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Gosling R, Oastler C, Nichols C, Jackson G, Wales AD, Davies RH. Investigations into Salmonella Contamination in Feed Mills Producing Rations for the Broiler Industry in Great Britain. Vet Sci 2022; 9:307. [PMID: 35878324 PMCID: PMC9323917 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed-associated Salmonella serovars continue to be reported in poultry flocks. A study was conducted to investigate Salmonella contamination in major commercial feed mills that produce rations for broiler chickens within Great Britain. Dust and large moist gauze swab samples (12,791) were collected from 22 feed mills on 31 visits. Salmonella was isolated from 20 mills, with 15 mills (75%) having fewer than 5% Salmonella-positive samples. Fifty-one Salmonella serovars were isolated, with a large proportion of isolates being Salmonella (S.) Kedougou (29.4%) or S. 13,23:i:- (21.4%). European Union-regulated Salmonella serovars (Enteritidis, Infantis, Typhimurium and its monophasic variants) were isolated from 12 mills, mostly from non-processing areas, accounting for 40 isolates (4.4% of all Salmonella-positive samples). Fifteen Salmonella serovars were only isolated once. In terms of individual sampling locations within the mill, the waste handling locations were significantly more likely to be Salmonella-positive than some other mill locations. When sampling locations were grouped, samples collected from finished product areas were significantly less likely to be Salmonella-positive for Salmonella than some other mill areas. In conclusion, this study found that most mills producing broiler rations showed low-level Salmonella contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA–Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (R.G.); (C.N.); (G.J.); (R.H.D.)
| | - Claire Oastler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA–Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (R.G.); (C.N.); (G.J.); (R.H.D.)
| | - Christopher Nichols
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA–Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (R.G.); (C.N.); (G.J.); (R.H.D.)
- Woodland Trust, Kempton Way, Grantham NG31 6LL, UK
| | - George Jackson
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA–Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (R.G.); (C.N.); (G.J.); (R.H.D.)
| | - Andrew D. Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK;
| | - Robert H. Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA–Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (R.G.); (C.N.); (G.J.); (R.H.D.)
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2
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Oastler CE, Nichols C, Newton K, Cawthraw S, Gosling RJ, Martelli F, Wales AD, Davies RH. Observations on the distribution and control of Salmonella in commercial broiler hatcheries in Great Britain. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:487-498. [PMID: 35304827 PMCID: PMC9543921 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella can enter hatcheries via contaminated eggs and other breaches of biosecurity. The study examined the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial hatcheries and assessed the effects of providing advice on Salmonella control. Intensive swab sampling was performed throughout 23 broiler hatcheries in Great Britain (GB). Swabs were cultured using a modified ISO6579:2017 method. After each visit, tailored advice on biosecurity and cleaning and disinfection procedures was provided to the hatchery managers. Repeat sampling was carried out in 10 of the 23 hatcheries. Salmonella prevalence ranged between 0% and 33.5%, with the chick handling areas, hatcher areas, macerator area, tray wash/storage areas, external areas and other waste handling areas being more contaminated than the setter areas. Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella 13,23:i:‐ were the most commonly isolated serovars. There was a reduction in Salmonella prevalence at the second visit in eight out of 10 premises, but prevalence values had increased again in all of the improved hatcheries that were visited a third time. One hatchery harboured a difficult‐to‐control resident Salmonella 13,23:i:‐ strain and was visited six times; by the final visit, Salmonella prevalence was 2.3%, reduced from a high of 23.1%. In conclusion, the study found low‐level Salmonella contamination in some GB broiler hatcheries, with certain hatcheries being more severely affected. Furthermore, it was shown that Salmonella typically is difficult to eradicate from contaminated hatcheries, but substantial reductions in prevalence are possible with improvements to biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Oastler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Christopher Nichols
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Kate Newton
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Rebecca J Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Andrew D Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
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3
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Diaz D, Hernandez-Carreño PE, Velazquez DZ, Chaidez-Ibarra MA, Montero-Pardo A, Martinez-Villa FA, Canizalez-Roman A, Ortiz-Navarrete VF, Rosiles R, Gaxiola SM, Jimenez-Trejo F. Prevalence, main serovars and anti-microbial resistance profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella in poultry samples from the Americas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2544-2558. [PMID: 34724337 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Poultry and poultry-derived products such as meat and eggs are among the main sources of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) transmission to humans. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and used random-effects meta-analyses to (1) estimate the prevalence of NTS in poultry samples from birds, products and subproducts and environmental samples, (2) examine the diversity and frequency of their serovars and (3) estimate the prevalence and profiles of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) in NTS isolates reported in studies from the Americas. We included 157 studies from 15 countries comprising 261,408 poultry samples and estimated an overall pooled prevalence of 17.9% (95% Confidence Interval: 10.8-26.3) in birds, 21.8% (17.7-26.1) in products and subproducts and 29.5% (24.2-35.1) in environmental samples. At the national level, the prevalence of NTS was heterogeneous across countries with the highest values in Mexico, the United States and Canada. In total, 131 serovars were identified from 13,388 isolates; Heidelberg, Kentucky, Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the most prevalent in the overall top 10 ranking (range 6.5%-20.8%). At the national level, Enteritidis and Typhimurium were identified in most of the countries, though with national differences in their ranks. The prevalence of AMR increased from 24.1% for 1 antibiotic to 36.2% for 2-3 antibiotics and 49.6% for ≥ 4 antibiotics. Kentucky, Heidelberg, Typhimurium and Enteritidis were the serovars with the highest prevalence of AMR. Besides, tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, ceftiofur and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were the most frequent antibiotics to which NTS showed resistance. In conclusion, NTS was distributed through the avian production chain with high and heterogeneous values of prevalence in poultry samples. Besides, there were distinctive patterns of serovars distribution across countries and an alarming prevalence of AMR among zoonotic serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Diaz
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa, México
| | | | - Diana Zuleika Velazquez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa, México
| | - Miguel Angel Chaidez-Ibarra
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa, México
| | - Arnulfo Montero-Pardo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa, México
| | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública (CIASaP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa, México
| | | | - Rene Rosiles
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Soila Maribel Gaxiola
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa, México
| | - Francisco Jimenez-Trejo
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular y Tisular, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
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4
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Newton K, Withenshaw SM, Cawthraw SA, Davies R. In-depth farm investigations and an exploratory risk factor analysis for the presence of Salmonella on broiler farms in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197:105498. [PMID: 34583208 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne illness across Europe but there has been little recent research on its control in broiler production in Great Britain. Investigations of Salmonella presence on 20 broiler farms and a separate exploratory risk factor analysis involving 36 Salmonella-positive farms and 22 Salmonella-negative farms were carried out to investigate Salmonella contamination and control on broiler farms in Great Britain. Sources of Salmonella persistence on farm and potential risk factors for on-farm contamination were identified, enabling provision of up-to-date advice on Salmonella control to farmers. Twenty broiler farms across England and Wales were intensively sampled over time. Most farms were included in the study after routine testing as part of the Salmonella National Control Programmes (NCPs) identified regulated Salmonella serovars or potential associations with outbreak cases of significance for human health. Across all farms and visits, the highest proportion of Salmonella-positive samples were from areas exterior to broiler houses compared to anterooms or house interiors. Exterior Salmonella-positive samples were primarily collected from the immediate areas around the houses, with the highest proportions being from drainage, farm tracks/driveways, and pooled water. Elimination of Salmonella was variable but was most successful inside affected houses (compared to exterior areas) and for regulated Salmonella serovars under the Salmonella NCPs and high priority Salmonella strains with multi-drug resistances. It is likely that the financial and reputational concerns associated with regulated Salmonella serovars and those of greater public health significance underlie the reason that these serovars were more effectively controlled at farm level, as effective elimination of Salmonella can involve a considerable investment in infrastructure, time and resources. Without perceived direct benefits in eliminating non-regulated Salmonella serovars at farm level it can be challenging to maintain the required motivation and investment. A separate farm-level risk factor analysis was carried out using data collected from 58 broiler farms representing six GB broiler companies. Risk of testing positive for Salmonella via NCP sampling in the previous year was greater in the absence of house-specific anterooms and if at least some poultry houses were surrounded by soil/grass compared to if all were surrounded by concrete or a mixture of concrete and stones/gravel. Odds of testing positive for Salmonella in the previous year was also greater for farms whose maximum holding capacity was >100,000 birds, and farms where the usual number of visitors per day was 0-1 compared to 2-3. The analysis was exploratory and caution is required with interpretation, but results provide preliminary insight into aspects of farm management that may be important, practicable targets for Salmonella control on broiler farms in GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Newton
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) (Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Susan M Withenshaw
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, APHA (Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Shaun A Cawthraw
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) (Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Rob Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) (Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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5
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Withenshaw SM, Cawthraw S, Gosling B, Newton K, Oastler CE, Smith RP, Davies RH. Risk factor analysis for Salmonella contamination of broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) hatcheries in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105492. [PMID: 34560366 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union and contaminated meat from broiler chickens (Gallus gallus) is an important source of human infection. In Great Britain (GB), prevalence of Salmonella enterica in broiler flocks is low, having declined considerably since the introduction of the Salmonella National Control Programme in 2010. However, this decreasing trend has stabilised in recent years and serovars with known ability to persistently colonise hatcheries have been isolated from broiler flocks with increasing frequency, indicating that further controls on hatchery contamination are required. The broiler industry in GB has changed dramatically over the last 15 years, with greater intensification and dominance by a small number of very large companies which rely on relatively few hatcheries. An investigation of risk factors for Salmonella contamination in GB broiler hatcheries was therefore carried out so that relevant up-to-date advice on Salmonella control can be provided. Twenty-two hatcheries, representing most commercial scale GB broiler hatcheries, were visited between 2015 and 2018. Salmonella contamination was comprehensively investigated at each hatchery by collecting between 108 and 421 environmental swab samples per hatchery (6990 samples in total from all hatcheries). An in-depth questionnaire on hatchery operations was completed for each hatchery, and results were incorporated into a risk factor analysis (univariable followed by multivariable mixed effects logistic regression) to identify factors associated with Salmonella occurrence. Overall, 6.0 % (416/6990) of environmental samples were Salmonella-positive and Salmonella was isolated from 17/22 hatcheries. Ten different serovars were isolated, the most common being S. Senftenberg and S. Mbandaka which are known hatchery colonisers. Sixty-four risk factor variables were investigated. Twenty-two of these were initially retained based on univariable analyses (p ≤ 0.25) and six were ultimately left in the final multivariable model (p ≤ 0.05). Salmonella detection was positively associated with having ≥30 hatchers in regular use compared to fewer (Odds ratio [OR] 23.7, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 6.7-84.2), storing trays in process rooms (OR 28.8, CI 7.8-106.3), drying set-up trolleys in corridors (OR 15.6, CI 5.9-41.4) and having skips located in enclosed areas (OR 8.99, CI 5.89-41.35). Using a closed waste disposal system was negatively associated with Salmonella detection (OR 0.08, CI 0.04-0.18) and the odds of detecting Salmonella in hatcheries with 31-60 total workers was lower compared to hatcheries with ≤30 staff (OR 0.16, CI 0.06-0.40). Despite the complexities of hatchery enterprises, changes to a relatively small number of features may significantly reduce the occurrence of hatchery contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Withenshaw
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Becky Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Kate Newton
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Claire E Oastler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Richard P Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
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6
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Ethèves MA, Choisis N, Alvarez S, Dalleau F, Hascoat J, Gallard V, Cardinale E. Risk factors for Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica persistence in broiler-chicken flocks on Reunion Island. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06278. [PMID: 33748450 PMCID: PMC7969330 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the main risk factors for Salmonella spp. persistence in broiler flocks in Reunion Island. Seventy broiler farms were surveyed from March 2016 to June 2018. Samples of fresh droppings were collected using gauze socks, and a questionnaire was completed with the farmers. Persistence was defined as an infection with the same serovar before and after cleaning and disinfection (C/D) of poultry houses. Salmonella spp. was found to persist on 27% of the farms. Cleaning concrete surrounding areas (OR = 0.23) and disinfecting silos (OR = 0.17) reduced the risk of pathogen persistence. An analysis of infections of pests found in the vicinity of the farms confirmed their role in the persistence of Salmonella spp. Fifteen percent of the pests were infected and the presence of mealworms in poultry litter (OR = 6.69) was found to increase the risk of Salmonella spp. persistence. We conclude that improved cleaning-disinfection, sanitary preventive measures and pest control in the poultry sector are needed to avoid the persistence of Salmonella spp. on broiler farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ethèves
- UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Écosystèmes, CIRAD - BIOS, Cyroi Platform 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | - N Choisis
- Groupement de défense sanitaire de La Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, PK23, Bâtiment E/F/G, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - S Alvarez
- UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Écosystèmes, CIRAD - BIOS, Cyroi Platform 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | - F Dalleau
- Groupement de défense sanitaire de La Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, PK23, Bâtiment E/F/G, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - J Hascoat
- Groupement de défense sanitaire de La Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, PK23, Bâtiment E/F/G, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - V Gallard
- Coopérative des Aviculteurs de La Réunion, AVIPOLE, 14 rue de l'Etang, 97450 Saint-Louis, La Réunion, France
| | - E Cardinale
- UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Écosystèmes, CIRAD - BIOS, Cyroi Platform 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
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Wei B, Shang K, Cha SY, Zhang JF, Jang HK, Kang M. Clonal dissemination of Salmonella enterica serovar albany with concurrent resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid in broiler chicken in Korea. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101141. [PMID: 34089935 PMCID: PMC8182268 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and genotypic analyses of the dominating serovars of Salmonella in chickens from a national study in Korea. Between 2017 and 2018, a total of 550 chicken samples were collected from the top 12 integrated broiler chicken operations in Korea. Salmonella was isolated from 117 (32.5%) chicken feces and 19 (10.0%) retail chicken meat sources. Ten serovars were identified, and the most common Salmonella serovar was Salmonella ser. Albany (50 isolates, 36.8%), followed by S. Enteritidis (38 isolates, 27.9%), and S. Montevideo (23 isolates, 16.9%) isolated from 6, 10, and 6 operations, respectively. A total of 35 (25.7%) isolates were with the ACSSuTN (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid) resistance pattern, with high prevalence of this resistance pattern in S. Albany (29 isolates, 58.0%). A total of 35 PFGE types were identified among Salmonella isolates of the serovars Albany, Enteritidis, Virchow, Montevideo, and Senftenberg, while 11 distinct types of PFGE patterns were found among S. Albany isolates, which showed an overall homology similarity of higher than 85%. Among these 35 PFGE types, 22 PFGE types corresponded to 32 isolates from samples limited to one operation, and the other 13 PFGE types corresponded to 72 isolates from samples widely distributed among different operations. These results highlighted rapid colony dissemination of multidrug-resistant S. Albany in chicken all over Korea after it first appeared in 2016; furthermore, the spread of Salmonella colonies between various integrated operations was common, and several operations played an important role in Salmonella carriage and transmission in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Wei
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, South Korea
| | - Ke Shang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, South Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, South Korea
| | - Jun-Feng Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, South Korea; Bio Disease Control(BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan, South Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, South Korea; Bio Disease Control(BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan, South Korea.
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8
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Gosling RJ, Mawhinney I, Richardson K, Wales A, Davies R. Control of Salmonella and Pathogenic E. coli Contamination of Animal Feed Using Alternatives to Formaldehyde-Based Treatments. Microorganisms 2021; 9:263. [PMID: 33514048 PMCID: PMC7911812 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared a novel non-formaldehyde combination product developed for pathogen control in animal feed Finio (A), with a panel of three commonly used organic acid feed additive products: Fysal (B), SalCURB K2 (C) and Salgard (D). Products were evaluated for their ability to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in poultry feed. A commercial layer-hen mash was treated with each product and then mixed with feed previously contaminated (via inoculated meat and bone meal) with either Salmonella or E. coli. After 24 hours at room temperature, 10 replicate samples were taken from each preparation and plate counts were performed using a selective agar. All concentrations of product A (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg per metric tonne (MT)) plus the higher concentration of products B and D (6.0 kg MT-1) significantly reduced Salmonella counts compared with those in the untreated control group (p < 0.05). Product C did not significantly reduce levels of Salmonella under these conditions. Because of the poor recovery of E. coli, statistical comparisons for this organism were limited in scope, but only product A at the highest concentration appeared to have eliminated it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Gosling
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Ian Mawhinney
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2RX, UK;
| | | | - Andrew Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Veterinary School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK;
| | - Rob Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
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9
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Wales A, Davies R. Review of hatchery transmission of bacteria with focus on Salmonella, chick pathogens and antimicrobial resistance. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1789533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Robert Davies
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
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10
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Newton K, Gosling B, Rabie A, Davies R. Field investigations of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Infantis epidemic strain incursions into broiler flocks in England and Wales. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:631-641. [PMID: 32783749 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1809634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Infantis is a major public health concern and has become established in the broiler sector in some European countries, as well as globally, and is frequently multidrug resistant (MDR). Three broiler farms in England and Wales, which had incursions of MDR S. Infantis between 2013 and 2017, were investigated longitudinally. The company feed mill and two associated hatcheries were intensively sampled. Following each visit, advice on cleaning, disinfection and other control measures for Salmonella was given to help eliminate S. Infantis from the premises. Four samples collected from inside the broiler houses after cleaning and disinfection were Salmonella-positive, indicating cleaning and disinfection within houses was generally effective. However, the exterior of persistently infected houses remained substantially contaminated and feeding systems could not be sampled. Clearance of S. Infantis from affected houses requires additional attention to decontamination of these aspects. Sixty S. Infantis isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion tests. All isolates were MDR, with resistance to at least nalidixic acid (Na), tetracycline (T), compound sulphonamide (Su), streptomycin (S) and furazolidone. This is a similar resistance pattern to the previously identified MDR (NaSSuT) clone in some European countries. The study shows that to remove S. Infantis from premises effectively, a combined approach to poultry houses and the surrounding farm environment is necessary. A revised cleaning and disinfection programme was developed that was associated with the clearance of MDR S. Infantis from persistently infected and newly infected broiler flocks, and UK livestock remains free of MDR S. Infantis. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Standard cleaning and disinfection protocols did not completely eliminate infection. A revised cleaning and disinfection programme was developed. Disinfecting feeder lines and external areas was key to eliminating S. Infantis. Identified similar antimicrobial resistance pattern to MDR epidemic S. Infantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Newton
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Becky Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - André Rabie
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Rob Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
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Castañeda-Gulla K, Sattlegger E, Mutukumira AN. Persistent contamination ofSalmonella,Campylobacter,Escherichia coli, andStaphylococcus aureusat a broiler farm in New Zealand. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:171-185. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intensive poultry production due to public demand raises the risk of contamination, creating potential foodborne hazards to consumers. The prevalence and microbial load of the pathogens Campylobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was determined by standard methods at the farm level. After disinfection, swab samples collected from wall crevices, drinkers, and vents were heavily contaminated, as accumulated organic matter and dust likely protected the pathogens from the disinfectants used. The annex floor also showed high microbial concentrations, suggesting the introduction of pathogens from external environments, highlighting the importance of erecting hygiene barriers at the entrance of the main shed. Therefore, pathogen control measures and proper application of disinfectants are recommended as intervention strategies. Additionally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was evaluated as a quantification tool. qPCR showed limitations with samples containing low microbial counts because of the low detection limit of the method. Thus, bacterial pre-enrichment of test samples may be necessary to improve the detection of pathogens by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Castañeda-Gulla
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Sattlegger
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Anthony N. Mutukumira
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
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13
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Ricke SC, Richardson K, Dittoe DK. Formaldehydes in Feed and Their Potential Interaction With the Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract Microbial Community-A Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:188. [PMID: 31249838 PMCID: PMC6584747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As antibiotics continue to be phased out of livestock production, alternative feed amendments have received increased interest not only from a research standpoint but for commercial application. Most of the emphasis to date has focused on food safety aspects, particularly on lowering the incidence of foodborne pathogens in livestock. Several candidates are currently either being examined or are already being implemented in commercial settings. Among these candidates are chemical compounds such as formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has historically been used to inhibit Salmonella in feeds during feed processing. Currently, there are several commercial products available for this purpose. This review will cover both the historical background, current research, and prospects for further research on the poultry gastrointestinal tract and feeds treated with formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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14
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Dewulf J, Hald T, Michel V, Niskanen T, Ricci A, Snary E, Boelaert F, Messens W, Davies R. Salmonella control in poultry flocks and its public health impact. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05596. [PMID: 32626222 PMCID: PMC7009056 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in confirmed human salmonellosis cases in the EU after 2014 triggered investigation of contributory factors and control options in poultry production. Reconsideration of the five current target serovars for breeding hens showed that there is justification for retaining Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium (including monophasic variants) and Salmonella Infantis, while Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella Hadar could be replaced by Salmonella Kentucky and either Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Thompson or a variable serovar in national prevalence targets. However, a target that incorporates all serovars is expected to be more effective as the most relevant serovars in breeding flocks vary between Member State (MS) and over time. Achievement of a 1% target for the current target serovars in laying hen flocks is estimated to be reduced by 254,400 CrI95[98,540; 602,700] compared to the situation in 2016. This translates to a reduction of 53.4% CrI95[39.1; 65.7] considering the layer-associated human salmonellosis true cases and 6.2% considering the overall human salmonellosis true cases in the 23 MSs included in attribution modelling. A review of risk factors for Salmonella in laying hens revealed that overall evidence points to a lower occurrence in non-cage compared to cage systems. A conclusion on the effect of outdoor access or impact of the shift from conventional to enriched cages could not be reached. A similar review for broiler chickens concluded that the evidence that outdoor access affects the occurrence of Salmonella is inconclusive. There is conclusive evidence that an increased stocking density, larger farms and stress result in increased occurrence, persistence and spread of Salmonella in laying hen flocks. Based on scientific evidence, an impact of Salmonella control programmes, apart from general hygiene procedures, on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler flocks at the holding and on broiler meat at the end of the slaughter process is not expected.
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Yang Y, Ricke SC, Tellez G, Kwon YM. Quantitative Tracking of Salmonella Enteritidis Transmission Routes Using Barcode-Tagged Isogenic Strains in Chickens: Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:15. [PMID: 28261587 PMCID: PMC5306393 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important foodborne bacterial pathogen, however, a fundamental understanding on Salmonella transmission routes within a poultry flock remains unclear. In this study, a series of barcode-tagged strains were constructed by inserting six random nucleotides into a functionally neutral region on the chromosome of S. Enteritidis as a tool for quantitative tracking of Salmonella transmission in chickens. Six distinct barcode-tagged strains were used for infection or contamination at either low dose (103 CFUs; three strains) or high dose (105 CFUs; three strains) in three independent experiments (Experiment 1 oral gavage; Experiment 2 contaminated feed; Experiment 3 contaminated water). For all chick experiments, cecal and foot-wash samples were collected from a subset of the chickens at days 7 or/and 14, from which genomic DNA was extracted and used to amplify the barcode regions. After the resulting PCR amplicons were pooled and analyzed by MiSeq sequencing, a total of approximately 1.5 million reads containing the barcode sequences were analyzed to determine the relative frequency of every barcode-tagged strain in each sample. In Experiment 1, the high dose of oral infection was correlated with greater dominance of the strains in the ceca of the respective seeder chickens and also in the contact chickens yet at lesser degrees. When chicks were exposed to contaminated feed (Experiment 2) or water (Experiment 3), there were no clear patterns of the barcode-tagged strains in relation to the dosage, except that the strains introduced at low dose required a longer time to colonize the ceca with contaminated feed. Most foot-wash samples contained only one to three strains for the majority of the samples, suggesting potential existence of an unknown mechanism(s) for strain exclusion. These results demonstrated the proof of concept of using barcode tagged to investigate transmission dynamics of Salmonella in chickens in a quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Yang S, Wu Z, Lin W, Xu L, Cheng L, Zhou L. Investigations into Salmonella contamination in feed production chain in Karst rural areas of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1372-1379. [PMID: 27778273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the status of Salmonella contamination of feed production chain in Karst rural areas, southwest of China, a total of 1077 feed samples including animal feed materials and feed products were randomly collected from different sectors of feed chain covering feed mills, farms, and feed sales in nine regions of Karst rural areas between 2009 and 2012, to conduct Salmonella test. The different positive rates with Salmonella contamination were detected, the highest was 4.7 % in 2009, the lowest was 0.66 % in 2011, while 4.3 % in 2010, 2.8 % in 2012, respectively. Twelve types of feed including concentrate, complete, self-made, and feed ingredients were inspected. Salmonella contamination mainly concentrated on animal protein material such as meat meal, meat and bone meal, feather meal, blood meal, and fish meal. No Salmonella contamination was detected in feed yeast, microbial protein, rapeseed, and soybean meal. Salmonella contamination existed in each sector of feed production chain. This investigation provided a basic reference for feed production management and quality control in feed production chain in Karst rural areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, China.
| | - Zongfen Wu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, China
- Monitoring Institute of Feed and Veterinary Drug of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550005, China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, China
| | - Longxin Xu
- Institute of Guizhou Husbandry and Veterinary, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550000, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, China
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17
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Rajan K, Shi Z, Ricke SC. Current aspects ofSalmonellacontamination in the US poultry production chain and the potential application of risk strategies in understanding emerging hazards. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:370-392. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1223600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalavathy Rajan
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Zhaohao Shi
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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18
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Joris MA, Verstraete K, De Reu K, De Zutter L. Longitudinal follow-up of the persistence and dissemination of EHEC on cattle farms in Belgium. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:295-301. [PMID: 23566270 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal survey was performed on three cattle herds known to be positive for, respectively, Enterohemorrhagic Eschericia coli (EHEC) O157, O26/O103, and O26 in a slaughterhouse study. This study aimed to investigate the persistence and dissemination of EHEC in beef cattle and beef cattle farms. At each farm, a cohort of 10 animals was sampled, seven times on farm B and eight times on farms A and C, at intervals of approximately 4-6 weeks. In addition, incoming cattle and environmental samples were also examined for the presence of EHEC at each sampling occasion. In 65 (18.8%) out of 345 samples, EHEC was detected, of which 41 were from cohort animals, four from incoming cattle and 20 from environmental samples (cats 3/23; dogs 2/7; feed 4/23, water 2/23, and dust 9/23). On two farms, non-EHEC strains harboring either vtx or eae genes were detected in 21 samples. EHEC was detected at least once in 23 of the cohort animals, with a maximum of four positive sampling occasions. Genetic typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) demonstrated that a same strain occurred for several months (up to 11 months) in two of three cattle farms. Among the environmental samples, dust harbored EHEC most frequently. In conclusion, transmission and dissemination of EHEC might have occurred not only in the bovine reservoir but also in the farm environment and in other farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Adelheid Joris
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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19
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Salmonella contamination of cereal ingredients for animal feeds. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:543-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from chicken carcasses and environment at slaughter in Reunion Island: prevalence, genetic characterization and antibiotic susceptibility. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:317-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Snow LC, Davies RH, Christiansen KH, Carrique-Mas JJ, Cook AJC, Evans SJ. Survey of Salmonella prevalence on commercial turkey breeding and fattening farms in the UK in 2006 to 2007. Vet Rec 2011; 169:493. [PMID: 21891786 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A total of 29 breeding turkey holdings and 317 fattening turkey holdings were sampled between October 2006 and September 2007 in order to establish the baseline prevalence of Salmonella in turkeys in the UK. The weighted holding level Salmonella prevalence was found to be 20.1 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 8.6 to 40.3 per cent) in breeding turkeys and 37.7 per cent (95 per cent CI 33.4 to 42.3 per cent) in fattening turkeys. For breeding turkeys, a weighted flock-level prevalence, as more than one flock per holding was sampled, was estimated at 7.1 per cent (95 per cent CI 3.2 to 14.8 per cent). A total of 13 different serovars were identified in the survey. The most frequent serovar in both turkey flock classes was Salmonella Kottbus, which was found on two breeding holdings and 63 of the fattening holdings giving weighted prevalences of 10.4 per cent (95 per cent CI 2.6 to 34.1 per cent) and 23.0 per cent (95 per cent CI 19.3 to 27.3 per cent), respectively. On breeding holdings, a single isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium, identified as DT12 (weighted prevalence 3.5 per cent [95 per cent CI 0.7 to 15.8 per cent] [holding], 0.7 per cent [95 per cent CI 0.1 to 3.7 per cent] [flock)], was found. On fattening holdings, there were 55 isolates of S Typhimurium from 16 holdings, giving a weighted prevalence of this serovar of 5.4 per cent (95 per cent CI 3.6 to 8.0 per cent). There were no isolates of Salmonella serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Infantis or Virchow.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Snow
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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22
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Torres GJ, Piquer FJ, Algarra L, de Frutos C, Sobrino OJ. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Spanish feed mills and potential feed-related risk factors for contamination. Prev Vet Med 2011; 98:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Marin C, Balasch S, Vega S, Lainez M. Sources of Salmonella contamination during broiler production in Eastern Spain. Prev Vet Med 2011; 98:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Oh JY, Kang MS, An BK, Song EA, Kwon JH, Kwon YK. Occurrence of purulent arthritis broilers vertically infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Korea. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2116-22. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Wales AD, Carrique-Mas JJ, Rankin M, Bell B, Thind BB, Davies RH. Review of the carriage of zoonotic bacteria by arthropods, with special reference to Salmonella in mites, flies and litter beetles. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:299-314. [PMID: 19486496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review considers the relationship between arthropods commonly found in and around livestock premises and zoonotic bacteria. The principal focus is upon insects and arachnids on poultry units, where houses, litter and manure provide good conditions for the growth, multiplication and protection of flies, beetles and mites, and where zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter are prevalent. Other members of the Enterobacteriaceae and the taxa Clostridium, Helicobacter, Erysipelas and Chlamydiaceae are also discussed. Salmonella is widely distributed in the flies of affected livestock units and is detectable to a lesser degree in beetles and mites. Persistent carriage appears to be common and there is some field and experimental evidence to support arthropod-mediated transmission between poultry flocks, particularly carry-over from one flock to the next. Campylobacter may readily be isolated from arthropods in contact with affected poultry flocks, although carriage is short-lived. There appears to be a role for flies, at least, in the breaching of biosecurity around Campylobacter-negative flocks. The carriage of other zoonotic bacteria by arthropods has been documented, but the duration and significance of such associations remain uncertain in the context of livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wales
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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Davies R, Wales A. Investigations into Salmonella contamination in poultry feedmills in the United Kingdom. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1430-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Snow LC, Davies RH, Christiansen KH, Carrique-Mas JJ, Cook AJC, Evans SJ. Investigation of risk factors for Salmonella
on commercial egg-laying farms in Great Britain, 2004-2005. Vet Rec 2010; 166:579-86. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Snow
- Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis
| | - R. H. Davies
- Food and Environmental Safety Department; Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | | | - J. J. Carrique-Mas
- Food and Environmental Safety Department; Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
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28
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Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica contamination in French breeding and fattening turkey flocks at the end of the rearing period. Prev Vet Med 2010; 94:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Wales AD, Allen VM, Davies RH. Chemical treatment of animal feed and water for the control of Salmonella. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:3-15. [PMID: 19821738 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of Salmonella in animal feedstuffs is important, principally to protect the human food chain from contamination by Salmonella derived from infected animals. The transmission of Salmonella from animal feeds to animals, and onward to human food products, has been convincingly documented. This is especially important for chicken breeding and laying flocks and pigs, in view of the consequences of recent or imminent control legislation in the European Union. Animal feed ingredients, particularly animal and plant-derived protein meals, are frequently contaminated with Salmonella either from source or from processing plant, and recontamination in compounding mills is an additional problem. Several complementary strategies have been used to control this feed contamination, and these include a range of chemical treatments. The principal agents used are as follows: organic acids and their salts, formaldehyde, and bacterial membrane disruptors such as terpenes and essential oils. Experimental agents include chlorate compounds. Many products use blends of agents from the same or different chemical groups to achieve synergistic or combination effects. The present review draws upon published and company data to describe the various modes of action and efficacies of different chemical agents delivered in feed or in drinking water against Salmonella occurring in feed or in livestock environments. Reasons for the failure of protection are explored, along with problems in usage such as corrosion and reduced palatability. Given the wide array of products available with contrasting modes of action, the need for standardized tests of efficacy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wales
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
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30
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Gutierrez M, Fanning J, Murphy A, Murray G, Griffin M, Flack A, Leonard N, Egan J. Salmonella in broiler flocks in the republic of Ireland. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 6:111-20. [PMID: 19061369 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain an estimation of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in flocks of broilers in the Republic of Ireland, a study was conducted in 2006 in a total of 362 broiler flocks associated with four integrated companies. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 27.3% of flocks, and eight Salmonella serovars were identified, none of which were Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium. The most prevalent serovar was Salmonella Mbandaka, followed by Salmonella Kentucky, which respectively accounted for 61.6% and 27.0% of positive samples. Notable differences were observed among the flocks associated with different integrated companies, both in the Salmonella spp. prevalence and in the serovar distribution. Results from routine official Salmonella testing in broiler production in 2006 showed similar serovar distribution within each integrated company from the associated hatchery and factory samples. In our study, differences in the prevalence of Salmonella at farm level did not correlate with differences in the percentages of positive chicken carcasses officially tested, which were low, for all the four companies investigated. Given the high prevalence of Salmonella Mbandaka, all human isolates obtained in the Republic of Ireland from 2003 to 2006 were compared to a subset of poultry isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, but an epidemiological link between the animal and the human strains could not be established. Finally the antimicrobial resistance analysis indicated a low proportion of resistant strains among the broiler flock isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Gutierrez
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Volkova VV, Bailey RH, Rybolt ML, Dazo-Galarneau K, Hubbard SA, Magee D, Byrd JA, Wills RW. Inter-relationships of Salmonella Status of Flock and Grow-Out Environment at Sequential Segments in Broiler Production and Processing. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 57:463-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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ZHANG D, ZHANG H, YANG L, GUO J, LI X, FENG Y. SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OFLISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES,STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS,SALMONELLA ENTERICAANDESCHERICHIA COLIO157:H7 IN FOOD SAMPLES USING MULTIPLEX PCR METHOD. J Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Koyuncu S, Haggblom P. A comparative study of cultural methods for the detection of Salmonella in feed and feed ingredients. BMC Vet Res 2009; 5:6. [PMID: 19192298 PMCID: PMC2642806 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal feed as a source of infection to food producing animals is much debated. In order to increase our present knowledge about possible feed transmission it is important to know that the present isolation methods for Salmonella are reliable also for feed materials. In a comparative study the ability of the standard method used for isolation of Salmonella in feed in the Nordic countries, the NMKL71 method (Nordic Committee on Food Analysis) was compared to the Modified Semisolid Rappaport Vassiliadis method (MSRV) and the international standard method (EN ISO 6579:2002). Five different feed materials were investigated, namely wheat grain, soybean meal, rape seed meal, palm kernel meal, pellets of pig feed and also scrapings from a feed mill elevator. Four different levels of the Salmonella serotypes S. Typhimurium, S. Cubana and S. Yoruba were added to each feed material, respectively. For all methods pre-enrichment in Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) were carried out followed by enrichments in the different selective media and finally plating on selective agar media. RESULTS The results obtained with all three methods showed no differences in detection levels, with an accuracy and sensitivity of 65% and 56%, respectively. However, Müller-Kauffmann tetrathionate-novobiocin broth (MKTTn), performed less well due to many false-negative results on Brilliant Green agar (BGA) plates. Compared to other feed materials palm kernel meal showed a higher detection level with all serotypes and methods tested. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the investigated cultural methods were equivalent. However, the detection levels for different feed and feed ingredients varied considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Koyuncu
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Haggblom
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Snow LC, Davies RH, Christiansen KH, Carrique-Mas JJ, Cook AJC, Teale CJ, Evans SJ. Survey of the prevalence of Salmonella on commercial broiler farms in the United Kingdom, 2005/06. Vet Rec 2009; 163:649-54. [PMID: 19043089 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.22.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Between October 2005 and September 2006, all European Union member states were required to carry out standardised surveys of the prevalence of Salmonella in broiler flock holdings to establish baseline data from which to derive national targets for disease reduction. In the uk 382 holdings were sampled, 41 of which were positive for Salmonella, giving an estimated weighted prevalence of 10.7 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [ci] 8.1 to 13.1 per cent). The serotype most frequently isolated was Salmonella Ohio, with a weighted prevalence of 2.2 per cent (95 per cent ci 1.2 to 3.7 per cent), followed by Salmonella Kedougou at 1.7 per cent (95 per cent ci 0.9 to 3.2 per cent). There were no isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis and only a single isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium (0.2 per cent, 95 per cent ci 0.0 to 1.6 per cent). Of the three other serotypes given top priority by the eu owing to their public health significance, Salmonella Virchow was isolated from one holding, but Salmonella Hadar and Salmonella Infantis were not detected on any of the holdings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Snow
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
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Marin C, Hernandiz A, Lainez M. Biofilm development capacity of Salmonella strains isolated in poultry risk factors and their resistance against disinfectants. Poult Sci 2009; 88:424-31. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Microbiological risk assessment in feedingstuffs for food-producing animals - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008; 6:720. [PMID: 37213857 PMCID: PMC10193654 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Wales A, Breslin M, Davies R. Assessment of cleaning and disinfection in Salmonella-contaminated poultry layer houses using qualitative and semi-quantitative culture techniques. Vet Microbiol 2006; 116:283-93. [PMID: 16730925 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infection of laying flocks in the UK is predominantly a problem of the persistent contamination of layer houses and associated wildlife vectors by Salmonella Enteritidis. Methods for its control and elimination include effective cleaning and disinfection of layer houses between flocks, and it is important to be able to measure the success of such decontamination. A method for the environmental detection and semi-quantitative enumeration of salmonellae was used and compared with a standard qualitative method, in 12 Salmonella-contaminated caged layer houses before and after cleaning and disinfection. The quantitative technique proved to have comparable sensitivity to the standard method, and additionally provided insights into the numerical Salmonella challenge that replacement flocks would encounter. Elimination of S. Enteritidis was not achieved in any of the premises examined although substantial reductions in the prevalence and numbers of salmonellae were demonstrated, whilst in others an increase in contamination was observed after cleaning and disinfection. Particular problems with feeders and wildlife vectors were highlighted. The use of a quantitative method assisted the identification of problem areas, such as those with a high initial bacterial load or those experiencing only a modest reduction in bacterial count following decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wales
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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Cardinale E, Perrier Gros-Claude JD, Rivoal K, Rose V, Tall F, Mead GC, Salvat G. Epidemiological analysis of Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Hadar, Brancaster and Enteritidis from humans and broiler chickens in Senegal using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antibiotic susceptibility. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 99:968-77. [PMID: 16162250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Brancaster and Salmonella Enteritidis are the main Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars isolated from poultry in Senegal. Our objective was to analyse the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antibioresistance patterns of strains belonging to these serovars and to assess the significance of broiler-chicken meat as a source of human infection. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 142 Salmonella isolates were analysed: 79 were isolated from Senegalese patients with sporadic diarrhoea (11 S. Hadar, nine S. Brancaster and 59 S. Enteritidis) and 63 from poultry (30 S. Hadar, 17 S. Brancaster and 16 S. Enteritidis). The PFGE of XbaI- and SpeI-digested chromosomal DNA gave 20 distinct profiles for S. Hadar, nine for S. Brancaster and 22 for S. Enteritidis. Each serovar was characterized by a major pulsotype which was X3S1 in 42% of S. Hadar, X8S1 in 53.8% of S. Brancaster and X1S2 in 43% of S. Enteritidis isolates. Human and poultry isolates of Salmonella had common PFGE patterns. Antibiosensitivity tests showed multiresistance (more than two drugs) was encountered in 14.5% of S. Hadar and in 5% of S. Enteritidis isolates. Resistance to quinolones was considered to be of particular importance and 14.5% of S. Hadar isolates were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid. CONLCUSIONS: The sharing of similar PFGE profiles among isolates from humans and poultry provided indirect evidence of Salmonella transmission from contaminated broiler meat. But most of the Salmonella isolates remained drug sensitive. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Efforts are needed to eliminate Salmonella from poultry meat intended for human consumption. This study has also highlighted the importance of continuous surveillance to monitor antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cardinale
- Programme Productions Animales, CIRAD-EMVT, Montpellier Cedex, France.
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Gradel KO, Randall L, Sayers AR, Davies RH. Possible associations between Salmonella persistence in poultry houses and resistance to commonly used disinfectants and a putative role of mar. Vet Microbiol 2005; 107:127-38. [PMID: 15795084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Revised: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A putative link between Salmonella persistence in the agricultural sector and resistance to disinfectants has been sparsely investigated. Therefore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests against five disinfectants commonly used in poultry premises (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde/benzalkonium chloride compound, oxidising compound, tar oil phenol, iodophor) were performed on 286 Salmonella isolates, including 256 from Danish broiler houses, altogether representing nine serotypes. Six of these isolates were used for adaptation and de-adaptation studies involving the five disinfectants. Amongst 60 of these isolates selected for growth studies in cyclohexane (possibly associated with up-regulated efflux), only one isolate grew. From this isolate and the six isolates used in the adaptation and de-adaptation studies, mutants highly resistant to triclosan (a disinfectant linked with mar-type resistance) were selected. In addition, adaptation and de-adaptation studies with triclosan were performed. For the 286 isolates, the small variations in MICs could not be associated with Salmonella persistence in Danish broiler houses or previous use of relevant disinfectants. Adaptation and de-adaptation did not alter MICs to the five farm disinfectants. Compared to the parent isolates, MICs for the triclosan adapted and de-adapted isolates and the triclosan mutants were significantly increased to triclosan, but not to the five disinfectants. Moreover, most of the triclosan adapted and de-adapted isolates grew in cyclohexane. Thus, there was no correlation between triclosan and cyclohexane resistance on one hand and resistance to the five disinfectants on the other, suggesting that triclosan resistance is not linked with resistance to these disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Oren Gradel
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200 Arhus N, Denmark.
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40
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Cardinale E, Tall F, Guèye EF, Cisse M, Salvat G. Risk factors for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica infection in senegalese broiler-chicken flocks. Prev Vet Med 2004; 63:151-61. [PMID: 15158567 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to assess the association of managerial practices, general hygiene and Salmonella infection in Senegalese broiler flocks. Seventy broilers farms were studied from January 2000 to December 2001 around Dakar. A questionnaire was submitted to the farmers and samples of fresh broiler droppings were taken. A 28.6% of the flocks were infected by Salmonella (mainly Hadar and Brancaster serovars). Salmonella infection of the previous flock (OR = 6.82) and of day-old chicks (OR = 3.73), frequent poultry farmers' visits (OR = 5.38) and keeping sick birds inside the farm (OR = 5.32) increased the risk of Salmonella infection. But, using antibiotics on day-old chicks (OR = 0.17) and a detergent for cleaning (OR = 0.16) decreased the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cardinale
- Programme Productions animales CIRAD-EMVT TA 30/A, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Gradel KO, Jørgensen JC, Andersen JS, Corry JEL. Monitoring the efficacy of steam and formaldehyde treatment of naturally Salmonella-infected layer houses. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:613-22. [PMID: 14962142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To monitor if a temperature-humidity-time treatment found to be effective in eliminating Salmonella in laboratory trials (Gradel et al. 2003) was efficient against Salmonella in naturally infected layer houses. METHODS AND RESULTS Six layer houses with natural Salmonella infections were steam treated in a download period, aiming at >or=60 degrees C and 100% relative humidity (RH) during a 24-h period, with or without the addition of 30 ppm formaldehyde. In addition, two control layer houses were disinfected chemically. Salmonella samples taken from predetermined sites before and after treatment were tested qualitatively for Salmonella and coliforms. Samples with indicator bacteria (feed inoculated with Escherichia coli or Enterococcus faecalis and faeces with naturally occurring E. coli and enterococci) were placed during steam-treatment at 12 sites in each house (where the temperature was logged at 5-min intervals) and tested for surviving bacteria. Generally, the field test results confirmed the results of laboratory tests, especially when 30 ppm formaldehyde was added to the steam. In well-sealed houses, the recommended temperature-humidity-time scheme was accomplished at a minimum of 10 cm above floor level within 1 h. CONCLUSIONS A steam treatment of >or=60 degrees C and 100% RH during a 24-h period with the addition of 30 ppm formaldehyde at the beginning of the process is recommended for eliminating Salmonella from naturally infected poultry layer houses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A specific recommendation for the elimination of Salmonella in poultry houses can be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Gradel
- Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur-bearing Animals, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Aarhus, Denmark.
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42
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Wilson JS, Hazel SM, Williams NJ, Phiri A, French NP, Hart CA. Nontyphoidal salmonellae in United Kingdom badgers: prevalence and spatial distribution. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:4312-5. [PMID: 12839821 PMCID: PMC165146 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.7.4312-4315.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighteen (72%) of 25 badger social groups were found to excrete Salmonella enterica serovar Ried, S. enterica serovar Binza, S. enterica serovar Agama, or S. enterica serovar Lomita. Each serovar was susceptible to a panel of antimicrobials. Based on results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, the S. enterica serovar Agama and S. enterica serovar Binza isolates were very similar, but two clones each of S. enterica serovar Lomita and S. enterica serovar Ried were found. Badgers excreting S. enterica serovar Agama were spatially clustered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sian Wilson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Genito-Urinary Medicine, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, United Kingdom
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De Medici D, Croci L, Delibato E, Di Pasquale S, Filetici E, Toti L. Evaluation of DNA extraction methods for use in combination with SYBR green I real-time PCR to detect Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in poultry. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:3456-61. [PMID: 12788750 PMCID: PMC161507 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.6.3456-3461.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2002] [Accepted: 03/05/2003] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, reproducible, and robust method for detecting Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in poultry samples. First, for the extraction and purification of DNA from the preenrichment culture, four methods (boiling, alkaline lysis, Nucleospin, and Dynabeads DNA Direct System I) were compared. The most effective method was then combined with a real-time PCR method based on the double-stranded DNA binding dye SYBR Green I used with the ABI Prism 7700 system. The specificity of the reaction was determined by the melting temperature (T(m)) of the amplicon obtained. The experiments were conducted both on samples of chicken experimentally contaminated with serotype Enteritidis and on commercially available poultry samples, which were also used for comparisons with the standard cultural method (i.e., ISO 6579/2001). The results of comparisons among the four DNA extraction methods showed significant differences except for the results from the boiling and Nucleospin methods (the two methods that produced the lowest threshold cycles). Boiling was selected as the preferred extraction method because it is the simplest and most rapid. This method was then combined with SYBR Green I real-time PCR, using primers SEFA-1 and SEFA-2. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed by the T(m), which was consistently specific for the amplicon obtained; the mean peak T(m) obtained with curves specific for serotype Enteritidis was 82.56 +/- 0.22 degrees C. The standard curve constructed using the mean threshold cycle and various concentrations of serotype Enteritidis (ranging from 10(3) to 10(8) CFU/ml) showed good linearity (R(2) = 0.9767) and a sensitivity limit of less than 10(3) CFU/ml. The results of this study demonstrate that the SYBR Green I real-time PCR constitutes an effective and easy-to-perform method for detecting serotype Enteritidis in poultry samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario De Medici
- Laboratorio Alimentia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Davies R, Breslin M. Observations on Salmonella contamination of commercial laying farms before and after cleaning and disinfection. Vet Rec 2003; 152:283-7. [PMID: 12650470 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.10.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effectiveness of the cleaning and disinfection methods in use on commercial laying farms in Great Britain. Samples were taken from poultry house structures and equipment of five cage layer flocks, five barn egg production flocks and two free-range flocks. In the free-range houses there was a decrease in Salmonella after cleaning and disinfection, although the soil in the paddocks remained contaminated. In the barn and especially the cage layer houses, significant residual contamination remained on the surfaces of buildings and equipment. Wildlife pests were also found to be carrying Salmonella in the disinfected houses and free-range paddocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Davies
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
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Davies RH, Breslin M. Investigation of Salmonella contamination and disinfection in farm egg-packing plants. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 94:191-6. [PMID: 12534810 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As part of a field-based study of the distribution and persistence of Salmonella infection on commercial egg-laying farms, sampling was carried out on one or more occasions in egg-packing areas of 12 farms infected with Salm. Enteritidis. METHODS AND RESULTS Salmonellas were isolated by cultural methods. Contamination was common, with Salmonella being found in 23.1% of floor swab samples, 30.8% of grading tables, 23.1% of conveyor belts or rollers and 23.8% of candlers. Four farms were sampled after cleaning and disinfection of packing plants had been carried out on the previous day, and residual contamination was found on 6.9% of samples from grading tables, 16.0% holding/sorting tables, 12.6% of conveyors or rollers, 16.7% of vacuum egg lifters, 21.4% of floor surfaces and 5.0% of egg store floor surfaces. Sterilized eggs passed through five farm packing plants showed a contamination rate of at least 16/5,948 (0.3%) egg passages. CONCLUSIONS It is apparent that contamination in egg-packing plants may be a significant contributory factor to external contamination of shell eggs, and improved methods of cleaning and disinfecting egg-handling equipment are required. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The presence of Salmonella contamination in egg-packing plants presents a contamination hazard for eggs from Salmonella-free flocks. Samples from equipment in the packing plant could also be used for screening for detection of Salmonella in the throughout of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Davies
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.
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Corry JEL, Allen VM, Hudson WR, Breslin MF, Davies RH. Sources of Salmonella on broiler carcasses during transportation and processing: modes of contamination and methods of control. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:424-32. [PMID: 11872117 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The prevalence and types of salmonella in broiler chickens during transportation and during slaughter and dressing were studied. This was part of a comprehensive investigation of salmonellas in two UK poultry companies, which aimed to find the origins and mechanisms of salmonella contamination. METHODS AND RESULTS Salmonellas were isolated using cultural methods. Serovars of Salmonella detected during rearing were usually also found in a small proportion of birds on the day of slaughter and on the carcasses at various points during processing. There was little evidence of salmonellas spreading to large numbers of carcasses during processing. Many serovars found in the feedmills or hatcheries were also detected in the birds during rearing and/or slaughter. Transport crates were contaminated with salmonellas after washing and disinfection. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of salmonellas fell in the two companies during this survey. A small number of serovars predominated in the processing plants of each company. These serovars originated from the feed mills. Reasons for transport crate contamination were: (1) inadequate cleaning, resulting in residual faecal soiling; (2) disinfectant concentration and temperature of disinfectant too low; (3) contaminated recycled flume water used to soak the crates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Efforts to control salmonella infection in broilers need to concentrate on crate cleaning and disinfection and hygiene in the feed mills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E L Corry
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Division of Food Animal Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
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Liebana E, Crowley CJ, Garcia-Migura L, Breslin MF, Corry JEL, Allen VM, Davies RH. Use of molecular fingerprinting to assist the understanding of the epidemiology of Salmonella contamination within broiler production. Br Poult Sci 2002; 43:38-46. [PMID: 12003336 DOI: 10.1080/00071660120109872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
1. We analysed Salmonella isolates by conventional sero- and phage-typing, as well as by molecular techniques within the broiler production chain in two integrated companies. The most prevalent serovars were selected for genetic fingerprinting. 2. Isolates were first screened by plasmid profiling; subsequently, the most common plasmid types within the prevalent zoonotic serovars (enteritidis and typhimurium) and S. agama were further characterised by PstI-SphI ribotyping, and XbaI pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). 3. Salmonella binza, S. kedougou, and S. 4,12:d:- were endemic in the feed mills over long periods of time, and a variety of plasmid types for each of the serovars were found in the premises. 4. A similar situation was found with S. binza and S. senftenberg within the hatchery in company B. The Salmonella serovars which were resident in those locations were also the ones most widely distributed throughout the broiler flocks. 5. Plasmid profiling was useful to subdivide clusters of isolates within serovars, but for each serovar a high percentage (36 to 79%) of the isolates tested fall within a prevalent plasmid type. 6. A more detailed genetic analysis of the isolates by a multiple typing approach allowed for further strain differentiation, and allowed some epidemiological conclusions to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liebana
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, England, UK.
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Corry JE, Atabay HI. Poultry as a source of Campylobacter and related organisms. SYMPOSIUM SERIES (SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) 2001:96S-114S. [PMID: 11422565 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Corry
- Division of Food Animal Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, UK.
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