strongly expressed opposition if they attempt to introduce a pharmacy supply measure as an initial component of a retail reduction strategy. However, as smoking prevalence falls, adopting a health-promoting supply model, using pharmacies that chose to participate, would become more feasible and potentially enhance community outreach and cessation support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hoek
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Charika Muthumala
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Fenton
- Bioethics Centre, University of Otago Bioethics Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Coral E Gartner
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Baker J, Lenz K, Masood M, Rahman MA, Begg S. Tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviour: how are exposure and outcome measures classified? A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2038. [PMID: 37853379 PMCID: PMC10585801 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date only a limited number of reviews have focused on how exposure and outcome measures are defined in the existing literature on associations between tobacco retailer density ('density') and smoking behaviour ('smoking'). Therefore this systematic review classified and summarised how both density and smoking variables are operationalised in the existing literature, and provides several methodological recommendations for future density and smoking research. METHODS Two literature searches between March and April 2018 and April 2022 were conducted across 10 databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed and keyword database searches were undertaken. Studies were imported into Covidence. Cross-sectional studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and a quality assessment was undertaken. Studies were categorised according to the density measure used, and smoking was re-categorised using a modified classification tool. RESULTS Large heterogeneity was found in the operationalisation of both measures in the 47 studies included for analysis. Density was most commonly measured directly from geocoded locations using circular buffers at various distances (n = 14). After smoking was reclassified using a smoking classification tool, past-month smoking was the most common smoking type reported (n = 26). CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that density is measured through length-distance and travel time using the street network and weighted (e.g. by the size of an area), or by using Kernel Density Estimates as these methods provide a more accurate measure of geographical to tobacco and e-cigarette retailer density. The consistent application of a smoking measures classification tool, such as the one developed for this systematic review, would enable better comparisons between studies. Future research should measure exposure and outcome measures in a way that makes them comparable with other studies. IMPLICATIONS This systematic review provides a strong case for improving data collection and analysis methodologies in studies assessing tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviour to ensure that both exposure and outcome measures are clearly defined and captured. As large heterogeneity was found in the operationalisation of both density and smoking behaviour measures in the studies included for analysis, there is a need for future studies to capture, measure and classify exposure measures accurately, and to define outcome measures in a manner that makes them comparable with other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baker
- Department of Community and Allied Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia.
| | - Katrin Lenz
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre For Rural Health Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohd Masood
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Health, Federation University, Berwick, Australia
- Australian Institute for Primary Care and Ageing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Begg
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre For Rural Health Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Trigg J, Rich J, Williams E, Gartner CE, Guillaumier A, Bonevski B. Perspectives on limiting tobacco access and supporting access to nicotine vaping products among clients of residential drug and alcohol treatment services in Australia. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058094. [PMID: 37821220 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco endgame strategies aim to drive down population smoking rates, the success of which can be improved with public buy-in, including from populations with high smoking rates such as alcohol and other drug (AOD) service clients. This study aimed to explore acceptability of tobacco retail and nicotine reduction, and subsidised nicotine vaping to support AOD service clients following a smoking cessation attempt. METHODS We interviewed 31 Australian AOD service clients who currently or previously smoked, following a 12-week randomised trial comparing nicotine replacement therapy with nicotine vaping product (NVP) for smoking cessation. Participants were asked how effectively three scenarios would support tobacco cessation: tobacco retailer reduction, very low-nicotine cigarette standard and subsidised NVP access. We thematically analysed participant views on how each approach would support tobacco abstinence. RESULTS Tobacco retailer reduction raised concerns about increasing travel and accessing cigarettes from alternate sources, with generally lower acceptability, though a range of perspectives were provided. Reducing nicotine in tobacco products was described as reducing appeal of smoking and potentially increasing illicit purchases of non-reduced nicotine products. Clients of AOD services were highly accepting of subsidised NVP access for tobacco cessation, as this would partly address financial and socioeconomic barriers. CONCLUSIONS Australian tobacco control policy should consider how these approaches impact ease and likelihood of tobacco access by AOD service clients in relation to the general population. Understanding clients' acceptability of tobacco control and endgame measures can inform how to avoid potential unintended consequences for these clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Trigg
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jane Rich
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edwina Williams
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Coral E Gartner
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Guillaumier
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Billie Bonevski
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Kang H, Cheon E, Ha J, Cho SI. Use of geographically weighted regression models to inform retail endgame strategies in South Korea: application to cigarette and ENDS prevalence. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058117. [PMID: 37816592 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing tobacco retailer availability is a key tobacco endgame policy. The development and evaluation of retail-based policies require spatial methodologies. We modelled the prevalence of adult cigarette and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use according to tobacco retailer density, considering geographical variations. METHODS Registration data for tobacco retail businesses, a population-representative survey of South Koreans aged ≥19 years, and population and land area data were used. We merged the datasets according to geographical units. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) analyses were conducted to model cigarette and ENDS use prevalence, respectively. FINDINGS Tobacco retailer density was associated with increased cigarette use prevalence in the OLS model (β=2.19, p=0.02). A 1.9-fold difference by region was identified for the coefficient, indicating an association with tobacco retailer density (minimum 1.39, maximum 2.65), in the GWR analysis. No significant association was present between tobacco retailer density and ENDS prevalence in either the OLS (β=0.24, p=0.37) or the GWR model (minimum 0.20, maximum 0.28). CONCLUSION Our results suggest the importance of using spatial methods to develop and evaluate retail-based endgame policies. The establishment of tobacco retailer databases by the introduction of licensing is necessary to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco retailer regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Kang
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eunsil Cheon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Ha
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Il Cho
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea
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Bostean G, Ponicki WR, Padon AA, McCarthy WJ, Unger JB. A statewide study of disparities in local policies and tobacco, vape, and cannabis retail environments. Prev Med Rep 2023; 35:102373. [PMID: 37691887 PMCID: PMC10483047 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study: (1) assesses sociodemographic disparities in local policies related to tobacco and cannabis retail, and (2) examines the cross-sectional association between policy strength and retailer densities of tobacco, e-cigarette (vape), and cannabis retailers within California cities and county unincorporated areas (N = 539). We combined (a) American Community Survey data (2019 5-year estimates), (b) 2018 tobacco, vape, and cannabis retailer locations from a commercial data provider, (c) 2017 tobacco and vape retail environment policy data from American Lung Association, and (d) 2018 cannabis policy data from California Cannabis Local Laws Database. Conditional autoregressive models examined policy strength associations with sociodemographic composition and retailer density in California jurisdictions. Jurisdictions with larger percentages of Black and foreign-born residents had stronger tobacco and vape policies. For cannabis policy, only income had a small, significant positive association with policy strength. Contrary to hypothesis, tobacco/vape policies were not significantly associated with retailer density, but cannabis policy strength was associated with lower cannabis retailer density (relative rate = 0.58, 95% Uncertainty Interval 0.47-0.70)-this effect was completely driven by storefront bans. Thus, storefront cannabis bans were the only policy studied that was associated with lower cannabis retailer density. Further research is needed to understand policies and disparities in retail environments for tobacco, vape, and cannabis, including data on the prospective association between policy implementation and subsequent retailer density, and the role of enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Bostean
- Sociology Department, Environmental Science & Policy Program, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - William R. Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - William J. McCarthy
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ziesing S, Ettridge K, Dono J, Luppino A, Miller C. Is it time to increase the cost of tobacco licences after 10 years of stagnation? Aust N Z J Public Health 2023; 47:100080. [PMID: 37739846 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reducing tobacco licences is one potential lever to reduce tobacco-related harms. A 15-fold increase in annual tobacco retailer licence fees in 2007 led to a 24% decline in the number of licences in 2009. This study investigates the changes in tobacco licences over a subsequent decade in the absence of real fee increases. METHODS The South Australian (SA) government tobacco licencing system databases for 2009 and 2020 were audited, measuring changes in the number and distribution of tobacco and vending machine licences by outlet type, disadvantage, and remoteness. RESULTS The number of tobacco licences declined by 33.1% overall. Large reductions were observed in food service venues (65.2%) and hotel/motels (37.2%). In 2020, most licences were in service stations (25.1%), hotel/motels (22.9%), and supermarkets (22.2%). Despite proportional reductions across all disadvantage quintiles, the most disadvantaged areas continued to have the largest number of tobacco licensees. Vending machines declined by 63.6% and remained concentrated in hotels/motels (91.4%). CONCLUSIONS Since a 15-fold licence fee increase in 2007 effectively reduced tobacco retailers from 2007-2009, the decline since has been incremental. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Increasing tobacco licence fees is a straightforward and effective measure to reduce tobacco availability and should be re-prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ziesing
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Kerry Ettridge
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Joanne Dono
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Ashley Luppino
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Caroline Miller
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.
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van Deelen TRD, Veldhuizen EM, van den Putte B, Kunst AE, Kuipers MAG. Socioeconomic differences in tobacco outlet presence, density, and proximity in four cities in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1515. [PMID: 37558979 PMCID: PMC10413623 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies found that tobacco outlets were unevenly distributed by area socioeconomic status (SES). However, evidence from continental Europe is limited. This study aims to assess differences in tobacco outlet presence, density and proximity by area SES in the Netherlands. METHODS All tobacco outlets in four Dutch cities (Amsterdam, and medium-sized cities Eindhoven, Haarlem, and Zwolle) were mapped between September 2019 and June 2020. We estimated associations between average property value of neighbourhoods (as an indicator of SES, grouped into quintiles) and (1) tobacco outlet presence in the neighbourhood (yes/no), (2) density (per km2), and (3) proximity to the closest outlet (in meters), using logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS 46% of neighbourhoods contained at least one tobacco outlet. Tobacco outlets were mostly situated in city centres, but the distribution of tobacco outlets varied per city due to differences in urban structures and functions. In the medium-sized cities, each quintile higher neighbourhood-SES was associated with lower tobacco outlet presence (OR:0.71, 95%CI:0.59;0.85), lower density (B:-1.20 outlets/km2, 95%CI:-2.20;-0.20) and less proximity (B:40.2 m, 95%CI 36.58;43.83). Associations were the other way around for Amsterdam (OR:1.22, 95%CI:1.05;1.40, B:3.50, 95%CI:0.81;6.20, and B:-18.45, 95%CI:-20.41;-16.49, respectively). Results were similar for most types of tobacco outlets. CONCLUSION In medium-sized cities in the Netherlands, tobacco outlets were more often located in low-SES neighbourhoods than high-SES. Amsterdam presented a reverse pattern, possibly due to its unique urban structure. We discuss how licensing might contribute to reducing tobacco outlets in low-SES neighbourhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa R D van Deelen
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Postbus, Amsterdam, 22660, 1100 DD, the Netherlands.
| | - Els M Veldhuizen
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Postbus, Amsterdam, 15629, 1001 NC, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van den Putte
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Postbus, Amsterdam, 15791, 1001 NG, The Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Postbus, Amsterdam, 22660, 1100 DD, the Netherlands
| | - Mirte A G Kuipers
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Postbus, Amsterdam, 22660, 1100 DD, the Netherlands
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Kong AY, Ganz O, Villanti AC. Exploring the Presence and Type of Premium Cigar Retailers With Neighborhood Sociodemographic Correlates in the United States, 2019-2021. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:S65-S68. [PMID: 37506233 PMCID: PMC10381100 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the location and store type of premium cigar retailers in the United States. Different store types may expose people to secondhand smoke (eg, cigar bar or lounge) and may also have age restrictions (eg, tobacco shops) that could reduce youth exposure to products and marketing. AIMS AND METHODS We obtained a national retailer dataset from the Premium Cigar Association (PCA) from 2019 to 2021. We coded store type using nine categories and used generalized estimating equations to examine associations between census tract sociodemographic characteristics and PCA store type. RESULTS Of the 1279 PCA retailers, the majority were cigar stores (39%), followed by tobacco shops (26%), cigar bars or lounges (20%), and beer, wine, or liquor stores (15%). Overall, there were no statistically significant associations between tract-level sociodemographic characteristics and the odds that a retailer was a specific store type versus another store type. However, PCA retailers located in tracts with a higher percentage of non-Hispanic Black residents were associated with 1.12 times the odds of being a cigar bar or lounge versus another type (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.22). CONCLUSIONS The majority of PCA retailers are specialty cigar stores or cigar bars or lounges, and few are more traditional tobacco retailers, such as convenience stores. We document a higher odds of a store being a cigar bar or lounge for retailers located in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of Black residents, which may contribute to inequities in tobacco-related disease and disability because of potentially greater secondhand smoke exposure. IMPLICATIONS Specialized retailers account for most premium cigar stores. One in five PCA retailers was a cigar bar or lounge, which raises public health concerns around exposure to secondhand smoke for patrons and employees. Local jurisdictions should examine zoning ordinances in tandem with sociodemographic characteristics to ensure inequities in the location of cigar bars or lounges are not produced or sustained given the potential harms associated with secondhand smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ollie Ganz
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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McDaniel PA, Smith EA, Malone RE. Retailer experiences with tobacco sales bans: lessons from two early adopter jurisdictions. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-057944. [PMID: 37277180 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-057944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beverly Hills and Manhattan Beach, California, are the first two US cities to prohibit the sale of tobacco products, passing ordinances that went into effect on 1 January 2021. We sought to learn about retailers' experiences with these laws 22 months after implementation. METHODS Brief in-person interviews with owners or managers of businesses that formerly sold tobacco (n=22). RESULTS Participant experiences varied by type of retailer. Managers at large chain stores reported no problems adapting to the law and little effect on overall sales. Many were largely indifferent to the sales bans. By contrast, most managers or owners of small, independent retailers reported losses of both revenue and customers, and expressed dissatisfaction with the laws. Small retailers in Beverly Hills objected particularly to exemptions that city made allowing hotels and cigar lounges to continue their sales, which they saw as undermining the health rationale for the law. The small geographical area covered by the policies was also a source of frustration, and retailers reported that they had lost business to retailers in nearby cities. The most common advice small retailers had for other retailers was to organise to oppose any similar attempts in their cities. A few retailers were pleased with the law or its perceived effects, including a reduction in litter. CONCLUSION Planning for tobacco sales ban or retailer reduction policies should include considering impacts on small retailers. Adopting such policies in as wide a geographical area as possible, as well as allowing no exemptions, may help reduce opposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A McDaniel
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Smith
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruth E Malone
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA
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Pätsi SM, Toikka A, Ollila H, Ruokolainen O. Area-level sociodemographic differences in tobacco availability examined with nationwide tobacco product retail licence data in Finland. Tob Control 2023:tc-2022-057798. [PMID: 37015745 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in tobacco retailer density between areas by sociodemographic composition have been observed. However, little research comes from European jurisdictions and from countries with a tobacco retail licensing system. In Finland, the system consists of criteria for retailers and supervision fees. METHODS The tobacco product retail licence data and sociodemographic data were retrieved from corresponding Finnish authorities. Area-level tobacco availability was measured as the presence of a retailer and as the number of retailers per 1000 inhabitants by postcode area. Sociodemographic indicators included median income, percentage of inhabitants in the lowest income tertile, percentage of adults with higher education and unemployment rate. Analyses were based on logistic regression and Ordinary Least Squares regression with log-transformed density. RESULTS Lower area-level sociodemographic composition was mainly associated with higher tobacco availability. Income was the strongest correlate of the tobacco retailer availability: areas with higher median income had lower odds of having a tobacco retailer (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.61 per €1000) and lower retailer density (-4.4% per €1000, Cohen's f=0.51). Areas with a greater proportion of people in the lowest income category had higher densities of tobacco retailers (+2.8% per percentage point, Cohen's f=0.07). Other sociodemographic indicators showed inconsistent associations with retailer presence and density. CONCLUSION Tobacco availability can be higher in areas with lower sociodemographic composition also in a country with a comprehensive tobacco retail licensing system and small income inequalities. Retailing policies should be further developed to reduce tobacco availability and narrow inequalities in tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla-Maaria Pätsi
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arho Toikka
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Ollila
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Ruokolainen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Nagelhout GE, Poole NL, Metze M, Willemsen MC, Vermeulen W, van den Brand FA. Reducing the number and types of tobacco retail outlets in the Netherlands: Study protocol for a comprehensive mixedmethods policy evaluation. Tob Prev Cessat 2023; 9:08. [PMID: 37009236 PMCID: PMC10054766 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/161825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The Netherlands plans to ban tobacco sales in supermarkets in 2024. In a comprehensive policy evaluation, we aim to examine: 1) the impact of the policy on the number and types of tobacco outlets, 2) the impact on attitudes and behaviors of smoking adults and non-smoking youth, and 3) the influence of the tobacco industry on the policy process and the retail environment. In addition, our study focusses on differential effects in disadvantaged neighborhoods, where both smoking rates and tobacco outlet density are typically highest. This study brings together economic, psychological, and journalistic research methods. We investigate the impact of the new legislation on the number and type of tobacco outlets, and on the number of smokers by using routinely collected population monitoring data. We examine the impact of the legislation on smoking susceptibility of non-smoking youth and on impulse tobacco purchases by smoking adults with yearly quantitative surveys and with qualitative interviews and discussion sessions. We describe whether these impacts differ for disadvantaged versus non-disadvantaged neighborhoods. We investigate what strategies the tobacco industry uses to influence the new legislation, policy processes, and the tobacco retail environment by performing a journalistic investigation, by means of documents obtained by Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, (possibly) leaked documents from insider meetings, and interviews with insiders. The methods of our evaluation can be used as a model for other comprehensive public policy evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gera E Nagelhout
- IVO Research Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nikita L Poole
- IVO Research Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Metze
- The Investigative Desk, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc C Willemsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- National Expertise Centre for Tobacco Control, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Floor A van den Brand
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Choi K, Jones JT, Ruybal AL, McNeel TS, Duarte DA, Webb Hooper M. Trends in Education-Related Smoking Disparities Among U.S. Black or African American and White Adults: Intersections of Race, Sex, and Region. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:718-728. [PMID: 36239224 PMCID: PMC10032197 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its overall decline in the United States, trends in cigarette smoking could vary by intersection with demographic characteristics. We explored trends in education-related disparities in current smoking among U.S. adults by race (Black or African American and White), sex, and U.S. census region. AIMS AND METHODS Data were from U.S. civilian non-institutionalized adults (aged ≥18 years) who self-identified as Black or African American and White and participated in the 1995-2019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. We estimated average annual percent changes in current cigarette smoking by the intersections of race, sex, census region, and educational attainment. We calculated educated-related prevalence differences in current cigarette smoking by subtracting the prevalence of bachelor's degrees from that of RESULTS Education-related disparities in current cigarette smoking increased over time, especially among Black or African American male (PD1995-1996 = 22.8%; PD2018-2019 = 27.2%) and female adults (PD1995-1996 = 12.1%; PD2018-2019 = 16.5%). By region, Black or African American male adults in the Midwest showed the largest increase in education-related current cigarette smoking disparities, followed by Black or African American male and female adults in the South, and White male and female adults in the Midwest. These findings were because of small to no declines in the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among those with CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE The gap in the prevalence of current cigarette smoking by education widened over time, especially among Black or African American adults in certain regions. IMPLICATIONS Despite the decline in the prevalence of current cigarette smoking in the U.S. population overall, such public health gain may not benefit all individuals equally. Using the data from a U.S. representative serial cross-sectional survey study during 1995-2019, we found that disparities in current cigarette smoking prevalence between those with
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamal T Jones
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Ruybal
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Danielle A Duarte
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monica Webb Hooper
- Office of the Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Alebshehy R, Asif Z, Boeckmann M. Policies regulating retail environment to reduce tobacco availability: A scoping review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:975065. [PMID: 36866095 PMCID: PMC9971920 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.975065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In 2005, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) entered into force. This treaty was developed in response to the global tobacco epidemic, and it includes measures to reduce both demand for and supply of tobacco. The measures related to demand reduction include raising tax, providing cessation services, promoting smoke free public places, banning advertising, and raising awareness. However, there are a limited number of measures for supply reduction, and these mainly include fighting illicit trade, banning sales to minors and providing alternatives to tobacco workers and growers. Unlike regulation of many other goods and services that have been subjected to retail restrictions, there is a lack of resources about restricting tobacco availability through regulation of tobacco retail environment. Considering the potential of retail environment regulations in reducing tobacco supply and consequently reducing tobacco use, this scoping review aims to identify relevant measures. Methods This review examines interventions, policies, and legislations to regulate tobacco retail environment to reduce tobacco availability. This was done by searching the WHO FCTC and its Conference of Parties decisions, a gray literature search including tobacco control databases, a scoping communication with the Focal Points of the 182 WHO FCTC Parties, and a databases search in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Global Health, and Web of Science. Results Themes of policies were identified to reduce tobacco availability by regulating retail environment: four WHO FCTC and twelve non-WHO FCTC policies. The WHO FCTC policies included requiring a license to sell tobacco, banning tobacco sale via vending machines, promoting economically alternative activities to individual sellers, and banning ways of sale that constitute a way of advertising, promotion, and sponsorships. The Non-WHO FCTC policies included banning tobacco home delivery, tray sale, tobacco retail outlets in or within a minimum distance from specific facilities, sale in specific retail outlets, and sale of tobacco or one or more of its products, in addition to restricting tobacco retail outlets per density of population and per geographic area, capping the tobacco amount allowed per purchase, limiting the number of hours or days in which tobacco can be sold, requiring a minimum distance between tobacco retailers, reducing tobacco products availability and proximity within a retail outlet, and restricting sale to government controlled outlets. Discussion and conclusion Studies show the effects of regulation of the retail environment in influencing overall tobacco purchases, and there is evidence that having fewer retails reduces the level of impulse purchasing of cigarettes and tobacco goods. The measures covered by WHO FCTC are much more implemented than ones not covered by it. Although not all widely implemented, many themes of limiting tobacco availability by regulating tobacco retail environment are available. Further studies to explore such measures and the adoption of the effective ones under the WHO FCTC decisions, could possibly increase their implementation globally to reduce tobacco availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Alebshehy
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Raouf Alebshehy ✉
| | - Zara Asif
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Boeckmann
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Lin SY, Zhou W, Koch JR, Barnes AJ, Yang R, Xue H. The Association Between Tobacco Retailer Outlet Density and Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in Virginia. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:36-42. [PMID: 35752162 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examine the association between tobacco retail outlet density and adult smoking prevalence at the county level in Virginia, controlling for spatial autocorrelations. AIMS AND METHODS Pooling data from 2020 County Health Rankings (compiled data from various sources including, but not limited to, the National Center for Health Statistics-Mortality Files, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and the American Community Survey) and Counter Tools, we conducted regression analyses that accounted for spatial autocorrelation (spatial lag models, LMlag) and adjusted for county-level access to healthcare, demographics, SES, environmental factors, risk conditions or behaviors, and population health measures. RESULTS Our estimates provide evidence that every increase of one tobacco retail outlet per 1000 persons was associated with 1.16 percentage points (95% CI: 0.80-1.52) higher smoking prevalence at the county level in Virginia after controlling for spatial autocorrelation. The effect of outlet density was largely explained by social determinants of health such as SES, risky conditions or behaviors, and environmental factors. We further noticed that the impact of social determinants of health were closely related and can be explained by indicators of population health (rates of mental distress (β = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.31-1.67) and physical inactivity (β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.04-0.10). CONCLUSIONS Although higher tobacco outlet density was associated with an increase in county-level smoking prevalence, the impact of outlet density was largely explained by social determinants of health and mental illness. Improving well-being at the community level could be a promising strategy in future tobacco control policies. IMPLICATION The influence of tobacco outlet density seems to be explained by other social determinants of health and population level of mental or physical health. Thus, efforts to reduce tobacco use and consequent negative health effects should explore the impact of improving regional living standards. However, a sole focus on economic growth may not be sufficient, whereas a focus on such things as promoting work-life balance and improving overall well-being at the community level may be more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Yu Lin
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Weiyu Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - J Randy Koch
- Department of Psychology and the Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew J Barnes
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ruixin Yang
- Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Hong Xue
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Mills SD, Rosario C, Yerger VB, Kalb MD, Ribisl KM. Recommendations to advance equity in tobacco control. Tob Control 2022:tc-2022-057670. [PMID: 36535756 PMCID: PMC10277310 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reducing racial and socioeconomic inequities in smoking has been declared a priority for tobacco control in the USA for several decades. Yet despite the rhetoric, these inequities persist and some have actually worsened over time. Although tobacco companies have targeted racially and ethnically diverse and lower-income tobacco users, which substantially contributes to these disparities, less attention has been given to the role of individuals and organisations within the tobacco control movement who have allowed progress in eliminating disparities to stagnate. We examine the failure of tobacco control professionals to ensure the widespread adoption of equity-focused tobacco control strategies. Review of major US tobacco control reports found that the focus on equity often stops after describing inequities in tobacco use. We suggest ways to advance equity in tobacco control in the USA. These recommendations fall across five categories: surveillance, interventions, funding, accountability and addressing root causes. Policy interventions that will have a pro-equity impact on smoking and related disease should be prioritised. Funding should be designated to tobacco control activities focused on eliminating racial and socioeconomic inequities in smoking, and tobacco control programmes should be held accountable for meeting equity-related goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Mills
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carrie Rosario
- Department of Public Health Education, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valerie B Yerger
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marlene Donato Kalb
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Henriksen L. Retail-focused tobacco control: equity and endgame implications. Tob Control 2022; 31:e96-e98. [DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Jenkins C, Schwartz E, Onnen N, Craigmile PF, Roberts ME. Variations in Tobacco Retailer Type Across Community Characteristics: Place Matters. Prev Chronic Dis 2022; 19:E49. [PMID: 35951439 PMCID: PMC9390794 DOI: 10.5888/pcd19.210454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The density of tobacco retailers varies by community characteristics such as poverty levels or racial and ethnic composition. However, few studies have investigated how specific types of tobacco retailers vary by community characteristics. Our objective was to assess how the types of tobacco retailers in Ohio varied by the characteristics of the communities in which they were located. Results For all US Census tracts, convenience stores were the most common type of retailer selling tobacco. Yet, the prevalence of convenience stores was higher in high-poverty urban tracts than in low-poverty urban tracts. Discount stores were the second-most common type of tobacco retailer and were most prevalent in rural tracts and high-racial and ethnic minority urban tracts. Grocery stores, pharmacies, and vape or hookah shops typically had the highest prevalence in more advantaged tracts. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that the distribution of specific retailer types varies by community characteristics. The distribution of these retailer types has implications for product availability and price, which may subsequently affect tobacco use and cessation. To create equitable outcomes, policies should focus on retailers such as convenience and discount stores, which are heavily located in communities experiencing tobacco-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jenkins
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Elli Schwartz
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nathaniel Onnen
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Megan E Roberts
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210.
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Mills SD, Kong AY, Reimold AE, Baggett CD, Wiesen CA, Golden SD. Sociodemographic Disparities in Tobacco Retailer Density in the United States, 2000-2017. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1291-1299. [PMID: 35079790 PMCID: PMC9278831 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies find differences in tobacco retailer density according to neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics, raising issues of social justice, but not all research is consistent. AIMS AND METHODS This study examined associations between tobacco retailer density and neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics in the United States at four timepoints (2000, 2007, 2012, and 2017) and investigated if associations remained stable over time. Data on tobacco retailers came from the National Establishment Time-Series Database. Adjusted log-linear models examined the relationship between retailer density and census tract sociodemographic characteristics (% non-Hispanic Black [Black], % Hispanic, % vacant housing units, median household income), controlling for percentage of youth, urbanicity, and US region. To examine whether the relationship between density and sociodemographic characteristics changed over time, additional models were estimated with interaction terms between each sociodemographic characteristic and year. RESULTS Tobacco retailer density ranged from 1.22 to 1.44 retailers/1000 persons from 2000 to 2017. There were significant, positive relationships between tobacco retailer density and the percentage of Black (standardized exp(b) = 1.05 [95% CI: 1.04% to 1.07%]) and Hispanic (standardized exp(b) = 1.06 [95% CI: 1.05% to 1.08%]) residents and the percentage of vacant housing units (standardized exp(b) =1.08 [95% CI: 1.07% to 1.10%]) in a census tract. Retailer density was negatively associated with income (standardized exp(b) = 0.84 [95% CI: 0.82% to 0.86%]). From 2000 to 2017, the relationship between retailer density and income and vacant housing units became weaker. CONCLUSIONS Despite the weakening of some associations, there are sociodemographic disparities in tobacco retailer density from 2000 to 2017, which research has shown may contribute to inequities in smoking. IMPLICATIONS This study examines associations between tobacco retailer density and neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics in the United States at four timepoints from 2000 to 2017. Although some associations weakened, there are sociodemographic disparities in tobacco retailer density over the study period. Research suggests that sociodemographic disparities in retailer density may contribute to inequities in smoking. Findings from this study may help identify which communities should be prioritized for policy intervention and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Mills
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alexandria E Reimold
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chris D Baggett
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Combs TB, Ornstein JT, Chaitan VL, Golden SD, Henriksen L, Luke DA. Draining the tobacco swamps: Shaping the built environment to reduce tobacco retailer proximity to residents in 30 big US cities. Health Place 2022; 75:102815. [PMID: 35598345 PMCID: PMC10288515 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Combining geospatial data on residential and tobacco retailer density in 30 big US cities, we find that a large majority of urban residents live in tobacco swamps - neighborhoods where there is a glut of tobacco retailers. In this study, we simulate the effects of tobacco retail reduction policies and compare probable changes in resident-to-retailer proximity and retailer density for each city. While measures of proximity and density at baseline are highly correlated, the results differ both between effects on proximity and density and across the 30 cities. Context, particularly baseline proximity of residents to retailers, is important to consider when designing policies to reduce retailer concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd B Combs
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, MSC 1196-0251-46, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Joseph T Ornstein
- School of Public and International Affairs, The University of Georgia, 180 Baldwin Hall, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Veronica L Chaitan
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, MSC 1196-0251-46, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Mail Code 5537, Palo Alto, CA, 94304-1334, USA
| | - Douglas A Luke
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, MSC 1196-0251-46, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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Kong AY, Henriksen L. Retail endgame strategies: reduce tobacco availability and visibility and promote health equity. Tob Control 2022; 31:243-249. [PMID: 35241596 PMCID: PMC8908901 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of countries have set tobacco endgame goals that target dramatic reductions in smoking prevalence. To achieve those targets and promote health equity, policies are needed to reduce the retail supply and visibility of tobacco products. Focusing on retailer reduction strategies and tobacco display bans, this special communication reviews solution-oriented research about the retail environment. It highlights examples of policy implementation and identifies data needs and research gaps for designing and evaluating retail policies to promote population health equitably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Kong AY, Delamater PL, Gottfredson NC, Ribisl KM, Baggett CD, Golden SD. Sociodemographic inequities in tobacco retailer density: Do neighboring places matter? Health Place 2021; 71:102653. [PMID: 34461529 PMCID: PMC8490323 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We apply a spatial perspective to measure the extent to which the 2018 U.S. racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic composition of census tracts were each associated with tobacco retailer density within a tract and in its neighboring tracts (n = 71,409). A 10-percentage point increase in the Black population was associated with 0.07 (p < 0.05) more retailers per square mile within a focal tract and 0.35 (p < 0.001) more retailers per square mile in its neighbors on average. A greater percent of Hispanic/Latino residents was associated with more retailers per square mile, both within a focal tract (b = 0.95, p < 0.001) and in its neighbors 0.39 (p < 0.001). Inverse associations were observed for percent white. We also observed inequities by socioeconomic status. The overall magnitude of inequities may be underestimated if the spatial dependence between focal tracts and their neighbors are not taken into consideration. Policymakers should prioritize interconnected geographic areas experiencing high racialized and socioeconomic segregation when designing and implementing policies to reduce retail tobacco product availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA.
| | - Paul L Delamater
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Carolina Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
| | - Nisha C Gottfredson
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Chris D Baggett
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
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