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Yair Y, Borovok I, Mikula I, Falk R, Fox LK, Gophna U, Lysnyansky I. Genomics-based epidemiology of bovine Mycoplasma bovis strains in Israel. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:70. [PMID: 31969124 PMCID: PMC6977290 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma bovis is an important etiologic agent of bovine mycoplasmosis affecting cattle production and animal welfare. In the past in Israel, M. bovis has been most frequently associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and was rarely isolated from mastitis. This situation changed in 2008 when M. bovis-associated mastitis emerged in Israel. The aim of this study was to utilize whole genome sequencing to evaluate the molecular epidemiology and genomic diversity of M. bovis mastitis-associated strains and their genetic relatedness to M. bovis strains isolated from BRD in local feedlot calves and those imported to Israel from different European countries and Australia. Results Phylogeny based on total single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of 225 M. bovis genomes clearly showed clustering of isolates on the basis of geographical origin: strains isolated from European countries clustered together and separately from Australian and Chinese isolates, while Israeli isolates were found in the both groups. The dominant genotype was identified among local mastitis-associated M. bovis isolates. This genotype showed a close genomic relatedness to M. bovis strains isolated from calves imported to Israel from Australia, to original Australian M. bovis strains, as well as to strains isolated in China. Conclusions This study represents the first comprehensive high-resolution genome-based epidemiological analysis of M. bovis in Israel and illustrates the possible dissemination of the pathogen across the globe by cattle trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Yair
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilya Borovok
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Mikula
- Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, 50250, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Rama Falk
- Israel Dairy Board, Laboratory for Udder Health and Milk Quality, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Larry K Fox
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Uri Gophna
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, 50250, Beit Dagan, Israel.
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Johnston D, Earley B, Cormican P, Murray G, Kenny DA, Waters SM, McGee M, Kelly AK, McCabe MS. Illumina MiSeq 16S amplicon sequence analysis of bovine respiratory disease associated bacteria in lung and mediastinal lymph node tissue. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:118. [PMID: 28464950 PMCID: PMC5414144 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is caused by growth of single or multiple species of pathogenic bacteria in lung tissue following stress and/or viral infection. Next generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR amplicons (NGS 16S amplicon analysis) is a powerful culture-independent open reference method that has recently been used to increase understanding of BRD-associated bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of BRD cattle. However, it has not yet been used to examine the microbiome of the bovine lower respiratory tract. The objective of this study was to use NGS 16S amplicon analysis to identify bacteria in post-mortem lung and lymph node tissue samples harvested from fatal BRD cases and clinically healthy animals. Cranial lobe and corresponding mediastinal lymph node post-mortem tissue samples were collected from calves diagnosed as BRD cases by veterinary laboratory pathologists and from clinically healthy calves. NGS 16S amplicon libraries, targeting the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were prepared and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq. Quantitative insights into microbial ecology (QIIME) was used to determine operational taxonomic units (OTUs) which corresponded to the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results Leptotrichiaceae, Mycoplasma, Pasteurellaceae, and Fusobacterium were the most abundant OTUs identified in the lungs and lymph nodes of the calves which died from BRD. Leptotrichiaceae, Fusobacterium, Mycoplasma, Trueperella and Bacteroides had greater relative abundances in post-mortem lung samples collected from fatal cases of BRD in dairy calves, compared with clinically healthy calves without lung lesions. Leptotrichiaceae, Mycoplasma and Pasteurellaceae showed higher relative abundances in post-mortem lymph node samples collected from fatal cases of BRD in dairy calves, compared with clinically healthy calves without lung lesions. Two Leptotrichiaceae sequence contigs were subsequently assembled from bacterial DNA-enriched shotgun sequences. Conclusions The microbiomes of the cranial lung lobe and mediastinal lymph node from calves which died from BRD and from clinically healthy H-F calves have been characterised. Contigs corresponding to the abundant Leptotrichiaceae OTU were sequenced and found not to be identical to any known bacterial genus. This suggests that we have identified a novel bacterial species associated with BRD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1035-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayle Johnston
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.,School of Agriculture Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Gerard Murray
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Sligo, Co. Sligo, Ireland
| | - David Anthony Kenny
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Sinead Mary Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Mark McGee
- Livestock Systems Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Alan Kieran Kelly
- School of Agriculture Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Matthew Sean McCabe
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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Pothmann H, Spergser J, Elmer J, Prunner I, Iwersen M, Klein-Jöbstl D, Drillich M. Severe Mycoplasma bovis outbreak in an Austrian dairy herd. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:777-83. [PMID: 26450838 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715603088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A conventional dairy farm, housing 19 Austrian Simmental cows, experienced a spontaneous outbreak of a Mycoplasma bovis infection, showing severe clinical signs of respiratory tract disease, clinical mastitis, and tremendous drop in milk production. Despite intensive therapy, 5 cows died within 2 weeks or were euthanized. From the remaining cows, bacteriological culture and polymerase chain reaction revealed M. bovis in 10 of 14 milk samples. Mycoplasma bovis was found in 1 of 5 randomly collected nasal swabs. Autopsy of 1 cow revealed infection of the lungs and the udder with M. bovis. The 13 M. bovis isolates from milk samples, nasal swabs, lungs, and udder were genotyped by multilocus variable number of tandem-repeat analysis, and indicated that described infections were caused by a single M. bovis strain. The virulent M. bovis strain resulted in dramatic economic loss to the farmer. To control the disease, culling of all animals, including heifers and calves, was recommended, and strict hygienic measures were implemented before introducing new animals to the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Pothmann
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants (Pothmann, Prunner, Iwersen, Klein-Jöbstl, Drillich), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Spergser), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Practice Almenland, Passail, Austria (Elmer)
| | - Joachim Spergser
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants (Pothmann, Prunner, Iwersen, Klein-Jöbstl, Drillich), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Spergser), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Practice Almenland, Passail, Austria (Elmer)
| | - Josef Elmer
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants (Pothmann, Prunner, Iwersen, Klein-Jöbstl, Drillich), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Spergser), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Practice Almenland, Passail, Austria (Elmer)
| | - Isabella Prunner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants (Pothmann, Prunner, Iwersen, Klein-Jöbstl, Drillich), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Spergser), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Practice Almenland, Passail, Austria (Elmer)
| | - Michael Iwersen
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants (Pothmann, Prunner, Iwersen, Klein-Jöbstl, Drillich), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Spergser), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Practice Almenland, Passail, Austria (Elmer)
| | - Daniela Klein-Jöbstl
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants (Pothmann, Prunner, Iwersen, Klein-Jöbstl, Drillich), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Spergser), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Practice Almenland, Passail, Austria (Elmer)
| | - Marc Drillich
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants (Pothmann, Prunner, Iwersen, Klein-Jöbstl, Drillich), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Microbiology (Spergser), Vetmeduni Vienna, AustriaVeterinary Practice Almenland, Passail, Austria (Elmer)
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Aebi M, van den Borne BHP, Raemy A, Steiner A, Pilo P, Bodmer M. Mycoplasma bovis infections in Swiss dairy cattle: a clinical investigation. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:10. [PMID: 25884203 PMCID: PMC4347908 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes mastitis in dairy cows and is associated with pneumonia and polyarthritis in cattle. The present investigation included a retrospective case-control study to identify potential herd-level risk factors for M. bovis associated disease, and a prospective cohort study to evaluate the course of clinical disease in M. bovis infected dairy cattle herds in Switzerland. Eighteen herds with confirmed M. bovis cases were visited twice within an average interval of 75 d. One control herd with no history of clinical mycoplasmosis, matched for herd size, was randomly selected within a 10 km range for each case herd. Animal health data, production data, information on milking and feeding-management, housing and presence of potential stress- factors were collected. Composite quarter milk samples were aseptically collected from all lactating cows and 5% of all animals within each herd were sampled by nasal swabs. Organ samples of culled diseased cows were collected when logistically possible. All samples were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In case herds, incidence risk of pneumonia, arthritis and clinical mastitis prior to the first visit and incidence rates of clinical mastitis and clinical pneumonia between the two visits was estimated. Logistic regression was used to identify potential herd-level risk factors for M. bovis infection. In case herds, incidence risk of M. bovis mastitis prior to the first visit ranged from 2 to 15%, whereas 2 to 35% of the cows suffered from clinical pneumonia within the 12 months prior to the first herd visit. The incidence rates of mycoplasmal mastitis and clinical pneumonia between the two herd visits were low in case herds (0-0.1 per animal year at risk and 0.1-0.6 per animal year at risk, respectively). In the retrospective-case-control study high mean milk production, appropriate stimulation until milk-let-down, fore-stripping, animal movements (cattle shows and trade), presence of stress-factors, and use of a specific brand of milking equipment, were identified as potential herd-level risk factors. The prospective cohort study revealed a decreased incidence of clinical disease within three months and prolonged colonization of the nasal cavity by M. bovis in young stock.
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Fox LK. Mycoplasma mastitis: causes, transmission, and control. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2013; 28:225-37. [PMID: 22664205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mastitis is an emerging mastitis pathogen. Herd prevalence has increased over the past decade, and this increase parallels the increase in average dairy herd size. It has been documented that the importation of cattle into a herd can result in new cases of Mycoplasma disease in general and Mycoplasma mastitis specifically. Thus, expanding herds are likely to have a greater incidence of this disease. Transmission of the agent can result from either contact with diseased animals or with colonized or asymptomatically infected cattle. Initial transmission might occur via nose-to-nose contact and result in an outbreak of Mycoplasma mastitis, or it might occur during the milking time. This would suggest that new, incoming animals should be quarantined before being comingled with original herd animals. Quarantining does not seem to be a biosecurity strategy often practiced in control of Mycoplasma mastitis and may not be warranted in herds with excellent milking time hygiene practices. The ability to monitor for the incipient stages of an outbreak, often done through bulk tank milk culturing, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence K Fox
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 100 Grimes Way, ADBF 2043, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7060, USA.
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Castillo-Alcala F, Bateman KG, Cai HY, Schott CR, Parker L, Clark ME, McRaild P, McDowall RM, Foster RA, Archambault M, Caswell JL. Prevalence and genotype ofMycoplasma bovisin beef cattle after arrival at a feedlot. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1932-43. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bell CJ, Blackburn P, Patterson IAP, Ellison S, Ball HJ. Real-time PCR demonstrates a higher prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Northern Ireland compared with sandwich ELISA. Vet Rec 2012; 171:402. [PMID: 22915678 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Bell
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK.
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Bednarek D, Ayling RD, Nicholas RAJ, Dudek K, Szymańska-Czerwińska M. Serological survey to determine the occurrence of respiratory Mycoplasma
infections in the Polish cattle population. Vet Rec 2012; 171:45. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Bednarek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases; National Veterinary Research Institute; Pulawy Poland
| | - R. D. Ayling
- Mycoplasma Group; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge); Woodham Lane Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - R. A. J. Nicholas
- Mycoplasma Group; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge); Woodham Lane Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - K. Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases; National Veterinary Research Institute; Pulawy Poland
| | - M. Szymańska-Czerwińska
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases; National Veterinary Research Institute; Pulawy Poland
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Chazel M, Tardy F, Le Grand D, Calavas D, Poumarat F. Mycoplasmoses of ruminants in France: recent data from the national surveillance network. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:32. [PMID: 20525406 PMCID: PMC2892444 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ruminant mycoplasmoses are important diseases worldwide and several are listed by the World Organization for Animal Health to be of major economic significance. In France the distribution of mycoplasmal species isolated from clinical samples collected from diseased animals upon veterinary request, is monitored by a network known as VIGIMYC (for VIGIlance to MYCoplasmoses of ruminants). The veterinary diagnostic laboratories collaborating with VIGIMYC are responsible for isolating the mycoplasmas while identification of the isolates is centralized by the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) in Lyon. The VIGIMYC framework can also be used for specific surveys and one example, on the prevalence of M. bovis in bovine respiratory diseases, is presented here. Results Between 2003 and 2008, 34 laboratories were involved in the network and 1904 mycoplasma isolates, originating from the main ruminant-breeding areas, were identified. For cattle, the high prevalence of M. bovis in bronchopneumonia, notably in young animals, was confirmed by VIGIMYC and an associated specific survey, whereas the non-emergence of species such as M. alkalescens and M. canis was also demonstrated. The etiological agent of bovine contagious pleuropneumonia was never isolated. The principal mycoplasmosis in goats was contagious agalactia with M. mycoides subsp. capri as main agent. Ovine mycoplasmoses, most of which were associated with pneumonia in lambs, were infrequently reported. One exception was ovine contagious agalactia (due to M. agalactiae) that has recently re-emerged in the Pyrénées where it had been endemic for years and was also reported in Corsica, which was previously considered free. Conclusions Although VIGIMYC is a passive network and somewhat biased as regards sample collection and processing, it has provided, in this study, an overview of the main mycoplasmoses of ruminants in France. The French epidemiological situation is compared to those existing elsewhere in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Chazel
- UMR Ruminant mycoplasmoses AFSSA-Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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Gerchman I, Levisohn S, Mikula I, Lysnyansky I. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis isolated in Israel from local and imported cattle. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:268-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McDonald WL, Rawdon TG, Fitzmaurice J, Bolotovski I, Voges H, Humphrey S, Fernando K, Canagasebey Y, Thornton RN, McIntyre L. Survey of bulk tank milk in New Zealand for Mycoplasma bovis , using species-specific nested PCR and culture. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:44-9. [PMID: 19252542 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To survey the dairy cattle population in New Zealand for the presence or absence of Mycoplasma bovis. METHODS A random cross-sectional survey of bulk tank milk from dairy herds in New Zealand based on regionally proportioned sampling, weighted towards herds with a high bulk tank milk somatic cell count (SCC) was used to detect M. bovis at a between-herd prevalence of 2%, with 99% confidence. Bulk tank milk samples collected on-farm were tested using a nested M. bovis PCR, and bacteriological culture employing enrichment in mycoplasma broth and direct plating onto mycoplasma agar. RESULTS Mycoplasma bovis was not detected in any of the 244 bulk tank milk samples by either PCR or culture. CONCLUSIONS This survey provides further evidence that M. bovis is not present in the dairy cattle population in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L McDonald
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand.
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Abstract
The global dairy industry, the predominant pathogens causing mastitis, our understanding of mastitis pathogens and the host response to intramammary infection are changing rapidly. This paper aims to discuss changes in each of these aspects. Globalisation, energy demands, human population growth and climate change all affect the dairy industry. In many western countries, control programs for contagious mastitis have been in place for decades, resulting in a decrease in occurrence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis and an increase in the relative impact of Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli mastitis. In some countries, Klebsiella spp. or Streptococcus dysgalactiae are appearing as important causes of mastitis. Differences between countries in legislation, veterinary and laboratory services and farmers' management practices affect the distribution and impact of mastitis pathogens. For pathogens that have traditionally been categorised as contagious, strain adaptation to human and bovine hosts has been recognised. For pathogens that are often categorised as environmental, strains causing transient and chronic infections are distinguished. The genetic basis underlying host adaptation and mechanisms of infection is being unravelled. Genomic information on pathogens and their hosts and improved knowledge of the host's innate and acquired immune responses to intramammary infections provide opportunities to expand our understanding of bovine mastitis. These developments will undoubtedly contribute to novel approaches to mastitis diagnostics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rn Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK.
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Blackburn P, Brooks C, Ball HJ. Filtration of homogenised tissue samples to improve the diagnostic detection of Mycoplasma bovis by sandwich ELISA. Vet Rec 2008; 163:514-5. [PMID: 18953076 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.17.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Blackburn
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast
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