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Rajagopal GK, Raorane CJ, Ravichandran V, Rajasekharan SK. Synergy of histone acetyltransferase inhibitor (HATi) with quercetin inhibits biofilm formation in Candida tropicalis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae085. [PMID: 39257244 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferase inhibitors (HATi) are mechanism-based inhibitors that show promise in the treatment of several illnesses, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. The work emphasizes the significance of HATi as a possible treatment strategy against Candida species biofilms. Here, in this study, we found that combining a HATi, anacardic acid (AA), and quercetin, a known flavonoid, significantly prevented biofilm formation by C. tropicalis. We further show that C. tropicalis exhibited a considerable downregulation of drug-resistance gene expression (CDR1 and MDR1) when co-administrated. Additionally, in silico studies revealed that the AA interacts strongly with a histone acetyltransferase, Rtt109, which may account for the observed biofilm inhibitory effect. In conclusion, the study illustrates how HATi may be used to potentiate the inhibitory action of phytoactives or antifungals against drug-resistant yeast infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouri Krishna Rajagopal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vinothkannan Ravichandran
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development (CD3), Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Bhatan, Panvel, Mumbai 410206, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish Kumar Rajasekharan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Tamil Nadu, India
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Önal P, Aygün FD, Sever GA, Eren BA, Kes G, Aygün F, Zübarioğlu T, Beşer ÖF, Ocak S, Yazgan Z, Zeybek ÇA, Aygün G, Camcıoğlu Y, Çokuğraş H. Emerging trends in pediatric candidemia: mapping the rise in Candida parapsilosis incidence and antifungal resistance in Turkey. J Trop Pediatr 2024; 70:fmae015. [PMID: 39142804 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Candidemia is emerging as a significant concern in children, particularly among those with underlying conditions like malignancies or prematurity. The interpretation of epidemiological data on candidemias and their antifungal resistance plays a vital role in aiding diagnosis and guiding clinicians in treatment decisions. From 2014 to 2021, a retrospective analysis was conducted in İstanbul, Turkey; comparing Candida albicans and non-albicans (NAC) spp in both surviving and deceased groups. Furthermore, an examination of Candida parapsilosis and other species was performed, assessing various clinical and laboratory parameters. Among 93 patients, with a median age of 17 months, C. parapsilosis emerged as the predominant isolated species (44%), followed by C. albicans (34.4%). Resistance to fluconazole, voricanozole, and echinocandins, along with a history of broad-spectrum antibiotic use were found to be significantly higher in the non-albicans Candida group compared to C. albicans group. In the C. parapsilosis group, statistically lower age was identified in comparison to the other groups (P = .018). In addition, high fluconazole and voriconazole resistance was detected in Candida parapsilosis spp. Our study highlights a notable prevalence of C. parapsilosis, particularly in younger children, which is different from similar studies in childhood. This trend may be attributed to the common use of total parenteral nutrition and central venous catheter in gastrointestinal disorders and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, as anticipated, high azole resistance is noted in C. parapsilosis and other non-albicans Candida species. Interestingly, resistance to both amphotericin B and echinocandins within this group has been notably high. It is crucial to emphasize the considerable antifungal resistance seen in C. parapsilosis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Önal
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Fatma Deniz Aygün
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Gözde Apaydın Sever
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Beste Akdeniz Eren
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Gülşen Kes
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Fatih Aygün
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Tanyel Zübarioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Beşer
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Süheyla Ocak
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Yazgan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Aktuglu Zeybek
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Aygün
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Yıldız Camcıoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Haluk Çokuğraş
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34098, Turkey
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Silva-Rodrigues G, de Castro IM, Borges PHG, Suzukawa HT, de Souza JM, Bartolomeu-Gonçalves G, Pelisson M, Medeiros CIS, Bispo MDLF, de Almeida RSC, Ishida K, Tavares ER, Yamauchi LM, Yamada-Ogatta SF. Geraniol Potentiates the Effect of Fluconazole against Planktonic and Sessile Cells of Azole-Resistant Candida tropicalis: In Vitro and In Vivo Analyses. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1053. [PMID: 39204397 PMCID: PMC11360560 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is regarded as an opportunistic pathogen, causing diseases ranging from superficial infections to life-threatening disseminated infections. The ability of this yeast to form biofilms and develop resistance to antifungals represents a significant therapeutic challenge. Herein, the effect of geraniol (GER), alone and combined with fluconazole (FLZ), was evaluated in the planktonic and sessile cells of azole-resistant C. tropicalis. GER showed a time-dependent fungicidal effect on the planktonic cells, impairing the cell membrane integrity. Additionally, GER inhibited the rhodamine 6G efflux, and the molecular docking analyzes supported the binding affinity of GER to the C. tropicalis Cdr1 protein. GER exhibited a synergism with FLZ against the planktonic and sessile cells, inhibiting the adhesion of the yeast cells and the viability of the 48-h biofilms formed on abiotic surfaces. C. tropicalis biofilms treated with GER, alone or combined with FLZ, displayed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, including a decrease in the stacking layers and the presence of wilted cells. Moreover, neither GER alone nor combined with FLZ caused toxicity, and both treatments prolonged the survival of the Galleria mellonella larvae infected with azole-resistant C. tropicalis. These findings indicate that the combination of GER and FLZ may be a promising strategy to control azole-resistant C. tropicalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Silva-Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (G.S.-R.); (I.M.d.C.); (P.H.G.B.); (H.T.S.); (L.M.Y.)
| | - Isabela Madeira de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (G.S.-R.); (I.M.d.C.); (P.H.G.B.); (H.T.S.); (L.M.Y.)
| | - Paulo Henrique Guilherme Borges
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (G.S.-R.); (I.M.d.C.); (P.H.G.B.); (H.T.S.); (L.M.Y.)
| | - Helena Tiemi Suzukawa
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (G.S.-R.); (I.M.d.C.); (P.H.G.B.); (H.T.S.); (L.M.Y.)
| | - Joyce Marinho de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (G.S.-R.); (I.M.d.C.); (P.H.G.B.); (H.T.S.); (L.M.Y.)
| | - Guilherme Bartolomeu-Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Clinical and Laboratory Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Marsileni Pelisson
- Postgraduate Program in Clinical and Laboratory Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86038-350, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelle de Lima Ferreira Bispo
- Synthesis of Medicinal Molecules Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Sérgio Couto de Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (G.S.-R.); (I.M.d.C.); (P.H.G.B.); (H.T.S.); (L.M.Y.)
| | - Kelly Ishida
- Laboratory of Antifungal Chemotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
| | - Eliandro Reis Tavares
- Department of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Campus Londrina, Londrina 86067-000, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (G.S.-R.); (I.M.d.C.); (P.H.G.B.); (H.T.S.); (L.M.Y.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (G.S.-R.); (I.M.d.C.); (P.H.G.B.); (H.T.S.); (L.M.Y.)
- Postgraduate Program in Clinical and Laboratory Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86038-350, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
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Ramos LS, Fernandes MF, Santos HLC, Picão RC, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Candida spp. isolated from recreational coastal waters of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil: Focus on antifungal resistance and virulence attributes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174662. [PMID: 38997029 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of recreational waters is a widespread activity worldwide, and one of the risks associated with this practice is the exposure of bathers to microorganisms that may arise due to pollution caused by inadequate infrastructure and sanitation. In the present work, we isolated Candida spp. (n = 24) from five recreational beaches in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in order to evaluate their susceptibility to antifungals, the production of virulence attributes and the in vivo virulence using Tenebrio molitor larvae as a model. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene sequencing identified thirteen isolates (54.1 %) as C. tropicalis, seven (29.1 %) as C. krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii), one (4.2 %) as C. rugosa (Diutina rugosa), one (4.2 %) as C. mesorugosa (Diutina mesorugosa), one (4.2 %) as C. utilis (Cyberlindnera jadinii) and one (4.2 %) as C. parapsilosis. C. tropicalis isolates showed resistance to azoles and susceptibility to amphotericin B, flucytosine and caspofungin. C. krusei isolates were resistant to fluconazole, caspofungin and itraconazole, with 42.8 % resistance to flucytosine, besides susceptibility to voriconazole and amphotericin B. The remaining species were susceptible to all tested antifungals. All Candida isolates adhered to abiotic surfaces and formed biofilm on polystyrene, albeit to varying degrees, and produced aspartic protease and hemolytic activity, which are considered fungal virulence attributes. C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. utilis isolates produced phytase, while the only esterase producer was C. tropicalis. Regarding resistance to osmotic stress, all isolates of C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. mesorugosa grew up to 7.5 % NaCl; the remaining isolates grew up to 1.87-3.75 % NaCl. The mortality caused by fungal challenges in T. molitor larvae was variable, with C. tropicalis, C. utilis and C. parapsilosis being more virulent than C. krusei and C. rugosa complex. Collectively, the presence of these yeasts, particularly the virulent and resistant isolates, in recreational waters can pose a significant health risk to bathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia S Ramos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Fernandes
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena L C Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata C Picão
- Laboratório de Investigação em Microbiologia Médica, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rede Micologia RJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rede Micologia RJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Fiala J, Roach T, Holzinger A, Husiev Y, Delueg L, Hammerle F, Armengol ES, Schöbel H, Bonnet S, Laffleur F, Kranner I, Lackner M, Siewert B. The Light-activated Effect of Natural Anthraquinone Parietin against Candida auris and Other Fungal Priority Pathogens. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:588-594. [PMID: 38843798 PMCID: PMC11156500 DOI: 10.1055/a-2249-9110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an evolving treatment strategy against human pathogenic microbes such as the Candida species, including the emerging pathogen C. auris. Using a modified EUCAST protocol, the light-enhanced antifungal activity of the natural compound parietin was explored. The photoactivity was evaluated against three separate strains of five yeasts, and its molecular mode of action was analysed via several techniques, i.e., cellular uptake, reactive electrophilic species (RES), and singlet oxygen yield. Under experimental conditions (λ = 428 nm, H = 30 J/cm2, PI = 30 min), microbial growth was inhibited by more than 90% at parietin concentrations as low as c = 0.156 mg/L (0.55 µM) for C. tropicalis and Cryptococcus neoformans, c = 0.313 mg/L (1.10 µM) for C. auris, c = 0.625 mg/L (2.20 µM) for C. glabrata, and c = 1.250 mg/L (4.40 µM) for C. albicans. Mode-of-action analysis demonstrated fungicidal activity. Parietin targets the cell membrane and induces cell death via ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation after light irradiation. In summary, parietin exhibits light-enhanced fungicidal activity against all Candida species tested (including C. auris) and Cryptococcus neoformans, covering three of the four critical threats on the WHO's most recent fungal priority list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fiala
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Yurii Husiev
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Delueg
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Hammerle
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva Sanchez Armengol
- Department of Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Institute of Hygiene und Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Contreras-Martínez OI, Angulo-Ortíz A, Santafé-Patiño G, Aviña-Padilla K, Velasco-Pareja MC, Yasnot MF. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Candida tropicalis in Response to Isoespintanol Treatment. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1199. [PMID: 38132799 PMCID: PMC10744401 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis, an opportunistic pathogen, ranks among the primary culprits of invasive candidiasis, a condition notorious for its resistance to conventional antifungal drugs. The urgency to combat these drug-resistant infections has spurred the quest for novel therapeutic compounds, with a particular focus on those of natural origin. In this study, we set out to evaluate the impact of isoespintanol (ISO), a monoterpene derived from Oxandra xylopioides, on the transcriptome of C. tropicalis. Leveraging transcriptomics, our research aimed to unravel the intricate transcriptional changes induced by ISO within this pathogen. Our differential gene expression analysis unveiled 186 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to ISO, with a striking 85% of these genes experiencing upregulation. These findings shed light on the multifaceted nature of ISO's influence on C. tropicalis, spanning a spectrum of physiological, structural, and metabolic adaptations. The upregulated DEGs predominantly pertained to crucial processes, including ergosterol biosynthesis, protein folding, response to DNA damage, cell wall integrity, mitochondrial activity modulation, and cellular responses to organic compounds. Simultaneously, 27 genes were observed to be repressed, affecting functions such as cytoplasmic translation, DNA damage checkpoints, membrane proteins, and metabolic pathways like trans-methylation, trans-sulfuration, and trans-propylamine. These results underscore the complexity of ISO's antifungal mechanism, suggesting that it targets multiple vital pathways within C. tropicalis. Such complexity potentially reduces the likelihood of the pathogen developing rapid resistance to ISO, making it an attractive candidate for further exploration as a therapeutic agent. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the transcriptional responses of C. tropicalis to ISO exposure. The identified molecular targets and pathways offer promising avenues for future research and the development of innovative antifungal therapies to combat infections caused by this pathogenic yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Angulo-Ortíz
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; (A.A.-O.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Gilmar Santafé-Patiño
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; (A.A.-O.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Katia Aviña-Padilla
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N. Unit Irapuato, Irapuato 36821, Mexico;
| | - María Camila Velasco-Pareja
- Bacteriology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; (M.C.V.-P.); (M.F.Y.)
| | - María Fernanda Yasnot
- Bacteriology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; (M.C.V.-P.); (M.F.Y.)
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Rojas AE, Cárdenas LY, García MC, Pérez JE. Expression of ERG11, ERG3, MDR1 and CDR1 genes in Candida tropicalis. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:144-155. [PMID: 37721916 PMCID: PMC10575625 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug resistance to azoles is a growing problem in the Candida genus. OBJECTIVE To analyze molecularly the genes responsible for fluconazole resistance in Candida tropicalis strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen strains, with and without exposure to fluconazole, were selected for this study. The expression of MDR1, CDR1, ERG11, and ERG3 genes was analyzed in sensitive, dose-dependent sensitive, and resistant strains exposed to different concentrations of the antifungal drug. RESULTS MDR1, ERG11 and ERG3 genes were significantly overexpressed in the different sensitivity groups. CDR1 gene expression was not statistically significant among the studied groups. Seven of the eight fluconazole-resistant strains showed overexpression of one or more of the analyzed genes. In some dose-dependent sensitive strains, we found overexpression of CDR1, ERG11, and ERG3. CONCLUSION The frequency of overexpression of ERG11 and ERG3 genes indicates that they are related to resistance. However, the finding of dose-dependent resistant/sensitive strains without overexpression of these genes suggests that they are not exclusive to this phenomenon. More basic research is needed to study other potentially involved genes in the resistance mechanism to fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas - GINEI, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia..
| | - Leidy Yurany Cárdenas
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermería - GRIEN, Universidad Católica de Manizales y Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia..
| | - María Camila García
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas - GINEI, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia..
| | - Jorge Enrique Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación BIOSALUD, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia..
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Zapata-Zapata C, Rojas-López M, García LT, Quintero W, Terrón MC, Luque D, Mesa-Arango AC. Lippia origanoides Essential Oil or Thymol in Combination with Fluconazole Produces Damage to Cells and Reverses the Azole-Resistant Phenotype of a Candida tropicalis Strain. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:888. [PMID: 37754996 PMCID: PMC10532872 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is one of the most pathogenic species within the genus. Increased antifungal resistance has been reported, which is in part due to the organism's ability to form biofilms. In natural products derived from plants, such as essential oils (EOs) or their major components, there is significant potential to develop new antifungals or to both enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of conventional antifungals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combining an EO of Lippia origanoides or thymol with fluconazole on an azole-resistant C. tropicalis strain. Synergism was observed in the combination of fluconazole with the EO and with thymol, and minimal inhibitory concentrations for fluconazole decreased at least 32-fold. As a consequence of the synergistic interactions, mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced, and mitochondrial superoxide production increased. Alteration in nuclear morphology, cell surface, and ultrastructure was also observed. In conclusion, the synergistic interaction between L. origanoides EO or thymol with fluconazole reverted the azole-resistant C. tropicalis phenotype. These findings suggest that L. origanoides EO or thymol alone, or in combination with fluconazole, have the potential for development as antifungal therapies for this yeast, including resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Zapata-Zapata
- Academic Group of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Mauricio Rojas-López
- Group of Cellular Immunology and Immunogenetics (GICIG), Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Flow Cytometry Unit, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Liliana T. García
- Postgraduate Department of Infectious Disease, University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia; (L.T.G.); (W.Q.)
| | - Wendy Quintero
- Postgraduate Department of Infectious Disease, University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia; (L.T.G.); (W.Q.)
| | - María C. Terrón
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Scientific-Technical Central Units, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Daniel Luque
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Scientific-Technical Central Units, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Ana C. Mesa-Arango
- Academic Group of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
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Bilal H, Zhang D, Shafiq M, Khan MN, chen C, Khan S, Wang Q, Cai L, Islam R, Hu H, Zeng Y. Six-Year Retrospective Analysis of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Antifungal Susceptibilities of Candidiasis from a Tertiary Care Hospital in South China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0070823. [PMID: 37310269 PMCID: PMC10434190 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00708-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a life-threatening disease that increases mortality in critically ill patients. However, such epidemiological data are still lacking in underdeveloped regions of China. A retrospective analysis (2016 to 2021) was conducted in Meizhou People's Hospital, China to study the burden of candidiasis, particularly candidemia, and antifungal susceptibilities of the species among hospitalized patients. Of the 7,864 candidiasis cases, 461 (5.86%) were candidemia cases. Candida albicans (64.25%) was the most identified species, followed by C. tropicalis (12.61%), C. glabrata (10.79%), and C. parapsilosis (9.79%). In non-C. albicans (NCA) candidemia cases, the number of C. glabrata cases was higher (102/461, 22.37%) than C. tropicalis (64/461, 14.04%). Gastrointestinal pathology, respiratory dysfunctions, septic shock, and malignancies were common underlying comorbidities, respectively. A central venous catheter was an independent risk factor for both C. albicans and NCA candidemia. The mortality rate was not statistically significant for either C. albicans or NCA. Amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine were highly effective (98 to 100%), while azoles were least effective (67.74 to 95.66%). Candidemia cases caused by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata had significantly lower azole susceptibility than non-candidemia-causing isolates. This study provides valuable information for prescribers to choose the right empirical therapy, for researchers to explore different resistance mechanisms, and for health care managers to control candidiasis better. IMPORTANCE This study provides important information on the burden of candidiasis, particularly candidemia, and the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species among hospitalized patients in an underdeveloped region of China. First, the finding that azoles were least effective against Candida species causing candidemia is particularly noteworthy, as it suggests the possibility of resistance to this class of antifungal agents. This information can guide the choice of empirical therapy and help in the selection of appropriate antifungal agents for the treatment of candidemia, thereby reducing the risk of resistance development. Second, the study provides important information for researchers to explore different resistance mechanisms in Candida species. Finally, the study has important implications for health care managers in controlling the spread of candidiasis. The high prevalence of candidemia cases in the study highlights the need for appropriate infection control measures to prevent the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazrat Bilal
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dongxing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Meizhou Dongshan Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Dermatology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Khan
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Canhua chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sabir Khan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari Neurology Unit, Azienza Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) Sassari, Italy
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Rehmat Islam
- Key Laboratory of Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haibin Hu
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuebin Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Spruijtenburg B, Baqueiro CCSZ, Colombo AL, Meijer EFJ, de Almeida JN, Berrio I, Fernández NB, Chaves GM, Meis JF, de Groot T. Short Tandem Repeat Genotyping and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Latin American Candida tropicalis Isolates. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:207. [PMID: 36836321 PMCID: PMC9958743 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is emerging as one of the most common Candida species causing opportunistic infections in Latin America. Outbreak events caused by C. tropicalis were reported, and antifungal resistant isolates are on the rise. In order to investigate population genomics and look into antifungal resistance, we applied a short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping scheme and antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) to 230 clinical and environmental C. tropicalis isolates from Latin American countries. STR genotyping identified 164 genotypes, including 11 clusters comprised of three to seven isolates, indicating outbreak events. AFST identified one isolate as anidulafungin-resistant and harboring a FKS1 S659P substitution. Moreover, we identified 24 clinical and environmental isolates with intermediate susceptibility or resistance to one or more azoles. ERG11 sequencing revealed each of these isolates harboring a Y132F and/or Y257H/N substitution. All of these isolates, except one, were clustered together in two groups of closely related STR genotypes, with each group harboring distinct ERG11 substitutions. The ancestral C. tropicalis strain of these isolates likely acquired the azole resistance-associated substitutions and subsequently spread across vast distances within Brazil. Altogether, this STR genotyping scheme for C. tropicalis proved to be useful for identifying unrecognized outbreak events and better understanding population genomics, including the spread of antifungal-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Spruijtenburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthea C. S. Z. Baqueiro
- Disciplina de Infectologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo L. Colombo
- Disciplina de Infectologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Eelco F. J. Meijer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - João N. de Almeida
- Disciplina de Infectologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Indira Berrio
- Hospital General de Medellín Luz Castro de Gutiérrez ESE, Medellín 050015, Colombia
- Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín 050015, Colombia
| | - Norma B. Fernández
- Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 2351, Argentina
| | - Guilherme M. Chaves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-000, PR, Brazil
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Theun de Groot
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Xiong HB, Zhou XH, Xiang WL, Huang M, Lin ZX, Tang J, Cai T, Zhang Q. Integrated transcriptome reveals that d-limonene inhibits Candida tropicalis by disrupting metabolism. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Spruijtenburg B, van Haren MHI, Chowdhary A, Meis JF, de Groot T. Development and Application of a Short Tandem Repeat Multiplex Typing Assay for Candida tropicalis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0461822. [PMID: 36715547 PMCID: PMC10100945 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04618-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is a clinically important yeast that causes candidemia in humans with a high mortality rate. The yeast primarily infects immunocompromised patients, and causes outbreaks in health care facilities. Antifungal resistant isolates have been reported. We developed a short tandem repeat (STR) typing scheme for C. tropicalis to enable fast, cost-effective, and high-resolution genotyping. For the development of the typing scheme, 6 novel STR markers were selected, combined into 2 multiplex PCRs. In total, 117 C. tropicalis isolates were typed, resulting in the identification of 104 different genotypes. Subsequently, the outcome of STR typing of 10 isolates was compared to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling from whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Isolates with more than 111 SNPs were differentiated by the typing assay. Two isolates, which were identical according to SNP analysis, were separated by STR typing in 1 marker. To test specificity, the STR typing was applied to 15 related yeast species, and we found no amplification of these targets. For reproducibility testing, 2 isolates were independently typed five times, which showed identical results in each experiment. In summary, we developed a reliable and multiplex STR genotyping for C. tropicalis, which was found to correlate well to SNP calling by WGS. WGS analysis from and extensive collection of isolates is required to establish the precise resolution of this STR assay. IMPORTANCE Candida tropicalis frequently causes candidemia in immunocompromised patients. C. tropicalis infections have a high mortality rate, and the yeast is able to cause outbreaks in health care facilities. Further, antifungal resistant isolates are on the rise. Genotyping is necessary to investigate potential outbreaks. Here, we developed and applied a STR genotyping scheme in order to rapidly genotype isolates with a high-resolution. WGS SNP outcomes were highly comparable with STR typing results. Altogether, we developed a rapid, high-resolution, and specific STR genotyping scheme for C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Spruijtenburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merlijn H. I. van Haren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theun de Groot
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Miguel GA, Carlsen S, Arneborg N, Saerens SM, Laulund S, Knudsen GM. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts for beer production: Insights into safety aspects and considerations. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 383:109951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against the pathogenic fungi Candida tropicalis using an in silico approach. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:140. [PMID: 36175808 PMCID: PMC9521867 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Candida tropicalis causes tropical invasive fungal infections, with a high mortality. This fungus has been found to be resistant to antifungal classes such as azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes in several studies. As a result, it is vital to identify novel approaches to prevent and treat C. tropicalis infections. In this study, an in silico technique was utilized to deduce and evaluate a powerful multivalent epitope-based vaccine against C. tropicalis, which targets the secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2) protein. This protein is implicated in virulence and host invasion. Results By focusing on the Sap2 protein, 11 highly antigenic, non-allergic, non-toxic, and conserved epitopes were identified. These were subsequently paired with RS09 and flagellin adjuvants, as well as a pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) sequence to create a vaccine candidate that elicited both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. It was projected that the vaccine design would be soluble, stable, antigenic, and non-allergic. Ramachandran plot analysis was applied to validate the vaccine construct’s 3-dimensional model. The vaccine construct was tested (at 100 ns) using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, which demonstrated that it can stably connect with MHC-I and Toll-like receptor molecules. Based on in silico studies, we have shown that the vaccine construct can be expressed in E. coli. We surmise that the vaccine design is unrelated to any human proteins, indicating that it is safe to use. Conclusions The vaccine design looks to be an effective option for preventing C. tropicalis infections, based on the outcomes of the studies. A fungal vaccine can be proposed as prophylactic medicine and could provide initial protection as sometimes diagnosis of infection could be challenging. However, more in vitro and in vivo research is needed to prove the efficacy and safety of the proposed vaccine design.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-022-00415-3.
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15
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Keighley C, Gall M, van Hal SJ, Halliday CL, Chai LYA, Chew KL, Biswas C, Slavin MA, Meyer W, Sintchenko V, Chen SCA. Whole Genome Sequencing Shows Genetic Diversity, as Well as Clonal Complex and Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Fluconazole Non-Susceptible Isolates of Candida tropicalis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090896. [PMID: 36135621 PMCID: PMC9505729 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to azoles in Candida tropicalis is increasing and may be mediated by genetic characteristics. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS), we examined the genetic diversity of 82 bloodstream C. tropicalis isolates from two countries and one ATCC strain in a global context. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenies were generated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for antifungal agents were determined using Sensititre YeastOne YO10. Eleven (13.2%) isolates were fluconazole-resistant and 17 (20.5%) were classified as fluconazole-non susceptible (FNS). Together with four Canadian isolates, the genomes of 12 fluconazole-resistant (18 FNS) and 69 fluconazole-susceptible strains were examined for gene mutations associated with drug resistance. Fluconazole-resistant isolates contained a mean of 56 non-synonymous SNPs per isolate in contrast to 36 SNPs in fluconazole-susceptible isolates (interquartile range [IQR] 46−59 vs. 31−48 respectively; p < 0.001). Ten of 18 FNS isolates contained missense ERG11 mutations (amino acid substitutions S154F, Y132F, Y257H). Two echinocandin-non susceptible isolates had homozygous FKS1 mutations (S30P). MLST identified high genetic diversity with 61 diploid sequence types (DSTs), including 53 new DSTs. All four isolates in DST 773 were fluconazole-resistant within clonal complex 2. WGS showed high genetic variation in invasive C. tropicalis; azole resistance was distributed across different lineages but with DST 773 associated with in vitro fluconazole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Keighley
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Mailie Gall
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Sebastiaan J. van Hal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Catriona L. Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Louis Yi Ann Chai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Kean Lee Chew
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Chayanika Biswas
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Monica A. Slavin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Research and Education Network, Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sharon C. A. Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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Hou J, Deng J, Liu Y, Zhang W, Wu S, Liao Q, Ma Y, Kang M. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Candidemia in a Large Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Western China: A Retrospective 5-Year Study from 2016 to 2020. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060788. [PMID: 35740194 PMCID: PMC9220019 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the current status of candidemia and evaluate the clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcomes among different species. We conducted a retrospective study by univariate and multivariate analysis between Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida (NAC) species in a Chinese national medical center from 2016 to 2020. Among the 259 episodes, C. albicans (38.6%) was the leading species, followed by C. tropicalis (24.3%), C. parapsilosis (20.5%), and C. glabrata (12.4%). Most C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were susceptible to nine tested antifungal agents, whereas C. tropicalis showed 30.2~65.9% resistance/non-wild-type to four azoles with great cross-resistance, indicating that fluconazole should not be used for empirical antifungal treatment. In multivariable models, the factor related to an increased risk of NAC was glucocorticoid exposure, whereas gastrointestinal hemorrhage and thoracoabdominal drainage catheters were associated with an increased risk in C. albicans. Subgroup analysis revealed leukemia and lymphoma, as well as glucocorticoid exposure, to be factors independently associated with C. tropicalis in comparison with C. albicans candidemia. No significant differences in 7-day mortality or 30-day mortality were observed between C. albicans and NAC. This study may provide useful information with respect to choosing empirical antifungal agents and exploring differences in molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Ma
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (M.K.)
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Oh SH, Isenhower A, Rodriguez-Bobadilla R, Smith B, Jones J, Hubka V, Fields C, Hernandez A, Hoyer LL. Pursuing Advances in DNA Sequencing Technology to Solve a Complex Genomic Jigsaw Puzzle: The Agglutinin-Like Sequence ( ALS) Genes of Candida tropicalis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:594531. [PMID: 33552012 PMCID: PMC7856822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.594531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) gene family encodes cell-surface adhesins that interact with host and abiotic surfaces, promoting colonization by opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Candida tropicalis. Studies of Als protein contribution to C. tropicalis adhesion would benefit from an accurate catalog of ALS gene sequences as well as insight into relative gene expression levels. Even in the genomics era, this information has been elusive: genome assemblies are often broken within ALS genes because of their extensive regions of highly conserved, repeated DNA sequences and because there are many similar ALS genes at different chromosomal locations. Here, we describe the benefit of long-read DNA sequencing technology to facilitate characterization of C. tropicalis ALS loci. Thirteen ALS loci in C. tropicalis strain MYA-3404 were deduced from a genome assembly constructed from Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore MinION data. Although the MinION data were valuable, PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing of ALS loci were still required to complete and verify the gene sequences. Each predicted Als protein featured an N-terminal binding domain, a central domain of tandemly repeated sequences, and a C-terminal domain rich in Ser and Thr. The presence of a secretory signal peptide and consensus sequence for addition of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor was consistent with predicted protein localization to the cell surface. TaqMan assays were designed to recognize each ALS gene, as well as both alleles at the divergent CtrALS3882 locus. C. tropicalis cells grown in five different in vitro conditions showed differential expression of various ALS genes. To place the C. tropicalis data into a larger context, TaqMan assays were also designed and validated for analysis of ALS gene expression in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. These comparisons identified the subset of highly expressed C. tropicalis ALS genes that were predicted to encode proteins with the most abundant cell-surface presence, prioritizing them for subsequent functional analysis. Data presented here provide a solid foundation for future experimentation to deduce ALS family contributions to C. tropicalis adhesion and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hwan Oh
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Allyson Isenhower
- Department of Biology, Millikin University, Decatur, IL, United States
| | | | - Brooke Smith
- Department of Biology, Millikin University, Decatur, IL, United States
| | - Jillian Jones
- Department of Biology, Millikin University, Decatur, IL, United States
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christopher Fields
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alvaro Hernandez
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Lois L Hoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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