|
1
|
Haghayegh S, Smolensky MH, Khoshnevis S, Hermida RC, Castriotta RJ, Diller KR. The Circadian Rhythm of Thermoregulation Modulates both the Sleep/Wake Cycle and 24 h Pattern of Arterial Blood Pressure. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2645-2658. [PMID: 34636410 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Borbély proposed an interacting two-component model of sleep regulation comprising a homeostatic Process S and a circadian Process C. The model has provided understanding of the association between core body temperature (CBT) as a key element of Process C that is deterministic of sleep onset and offset. However, it additionally provides a new perspective of the importance of the thermoregulatory mechanisms of Process C in modulating the circadian rhythm of arterial blood pressure (ABP). Herein, we examine the circadian physiology of thermoregulation, including at the end of the activity span the profound redistribution of cardiac output from the systemic circulation to the arteriovenous anastomoses of the glabrous skin that markedly enhances convective transfer of heat from the body to the environment to cause (i) decrease of the CBT as a pathway to sleep onset and (ii) attenuation of the asleep ABP mean and augmentation of the ABP decline (dipping) from the wake-time mean, in combination the strongest predictors of the risk for blood vessel and organ pathology and morbid and mortal cardiovascular disease events. We additionally review the means by which blood perfusion to the glabrous skin can be manipulated on demand by selective thermal stimulation, that is, mild warming, on the skin of the cervical spinal cord to intensify Process C as a way to facilitate sleep induction and promote healthy asleep ABP. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-14, 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Haghayegh
- Department of Biostatics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Michael H Smolensky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sepideh Khoshnevis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ramon C Hermida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Bioengineering and Chronobiology Laboratories, Atlantic Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Richard J Castriotta
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth R Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|