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Post-exercise skimmed milk, but not a sucrose beverage decreases energy intake at the next meal compared to a placebo beverage in active males. Appetite 2023; 181:106400. [PMID: 36460119 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the appetite and energy intake effects of three post-exercise beverages at a subsequent post-exercise meal. On three occasions, ten active males: (mean ± sd) age 21.3 ± 1.2 y, V˙ O2peak 58 ± 5 mL/kg/min) performed 30-min cycling at ∼60% V˙ O2peak and five 4-min intervals at 85% V˙ O2peak. Post-exercise, placebo (PLA: 57 kJ), skimmed milk (MILK: 1002 kJ) or sucrose (CHO: 1000 kJ) beverages (615 mL) were consumed. Sixty min post-beverage, subjects consumed an ad-libitum pasta lunch in a 30 min eating period. Subjective appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin and plasma glucose were determined pre-exercise, post-exercise and pre-meal, with sensory characteristics of beverages rated. Ad-libitum energy intake in MILK (6746 ± 2035) kJ) was lower than CHO (7762 ± 1921) kJ) (P = 0.038; dz = 0.98; large effect) and tended to be lower than PLA (7672 (2005) kJ) (P = 0.078; dz = 0.76; medium effect). Including energy consumed in beverages, energy intake was greater in CHO than PLA (P = 0.010; dz = 1.24; large effect) or MILK (P = 0.026; dz = 0.98; large effect), with PLA and MILK not different (P = 0.960; dz = 0.02; trial effect). Plasma ghrelin, plasma glucose and appetite were not different between trials. MILK was perceived thicker than CHO (P = 0.020; dz = 1.11; large effect) and creamier than PLA (P = 0.026; dz = 1.06; large effect). These results suggest that when energy balance is important for an exerciser, post-exercise skimmed milk ingestion reduces energy intake compared to a sucrose beverage and might therefore help facilitate recovery/adaptation without affecting energy balance.
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Watkins JD, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2540-2552. [PMID: 34192748 PMCID: PMC8634310 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced in the intestine that is secreted in response to nutrient exposure. GLP-1 potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells and promotes satiety. These important actions on glucose metabolism and appetite have led to widespread interest in GLP-1 receptor agonism. Typically, this involves pharmacological GLP-1 mimetics or targeted inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation. However, nutritional strategies provide a widely available, cost-effective alternative to pharmacological strategies for enhancing hormone release. Recent advances in nutritional research have implicated the combined ingestion of protein and calcium with enhanced endogenous GLP-1 release, which is likely due to activation of receptors with high affinity and/or sensitivity for amino acids and calcium. Specifically targeting these receptors could enhance gut hormone secretion, thus providing a new therapeutic option. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest research on protein- and calcium-mediated GLP-1 release with an emphasis on human data, and a perspective on potential mechanisms that link potent GLP-1 release to the co-ingestion of protein and calcium. In light of these recent findings, potential future research directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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da Silva CD, de Oliveira DR, Perrone ÍT, Fonseca CH, Garcia ES. Low-fat, lactose-free and leucine-enriched chocolate cow milk prototype: A preliminary study on sensorial acceptability and gastrointestinal complaints following exhaustive exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:14. [PMID: 33568169 PMCID: PMC7874447 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chocolate milk has gained recent scientific support as a recovery drink. However, it is known that high exercise-demand triggers gastrointestinal discomfort which continues post-exercise, thereby hindering this nutritional strategy. In addition, those who are lactose intolerant cannot benefit from a milk-based beverage. Thus, the aim of this preliminary study was to develop a low-fat, lactose-free, and leucine-enriched chocolate cow milk prototype (CML) representing nutrition-related recommendations for football players, as well as assess athletes' individual subjective outcomes for gastrointestinal complaints and sensorial acceptability in a field-based setting following strenuous team-sport physical demands. METHODS This study followed a single group and repeated-measured design with 10 football players (23 ± 2 yrs., 74 ± 14 kg, 174 ± 5 cm) who consumed CML following a 90-min football match simulation protocol (FMP). The total CML intake to achieve 0.150 g leucine·kg [BW]·h- 1 occurred in aliquots of 50, 30 and 20% at 0-, 45- and 75-min post-FMP, respectively. Athletes were evaluated by the prevalence, the type and severity (bloating, nausea, flatulence, and gastric reflux) of gastrointestinal complaints and sensorial acceptability (overall perception, appearance, consistency, and flavour) after drinking each aliquot in a 4-h recovery period. RESULTS The CML showed higher scores for "Product Acceptability Index" (88%) and sensorial acceptability (~ 8 in 9-point hedonic scale). Kendall's W with bootstrapped resample (95%CI) revealed agreement among respondents as "moderate" (overall perception, flavour) to "strong" (appearance, consistency) and with no significant agreement differences between rater response in the timeline analysis (0.57 up to 0.87; p > 0.05). Agresti-Caffo add-4 analysis (95% confidence interval, [95%CI]) revealed no differences in each time-point analysis versus baseline for athletes classified as having severe gastrointestinal symptoms, but confirmed concern with bloating (three athletes showed a transient response at 2-h and only one continued until 3-h; p = 0.051). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that CML presents good taste and high acceptability by the sampled athletes. Thus, CML may be an alternative sport drink for immediate post-workout supplementation to overcome the energy deficit, offer co-ingested leucine, maintain palatability and adherence including lactose intolerance following a team sport-specific fatigue. TRIAL REGISTRATION RBR-2vmpz9 , 10/12/2019, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano D da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus: Governador Valadares, Rua Manoel Byrro, 241 - Vila Bretas, Governador Valadares, MG, 35010-260, Brazil. .,School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Dirce R de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Life Sciences Institute of Life Sciences , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Campus Governador Valadares, MG, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Ítalo T Perrone
- Department of Food Engineering, Center of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Pharmaceutical Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Fonseca
- Pharmaceutical Department, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Garcia
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Gonzalez JT, Frampton J, Deighton K. Postprandial suppression of appetite is more reproducible at a group than an individual level: Implications for assessing inter-individual variability. Appetite 2017; 108:375-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gonzalez JT, Green BP, Brown MA, Rumbold PLS, Turner LA, Stevenson EJ. Calcium ingestion suppresses appetite and produces acute overcompensation of energy intake independent of protein in healthy adults. J Nutr 2015; 145:476-82. [PMID: 25733462 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.205708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior evidence suggests that high-calcium intake influences postprandial appetite and insulinemia, possibly due to elevated incretins. In vitro and ex vivo models demonstrate that extracellular calcium and protein synergistically enhance secretion of incretins. This is yet to be shown in humans. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to assess energy intake compensation in response to protein and calcium ingestion. METHODS Twenty healthy adults (13 men; 7 women) completed 4 trials in a randomized, double-blind crossover design separated by ≥48 h. During the trials, each participant consumed a low-calcium and low-protein control preload [(CON); 4 g and 104 mg, respectively], a high-protein preload (PRO; 29 g), a high-calcium preload (CAL; 1170 mg), or a high-protein and high-calcium preload (PROCAL). Blood samples were collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after preload ingestion to determine insulin and incretin hormone concentrations. Energy intake was assessed by a homogenous test meal 60 min after the preload. Visual analog scales were completed immediately before blood sampling to assess subjective appetite sensations. RESULTS Relative to the CON, the PRO produced 100% (95% CI: 85%, 115%) energy compensation, whereas the CAL produced significant overcompensation [118% (95% CI: 104%, 133%)], which was significantly more positive than with the PRO (P < 0.05). The PROCAL resulted in energy compensation of 109% (95% CI: 95%, 123%), which tended to be greater than with the PRO (P = 0.06). The mean difference in appetite sensations relative to the CON was not significantly different between the PRO (-3 mm; 95% CI: -8, 3 mm), CAL (-5 mm; 95% CI: -9, 0 mm), and PROCAL (-5 mm; 95% CI: -10, -1 mm) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The addition of protein to a preload results in almost perfect energy compensation, whereas the addition of calcium, with or without protein, suppresses appetite and produces overcompensation of subsequent energy intake. The role of circulating insulin and incretin concentrations in these responses, however, remains unclear. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01986036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Gonzalez
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; and Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin P Green
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Meghan A Brown
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Penny L S Rumbold
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Louise A Turner
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; and
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; and
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Rumbold P, Shaw E, James L, Stevenson E. Milk consumption following exercise reduces subsequent energy intake in female recreational exercisers. Nutrients 2015; 7:293-305. [PMID: 25569624 PMCID: PMC4303840 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of skimmed milk as a recovery drink following moderate-vigorous cycling exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake in healthy, female recreational exercisers. Utilising a randomised cross-over design, nine female recreational exercisers (19.7 ± 1.3 years) completed a V̇O2peak test followed by two main exercise trials. The main trials were conducted following a standardised breakfast. Following 30 min of moderate-vigorous exercise (65% V̇O2peak), either 600 mL of skimmed milk or 600 mL of orange drink (475 mL orange juice from concentrate, 125 mL water), which were isoenergetic (0.88 MJ), were ingested, followed 60 min later with an ad libitum pasta meal. Absolute energy intake was reduced 25.2% ± 16.6% after consuming milk compared to the orange drink (2.39 ± 0.70 vs. 3.20 ± 0.84 MJ, respectively; p = 0.001). Relative energy intake (in relation to the energy content of the recovery drinks and energy expenditure) was significantly lower after milk consumption compared to the orange drink (1.49 ± 0.72 vs. 2.33 ± 0.90 MJ, respectively; p = 0.005). There were no differences in AUC (× 1 h) subjective appetite parameters (hunger, fullness and desire to eat) between trials. The consumption of skimmed milk following 30 min of moderate-vigorous cycling exercise reduces subsequent energy intake in female recreational exercisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Rumbold
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Emily Shaw
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Lewis James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TT, UK.
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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Isolated and combined effects of protein and calcium ingestion on postprandial insulinaemia, plasma incretin concentrations, and appetite sensations. Proc Nutr Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s002966511500018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gonzalez JT, Green BP, Campbell MD, Rumbold PLS, Stevenson EJ. The influence of calcium supplementation on substrate metabolism during exercise in humans: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:712-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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