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Alfano F, Lanave G, Lucibelli MG, Miletti G, D’Alessio N, Gallo A, Auriemma C, Amoroso MG, Lucente MS, De Carlo E, Martella V, Decaro N, Fusco G. Canine Distemper Virus in Autochtonous and Imported Dogs, Southern Italy (2014–2021). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202852. [PMID: 36290237 PMCID: PMC9597831 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the period 2014–2021, the circulation of CDV in dogs of Southern Italy was investigated. In this time span a reduction in the circulation of CDV was observed, with a higher frequency of detection of the pathogen in imported dogs (18.4%) compared to stray (7.4%) and household (3.9%) animals. These results underline the effectiveness of the prophylaxis strategy on autochthonous dogs as well as the importance of continuous surveillance of CDV, especially in imported dogs. Abstract This study aims to investigate the presence of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in 949 autochthonous or illegally imported dogs from Southern Italy, over a period of eight years (2014–2021). CDV RNA was detected in 6.8% (65/949) of the animals tested, with no detection of CDV in dogs sampled in 2020–2021. The frequency of CDV detection was higher in imported dogs (19/103, 18.3%) with respect to stray (27/365, 7.4%) and household dogs (19/481, 3.9%). On sequence and phylogenetic analyses of selected strains, the analyzed viruses belonged to the Arctic clade, which has already been reported in Italy and in Europe. The results of our study may suggest a reduction of CDV circulation in Southern Italy, while at the same time highlighting the need for strict controls on dog importation, in order to prevent the introduction of viruses from endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Alfano
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817865441
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70121 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Lucibelli
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Gianluca Miletti
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Nicola D’Alessio
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Amalia Gallo
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Clementina Auriemma
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70121 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70121 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70121 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
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Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K. Prophylaxe der kaninen Parvovirose. TIERÄRZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE K: KLEINTIERE / HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:361-369. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1945-5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungObwohl Impfstoffe gegen das canine Parvovirus (CPV) weltweit eingesetzt werden, tritt die Parvovirose vor allem bei jungen Hunden nach wie vor vergleichsweise häufig auf. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel konzentriert sich auf die Ursachen für ein Impfversagen. Hierfür kommen unterschiedlichste Faktoren in Betracht, die den Hund selbst oder seine Umwelt betreffen. So gibt es genetisch bedingt Hunde, die keine Antikörper (Non-Responder) oder nur sehr niedrige Konzentrationen an Antikörpern (Low-Responder) nach einer CPV-Impfung ausbilden. Der Impferfolg kann auch durch andere intrinsische Faktoren (z. B. Gewicht, Alter, Reproduktions- und Ernährungsstatus, Krankheiten) und/oder extrinsische Faktoren (z. B. Stress, Belastung, Medikamente) beeinträchtigt werden. Neben Ursachen, die den individuellen Hund betreffen, kann ein Impfversagen auch durch eine reduzierte immunisierende Eigenschaft des Impfstoffs bedingt sein; hierfür kommt eine Vielzahl verschiedener Faktoren in Betracht (z. B. Herstellung, Lagerung, Applikation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Monika Freisl
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K. [Prevention of canine parvovirosis - Part 1: Humoral and cellular immunity]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:44-50. [PMID: 33588464 DOI: 10.1055/a-1319-4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirosis remains a common and highly infectious disease. Thus, adequate protection is essential for all dogs at any time. In this, humoral immunity plays an essential role. The presence of antibodies in adult dogs suggests immunity against the disease, and nearly all adult dogs possess antibodies (either due to previous vaccination or infection). Meanwhile, worldwide vaccination guidelines recommend measurement of pre-vaccination antibodies instead of regular triennial re-vaccinations in adult dogs. Studies have demonstrated a long lasting duration of immunity against canine parvovirus. Re-vaccination therefore possesses no beneficial effect when dogs already have pre-vaccination antibodies. Thus, when antibodies are present, unnecessary re-vaccinations that potentially cause vaccine-associated adverse events should be avoided. Hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization can be performed in specialized laboratories for quantitative antibody titer measurement. Semiquantitative point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of CPV antibodies are available. Since the presence of CPV antibodies in adult dogs that have been vaccinated or previously infected suggests adequate immunity against disease, these POC tests can be a useful tool in practice. They identify dogs that might potentially be unprotected and require re-vaccination during preventive health care appointments. Concerning the POC tests' quality assessment, a high specificity (low number of false positive test results) is considered the most important feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Monika Freisl
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Comparison of Four Commercially Available Point-of-Care Tests to Detect Antibodies against Canine Parvovirus in Dogs. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010018. [PMID: 33374843 PMCID: PMC7823389 DOI: 10.3390/v13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring antibodies to evaluate dogs' immunity against canine parvovirus (CPV) is useful to avoid unnecessary re-vaccinations. The study aimed to evaluate the quality and practicability of four point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of anti-CPV antibodies. The sera of 198 client-owned and 43 specific pathogen-free (SPF) dogs were included; virus neutralization was the reference method. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), and overall accuracy (OA) were calculated. Specificity was considered to be the most important indicator for POC test performance. Differences between specificity and sensitivity of POC tests in the sera of all dogs were determined by McNemar, agreement by Cohen's kappa. Prevalence of anti-CPV antibodies in all dogs was 80% (192/241); in the subgroup of client-owned dogs, it was 97% (192/198); and in the subgroup of SPF dogs, it was 0% (0/43). FASTest® and CanTiCheck® were easiest to perform. Specificity was highest in the CanTiCheck® (overall dogs, 98%; client-owned dogs, 83%; SPF dogs, 100%) and the TiterCHEK® (overall dogs, 96%; client-owned dogs, 67%; SPF dogs, 100%); no significant differences in specificity were observed between the ImmunoComb®, the TiterCHEK®, and the CanTiCheck®. Sensitivity was highest in the FASTest® (overall dogs, 95%; client-owned dogs, 95%) and the CanTiCheck® (overall dogs, 80%; client-owned dogs, 80%); sensitivity of the FASTest® was significantly higher compared to the one of the other three tests (McNemars p-value in each comparison: <0.001). CanTiCheck® would be the POC test of choice when considering specificity and practicability. However, differences in the number of false positive results between CanTiCheck®, TiterCHEK®, and ImmunoComb® were minimal.
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Alfano F, Fusco G, Mari V, Occhiogrosso L, Miletti G, Brunetti R, Galiero G, Desario C, Cirilli M, Decaro N. Circulation of pantropic canine coronavirus in autochthonous and imported dogs, Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1991-1999. [PMID: 32163663 PMCID: PMC7228320 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) strains with the ability to spread to internal organs, also known as pantropic CCoVs (pCCoVs), have been detected in domestic dogs and wild carnivores. Our study focused on the detection and molecular characterization of pCCoV strains circulating in Italy during the period 2014-2017 in autochthonous dogs, in dogs imported from eastern Europe or illegally imported from an unknown country. Samples from the gut and internal organs of 352 dogs were screened for CCoV; putative pCCoV strains, belonging to subtype CCoV-IIa, were identified in the internal organs of 35 of the examined dogs. Fifteen pCCoV strains were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analyses, showing that three strains (98960-1/2016, 98960-3/2016, 98960-4/2016) did not cluster either with Italian or European CCoVs, being more closely related to alphacoronaviruses circulating in Asia with which they displayed a 94%-96% nucleotide identity in partial spike protein gene sequences. The pCCoV-positive samples were also tested for other canine viruses, showing co-infections mainly with canine parvovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Alfano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Viviana Mari
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
| | - Leonardo Occhiogrosso
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
| | - Gianluca Miletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Roberta Brunetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del MezzogiornoPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Costantina Desario
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
| | - Margie Cirilli
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina VeterinariaUniversità degli Studi di BariValenzano (Bari)Italy
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Ciucci P, Mancinelli S, Boitani L, Gallo O, Grottoli L. Anthropogenic food subsidies hinder the ecological role of wolves: Insights for conservation of apex predators in human-modified landscapes. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Molnar B, Ciucci P, Mastrantonio G, Betschart B. Correlates of parasites and pseudoparasites in wolves ( Canis lupus) across continents: A comparison among Yellowstone (USA), Abruzzo (IT) and Mercantour (FR) national parks. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 10:196-206. [PMID: 31667082 PMCID: PMC6812024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of infectious diseases on large carnivores. We investigated factors structuring the helminth and protozoan infections of wolves (Canis lupus) by using coprological analyses. Faecal samples (n = 342) were analysed from 11 wolf packs belonging to three different geographical and ecological settings in Italy (Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise National Park, PNALM: 4 packs, 88 samples), in France (Mercantour National Park, PNM: 4 packs, 68 samples) and in the U.S.A. (Yellowstone National Park, YNP: 3 packs, 186 samples). Parasites were found in 29.4%-88.6% of the samples and parasite taxa ranged from four to ten in each study area. Taeniidae (Taenia/Echinococcus), Sarcocystis spp. and Toxascaris leonina were most common in faecal samples from YNP, whereas Capillaria spp., Taeniidae and Uncinaria stenocephala were predominant in PNALM. We used generalised linear mixed models to assess the relationship between parasite infection or the number of parasite taxa and selected ecological drivers across study areas. Significant effects illustrated the importance of the ecological factors such as occurrence of free-ranging dogs, diet composition and wolf density, as well as the ancestry of the wolf populations, in shaping parasite-wolf communities. Additional investigations are needed to elucidate the impact of parasitic infections on wolf populations, as well as the role of anthropogenic factors in facilitating parasitic diffusion to apex predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molnar
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Viale Dell’ Università, 32 I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Gianluca Mastrantonio
- Department of Mathematics (DISMA), G. L. Lagrange, Politecnico di Torino, Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, I- 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Bruno Betschart
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Serological Survey of Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Dogs from Central Italy: An Update (2013⁻2017). Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010003. [PMID: 30621134 PMCID: PMC6471581 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are tick-borne bacteria of veterinary concern. Indirect immunofluorescent assay was carried out to detect antibodies against E. canis and A. phagocytophilum in 1026 owned dogs living in Central Italy during the period 2013–2017. One hundred and eighty-six (18.12%) dogs were positive for at least one pathogen and 14 (1.36%) for both agents. More in detail, 166 (16.18%) samples were positive for E. canis and 34 (3.31%) for A. phagocytophilum. No statistically significant differences in the seroprevalence values related to gender were detected, whereas the highest rate to E. canis occurred in animals aged more than 10 years. Mean seroprevalence values for both E. canis and A. phagocytophilum detected in 2014 and 2015 were statistically higher with respect to other years. Even though dogs’ owners are informed about the risk of pet infections by tick-borne pathogens and prophylaxis against ticks is often executed, E. canis and A. phagocytophilum are still present and infect the canine population in Central Italy.
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Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and D. immitis in hunting dogs from southern Italy. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2651-2660. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sainz Á, Roura X, Miró G, Estrada-Peña A, Kohn B, Harrus S, Solano-Gallego L. Guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:75. [PMID: 25649069 PMCID: PMC4324656 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are important tick-borne diseases with a worldwide distribution. Information has been continuously collected on these infections in Europe, and publications have increased in recent years. Prevalence rates are high for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. infections in dogs from different European countries. The goal of this article was to provide a practical guideline for veterinary practitioners on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in dogs from Europe. This guideline is intended to answer the most common questions on these diseases from a practical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Agustín Estrada-Peña
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Molnar B, Duchamp C, Möstl K, Diehl PA, Betschart B. Comparative survey of canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine enteric coronavirus infection in free-ranging wolves of central Italy and south-eastern France. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2014; 60:613-624. [PMID: 32214941 PMCID: PMC7088244 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-014-0825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Diseases likely affect large carnivore demography and can hinder conservation efforts. We considered three highly contagious viruses that infect a wide range of domestic and wild mammals: canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine enteric coronaviruses (CECoV). Infection by either one of these viruses can affect populations through increased mortality and/or decreased general health. We investigated infection in the wolf populations of Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise National Park (PNALM), Italy, and of Mercantour National Park (PNM), France. Faecal samples were collected during one winter, from October to March, from four packs in PNALM (n = 79) and from four packs in PNM (n = 66). We screened samples for specific sequences of viral nucleic acids. To our knowledge, our study is the first documented report of CECoV infection in wolves outside Alaska, and of the large-scale occurrence of CPV-2 in European wolf populations. The results suggest that CPV-2 is enzootic in the population of PNALM, but not in PNM and that CECoV is episodic in both areas. We did not detect CDV. Our findings suggest that density and spatial distribution of susceptible hosts, in particular free-ranging dogs, can be important factors influencing infections in wolves. This comparative study is an important step in evaluating the nature of possible disease threats in the studied wolf populations. Recent emergence of new viral strains in Europe additionally strengthens the need for proactive monitoring of wolves and other susceptible sympatric species for viral threats and other impairing infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molnar
- 1Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- CP 16, 1921 Martigny-Croix, Switzerland
| | | | - Karin Möstl
- 3Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter-Allan Diehl
- 1Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Betschart
- 1Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Sobrino R, Arnal MC, Luco DF, Gortázar C. Prevalence of antibodies against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus among foxes and wolves from Spain. Vet Microbiol 2008; 126:251-6. [PMID: 17646060 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases can influence the population dynamics of wild carnivores and can have effects on carnivore conservation. Hence, a serologic survey was conducted in an opportunistic sample of 137 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 37 wolves (Canis lupus) in Spain for 1997-2007 to detect antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) and against canine parvovirus (CPV) by indirect ELISA. Antibodies against CDV were detected in 18.7% of the analyzed animals and antibodies against CPV in 17.2%. There was no difference in antibody prevalence to CDV between both species, even in the same region (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference in antibody prevalence to CPV between foxes (5.1%) and wolves (62.2%) (P<0.05). In fox populations there was a significant difference in antibody prevalence to CDV between geographic areas (Aragón 26.4%, La Mancha 7.8%, P<0.05). In wolf populations there was significantly higher antibody prevalence against CPV (P<0.05) in Castilla y León (100%) than in the Cantabric region (53.3%). There was no significant sex or age-related difference in the antibody prevalence against CDV or CPV in foxes. These results indicate that contact with CDV is widespread among wild canid populations in Spain and that CPV is endemic in the Iberian wolf population. The implications of these results are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sobrino
- IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 50013 Ciudad Real, Spain
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