Nipagin-Functionalized Porphyrazine and Phthalocyanine-Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization and Toxicity Study after Deposition on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles P25

Aza-porphyrinoids exhibit distinct spectral properties in UV-Vis, and they are studied in applications such as photosensitizers in medicine and catalysts in technology. The use of appropriate peripheral substituents allows the modulation of their physicochemical properties. Phthalocyanine and sulfanyl porphyrazine octa-substituted with 4-(butoxycarbonyl)phenyloxy moieties were synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry. A comparison of porphyrazine with phthalocyanine aza-porphyrinoids revealed that phthalocyanine macrocycle exhibits higher singlet oxygen generation quantum yields, reaching the value of 0.29 in DMF. After both macrocycles had been deposited on titanium dioxide nanoparticles P25, the cytotoxicities and photocytotoxicities of the prepared materials were studied using a Microtox® acute toxicity test. The highest cytotoxicity occurred after irradiation with a red light for the material composed of phthalocyanine deposited on titania nanoparticles.

Sulfanyl Porphyrazines with Morpholinylethyl Periphery-Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Photocatalytic Studies after Deposition on Titanium(IV) Oxide P25 Nanoparticles

The syntheses, spectral UV–Vis, NMR, and electrochemical as well as photocatalytic properties of novel magnesium(II) and zinc(II) symmetrical sulfanyl porphyrazines with 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethylsulfanyl peripheral substituents are presented. Both porphyrazine derivatives were synthesized in cyclotetramerization reactions and subsequently embedded on the surface of commercially available P25 titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles. The obtained macrocyclic compounds were broadly characterized by ESI MS spectrometry, 1D and 2D NMR techniques, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and subjected to electrochemical studies. Both hybrid materials, consisting of porphyrazine derivatives embedded on the titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles’ surface, were characterized in terms of particle size and distribution. Next, they were subjected to photocatalytic studies with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, a known singlet oxygen quencher. The applicability of the obtained hybrid material consisting of titanium(IV) oxide P25 nanoparticles and magnesium(II) porphyrazine derivative was assessed in photocatalytic studies with selected active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as diclofenac sodium salt and ibuprofen.

S-seco-porphyrazine as a new member of the seco-porphyrazine family - Synthesis, characterization and photocytotoxicity against cancer cells

An important subgroup within the porphyrazine (Pz) family constitutes seco-porphyrazines, in the chemical structure of which one pyrrole unit is opened in the oxidative process. So far, there are only limited data on N-seco- and C-seco-Pzs. Here, the synthesis of a novel member of the Pzs seco-family, represented by an S-seco-tribenzoporphyrazine analogue, 22,23-bis(4-(3,5-dibutoxycarbonylphenoxy)butylsulfanyl)tribenzo[b,g,l]-22,23-dioxo-22,23-seco-porphyrazinato magnesium(II), is reported, with moderate 34% yield. The new derivative was characterized using NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. In the photochemical study performed following the indirect chemical method with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, S-seco-Pz revealed a high singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.27 in DMF. Potential photocytotoxicity of S-seco-Pz was assessed in vitro on three cancer cell lines - two oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines derived from the tongue (CAL 27, HSC-3) and human cervical epithelial adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa). In the biological study, the macrocycle was tested in its free form and after loading into liposomes. It is worth noting that S-seco-Pz was found to be non-toxic in the dark, with cell viability levels over 80%. The photocytotoxic IC₅₀ values for free S-seco-Pz were 0.61, 0.18, and 4.1 µM for CAL 27, HSC-3 and HeLa cells, respectively. Four different liposomal compositions were analyzed, and the cationic liposomes revealed the highest photokilling efficacy, with the IC₅₀ values for CAL 27, HSC-3, and HeLa cells at 0.24, 0.25, and 0.31 µM, respectively. The results of the photocytotoxicity study indicate that the new S-seco-tribenzoporphyrazine can be considered as a potential photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy of cancer, along with the developed cationic liposomal nanocarrier.

Tribenzoporphyrazines with dendrimeric peripheral substituents and their promising photocytotoxic activity against Staphylococcus aureus

Infectious diseases constitute a serious problem for human health and life. Although many bacterial and fungal infections can be successfully cured by commonly used antibiotics, a new threat emerges in the form of microbial resistance. For this reason, researchers try to find not only new active pharmaceutical ingredients for conventional antibiotherapy but also try to develop new strategies of microbial inactivation. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy, which relies on reactive oxygen species generated in situ in the presence of a photosensitizer and with the light of an appropriate wavelength, is one of them. Porphyrazines have been considered as potential photosensitizers for anticancer and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. In this study, three tribenzoporphyrazines with dendrimeric peripheral substituents were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial photocytotoxicity study. One magnesium(II) tribenzoporphyrazine with peripheral 3,5-bis(3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxy)benzylsulfanyl substituents was synthesized and subjected to physicochemical characterization using NMR, UV-Vis, and mass spectrometry techniques. In photochemical studies this molecule revealed moderate singlet oxygen generation ability (Φ_ΔDMF = 0.12, Φ_ΔDMSO = 0.13). The other two magnesium(II) tribenzoporphyrazines applied in the biological study were 4-[3,5-di(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]butylsulfanyl-substituted tribenzoporphyrazine and 4-[3,5-bis(benzyloxy)benzyloxy]phenyl-substituted tribenzopyrazinoporphyrazine. For the assessment, three microbial strains were chosen: Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and fungal strain Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Very high activity against Staphylococcus aureus at low 10^-6 M concentration was recorded for magnesium(II) tribenzoporphyrazines with peripheral 3,5-bis(3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxy)benzylsulfanyl and 4-[3,5-di(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]butylsulfanyl substituents with calculated log reductions of 4.4 and 4.8, respectively. It is worth noting that magnesium(II) tribenzoporphyrazine with 4-[3,5-di(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]butylsulfanyl substituents revealed also 3.2 log reduction in bacterial growth at the concentration 10^-7 M.

Singlet oxygen generation from porphyrin-functionalized hexahedral polysilicon microparticles

The generation of singlet oxygen (SO), primarily by using a combination of light and photosensitizers in the presence of a dissolved gas, finds applications in both chemistry and medicine. The efficiency of its formation can be enhanced by immobilization of the photosensitizers. In this work, we have explored the covalent functionalization in suspension of hexahedral slab-like polysilicon microparticles ( [Formula: see text]P, with a largest dimension of three microns) with a model photosensitizer, 5-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)-10,15,20-(triphenyl)porphyrin (ITC-P), and evaluated the singlet oxygen generation of this photosensitizer in solution and after immobilization (ITC-P-[Formula: see text]P) in suspension. The SO-detection experiment on the functionalized microparticles was performed using a hydrogel as the matrix supporting the microparticles (to avoid their settling), and revealed that ITC-P-[Formula: see text]Pin suspension is capable of generating SO more efficiently than free ITC-P in solution.