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Torres-Andrade P, Morrell JJ, Cappellazzi J, Stone JK. Culture-based identification to examine spatiotemporal patterns of fungal communities colonizing wood in ground contact. Mycologia 2019; 111:703-718. [PMID: 31348726 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1631050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Timber durability is often assessed using small wood stakes exposed in direct soil contact, and the assessment generally emphasizes effects on wood rather than organisms involved. Understanding fungal colonization patterns can help identify key decay agents under varying conditions and use these patterns to improve wood protection strategies. Fungal colonization of red alder (Alnus rubra), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) heartwood/sapwood, and western redcedar (Thuja plicata) field stakes was assessed over 2 y in western Oregon. Spatiotemporal fungal community variations were identified via culturing and DNA sequencing, where 814 isolates were identified from 84 stakes. Forty-six ascomycete genera were identified, with Phialophora, Trichoderma, and Epicoccum species occurring most frequently. Twenty-three basidiomycete genera were identified, with Trametes and Phanerochaete being the most common. Douglas-fir and western redcedar stakes contained the highest and lowest diversity levels, respectively, reflecting natural durability differences of these species. Fungal species abundance was higher below ground than in the above ground and groundline zones, likely reflecting more stable moisture regimes, proximity to soil-based fungi, and potential nutrient migration into wood beneath the soil surface. Ascomycetes were proportionally more abundant early in the exposure period, but basidiomycetes were also observed early in the process, and there appeared to be no consistent colonization pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Torres-Andrade
- Department of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97330
| | - Jeffrey J Morrell
- Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life, University of the Sunshine Coast , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Jed Cappellazzi
- Department of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97330
| | - Jeffrey K Stone
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97330
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Domon H, Hiyoshi T, Maekawa T, Yonezawa D, Tamura H, Kawabata S, Yanagihara K, Kimura O, Kunitomo E, Terao Y. Antibacterial activity of hinokitiol against both antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible pathogenic bacteria that predominate in the oral cavity and upper airways. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:213-222. [PMID: 31106894 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hinokitiol, a component of the essential oil isolated from Cupressaceae, possesses antibacterial and antifungal activities and has been used in oral care products. In this study, the antibacterial activities of hinokitiol toward various oral, nasal and nasopharyngeal pathogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes were examined. Growth of all these bacterial strains was significantly inhibited by hinokitiol, minimal inhibitory concentrations of hinokitiol against S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates, antibiotic-susceptible S. pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes being 0.3, 1.0, 1.0, 30, 0.5, 50, 50, 30, 0.3-1.0, 0.5, and 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, with the exception of P. gingivalis, hinokitiol exerted bactericidal effects against all bacterial strains 1 hr after exposure. Hinokitiol did not display any significant cytotoxicity toward the human gingival epithelial cell line Ca9-22, pharyngeal epithelial cell line Detroit 562, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, or human gingival fibroblasts, with the exception of treatment with 500 μg/mL hinokitiol, which decreased numbers of viable Ca9-22 cells and gingival fibroblasts by 13% and 12%, respectively. These results suggest that hinokitiol exhibits antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria and has low cytotoxicity towards human epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takumi Hiyoshi
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yonezawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tamura
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Eiji Kunitomo
- Central Research and Development Laboratory, Kobayashi Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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3
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Gao P, Wang X, Sun L, Cheng X, Poongavanam V, Kongsted J, Álvarez M, Luczkowiak J, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Lee KH, Chen CH, Liu H, Menéndez-Arias L, Liu X, Zhan P. Design, synthesis, and biologic evaluation of novel galloyl derivatives as HIV-1 RNase H inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:582-589. [PMID: 30560566 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) remains as the only enzyme encoded within the viral genome not targeted by current antiviral drugs. In this work, we report the design, synthesis, and biologic evaluation of a novel series of galloyl derivatives with HIV-1 RNase H inhibitory activity. Most of them showed IC50 s at sub- to low-micromolar concentrations in enzymatic assays. The most potent compound was II-25 that showed an IC50 of 0.72 ± 0.07 μM in RNase H inhibition assays carried out with the HIV-1BH 10 RT. II-25 was 2.8 times more potent than β-thujaplicinol in these assays. Interestingly, II-25 and other galloyl derivatives were also found to inhibit the HIV IN strand transfer activity in vitro. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies and molecular modeling analysis predict key interactions with RT residues His539 and Arg557, while providing helpful insight for further optimization of selected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xueshun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xiqiang Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | | | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mar Álvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joanna Luczkowiak
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Huiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, Manickam M, Jung SH. Inhibitors of Melanogenesis: An Updated Review. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7395-7418. [PMID: 29763564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are pigment molecules that determine the skin, eye, and hair color of the human subject to its amount, quality, and distribution. Melanocytes synthesize melanin and provide epidermal protection from various stimuli, such as harmful ultraviolet radiation, through the complex process called melanogenesis. However, serious dermatological problems occur when there is excessive production of melanin in different parts of the human body. These include freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer. Therefore, controlling the production of melanin is an important approach for the treatment of pigmentation related disorderes. In this Perspective, we focus on the inhibitors of melanogenesis that directly/indirectly target a key enzyme tyrosinase as well as its associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
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5
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Valette N, Perrot T, Sormani R, Gelhaye E, Morel-Rouhier M. Antifungal activities of wood extractives. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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6
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Meck C, D'Erasmo MP, Hirsch DR, Murelli RP. The biology and synthesis of α-hydroxytropolones. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:842-852. [PMID: 25089179 PMCID: PMC4114738 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
α-Hydroxytropolones are a subclass of the troponoid family of natural products that are of high interest due to their broad biological activity and potential as treatment options for several diseases. Despite this promise, there have been scarce synthetic chemistry-driven optimization studies on the molecules. The following review highlights key developments in the biological studies conducted on α-hydroxytropolones to date, including the few synthetic chemistry-driven optimization studies. In addition, we provide an overview of the methods currently available to access these molecules. This review is intended to serve as a resource for those interested in biological activity of α-hydroxytropolones, and inspire the development of new synthetic methods and strategies that could aid in this pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Meck
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 2900 Bedford 4 Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Michael P D'Erasmo
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 2900 Bedford 4 Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Danielle R Hirsch
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 2900 Bedford 4 Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 2900 Bedford 4 Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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7
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Tewalt J, Schilling J. Assessment of saccharification efficacy in the cellulase system of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1785-93. [PMID: 20177887 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brown rot fungi uniquely degrade wood by creating modifications thought to aid in the selective removal of polysaccharides by an incomplete cellulase suite. This naturally successful mechanism offers potential for current bioprocessing applications. To test the efficacy of brown rot cellulases, southern yellow pine wood blocks were first degraded by the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum for 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Characterization of the pine constituents revealed brown rot decay patterns, with selective polysaccharide removal as lignin compositions increased. G. trabeum liquid and solid state cellulase extracts, as well as a commercial Trichoderma reesei extract (Celluclast 1.5 L), were used to saccharify this pretreated material, using beta-glucosidase amendment to remove limitation of cellobiose-to-glucose conversion. Conditions varied according to source and concentration of cellulase extract and to pH (3.0 vs. 4.8). Hydrolysis yields were maximized using solid state G. trabeum extracts at a pH of 4.8. However, the extent of glucose release was low and was not significantly altered when cellulase loading levels were increased threefold. Furthermore, Celluclast 1.5 L continually outperformed G. trabeum cellulase extracts, although extent of glucose release never exceeded 22.0%. Results suggest methodological advances for utilizing crude G. trabeum cellulases and imply that the suboptimal hydrolysis levels obtained with G. trabeum and Celluclast 1.5 L cellulases, even at high loading levels, may be due to brown rot modifications insufficiently distributed throughout the pretreated material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Tewalt
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Ave., Saint Paul, MN, USA
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