1
|
Yang D, Liu H, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yang H, Liu M, Koch KE, McCarty DR, Li S, Tan BC. A sucrose ferulate cycle linchpin for ferulyolation of arabinoxylans in plant commelinids. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1389-1399. [PMID: 39232219 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
A transformation in plant cell wall evolution marked the emergence of grasses, grains and related species that now cover much of the globe. Their tough, less digestible cell walls arose from a new pattern of cross-linking between arabinoxylan polymers with distinctive ferulic acid residues. Despite extensive study, the biochemical mechanism of ferulic acid incorporation into cell walls remains unknown. Here we show that ferulic acid is transferred to arabinoxylans via an unexpected sucrose derivative, 3,6-O-diferuloyl sucrose (2-feruloyl-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1'→2)-3,6-O-feruloyl-β-D-fructofuranoside), formed by a sucrose ferulate cycle. Sucrose gains ferulate units through sequential transfers from feruloyl-CoA, initially at the O-3 position of sucrose catalysed by a family of BAHD-type sucrose ferulic acid transferases (SFT1 to SFT4 in maize), then at the O-6 position by a feruloyl sucrose feruloyl transferase (FSFT), which creates 3,6-O-diferuloyl sucrose. An FSFT-deficient mutant of maize, disorganized wall 1 (dow1), sharply decreases cell wall arabinoxylan ferulic acid content, causes accumulation of 3-O-feruloyl sucrose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1'→2)-3-O-feruloyl-β-D-fructofuranoside) and leads to the abortion of embryos with defective cell walls. In vivo, isotope-labelled ferulic acid residues are transferred from 3,6-O-diferuloyl sucrose onto cell wall arabinoxylans. This previously unrecognized sucrose ferulate cycle resolves a long-standing mystery surrounding the evolution of the distinctive cell wall characteristics of cereal grains, biofuel crops and related commelinid species; identifies an unexpected role for sucrose as a ferulate group carrier in cell wall biosynthesis; and reveals a new paradigm for modifying cell wall polymers through ferulic acid incorporation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Karen E Koch
- Hoirticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Donald R McCarty
- Hoirticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bao-Cai Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tu M, Li Z, Zhu Y, Wang P, Jia H, Wang G, Zhou Q, Hua Y, Yang L, Xiao J, Song G, Li Y. Potential Roles of the GRF Transcription Factors in Sorghum Internodes during Post-Reproductive Stages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2352. [PMID: 39273836 PMCID: PMC11396856 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Growth-regulating factor (GRF) is a plant-specific family of transcription factors crucial for meristem development and plant growth. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a cereal species widely used for food, feed and fuel. While sorghum stems are important biomass components, the regulation of stem development and the carbohydrate composition of the stem tissues remain largely unknown. Here, we identified 11 SbGRF-encoding genes and found the SbGRF expansion driven by whole-genome duplication events. By comparative analyses of GRFs between rice and sorghum, we demonstrated the divergence of whole-genome duplication (WGD)-derived OsGRFs and SbGRFs. A comparison of SbGRFs' expression profiles supports that the WGD-duplicated OsGRFs and SbGRFs experienced distinct evolutionary trajectories, possibly leading to diverged functions. RNA-seq analysis of the internode tissues identified several SbGRFs involved in internode elongation, maturation and cell wall metabolism. We constructed co-expression networks with the RNA-seq data of sorghum internodes. Network analysis discovered that SbGRF1, 5 and 7 could be involved in the down-regulation of the biosynthesis of cell wall components, while SbGRF4, 6, 8 and 9 could be associated with the regulation of cell wall loosening, reassembly and/or starch biosynthesis. In summary, our genome-wide analysis of SbGRFs reveals the distinct evolutionary trajectories of WGD-derived SbGRF pairs. Importantly, expression analyses highlight previously unknown functions of several SbGRFs in internode elongation, maturation and the potential involvement in the metabolism of the cell wall and starch during post-anthesis stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Tu
- Hubei Technical Engineering Research Center for Chemical Utilization and Engineering Development of Agricultural and Byproduct Resources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Hubei Technical Engineering Research Center for Chemical Utilization and Engineering Development of Agricultural and Byproduct Resources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yuanlin Zhu
- Hubei Technical Engineering Research Center for Chemical Utilization and Engineering Development of Agricultural and Byproduct Resources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Hongbin Jia
- Hubei Technical Engineering Research Center for Chemical Utilization and Engineering Development of Agricultural and Byproduct Resources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Guoli Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Hubei Technical Engineering Research Center for Chemical Utilization and Engineering Development of Agricultural and Byproduct Resources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yuqing Hua
- Hubei Technical Engineering Research Center for Chemical Utilization and Engineering Development of Agricultural and Byproduct Resources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Hubei Technical Engineering Research Center for Chemical Utilization and Engineering Development of Agricultural and Byproduct Resources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jiangrong Xiao
- Hubei Technical Engineering Research Center for Chemical Utilization and Engineering Development of Agricultural and Byproduct Resources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Guangsen Song
- Hubei Technical Engineering Research Center for Chemical Utilization and Engineering Development of Agricultural and Byproduct Resources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yin Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Battache M, Suarez-Fernandez M, Klooster MV, Cambon F, Sánchez-Vallet A, Lebrun MH, Langin T, Saintenac C. Stomatal penetration: the cornerstone of plant resistance to the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:736. [PMID: 39095719 PMCID: PMC11295904 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the foliar fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the most damaging disease of wheat in Europe. Genetic resistance against this fungus relies on different types of resistance from non-host resistance (NHR) and host species specific resistance (HSSR) to host resistance mediated by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) or major resistance genes (Stb). Characterizing the diversity of theses resistances is of great importance for breeding wheat cultivars with efficient and durable resistance. While the functional mechanisms underlying these resistance types are not well understood, increasing piece of evidence suggest that fungus stomatal penetration and early establishment in the apoplast are both crucial for the outcome of some interactions between Z. tritici and plants. To validate and extend these previous observations, we conducted quantitative comparative phenotypical and cytological analyses of the infection process corresponding to 22 different interactions between plant species and Z. tritici isolates. These interactions included four major bread wheat Stb genes, four bread wheat accessions with contrasting quantitative resistance, two species resistant to Z. tritici isolates from bread wheat (HSSR) and four plant species resistant to all Z. tritici isolates (NHR). RESULTS Infiltration of Z. tritici spores into plant leaves allowed the partial bypass of all bread wheat resistances and durum wheat resistance, but not resistances from other plants species. Quantitative comparative cytological analysis showed that in the non-grass plant Nicotiana benthamiana, Z. tritici was stopped before stomatal penetration. By contrast, in all resistant grass plants, Z. tritici was stopped, at least partly, during stomatal penetration. The intensity of this early plant control process varied depending on resistance types, quantitative resistances being the least effective. These analyses also demonstrated that Stb-mediated resistances, HSSR and NHR, but not quantitative resistances, relied on the strong growth inhibition of the few Z. tritici penetrating hyphae at their entry point in the sub-stomatal cavity. CONCLUSIONS In addition to furnishing a robust quantitative cytological assessment system, our study uncovered three stopping patterns of Z. tritici by plant resistances. Stomatal resistance was found important for most resistances to Z. tritici, independently of its type (Stb, HSSR, NHR). These results provided a basis for the functional analysis of wheat resistance to Z. tritici and its improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Battache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Technología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | | | - Florence Cambon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Technología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille Saintenac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang G, Wang Q, Yang G, Zhang G, Chen H, Wang X, Ma P, Hu Y. Application of Open Panicle Traits in Improving the Filling Characteristics at the Base of Indica Rice Panicles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2035. [PMID: 39124153 PMCID: PMC11314169 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Panicle-type structure is an important factor affecting rice yield, and an excellent panicle type has become a key indicator in rice breeding. In this study, the indica rice variety R766, which has an open panicle type, was obtained through natural mutation and hybrid selection. Through analyzing differences in panicle structure, panicle yield, and chemical composition between open panicle rice R766 and conventional panicle rice R2928, we found that the angles of the middle and lower branches in R766 were 186.99% and 135.93% greater than those in R2928, respectively. By comparing the grain-filling characteristics of different panicle positions in the two rice varieties, we found that the grain filling at the middle and lower panicle positions of R2928 was significantly lower, accompanied by an increase in the percentage of empty spikelets. However, in R766, the grain-filling rates in the middle and lower panicle positions were consistent with those in the upper panicle position, with significantly higher rates of grain filling and grain plumpness in the middle and lower panicle positions than in R2928. The empty grain rate at the lower panicle position of R766 was 15.25% lower than that of R2928, and the grain filling was 24.75% higher than that of R2928. Additionally, the variation in the 1000-grain weight of grains at different panicle positions in R766 was relatively small, with decreases of 1.55% and 0.38% in the middle and lower panicle positions, respectively, compared with the upper position, whereas R2928 showed decreases of 5.99% and 7.12% in the 1000-grain weight of grains at the middle and lower panicle positions, respectively, compared with the upper position. The cellulose content in the stems of R766 was 7.51% higher than that of R2928, with no significant difference in the cellulose content in the panicle axis and primary branches compared to R2928. The lignin content of the panicle axis in R766 was 8.03% higher than that in R2928, whereas there was no significant difference between the lignin content of the stems and primary branches. This preliminary study revealed the open panicle characteristics of R766 and the reasons for its high basal grain setting rate. This study provides a reference for promoting this open panicle-type indica rice variety to improve yield and disease resistance in environments with high humidity and low sunlight levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (G.Y.); (Q.W.); (G.Y.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Yungao Hu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (G.Y.); (Q.W.); (G.Y.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Klein SP, Kaeppler SM, Brown KM, Lynch JP. Integrating GWAS with a gene co-expression network better prioritizes candidate genes associated with root metaxylem phenes in maize. THE PLANT GENOME 2024:e20489. [PMID: 39034891 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Root metaxylems are phenotypically diverse structures whose function is particularly important under drought stress. Significant research has dissected the genetic machinery underlying metaxylem phenotypes in dicots, but that of monocots are relatively underexplored. In maize (Zea mays), a robust pipeline integrated a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of root metaxylem phenes under well-watered and water-stress conditions with a gene co-expression network to prioritize the strongest gene candidates. We identified 244 candidate genes by GWAS, of which 103 reside in gene co-expression modules most relevant to xylem development. Several candidate genes may be involved in biosynthetic processes related to the cell wall, hormone signaling, oxidative stress responses, and drought responses. Of those, six gene candidates were detected in multiple root metaxylem phenes in both well-watered and water-stress conditions. We posit that candidate genes that are more essential to network function based on gene co-expression (i.e., hubs or bottlenecks) should be prioritized and classify 33 essential genes for further investigation. Our study demonstrates a new strategy for identifying promising gene candidates and presents several gene candidates that may enhance our understanding of vascular development and responses to drought in cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P Klein
- Interdepartmental Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shawn M Kaeppler
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathleen M Brown
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van der Cruijsen K, Al Hassan M, van Erven G, Kollerie N, van Lent B, Dechesne A, Dolstra O, Paulo MJ, Trindade LM. Salt stress alters the cell wall components and structure in Miscanthus sinensis stems. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14430. [PMID: 38981734 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Miscanthus is a perennial grass suitable for the production of lignocellulosic biomass on marginal lands. The effects of salt stress on Miscanthus cell wall composition and its consequences on biomass quality have nonetheless received relatively little attention. In this study, we investigated how exposure to moderate (100 mM NaCl) or severe (200 mM NaCl) saline growing conditions altered the composition of both primary and secondary cell wall components in the stems of 15 Miscanthus sinensis genotypes. The exposure to stress drastically impacted biomass yield and cell wall composition in terms of content and structural features. In general, the observed compositional changes were more pronounced under severe stress conditions and were more apparent in genotypes with a higher sensitivity towards stress. Besides a severely reduced cellulose content, salt stress led to increased pectin content, presumably in the form of highly branched rhamnogalacturonan type I. Although salt stress had a limited effect on the total lignin content, the acid-soluble lignin content was strongly increased in the most sensitive genotypes. This effect was also reflected in substantially altered lignin structures and led to a markedly reduced incorporation of syringyl subunits and p-coumaric acid moieties. Interestingly, plants that were allowed a recovery period after stress ultimately had a reduced lignin content compared to those continuously grown under control conditions. In addition, the salt stress-induced cell wall alterations contributed to an improved enzymatic saccharification efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Al Hassan
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Kollerie
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van Lent
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Dechesne
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oene Dolstra
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria-João Paulo
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhuia MS, Chowdhury R, Shill MC, Chowdhury AK, Coutinho HDM, Antas E Silva D, Raposo A, Islam MT. Therapeutic Promises of Ferulic Acid and its Derivatives on Hepatic damage Related with Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Review with Mechanisms. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400443. [PMID: 38757848 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound commonly found in the plant Ferula communis. This study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of FA and its derivatives (methyl ferulic acid and trans-ferulic acid) against oxidative stress and inflammation-related hepatotoxicity due to toxicants based on the results of different non-clinical and preclinical tests. For this, data was collected from different reliable electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, etc. The results of this investigation demonstrated that FA and its derivatives have potent hepatoprotective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation-related damage. The findings also revealed that these protective effects are due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the chemical compound. FA and its analogues significantly inhibit free radical generation and hinder the effects of proinflammatory markers and inflammatory enzymes, resulting in diminished cytotoxic and apoptotic hepatocyte death. The compounds also prevent intracellular lipid accumulation and provide protective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shimul Bhuia
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
- Phytochemistry and Biodiversity Research Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center, Gopalganj, 8100, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raihan Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Manik Chandra Shill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Davi Antas E Silva
- Departament of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I Lot. Cidade Universitaria, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
- Phytochemistry and Biodiversity Research Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center, Gopalganj, 8100, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin J, Ruan S, Guo Q, Zhang Y, Fang M, Li T, Luo G, Tian Z, Zhang Y, Tandayu E, Chen C, Lu J, Ma C, Si H. Comprehensive genome-wide analysis of wheat xylanase inhibitor protein (XIP) genes: unveiling their role in Fusarium head blight resistance and plant immune mechanisms. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:462. [PMID: 38802731 PMCID: PMC11129392 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this comprehensive genome-wide study, we identified and classified 83 Xylanase Inhibitor Protein (XIP) genes in wheat, grouped into five distinct categories, to enhance understanding of wheat's resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB), a significant fungal threat to global wheat production. Our analysis reveals the unique distribution of XIP genes across wheat chromosomes, particularly at terminal regions, suggesting their role in the evolutionary expansion of the gene family. Several XIP genes lack signal peptides, indicating potential alternative secretion pathways that could be pivotal in plant defense against FHB. The study also uncovers the sequence homology between XIPs and chitinases, hinting at a functional diversification within the XIP gene family. Additionally, the research explores the association of XIP genes with plant immune mechanisms, particularly their linkage with plant hormone signaling pathways like abscisic acid and jasmonic acid. XIP-7A3, in particular, demonstrates a significant increase in expression upon FHB infection, highlighting its potential as a key candidate gene for enhancing wheat's resistance to this disease. This research not only enriches our understanding of the XIP gene family in wheat but also provides a foundation for future investigations into their role in developing FHB-resistant wheat cultivars. The findings offer significant implications for wheat genomics and breeding, contributing to the development of more resilient crops against fungal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lin
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shuang Ruan
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Yonglin Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Mengyuan Fang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Gan Luo
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhuangbo Tian
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Erwin Tandayu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Can Chen
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Chuanxi Ma
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hongqi Si
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei, 230036, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Xylan-directed cell wall assembly in grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2197-2207. [PMID: 38095432 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharide in the cell walls of grasses and is pivotal for the assembly of distinct cell wall structures that govern various cellular functions. Xylan also plays a crucial role in regulating biomass recalcitrance, ultimately affecting the utilization potential of lignocellulosic materials. Over the past decades, our understanding of the xylan biosynthetic machinery and cell wall organization has substantially improved due to the innovative application of multiple state-of-the-art techniques. Notably, novel xylan-based nanostructures have been revealed in the cell walls of xylem vessels, promoting a more extensive exploration of the role of xylan in the formation of cell wall structures. This Update summarizes recent achievements in understanding xylan biosynthesis, modification, modeling, and compartmentalization in grasses, providing a brief overview of cell wall assembly regarding xylan. We also discuss the potential for tailoring xylan to facilitate the breeding of elite energy and feed crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alvarez VMZ, Fernández PV, Ciancia M. A novel substitution pattern in glucuronoarabinoxylans from woody bamboos. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121356. [PMID: 37940262 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
(1 → 4)-β-D-Xylans are the second most abundant plant biopolymers on Earth after cellulose. Although their structures have been extensively studied, and industrial applications have been found for them and their derivatives, they are still investigated due to the diversity of their structures and uses. In this work, hemicellulose fractions obtained previously with 1 M KOH from two species of woody bamboos, Phyllostachys aurea and Guadua chacoensis, were purified, and the structures of the glucuronoarabinoxylans (GAX) were studied by chemical and spectroscopic methods. In both cases, major amounts of α-L-arabinofuranose residues were linked to C3 of the xylose units of the backbone, and also α-D-glucuronic acid residues and their 4-O-methyl-derivatives were detected in minor quantities, linked to C2 of some xylose residues. Methylation analysis of the carboxyl-reduced derivative from GAX from P. aurea indicated the presence of terminal and 5-linked arabinofuranose units. NMR spectroscopy showed the presence of disaccharidic side chains of 5-O-α-l-arabinofuranosyl-L-arabinofuranose for the GAX from P. aurea, while for those of G. chacoensis, only single side chains were found. To the best of our knowledge, this disaccharide was not found before as side chain of xylans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Martín Zelaya Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula Virginia Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marina Ciancia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Petrova A, Ageeva M, Kozlova L. Root growth of monocotyledons and dicotyledons is limited by different tissues. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1462-1476. [PMID: 37646760 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and morphogenesis are determined by the mechanical properties of its cell walls. Using atomic force microscopy, we have characterized the dynamics of cell wall elasticity in different tissues in developing roots of several plant species. The elongation growth zone of roots of all species studied was distinguished by a reduced modulus of elasticity of most cell walls compared to the meristem or late elongation zone. Within the individual developmental zones of roots, there were also significant differences in the elasticity of the cell walls of the different tissues, thus identifying the tissues that limit root growth in the different species. In cereals, this is mainly the inner cortex, whereas in dicotyledons this function is performed by the outer tissues-rhizodermis and cortex. These differences result in a different behaviour of the roots of these species during longitudinal dissection. Modelling of longitudinal root dissection using measured properties confirmed the difference shown. Thus, the morphogenesis of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous roots relies on different tissues as growth limiting, which should be taken into account when analyzing the localization of associated molecular events. At the same time, no matrix polysaccharide was found whose immunolabelling in type I or type II cell walls would predict their mechanical properties. However, assessment of the degree of anisotropy of cortical microtubules showed a striking correlation with the elasticity of the corresponding cell walls in all species studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
- Mechanics and Civil Engineering Laboratory, University of Montpellier, 860 Rue de St - Priest, 34090, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Carbone V, Reilly K, Sang C, Schofield LR, Ronimus RS, Kelly WJ, Attwood GT, Palevich N. Crystal Structures of Bacterial Pectin Methylesterases Pme8A and PmeC2 from Rumen Butyrivibrio. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13738. [PMID: 37762041 PMCID: PMC10530356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide that forms a substantial proportion of the plant's middle lamella of forage ingested by grazing ruminants. Methanol in the rumen is derived mainly from methoxy groups released from pectin by the action of pectin methylesterase (PME) and is subsequently used by rumen methylotrophic methanogens that reduce methanol to produce methane (CH4). Members of the genus Butyrivibrio are key pectin-degrading rumen bacteria that contribute to methanol formation and have important roles in fibre breakdown, protein digestion, and the biohydrogenation of fatty acids. Therefore, methanol release from pectin degradation in the rumen is a potential target for CH4 mitigation technologies. Here, we present the crystal structures of PMEs belonging to the carbohydrate esterase family 8 (CE8) from Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, determined to a resolution of 2.30 Å. These enzymes, like other PMEs, are right-handed β-helical proteins with a well-defined catalytic site and reaction mechanisms previously defined in insect, plant, and other bacterial pectin methylesterases. Potential substrate binding domains are also defined for the enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (V.C.); (K.R.); (C.S.); (L.R.S.); (R.S.R.); (W.J.K.); (G.T.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Šípošová K, Labancová E, Hačkuličová D, Kollárová K, Vivodová Z. The changes in the maize root cell walls after exogenous application of auxin in the presence of cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:87102-87117. [PMID: 37418187 PMCID: PMC10406670 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a transition metal and hazardous pollutant that has many toxic effects on plants. This heavy metal poses a health risk for both humans and animals. The cell wall is the first structure of a plant cell that is in contact with Cd; therefore, it can change its composition and/or ratio of wall components accordingly. This paper investigates the changes in the anatomy and cell wall architecture of maize (Zea mays L.) roots grown for 10 days in the presence of auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Cd. The application of IBA in the concentration 10-9 M delayed the development of apoplastic barriers, decreased the content of lignin in the cell wall, increased the content of Ca2+ and phenols, and influenced the composition of monosaccharides in polysaccharide fractions when compared to the Cd treatment. Application of IBA improved the Cd2+ fixation to the cell wall and increased the endogenous concentration of auxin depleted by Cd treatment. The proposed scheme from obtained results may explain the possible mechanisms of the exogenously applied IBA and its effects on the changes in the binding of Cd2+ within the cell wall, and on the stimulation of growth that resulted in the amelioration of Cd stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Šípošová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Labancová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Diana Hačkuličová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karin Kollárová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Vivodová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Havrlentová M, Dvořáček V, Jurkaninová L, Gregusová V. Unraveling the Potential of β-D-Glucans in Poales: From Characterization to Biosynthesis and Factors Affecting the Content. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1387. [PMID: 37374169 DOI: 10.3390/life13061387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review consolidates current knowledge on β-D-glucans in Poales and presents current findings and connections that expand our understanding of the characteristics, functions, and applications of this cell wall polysaccharide. By associating information from multiple disciplines, the review offers valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and consumers interested in harnessing the benefits of β-D-glucans in various fields. The review can serve as a valuable resource for plant biology researchers, cereal breeders, and plant-based food producers, providing insights into the potential of β-D-glucans and opening new avenues for future research and innovation in the field of this bioactive and functional ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Havrlentová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
- National Agricultural and Food Center-Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia
| | - Václav Dvořáček
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Jurkaninová
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Gregusová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Grünhofer P, Schreiber L. Cutinized and suberized barriers in leaves and roots: Similarities and differences. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153921. [PMID: 36780757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical, histochemical, chemical, and biosynthetic similarities and differences of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls are presented and reviewed in brief. Based on this, the functional properties of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls acting as transport barriers are compared and discussed in more detail. This is of general importance because fundamental misconceptions about relationships in plant-environment water relations are commonly encountered in the scientific literature. It will be shown here, that cuticles represent highly efficient apoplastic transport barriers significantly reducing the diffusion of water and dissolved compounds. The transport barrier of cuticles is mainly established by the deposition of cuticular waxes. Upon wax extraction, with the cutin polymer remaining, cuticular permeability for water and dissolved non-ionized and lipophilic solutes are increasing by 2-3 orders of magnitude, whereas polar and charged substances (e.g., nutrient ions) are only weakly affected (2- to 3-fold increases in permeability). Suberized apoplastic barriers without the deposition of wax are at least as permeable as the cutin polymer matrix without waxes and hardly offer any resistance to the free movement of water. Only upon the deposition of significant amounts of wax, as it is the case with suberized periderms exposed to the atmosphere, an efficient transport barrier for water can be established by suberized cell walls. Comparing the driving forces (gradients between water potentials inside leaves and roots and the surrounding environment) for water loss acting on leaves and roots, it is shown that leaves must have a genetically pre-defined highly efficient transpiration barrier fairly independent from rapidly changing environmental influences. Roots, in most conditions facing a soil environment with relative humidities very close to 100%, are orders of magnitude more permeable to water than leaf cuticles. Upon desiccation, the permanent wilting point of plants is defined as -1.5 MPa, which still corresponds to nearly 99% relative humidity in soil. Thus, the main reason for plant water stress leading to dehydration is the inability of root tissues to decrease their internal water potential to values more negative than -1.5 MPa and not the lack of a transport barrier for water in roots and leaves. Taken together, the commonly mentioned concepts that a drought-induced increase of cuticular wax or root suberin considerably strengthens the apoplastic leaf or root transport barriers and thus aids in water conservation appears highly questionable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Hoson T, Masuda H. The Modification of Cell Wall Properties Is Involved in the Growth Inhibition of Rice Coleoptiles Induced by Lead Stress. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:471. [PMID: 36836828 PMCID: PMC9967465 DOI: 10.3390/life13020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a widespread heavy metal pollutant that interferes with plant growth. In this study, we investigated the effects of Pb on the mechanical and chemical properties of cell walls and on the growth of coleoptiles of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings grown in the air (on moistened filter paper) and underwater (submerged condition). Coleoptile growth of air-grown seedlings was reduced by 40% by the 3 mM Pb treatment, while that of water-grown ones was reduced by 50% by the 0.5 mM Pb. Although the effective concentration of Pb for growth inhibition of air-grown coleoptiles was much higher than that of water-grown ones, Pb treatment significantly decreased the mechanical extensibility of the cell wall in air- and water-grown coleoptiles, when it inhibited their growth. Among the chemical components of coleoptile cell walls, the amounts of cell wall polysaccharides per unit fresh weight and unit length of coleoptile, which represent the thickness of the cell wall, were significantly increased in response to the Pb treatment (3 mM and 0.5 mM Pb for air- and water-grown seedlings, respectively), while the levels of cell wall-bound diferulic acids (DFAs) and ferulic acids (FAs) slightly decreased. These results indicate that Pb treatment increased the thickness of the cell wall but not the phenolic acid-mediated cross-linking structures within the cell wall in air- and water-grown coleoptiles. The Pb-induced cell wall thickening probably causes the mechanical stiffening of the cell wall and thus decreases cell wall extensibility. Such modifications of cell wall properties may be associated with the inhibition of coleoptile growth. The results of this study provide a new finding that Pb-induced cell wall remodeling contributes to the regulation of plant growth under Pb stress conditions via the modification of the mechanical property of the cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Harue Masuda
- Urban Resilience Research Center, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Curry TM, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. An update on xylan structure, biosynthesis, and potential commercial applications. Cell Surf 2023; 9:100101. [PMID: 36748082 PMCID: PMC9898438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2023.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
•Xylan is an abundant carbohydrate component of plant cell walls that is vital for proper cell wall structure and vascular tissue development.•Xylan structure is known to vary between different tissues and species.•The role of xylan in the plant cell wall is to interact with cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses.•Xylan synthesis is directed by several types of Golgi-localized enzymes.•Xylan is being explored as an eco-friendly resource for diverse commercial applications.
Collapse
Key Words
- AGX, arabinoglucuronoxylan
- Araf, L-α-arabinofuranose, TBL, Trichome Birefringence Like
- GAX, glucuronoarabinoxylan
- GX, glucuronoxylan
- GXMT/GXM, glucuronoxylan methyltransferase
- GlcpA, glucuronic acid
- Glycosyltransferase
- Hemicellulose
- IRX10, Irregular Xylem 10
- IRX14, Irregular Xylem 14
- IRX9, Irregular Xylem 9
- MeGlcpA, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid
- NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance
- Plant cell wall
- UDP-sugar, uridine diphosphate-linked sugar
- XOATs, xylan O-acetyltransferases
- XSC, xylan synthase complex
- Xylan
- Xylan biosynthesis
- glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX)
- glucuronoxylan (GX)
- or arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Curry
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Corresponding author at: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pieczywek PM, Chibrikov V, Zdunek A. In silico studies of plant primary cell walls - structure and mechanics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:887-899. [PMID: 36692136 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary plant cell wall (PCW) is a highly organized network, its performance is dependent on cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic polysaccharides, their properties, interactions and assemblies. Their mutual relationships and functions in the cell wall can be better understood by means of conceptual models of their higher-order structures. Knowledge unified in the form of a conceptual model allows predictions to be made about the properties and behaviour of the system under study. Ongoing research in this field has resulted in a number of conceptual models of the cell wall. However, due to the currently limited research methods, the community of cell wall researchers have not reached a consensus favouring one model over another. Herein we present yet another research technique - numerical modelling - which is capable of resolving this issue. Even at the current stage of development of numerical techniques, due to their complexity, the in silico reconstruction of PCW remains a challenge for computational simulations. However, some difficulties have been overcome, thereby making it possible to produce advanced approximations of PCW structure and mechanics. This review summarizes the results concerning the simulation of polysaccharide interactions in PCW with regard to network fine structure, supramolecular properties and polysaccharide binding affinity. The in silico mechanical models presented herein incorporate certain physical and biomechanical aspects of cell wall architecture for the purposes of undertaking critical testing to bring about advances in our understanding of the mechanisms controlling cells and limiting cell wall expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mariusz Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Vadym Chibrikov
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The In Silico Characterization of Monocotyledonous α-l-Arabinofuranosidases on the Example of Maize. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020266. [PMID: 36836625 PMCID: PMC9964162 DOI: 10.3390/life13020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant α-l-arabinofuranosidases remove terminal arabinose from arabinose-containing substrates such as plant cell wall polysaccharides, including arabinoxylans, arabinogalactans, and arabinans. In plants, de-arabinosylation of cell wall polysaccharides accompanies different physiological processes such as fruit ripening and elongation growth. In this report, we address the diversity of plant α-l-arabinofuranosidases of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 51 through their phylogenetic analysis as well as their structural features. The CBM4-like domain at N-terminus was found to exist only in GH51 family proteins and was detected in almost 90% of plant sequences. This domain is similar to bacterial CBM4, but due to substitutions of key amino acid residues, it does not appear to be able to bind carbohydrates. Despite isoenzymes of GH51 being abundant, in particular in cereals, almost half of the GH51 proteins in Poales have a mutation of the acid/base residue in the catalytic site, making them potentially inactive. Open-source data on the transcription and translation of GH51 isoforms in maize were analyzed to discuss possible functions of individual isoenzymes. The results of homology modeling and molecular docking showed that the substrate binding site can accurately accommodate terminal arabinofuranose and that arabinoxylan is a more favorable ligand for all maize GH51 enzymes than arabinan.
Collapse
|
20
|
Pereyra CM, Dal Lago CC, Creus CM, Pereyra MA. Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp 245 inoculation affects cell wall and polyamines metabolisms in cucumber seedling roots. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:6998557. [PMID: 36690345 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp 245 is a model plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. The first cross-talk with plants takes place within the roots. Roots cells growth is constrained by the primary cell wall (CW). Also, neighboring CW form the apoplast that should affect cells signaling and biochemical messages. Studies on CW phenolic composition ferulate (FA), diferulates (DFA) and p-coumarate and polyamines (PA) metabolisms of A. baldaniorum Sp 245- inoculated roots and on bacterial PA production in culture media should help to understand more about the mechanisms involved in Azospirillum-root association. For this purpose, CW-bound FA, DFA and p-coumarate contents, putrescine (put) and spermidine contents, diamine and polyamine oxidases activities, and H2O2 content of Cucumis sativus roots from dark grown seedlings inoculated with A. baldaniorum Sp 245 were determined. Also, bacterial PA production under constant agitation or static conditions was evaluated. Results showed lesser contents of all phenolics, and higher FA/DFA ratio in CW of inoculated roots that should be responsible for roots growth promotion. Also, the increased put content, DAO activity, and H2O2 production in the roots should be associated to A. baldaniorum Sp 245 growth promotion in early stages. Finally, the participation of both PA in A. baldaniorum Sp 245 biofilm formation was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Cristina Dal Lago
- Instituto de Innovación para el Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Agroenergético Sostenible (IIDEAGROS)
- Grupo Innovación y desarrollo de alimentos regionales
| | - Cecilia Mónica Creus
- Instituto de Innovación para el Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Agroenergético Sostenible (IIDEAGROS)
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal y Microbiana
| | - María Alejandra Pereyra
- Instituto de Innovación para el Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Agroenergético Sostenible (IIDEAGROS)
- Grupo Innovación y desarrollo de alimentos regionales
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cell Wall Glycan Changes in Different Brachypodium Tissues Give Insights into Monocot Biomass. FERMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The annual temperate grass Brachypodium distachyon has become a model system for monocot biomass crops and for understanding lignocellulosic recalcitrance to employ better saccharification and fermentation approaches. It is a monocot plant used to study the grass cell walls that differ from the cell walls of dicot plants such as the eudicot model Arabidopsis. The B. distachyon cell wall is predominantly composed of cellulose, arabinoxylans, and mixed-linkage glucans, and it resembles the cell walls of other field grasses. It has a vascular bundle anatomy similar to C3 grasses. These features make Brachypodium an ideal model to study cell walls. Cell walls are composed of polymers with complex structures that vary between cell types and at different developmental stages. Antibodies that recognize specific cell wall components are currently one of the most effective and specific molecular probes to determine the location and distribution of polymers in plant cell walls in situ. Here, we investigated the glycan distribution in the cell walls of the root and leaf tissues of Brachypodium by employing cell-wall-directed antibodies against diverse glycan epitopes. There are distinct differences in the presence of the epitopes between the root and leaf tissues as well as in the cell type level, which gives insights into monocot biomass.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cosgrove DJ, Hepler NK, Wagner ER, Durachko DM. Biomechanical Weakening of Paper and Plant Cell Walls by Bacterial Expansins. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2657:79-88. [PMID: 37149523 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3151-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Expansins are proteins that loosen plant cell walls but lack enzymatic activity. Here we describe two protocols tailored to measure the biomechanical activity of bacterial expansin. The first assay relies on the weakening of filter paper by expansin. The second assay is based on induction of creep (long-term, irreversible extension) of plant cell wall samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Nathan K Hepler
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Edward R Wagner
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Daniel M Durachko
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Roig‐Oliver M, Fullana‐Pericàs M, Bota J, Flexas J. Genotype-dependent changes of cell wall composition influence physiological traits of a long and a non-long shelf-life tomato genotypes under distinct water regimes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1396-1412. [PMID: 36310415 PMCID: PMC10098506 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage strongly affects plants' physiological performance. Since tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) non-long shelf-life (nLSL) and long shelf-life (LSL) genotypes differently face water deprivation, we subjected a nLSL and a LSL genotype to four treatments: control (well watering), short-term water deficit stress at 40% field capacity (FC) (ST 40% FC), short-term water deficit stress at 30% FC (ST 30% FC), and short-term water deficit stress at 30% FC followed by recovery (ST 30% FC-Rec). Treatments promoted genotype-dependent elastic adjustments accompanied by distinct photosynthetic responses. While the nLSL genotype largely modified mesophyll conductance (gm ) across treatments, it was kept within a narrow range in the LSL genotype. However, similar gm values were achieved under ST 30% FC conditions. Particularly, modifications in the relative abundance of cell wall components and in sub-cellular anatomic parameters such as the chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular air space per leaf area (Sc /S) and the cell wall thickness (Tcw ) regulated gm in the LSL genotype. Instead, only changes in foliar structure at the supra-cellular level influenced gm in the nLSL genotype. Even though further experiments testing a larger range of genotypes and treatments would be valuable to support our conclusions, we show that even genotypes of the same species can present different elastic, anatomical, and cell wall composition-mediated mechanisms to regulate gm when subjected to distinct water regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Roig‐Oliver
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de BiologiaUniversitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) – Agro‐Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA)Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.507122PalmaIlles BalearsSpain
| | - Mateu Fullana‐Pericàs
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de BiologiaUniversitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) – Agro‐Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA)Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.507122PalmaIlles BalearsSpain
| | - Josefina Bota
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de BiologiaUniversitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) – Agro‐Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA)Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.507122PalmaIlles BalearsSpain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de BiologiaUniversitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) – Agro‐Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA)Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.507122PalmaIlles BalearsSpain
- King Abdulaziz UniversityP.O. Box 80200Jeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shahidi F, Danielski R, Rhein SO, Meisel LA, Fuentes J, Speisky H, Schwember AR, de Camargo AC. Wheat and Rice beyond Phenolic Acids: Genetics, Identification Database, Antioxidant Properties, and Potential Health Effects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3283. [PMID: 36501323 PMCID: PMC9739071 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wheat and rice play a vital role in human nutrition and food security. A better understanding of the potential health benefits associated with consuming these cereals, combined with studies by plant scientists and food chemists to view the entire food value chain from the field, pre and post-harvest processing, and subsequent "fork" consumption, may provide the necessary tools to optimize wheat and rice production towards the goal of better human health improvement and food security, providing tools to better adapt to the challenges associated with climate change. Since the available literature usually focuses on only one food chain segment, this narrative review was designed to address the identities and concentration of phenolics of these cereal crops from a farm-to-fork perspective. Wheat and rice genetics, phenolic databases, antioxidant properties, and potential health effects are summarized. These cereals contain much more than phenolic acids, having significant concentrations of flavonoids (including anthocyanins) and proanthocyanidins in a cultivar-dependent manner. Their potential health benefits in vitro have been extensively studied. According to a number of in vivo studies, consumption of whole wheat, wheat bran, whole rice, and rice bran may be strategies to improve health. Likewise, anthocyanin-rich cultivars have shown to be very promising as functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Renan Danielski
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Samantha Ottani Rhein
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Lee A. Meisel
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Fuentes
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Hernan Speisky
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Andrés R. Schwember
- Departament of Plant Sciences, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Review: Tertiary cell wall of plant fibers as a source of inspiration in material design. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Shan X, Zhao Q, Shi F. The MicroRNA397a-LACCASE17 module regulates lignin biosynthesis in Medicago ruthenica (L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978515. [PMID: 36061772 PMCID: PMC9434696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical strength is essential for the upright growth habit, which is one of the most important characteristics of terrestrial plants. Lignin, a phenylpropanoid-derived polymer mainly present in secondary cell walls plays critical role in providing mechanical support. Here, we report that the prostrate-stem cultivar of the legume forage Medicago ruthenica cultivar 'Mengnong No. 1' shows compromised mechanical strength compared with the erect-stem cultivar 'Zhilixing'. The erect-stem cultivar, 'Zhilixing' has significantly higher lignin content, leading to higher mechanical strength than the prostrate-stem cultivar. The low abundance of miRNA397a in the Zhiixing cultivar causes reduced cleavage of MrLAC17 transcript, which results in enhanced expression level of MrLAC17 compared to that in the prostrate-stem cultivar Mengnong No. 1. Complementation of the Arabidopsis lac4 lac17 double mutants with MrLAC17 restored the lignin content to wild-type levels, confirming that MrLAC17 perform an exchangeable role with Arabidopsis laccases. LAC17-mediated lignin polymerization is therefore increased in the 'Zhilixing', causing the erect stem phenotype. Our data reveal the importance of the miR397a in the lignin biosynthesis and suggest a strategy for molecular breeding targeting plant architecture in legume forage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaotong Shan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengling Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Aglyamova A, Petrova N, Gorshkov O, Kozlova L, Gorshkova T. Growing Maize Root: Lectins Involved in Consecutive Stages of Cell Development. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141799. [PMID: 35890433 PMCID: PMC9319948 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that carry specific carbohydrate-binding lectin domains have a great variety and are ubiquitous across the plant kingdom. In turn, the plant cell wall has a complex carbohydrate composition, which is subjected to constant changes in the course of plant development. In this regard, proteins with lectin domains are of great interest in the context of studying their contribution to the tuning and monitoring of the cell wall during its modifications in the course of plant organ development. We performed a genome-wide screening of lectin motifs in the Zea mays genome and analyzed the transcriptomic data from five zones of primary maize root with cells at different development stages. This allowed us to obtain 306 gene sequences encoding putative lectins and to relate their expressions to the stages of root cell development and peculiarities of cell wall metabolism. Among the lectins whose expression was high and differentially regulated in growing maize root were the members of the EUL, dirigent–jacalin, malectin, malectin-like, GNA and Nictaba families, many of which are predicted as cell wall proteins or lectin receptor-like kinases that have direct access to the cell wall. Thus, a set of molecular players was identified with high potential to play important roles in the early stages of root morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Aglyamova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Natalia Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia; (A.A.); (N.P.); (O.G.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Physiology, Federal Research Center Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaya Str. 28, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cosgrove DJ. Building an extensible cell wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1246-1277. [PMID: 35460252 PMCID: PMC9237729 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article recounts, from my perspective of four decades in this field, evolving paradigms of primary cell wall structure and the mechanism of surface enlargement of growing cell walls. Updates of the structures, physical interactions, and roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins are presented. This leads to an example of how a conceptual depiction of wall structure can be translated into an explicit quantitative model based on molecular dynamics methods. Comparison of the model's mechanical behavior with experimental results provides insights into the molecular basis of complex mechanical behaviors of primary cell wall and uncovers the dominant role of cellulose-cellulose interactions in forming a strong yet extensible network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Samalova M, Gahurova E, Hejatko J. Expansin-mediated developmental and adaptive responses: A matter of cell wall biomechanics? QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e11. [PMID: 37077967 PMCID: PMC10095946 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical properties of the cell wall (CW) are important for many developmental and adaptive responses in plants. Expansins were shown to mediate pH-dependent CW enlargement via a process called CW loosening. Here, we provide a brief overview of expansin occurrence in plant and non-plant species, their structure and mode of action including the role of hormone-regulated CW acidification in the control of expansin activity. We depict the historical as well as recent CW models, discuss the role of expansins in the CW biomechanics and address the developmental importance of expansin-regulated CW loosening in cell elongation and new primordia formation. We summarise the data published so far on the role of expansins in the abiotic stress response as well as the rather scarce evidence and hypotheses on the possible mechanisms underlying expansin-mediated abiotic stress resistance. Finally, we wrap it up by highlighting possible future directions in expansin research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evelina Gahurova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biotechnological Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biotechnological Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Petrova A, Sibgatullina G, Gorshkova T, Kozlova L. Dynamics of cell wall polysaccharides during the elongation growth of rye primary roots. PLANTA 2022; 255:108. [PMID: 35449484 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In cells of growing rye roots, xyloglucans and homogalacturonans demonstrate developmental stage specificity, while different xylans have tissue specificity. Mannans, arabinans and galactans are also detected within the protoplast. Mannans form films on sections of fresh material. The primary cell walls of plants represent supramolecular exocellular structures that are mainly composed of polysaccharides. Cell wall properties and architecture differ between species and across tissues within a species. We revised the distribution of cell wall polysaccharides and their dynamics during elongation growth and histogenesis in rye roots using nonfixed material and the spectrum of antibodies. Rye is a member of the Poaceae family and thus has so-called type II primary cell walls, which are supposed to be low in pectins and xyloglucans and instead have arabinoxylans and mixed-linkage glucans. However, rye cell walls at the earliest stages of cell development were enriched with the epitopes of xyloglucans and homogalacturonans. Mixed-linkage glucan, which is often considered an elongation growth-specific polysaccharide in plants with type II cell walls, did not display such dynamics in rye roots. The cessation of elongation growth and even the emergence of root hairs were not accompanied by the disappearance of mixed-linkage glucans from cell walls. The diversity of xylan motifs recognized by different antibodies was minimal in the meristem zone of rye roots, but this diversity increased and showed tissue specificity during root growth. Antibodies specific for xyloglucans, galactans, arabinans and mannans bound the cell content. When rye root cells were cut, the epitopes of xyloglucans, galactans and arabinans remained within the cell content, while mannans developed net-like or film-like structures on the surface of sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Gusel Sibgatullina
- The Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
London JA, Taylor SL, Barsukov I, Cartmell A, Yates EA. Exploration of expanded carbohydrate chemical space to access biological activity using microwave-induced acid condensation of simple sugars. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11075-11083. [PMID: 35425031 PMCID: PMC8992359 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01463g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex glycans are ubiquitous in nature and essential to life. Despite their diverse roles, however, only a fraction of their potential chemical space has been explored. New regions of this chemical space can, nevertheless, be accessed by generating structures that do not occur in nature or by modifying naturally-occurring polysaccharide structures – collectively, termed new polysaccharides (NPs). Two synthetic routes to NPs are described; the de novo route, directly from monosaccharide starting materials and the functionalization route, involving glycosylation of existing polysaccharides. The reaction involves a simple condensation step under microwave heating, catalysed by environmentally benign organic acids and is illustrated by the generation of structures with biological activities ranging from cell signalling and inhibition of bacterial growth, to mimicking carbohydrate antigens of pathogenic microorganisms. The method is as applicable to fine chemicals as it is to industrial waste, for example, biotechnologically-derived d-allulose (d-psicose), or the waste products of biofermentation. Accessing this chemical space unlocks new functionalities, generating complex glycans with applications in the biological, medical, biotechnological and materials science arenas. Condensation of simple sugars provides new polysaccharides with diverse biological activities, expanding access to carbohydrate chemical space.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Andrew London
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| | - Sarah Louise Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| | - Igor Barsukov
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| | - Alan Cartmell
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| | - Edwin Alexander Yates
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nazipova A, Gorshkov O, Eneyskaya E, Petrova N, Kulminskaya A, Gorshkova T, Kozlova L. Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:802424. [PMID: 35222452 PMCID: PMC8866823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. Such rearrangements are provided, besides the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components, by enzymes that modify polysaccharides in muro. To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. Later, genes for xyloglucan hydrolases are upregulated. Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. Genes encoding several glycoside hydrolases that are able to degrade mixed-linkage glucan are downregulated specifically at the active elongation. It indicates the significance of mixed-linkage glucans for the cell elongation process. The possibility that many glycoside hydrolases act as transglycosylases in muro is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alsu Nazipova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Eneyskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Natalia Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna Kulminskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
- Kurchatov Genome Center - PNPI, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xiong W, Devkota L, Zhang B, Muir J, Dhital S. Intact cells: “Nutritional capsules” in plant foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1198-1217. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Xiong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Monash University Clayton Campus, VIC 3800 Australia
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Lavaraj Devkota
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Monash University Clayton Campus, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Jane Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology Central Clinical School, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Sushil Dhital
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Monash University Clayton Campus, VIC 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase Gene XTH22/TCH4 Regulates Plant Growth by Disrupting the Cell Wall Homeostasis in Arabidopsis under Boron Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031250. [PMID: 35163179 PMCID: PMC8836128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TCH4 is a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family member. Extensive studies have shown that XTHs are very important in cell wall homeostasis for plant growth and development. Boron (B), as an essential micronutrient for plants, plays an essential role in the cross-linking of cell wall pectin. However, the effect of B on cell wall organization is unclear. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of plant adaption to B stress by investigating the role of TCH4 in cell wall homeostasis. We conducted both plate and hydroponic cultures of wild-type Col-0 and overexpression and gene knockout lines of XTH22/TCH4 to analyze the phenotype, components, and characteristics of the cell wall using immunofluorescence, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). B deficiency induces the expression of TCH4. The overexpression lines of TCH4 presented more sensitivity to B deficiency than the wild-type Col-0, while the knockout lines of TCH4 were more resistant to low B stress. Up-regulation of TCH4 influenced the ratio of chelator-soluble pectin to alkali-soluble pectin and decreased the degree of methylesterification of pectin under B-deficient conditions. Moreover, we found that B deficiency disturbed the arrangement of cellulose, enlarged the gap between cellulose microfibrils, and decreased the mechanical strength of the cell wall, leading to the formation of a thickened and deformed triangular region of the cell wall. These symptoms were more profound in the TCH4 overexpression lines. Consistently, compared with Col-0, the O2- and MDA contents in the TCH4 overexpression lines increased under B-deficient conditions. This study identified the B-deficiency-induced TCH4 gene, which regulates cell wall homeostasis to influence plant growth under B-deficient conditions.
Collapse
|
35
|
Francki MG, Stainer GS, Walker E, Rebetzke GJ, Stefanova KT, French RJ. Phenotypic Evaluation and Genetic Analysis of Seedling Emergence in a Global Collection of Wheat Genotypes ( Triticum aestivum L.) Under Limited Water Availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:796176. [PMID: 35003185 PMCID: PMC8739788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.796176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The challenge in establishing an early-sown wheat crop in southern Australia is the need for consistently high seedling emergence when sowing deep in subsoil moisture (>10 cm) or into dry top-soil (4 cm). However, the latter is strongly reliant on a minimum soil water availability to ensure successful seedling emergence. This study aimed to: (1) evaluate 233 Australian and selected international wheat genotypes for consistently high seedling emergence under limited soil water availability when sown in 4 cm of top-soil in field and glasshouse (GH) studies; (2) ascertain genetic loci associated with phenotypic variation using a genome-wide association study (GWAS); and (3) compare across loci for traits controlling coleoptile characteristics, germination, dormancy, and pre-harvest sprouting. Despite significant (P < 0.001) environment and genotype-by-environment interactions within and between field and GH experiments, eight genotypes that included five cultivars, two landraces, and one inbred line had consistently high seedling emergence (mean value > 85%) across nine environments. Moreover, 21 environment-specific quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected in GWAS analysis on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5B, 5D, and 7D, indicating complex genetic inheritance controlling seedling emergence. We aligned QTL for known traits and individual genes onto the reference genome of wheat and identified 16 QTL for seedling emergence in linkage disequilibrium with coleoptile length, width, and cross-sectional area, pre-harvest sprouting and dormancy, germination, seed longevity, and anthocyanin development. Therefore, it appears that seedling emergence is controlled by multifaceted networks of interrelated genes and traits regulated by different environmental cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Francki
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Grantley S. Stainer
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Merredin, WA, Australia
| | - Esther Walker
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Rebetzke
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Katia T. Stefanova
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert J. French
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Merredin, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yang Q, Wang S, Chen H, You L, Liu F, Liu Z. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of the COBRA-like genes reveal likely roles in stem strength in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260268. [PMID: 34818361 PMCID: PMC8612548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The COBRA-like (COBL) genes play key roles in cell anisotropic expansion and the orientation of microfibrils. Mutations in these genes cause the brittle stem and induce pathogen responsive phenotypes in Arabidopsis and several crop plants. In this study, an in silico genome-wide analysis was performed to identify the COBL family members in Brassica. We identified 44, 20 and 23 COBL genes in B. napus and its diploid progenitor species B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively. All the predicted COBL genes were phylogenetically clustered into two groups: the AtCOB group and the AtCOBL7 group. The conserved chromosome locations of COBLs in Arabidopsis and Brassica, together with clustering, indicated that the expansion of the COBL gene family in B. napus was primarily attributable to whole-genome triplication. Among the BnaCOBLs, 22 contained all the conserved motifs and derived from 9 of 12 subgroups. RNA-seq analysis was used to determine the tissue preferential expression patterns of various subgroups. BnaCOBL9, BnaCOBL35 and BnaCOBL41 were highly expressed in stem with high-breaking resistance, which implies these AtCOB subgroup members may be involved in stem development and stem breaking resistance of rapeseed. Our results of this study may help to elucidate the molecular properties of the COBRA gene family and provide informative clues for high stem-breaking resistance studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liang You
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangying Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongsong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
McCubbin TJ, Braun DM. Phloem anatomy and function as shaped by the cell wall. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153526. [PMID: 34555540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning of assimilated carbon is a complex process that involves the loading, long-distance transport, and subsequent unloading of carbohydrates from source to sink tissues. The network of plumbing that facilitates this coordinated process is the phloem tissue. Our understanding of the physiology of phloem transport has grown tremendously since the modern theory of mass flow was first put forward, aided by the concomitant progress of technology and experimental methodologies. Recent findings have put a renewed emphasis on the underlying anatomy of the phloem, and in particular the important role that cell walls play in enabling the high-pressure flow of photoassimilates through the sieve element. This review will briefly summarize the foundational work in phloem anatomy and highlight recent work exploring the physiology of phloem cell wall structure and mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J McCubbin
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, The Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri,Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - David M Braun
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, The Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri,Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Julius BT, McCubbin TJ, Mertz RA, Baert N, Knoblauch J, Grant DG, Conner K, Bihmidine S, Chomet P, Wagner R, Woessner J, Grote K, Peevers J, Slewinski TL, McCann MC, Carpita NC, Knoblauch M, Braun DM. Maize Brittle Stalk2-Like3, encoding a COBRA protein, functions in cell wall formation and carbohydrate partitioning. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3348-3366. [PMID: 34323976 PMCID: PMC8505866 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate partitioning from leaves to sink tissues is essential for plant growth and development. The maize (Zea mays) recessive carbohydrate partitioning defective28 (cpd28) and cpd47 mutants exhibit leaf chlorosis and accumulation of starch and soluble sugars. Transport studies with 14C-sucrose (Suc) found drastically decreased export from mature leaves in cpd28 and cpd47 mutants relative to wild-type siblings. Consistent with decreased Suc export, cpd28 mutants exhibited decreased phloem pressure in mature leaves, and altered phloem cell wall ultrastructure in immature and mature leaves. We identified the causative mutations in the Brittle Stalk2-Like3 (Bk2L3) gene, a member of the COBRA family, which is involved in cell wall development across angiosperms. None of the previously characterized COBRA genes are reported to affect carbohydrate export. Consistent with other characterized COBRA members, the BK2L3 protein localized to the plasma membrane, and the mutants condition a dwarf phenotype in dark-grown shoots and primary roots, as well as the loss of anisotropic cell elongation in the root elongation zone. Likewise, both mutants exhibit a significant cellulose deficiency in mature leaves. Therefore, Bk2L3 functions in tissue growth and cell wall development, and this work elucidates a unique connection between cellulose deposition in the phloem and whole-plant carbohydrate partitioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Julius
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | - Tyler J McCubbin
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Rachel A Mertz
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Present address: Inari Agriculture, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
| | - Nick Baert
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - DeAna G Grant
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Kyle Conner
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Saadia Bihmidine
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Paul Chomet
- NRGene Inc., 8910 University Center Lane, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Ruth Wagner
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | - Jeff Woessner
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | - Karen Grote
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | | | | | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - David M Braun
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Roig-Oliver M, Fullana-Pericàs M, Bota J, Flexas J. Adjustments in photosynthesis and leaf water relations are related to changes in cell wall composition in Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum subjected to water deficit stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 311:111015. [PMID: 34482918 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the current climate change scenario, understanding crops' physiological performance under water shortage is crucial to overcome drought periods. Although the implication of leaf water relations maintaining leaf turgor and stomatal functioning under water deprivation has been suggested, the relationships between photosynthesis and osmotic and elastic adjustments remain misunderstood. Similarly, only few studies in dicotyledonous analysed how changes in cell wall composition affected photosynthesis and leaf water relations under drought. To induce modifications in photosynthesis, leaf water relations and cell wall composition, Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum were subjected to different water regimes: control (CL, full irrigation), moderate and severe water deficit stress (Mod WS and Sev WS, respectively). Water shortage decreased photosynthesis mainly due to stomatal conductance (gs) declines, being accompanied by reduced osmotic potential at full turgor (πo) and increased bulk modulus of elasticity (ε). Whereas both species enhanced pectins when intensifying water deprivation, species-dependent adjustments occurred for cellulose and hemicelluloses. From these results, we showed that πo and ε influenced photosynthesis, particularly, gs. Furthermore, the (Cellulose+Hemicelluloses)/Pectins ratio determined ε and mesophyll conductance (gm) in grasses, presenting the lowest pectins content within angiosperms. Thus, we highlight the relevance of cell wall composition regulating grasses physiology during drought acclimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Roig-Oliver
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Les Illes Balears (UIB) - Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Mateu Fullana-Pericàs
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Les Illes Balears (UIB) - Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Josefina Bota
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Les Illes Balears (UIB) - Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Les Illes Balears (UIB) - Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Meychik N, Nikolaeva Y, Kushunina M. The significance of ion-exchange properties of plant root cell walls for nutrient and water uptake by plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:140-147. [PMID: 34107383 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the key aspects of ion exchange and diffusion in plant root cell walls and the implications of these processes for the uptake of mineral nutrients and water under both normal and adverse environmental conditions. The data available to date shows that the ion-exchange properties of plant root cell walls are influenced by the plant age and growth conditions, and also vary between species. The cell wall volume and its ability to swell, which regulate the hydraulic conductivity of the cell wall, are determined by the pH and ionic strength of the external solution. It is concluded that the analysis of physico-chemical properties of plant cell wall is an important step in the understanding of the complex processes of water and nutrient uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Meychik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Leninskiye gory 1/12, 119234, Russia.
| | - Yuliya Nikolaeva
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Leninskiye gory 1/12, 119234, Russia
| | - Maria Kushunina
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Leninskiye gory 1/12, 119234, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
The placenta of Physcomitrium patens: transfer cell wall polymers compared across the three bryophyte groups. DIVERSITY 2021; 13. [PMID: 35273462 PMCID: PMC8905678 DOI: 10.3390/d13080378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Following similar studies of cell wall constituents in the placenta of Phaeoceros and Marchantia, we conducted immunogold labeling TEM studies of Physcomitrium patens to determine the composition of cell wall polymers in transfer cells on both sides of the placenta. 16 monoclonal antibodies were used to localize cell wall epitopes in the basal walls and wall ingrowths in this moss. In general, placental transfer cell walls of P. patens contain fewer pectins and far fewer AGPs than those of the hornwort and liverwort. P. patens also lacks the differential labeling that is pronounced between generations in the other bryophytes. In contrast, transfer cell walls on either side of the placenta of P. patens are relatively similar in composition with slight variation in HG pectins. Compositional similarities between wall ingrowths and primary cell walls in P. patens suggest that wall ingrowths may simply be extensions of the primary cell wall. Considerable variability in occurrence, abundance, and types of polymers among the three bryophytes and between the two generations suggests that similarity in function and morphology of cell walls does not require a common cell wall composition. We propose that the specific developmental and life history traits of these plants may provide even more important clues in understanding the basis for these differences. This study significantly builds on our knowledge of cell wall composition in bryophytes in general and transfer cells across plants.
Collapse
|
42
|
Daras G, Templalexis D, Avgeri F, Tsitsekian D, Karamanou K, Rigas S. Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase ( CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like ( Csl) Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144335. [PMID: 34299608 PMCID: PMC8306620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
Collapse
|
43
|
Pagliuso D, Grandis A, de Sousa CR, de Souza AP, Driemeier C, Buckeridge MS. The Effect of Sugarcane Straw Aging in the Field on Cell Wall Composition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:652168. [PMID: 34335640 PMCID: PMC8319731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.652168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic ethanol is an alternative for increasing the amount of bioethanol production in the world. In Brazil, sugarcane leads the bioethanol production, and to improve its yield, besides bagasse, sugarcane straw is a possible feedstock. However, the process that leads to cell wall disassembly under field conditions is unknown, and understanding how this happens can improve sugarcane biorefinery and soil quality. In the present work, we aimed at studying how sugarcane straw is degraded in the field after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Non-structural and structural carbohydrates, lignin content, ash, and cellulose crystallinity were analyzed. The cell wall composition was determined by cell wall fractionation and determination of monosaccharide composition. Non-structural carbohydrates degraded quickly during the first 3 months in the field. Pectins and lignin remained in the plant waste for up to 12 months, while the hemicelluloses and cellulose decreased 7.4 and 12.4%, respectively. Changes in monosaccharide compositions indicated solubilization of arabinoxylan (xylose and arabinose) and β-glucans (β-1,3 1,4 glucan; after 3 months) followed by degradation of cellulose (after 6 months). Despite cellulose reduction, the xylose:glucose ratio increased, suggesting that glucose is consumed faster than xylose. The degradation and solubilization of the cell wall polysaccharides concomitantly increased the level of compounds related to recalcitrance, which led to a reduction in saccharification and an increase in minerals and ash contents. Cellulose crystallinity changed little, with evidence of silica at the latter stages, indicating mineralization of the material. Our data suggest that for better soil mineralization, sugarcane straw must stay in the field for over 1 year. Alternatively, for bioenergy purposes, straw should be used in less than 3 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Pagliuso
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Grandis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ribeiro de Sousa
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira de Souza
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Carlos Driemeier
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcos S. Buckeridge
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
da Costa RMF, Winters A, Hauck B, Martín D, Bosch M, Simister R, Gomez LD, Batista de Carvalho LAE, Canhoto JM. Biorefining Potential of Wild-Grown Arundo donax, Cortaderia selloana and Phragmites australis and the Feasibility of White-Rot Fungi-Mediated Pretreatments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:679966. [PMID: 34276732 PMCID: PMC8283202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Arundo donax, Cortaderia selloana and Phragmites australis are high-biomass-producing perennial Poalean species that grow abundantly and spontaneously in warm temperate regions, such as in Mediterranean-type climates, like those of Southern Europe, Western United States coastal areas, or in regions of South America, South Africa and Australia. Given their vigorous and spontaneous growth, biomass from the studied grasses often accumulates excessively in unmanaged agro-forestry areas. Nonetheless, this also creates the demand and opportunity for the valorisation of these biomass sources, particularly their cell wall polymers, for biorefining applications. By contrast, a related crop, Miscanthus × giganteus, is a perennial grass that has been extensively studied for lignocellulosic biomass production, as it can grow on low-input agricultural systems in colder climates. In this study Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) and lignin content determinations were used for a comparative compositional characterisation of A. donax, C. selloana and P. australis harvested from the wild, in relation to a trial field-grown M. × giganteus high-yielding genotype. A high-throughput saccharification assay showed relatively high sugar release values from the wild-grown grasses, even with a 0.1M NaOH mild alkali pretreatment. In addition to this alkaline pretreatment, biomass was treated with white-rot fungi (WRF), which preferentially degrade lignin more readily than holocellulose. Three fungal species were used: Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor. Our results showed that neutral sugar contents are not significantly altered, while some lignin is lost during the pretreatments. Furthermore, sugar release upon enzymatic saccharification was enhanced, and this was dependent on the plant biomass and fungal species used in the treatment. To maximise the potential for lignocellulose valorisation, the liquid fractions from the pretreatments were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography - photodiode array detection - electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS n ). This study is one of the first to report on the composition of WRF-treated grass biomass, while assessing the potential relevance of breakdown products released during the treatments, beyond more traditional sugar-for-energy applications. Ultimately, we expect that our data will help promote the valorisation of unused biomass resources, create economic value, while contributing to the implementation of sustainable biorefining systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M. F. da Costa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Hauck
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Martín
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Simister
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jorge M. Canhoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The non-sulfated ulvanobiuronic acid of ulvans is the smallest active unit able to induce an oxidative burst in dicot cells. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118338. [PMID: 34364593 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ulvans from green algae are promising compounds for plant protection because they are environmentally friendly and induce plant defense responses. We analyzed the structure-function relationship of ulvan polymers and oligomers for their elicitor activity in suspension-cultured cells of three dicot species. The polysaccharide from Ulva fasciata was characterized regarding its monosaccharide composition, degree of sulfation, and molecular mass. The polymer was partially depolymerized using acid hydrolysis, and the oligomers were separated using size exclusion chromatography. The oligomeric fractions were analyzed revealing mostly sulfated and de-sulfated ulvan dimers. Both the polymer and the oligomer fractions induced an NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative burst in plant cells. The elicitor activity of the ulvan dimers did not require sulfation. By identifying the smallest elicitor-active unit, HexA-Rha, we took an important next step to understand how the structure influences ulvan elicitor responses. The desulfated ulvan dimer is discussed as a promising agro-biologic for sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
|
46
|
Seven M, Derman ÜC, Harvey AJ. Enzymatic characterization of ancestral/group-IV clade xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase enzymes reveals broad substrate specificities. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1660-1673. [PMID: 33825243 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) enzymes play important roles in cell wall remodelling. Although previous studies have shown a pathway of evolution for XTH genes from bacterial licheninases, through plant endoglucanases (EG16), the order of development within the phylogenetic clades of true XTHs is yet to be elucidated. In addition, recent studies have revealed interesting and potentially useful patterns of transglycosylation beyond the standard xyloglucan-xyloglucan donor/acceptor substrate activities. To study evolutionary relationships and to search for enzymes with useful broad substrate specificities, genes from the 'ancestral' XTH clade of two monocots, Brachypodium distachyon and Triticum aestivum, and two eudicots, Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus tremula, were investigated. Specific activities of the heterologously produced enzymes showed remarkably broad substrate specificities. All the enzymes studied had high activity with the cellulose analogue HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) as well as with mixed-link β-glucan as donor substrates, when compared with the standard xyloglucan. Even more surprising was the wide range of acceptor substrates that these enzymes were able to catalyse reactions with, opening a broad range of possible roles for these enzymes, both within plants and in industrial, pharmaceutical and medical fields. Genome screening and expression analyses unexpectedly revealed that genes from this clade were found only in angiosperm genomes and were predominantly or solely expressed in reproductive tissues. We therefore posit that this phylogenetic group is significantly different and should be renamed as the group-IV clade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Seven
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ü Cem Derman
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Andrew J Harvey
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Somvanshi VS, Dash M, Bhat CG, Budhwar R, Godwin J, Shukla RN, Patrignani A, Schlapbach R, Rao U. An improved draft genome assembly of Meloidogyne graminicola IARI strain using long-read sequencing. Gene 2021; 793:145748. [PMID: 34077775 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is a major biotic stress for the rice crop under upland, rain-fed lowland and irrigated cultivation conditions. Here, we present an improved draft genome assembly of M. graminicola IARI strain using the long-read sequencing approach (PacBio Sequel platform). The assembled genome size was 36.86 Mb with 514 contigs and N50 value of 105 kb. BUSCO estimated the genome to be 88.6% complete. Meloidogyne graminicola genome contained 17.83% repeat elements and showed 14,062 protein-coding gene models, 4,974 conserved orthologous genes, 561 putative secreted proteins, 49 RNAi pathway genes, 1,853 proteins involved in pathogen-host interactions, 1,575 carbohydrate-active enzymes, and 32,138 microsatellites. Five of the carbohydrate-active enzymes were found only in M. graminicola genome and were not present in any other analysed root-knot nematode genome. Together with the previous two genome assemblies, this improved genome assembly would facilitate comparative and functional genomics for M. graminicola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh Somvanshi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India
| | - Manoranjan Dash
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India
| | - Chaitra G Bhat
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India
| | - Roli Budhwar
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross Rd, B Channasandra, Kasturi Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043, India
| | - Jeffrey Godwin
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross Rd, B Channasandra, Kasturi Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043, India
| | - Rohit N Shukla
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross Rd, B Channasandra, Kasturi Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043, India
| | - Andrea Patrignani
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Y32H52, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Schlapbach
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Y32H52, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li X. Plant cell wall chemistry: implications for ruminant utilisation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/jaan2020.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants have adapted to cope with bulky, fibrous forage diets by accommodating a large, diverse microbial population in the reticulo-rumen. Ruminants are dependent on forages as their main sources of energy and other nutrients. Forages are comprised of a complex matrix of cellulose, hemicellulose, protein, minerals and phenolic compounds (including lignin and tannins) with various linkages; many of which are poorly defined. The composition and characteristics of polysaccharides vary greatly among forages and plant cell walls. Plant cell walls are linked and packed together in tight configurations to resist degradation, and hence their nutritional value to animals varies considerably, depending on composition, structure and degradability. An understanding of the inter-relationship between the chemical composition and the degradation of plant cell walls by rumen microorganisms is of major economic importance to ruminant production. Increasing the efficiency of fibre degradation in the rumen has been the subject of extensive research for many decades. This review summarises current knowledge of forage chemistry in order to develop strategies to increase efficiency of forage utilisation by ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X. Li
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kraemer FJ, Lunde C, Koch M, Kuhn BM, Ruehl C, Brown PJ, Hoffmann P, Göhre V, Hake S, Pauly M, Ramírez V. A mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan specific hydrolase mediates dark-triggered degradation of this plant cell wall polysaccharide. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1559-1573. [PMID: 33793956 PMCID: PMC8133622 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan (MLG) in plant cell walls is a key feature of grass species such as cereals, the main source of calorie intake for humans and cattle. Accumulation of this polysaccharide involves the coordinated regulation of biosynthetic and metabolic machineries. While several components of the MLG biosynthesis machinery have been identified in diverse plant species, degradation of MLG is poorly understood. In this study, we performed a large-scale forward genetic screen for maize (Zea mays) mutants with altered cell wall polysaccharide structural properties. As a result, we identified a maize mutant with increased MLG content in several tissues, including adult leaves and senesced organs, where only trace amounts of MLG are usually detected. The causative mutation was found in the GRMZM2G137535 gene, encoding a GH17 licheninase as demonstrated by an in vitro activity assay of the heterologously expressed protein. In addition, maize plants overexpressing GRMZM2G137535 exhibit a 90% reduction in MLG content, indicating that the protein is not only required, but its expression is sufficient to degrade MLG. Accordingly, the mutant was named MLG hydrolase 1 (mlgh1). mlgh1 plants show increased saccharification yields upon enzymatic digestion. Stacking mlgh1 with lignin-deficient mutations results in synergistic increases in saccharification. Time profiling experiments indicate that wall MLG content is modulated during day/night cycles, inversely associated with MLGH1 transcript accumulation. This cycling is absent in the mlgh1 mutant, suggesting that the mechanism involved requires MLG degradation, which may in turn regulate MLGH1 gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Kraemer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - China Lunde
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Moritz Koch
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin M Kuhn
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Clemens Ruehl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Philipp Hoffmann
- Institute of Microbiology/Group Pathogenicity, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Vera Göhre
- Institute of Microbiology/Group Pathogenicity, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Sarah Hake
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology—Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology—Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Transcriptional Changes of Cell Wall Organization Genes and Soluble Carbohydrate Alteration during Leaf Blade Development of Rice Seedlings. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050823. [PMID: 33919078 PMCID: PMC8143110 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls have two constituent parts with different components and developmental stages. Much of the mystery concerning the mechanisms of synthesis, decomposition, modification, and so forth, has been resolved using omics and microscopic techniques. However, it still remains to be determined how cell wall development progresses over time after leaf emergence. Our focus in the present study was to expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms associated with cell wall synthesis in rice leaf blade during three distinct stages (sink, sink-to-source transition, and source). The RNA-seq, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and carbohydrate concentrations were evaluated using developing fifth leaf blades harvested at different time points. The results revealed that some of the essential genes for the primary cell wall (PCW) were highly upregulated in the sink-to-source transition compared to the sink stage, whereas those essential to the secondary cell wall (SCW) displayed relatively higher levels (p < 0.05) during the source stage. The concentrations of soluble carbohydrates differed via type rather than stage; we observed higher monosaccharides during the sink stage and higher di- and oligo-saccharides during the sink-to-source transition and source stages. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the transcriptional regulation of plant cell wall biosynthesis genes are both synchronistic with and independent of, and directly and indirectly governed by, the abundance of soluble carbohydrates in the developing leaf blade, and, finally, raffinose is likely to play a transport role comparable to sucrose.
Collapse
|