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Gorrel C, Rawlings JM. The Role of Tooth-brushing and Diet in the Maintenance of Periodontal Health in Dogs. J Vet Dent 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089875649601300405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tooth-brushing every other day did not maintain clinically healthy gingivae in dogs. The daily addition of a dental hygiene chew to a regimen of tooth brushing every other day reduced the gingivitis scores and reduced the accumulation of dental deposits (plaque, calculus and stain). Daily tooth-brushing should be the recommendation to the dog owner irrespective of dietary regimen. Providing a dental hygiene chew daily seems to give an added health benefit when tooth-brushing is less frequent, and provides the pet owner with a useful adjunct for homecare.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gorrel
- 17 Burnt House Lane, Pilley, Nr. Lymington, Hants SO41 5QN United Kingdom
| | - J. M. Rawlings
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leics LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
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2
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Hardefeldt LY. Dosing equine antimicrobials: Ensuring clinical success and avoiding antimicrobial resistance. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Y. Hardefeldt
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health Melbourne Veterinary School Department of Veterinary Biosciences Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship Peter Doherty Institute Carlton Victoria Australia
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3
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Yang F, Yang F, Wang G, Xi W, Zhang C, Wang H. Pharmacokinetics of the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and oral administration in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:511-517. [PMID: 31162674 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic acid (CLV) were studied in healthy cats following single intravenous and oral dosage of 10 mg/kg of AMX and 2.5 mg/kg of CLV. The drug concentrations in plasma were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method validated for canine plasma and further subjected to noncompartmental analysis. After intravenous injection, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in the volume of distribution of these two compounds. In addition, AMX and CLV were both rapidly eliminated from plasma with a clearance of 0.453 and 0.921 L hr-1 kg-1 , respectively; however, a quicker elimination was observed for CLV (p < 0.01). After oral administration, both drugs were characterized by rapid absorption with an absorption half-life of 1.10 and 0.70 hr for AMX and CLV, respectively. Significant differences were observed between their absorption rates (p < 0.05). However, the oral bioavailabilities of AMX and CLV (75.57% and 98.15%, respectively) were not statistically different (p > 0.05). A total intravenous or oral dose at 12.5 mg/kg of AMX and CLV (4:1) is predicted to be effective for treating those bacterial species isolated from cats with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤0.25 μg/ml for 12 hr, based on a time above the MIC (T > MIC) of 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Environmental and Animal Products Safety Laboratory of Key Discipline in University of Henan Province, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Guoyong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenyuan Xi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoshuo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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4
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Hardefeldt LY, Gilkerson JR, Billman-Jacobe H, Stevenson MA, Thursky K, Browning GF, Bailey KE. Antimicrobial labelling in Australia: a threat to antimicrobial stewardship? Aust Vet J 2018; 96:151-154. [PMID: 29691852 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a public health emergency, placing veterinary antimicrobial use under growing scrutiny. Antimicrobial stewardship, through appropriate use of antimicrobials, is a response to this threat. The need for antimicrobial stewardship in Australian veterinary practices has had limited investigation. A 2016 survey undertaken to investigate antimicrobial usage patterns by Australian veterinarians found that antimicrobial dose rates were varied and often inappropriate. Doses of procaine penicillin in horses and cattle were often low, with 68% and 90% of respondents, respectively, reporting doses that were unlikely to result in plasma concentrations above minimum inhibitory concentrations for common equine and bovine pathogens. Frequency of penicillin administration was also often inappropriate. Gentamicin doses in horses were largely appropriate (89% of dose rates appropriate), but 9% of respondents reported twice daily dosing. Amoxycillin and amoxycillin-clavulanate were administered at the appropriate doses, or above, to dogs and cats by 54% and 70% of respondents, respectively. Here, we explore the potential reasons for inappropriate antimicrobial dose regimens and report that antimicrobial labels often recommend incorrect dose rates and thus may be contributing to poor prescribing practices. Changes to legislation are needed to ensure that antimicrobial drug labels are regularly updated to reflect the dose needed to effectively and safely treat common veterinary pathogens. This will be especially true if changes in legislation restrict antimicrobial use by veterinarians to the uses and doses specified on the label, thus hampering the current momentum towards improved antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Hardefeldt
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - J R Gilkerson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - H Billman-Jacobe
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - M A Stevenson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K Thursky
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - G F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K E Bailey
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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5
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Sarpong KJ, Lukowski JM, Knapp CG. Evaluation of mortality rate and predictors of outcome in dogs receiving outpatient treatment for parvoviral enteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:1035-1041. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.9.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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REBUELTO M, MONTOYA L, PRADOS AP, KREIL V, QUAINE P, MONFRINOTTI A, TARRAGONA L, HALLU R. Lack of interaction of metoclopramide on oral amoxicillin kinetics in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:621-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Jerzsele A, Nagy G, Semjen G. Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and oral administration in Turkeys. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 34:202-5. [PMID: 21395615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Szent István University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Istvan u. 2.
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8
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Carceles CM, Vicente MS, Escudero E. Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and intramuscular administration to turkeys and chickens. Avian Pathol 2007; 24:643-52. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Abstract
beta-Lactamase production by bacteria continues to be one of the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, and it seems likely to remain so. beta-Lactamase inhibitors provide 1 strategy to overcome this mechanism of bacterial resistance. Although 3 beta-lactamase inhibitor/antibiotic combinations are currently available, only 1 is approved for veterinary use. Because the beta-lactamase inhibitor must be present concurrently with the antibiotic for synergistic activity, it is important to consider the pharmacokinetic profile of these drugs in combination. These combinations were developed and optimized for human patients, so it is unlikely that they would achieve the ideal plasma and tissue concentrations and ratios in veterinary patients. Indeed, several differences in pharmacokinetic variables of beta-lactam antibiotic/beta-lactamase inhibitor agents have been described in dogs, compared with people. Such pharmacokinetic differences should be considered when interpreting in vitro susceptibility results in veterinary species, because these tests use ratios of drug that were established for humans. The beta-lactamase inhibitors represent a successful example of targeted drug development. However, the currently available inhibitors are active primarily against class-A beta-lactamases. Because the frequency with which class-C beta-lactamases are recognized is rapidly increasing in human isolates, and because beta-lactamase enzymes continue to evolve, new beta-lactamase inhibitors will need to be developed to target these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610, USA
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10
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Harvey R, Hunter P. The properties and use of penicillins in the veterinary field, with special reference to skin infections in dogs and cats. Vet Dermatol 1999; 10:177-186. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1999.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Escudero E, Vicente MS, Carceles CM. Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and intramuscular administration to pigeons. Res Vet Sci 1998; 65:77-81. [PMID: 9769077 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (4:1) combination were studied after intravenous and intramuscular administration of single doses (25 mg kg(-1) bodyweight) to 50 pigeons. The plasma concentrations-time data were analysed by compartmental pharmacokinetics and non-compartmental methods. The disposition curves for both drugs after intravenous administration were best described by a two-compartment open model. The apparent volumes of distribution of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were 1.77 litres kg(-1) and 1.30 litres kg(-1) respectively. The body clearances of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were not significantly different. The elimination half-lives of amoxicillin after intravenous and intramuscular administration were 1.22 (0.09) hour and 1.52 (0.09) hour respectively, and those of clavulanic acid were 1.15 (0.08) hour and 1.49 (0.08) hour. After intramuscular administration both drugs had a significantly longer half-life (P<0.05) than that after the intravenous treatment. The bioavailability after the intramuscular injection was high and similar for both drugs (75.98 per cent for amoxicillin and 74.61 per cent for clavulanic acid). The mean peak plasma concentration of clavulanic acid (0.29 hour) was reached earlier than amoxicillin (0.38 hour) and peak concentrations were proportional to the dose of both products administered (5.81 mg litre(-1) of amoxicillin and 1.89 mg litre(-1) of clavulanic acid). From a single administration it is proposed that an intramuscular dosage regimen of 105 mg kg(-1) of the combination (84 mg kg(-1) of amoxicillin and 21 mg kg(-1) of clavulanic acid) every 12 hours will achieve minimum concentrations > or =0.5 mg litre(-1) (minimum inhibitory concentration of most susceptible pathogens).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Escudero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Spain
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12
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Escudero E, Carceles CM, Vicente S. Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination and of both drugs alone after intravenous administration to goats. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1996; 152:551-9. [PMID: 8885465 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behaviour of an amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination (25 mg kg-1), and both drugs alone (amoxicillin 20 mg kg-1), clavulanic acid 5 mg kg-1), was studied after intravenous (i.v.) administration of single doses of 10 goats. The objective was to determine whether there were differences in the plasma kinetics of these drugs when administered in combination or alone. The plasma concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental pharmacokinetics and non-compartmental methods. The disposition curves for both drugs alone and in combination were best described by a biexponential equation (two-compartment open model). The elimination half-lives of amoxicillin were 1.05 +/- 0.09 h alone and 1.13 +/- 0.19 h in combination, and those of clavulanic acid were 0.87 +/- 0.07 h and 0.85 +/- 0.09 h, respectively. The apparent volumes of distribution of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were similar in the two treatments. Body clearances of amoxicillin were 0.12 +/- 0.01 l h-1.kg alone and 0.11 +/- 0.01 l h-1.kg in combination, and of clavulanic acid were 0.12 +/- 0.02 l h-1.kg alone and 0.12 +/- 0.01 l h-1.kg in combination with amoxicillin. The half-lives and body clearances of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid did not differ significantly when administered alone and in combination. It was concluded that the i.v. administration of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid as a combination product did not alter the disposition kinetics of either drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Escudero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
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13
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Carceles CM, Escudero E, Vicente MS, Serrano JM, Carli S. Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and oral administration in goats. Vet Q 1995; 17:134-8. [PMID: 8751274 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1995.9694552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of an amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination (20 mg/kg of sodium amoxicillin and 5 mg/kg of potassium clavulanate) were studied in six goats. After intravenous administration the pharmacokinetics of both drugs could be described by an open two-compartment model. Amoxicillin had a greater distribution volume (0.19 +/- 0.01 l/kg) than clavulanic acid (0.15 +/- 0.01 l/kg), whereas the distribution and elimination constants were higher for the latter, which was eliminated more quickly than amoxicillin. After oral administration of both drugs their pharmacokinetic behaviour was best described by an open one-compartment model with first-order absorption. Elimination half-lives were twice as long after oral (2.15 +/- 0.20 h and 1.94 +/- 0.16 h for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid respectively) than after intravenous administration (1.20 +/- 0.16 h and 0.86 +/- 0.09, respectively). An apparent 'flip-flop' situation was evident in this study. Bioavailability was 27% for amoxicillin and 50% for clavulanic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Carceles
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
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14
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Carceles CM, Escudero E, Baggot JD. Comparative pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous administration to sheep and goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1995; 18:132-6. [PMID: 7629927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behaviour of an amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination was studied after intravenous administration of single doses (20 mg/kg per kg body weight) to five sheep and six goats. The objective was to determine whether there are differences between sheep and goats in the disposition of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The plasma concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental pharmacokinetic and non-compartmental methods. The disposition curves for both drugs were best described by a biexponential equation (two-compartment open model) in sheep and goats. The elimination half-lives of amoxicillin were 1.43 +/- 0.16 h in sheep and 1.13 +/- 0.19 h in goats, and of clavulanic acid were 1.16 +/- 0.01 h and 0.85 +/- 0.09 h in sheep and goats respectively. The apparent volumes of distribution of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were similar in the two species. Body clearances of amoxicillin were 0.09 +/- 0.01 L/h kg in sheep and 0.11 +/- 0.01 L/h kg in goats, and of clavulanic acid were 0.07 +/- 0.01 L/h kg and 0.12 +/- 0.01 L/h kg in sheep and goats respectively. The half-lives and body clearances of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid differed significantly between sheep and goats. It was concluded that the disposition of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid administered intravenously as an amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination to sheep and goats differed between the two ruminant species. Even though the differences in disposition kinetics of both drugs were statistically significant, the same intravenous dosing rate of this antimicrobial combination can generally be used in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Carceles
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
This article considers the important features of gram-positive bacteria that relate to chemotherapy and the clinical pharmacology of the drugs of choice for treating these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Papich
- Department of Veterinary Physiological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada
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16
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Abstract
Successful management of anaerobic infection first requires an accurate diagnosis. Cytologic examination of wound exudates and inspection for characteristic clinical clues greatly facilitates an accurate initial diagnosis of anaerobic infection. Knowledge of antimicrobial activity against specific anaerobic pathogens is essential, since antibiotic susceptibility information is not routinely available. Whenever possible, antimicrobial and surgical therapy should be combined in managing anaerobic infections. Chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and metronidazole provide the most consistently reliable activity against pathogenic anaerobes, including Bacteroides. Penicillins are also generally effective, except for treatment of infections caused by penicillinase-producing strains of Bacteroides. Cephalosporins are not considered drugs of choice for anaerobic infections, although cefoxitin may in some instances be useful as monotherapy of mixed infections containing obligate anaerobes and coliform bacteria. Aminoglycosides and sulfonamides are ineffective and should be avoided for treatment of anaerobic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Dow
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins
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Soback S, Bor A, Kurtz B, Paz R, Ziv G. Clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin: in vitro antibacterial activity and oral bioavailability in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1987; 10:105-13. [PMID: 3302313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1987.tb00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of amoxycillin and clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin (amoxycillin:clavulanic acid, 4:1 by weight) were compared for 171 Salmonella, 170 Escherichia coli, and 32 Pasteurella isolates recovered from infected neonatal calves. In the presence of clavulanic acid, the MIC of amoxycillin was reduced to levels less than or equal to 12.5 micrograms/ml for all the Salmonella group B, all the Pasteurella, and for 12 out of the 44 E. coli isolates which were resistant to amoxycillin (MIC greater than or equal to 100.0 micrograms/ml). For isolates sensitive to amoxycillin (MIC less than or equal to 1.56 microgram/ml) there was no change in MIC values in the presence of clavulanic acid. A small proportion of Salmonella and E. coli isolates were resistant to clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin. In a cross-over trial involving 10 preruminant (2 weeks old) calves, amoxycillin trihydrate and clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin were administered orally at 10 mg/kg. An analysis of serum amoxycillin level data showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters t1/2ab, Cmax, t1/2 beta, AUC, Cp degree, and f' (estimated drug absorption ratio) were the same after treatment with amoxydrate and clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin. Administration of clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin and probenecid resulted in elevation and prolongation of serum amoxycillin levels. Computations showed that in preruminant calves serum amoxycillin concentrations sufficient to inhibit sensitive pathogens can be maintained by oral clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin treatment at 10 mg/kg TID. At two times that dose rate serum drug concentrations capable of inhibiting 50% of all types of pathogens examined can be maintained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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