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Betancourtt C, Catalán AM, Morales-Torres DF, Lopez DN, Escares-Aguilera V, Salas-Yanquin LP, Büchner-Miranda JA, Chaparro OR, Nimptsch J, Broitman BR, Valdivia N. Transient species driving ecosystem multifunctionality: Insights from competitive interactions between rocky intertidal mussels. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106422. [PMID: 38437777 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic biodiversity loss poses a significant threat to ecosystem functioning worldwide. Numerically dominant and locally rare (i.e., transient) species are key components of biodiversity, but their contribution to multiple ecosystem functions (i.e., multifunctionality) has been seldomly assessed in marine ecosystems. To fill this gap, here we analyze the effects of a dominant and a transient species on ecosystem multifunctionality. In an observational study conducted along ca. 200 km of the southeastern Pacific coast, the purple mussel Perumytilus purpuratus numerically dominated the mid-intertidal and the dwarf mussel Semimytilus patagonicus exhibited low abundances but higher recruitment rates. In laboratory experiments, the relative abundances of both species were manipulated to simulate the replacement of P. purpuratus by S. patagonicus and five proxies for ecosystem functions-rates of clearance, oxygen consumption, total biodeposit, organic biodeposit, and excretion-were analyzed. This replacement had a positive, linear, and significant effect on the combined ecosystem functions, particularly oxygen consumption and excretion rates. Accordingly, S. patagonicus could well drive ecosystem functioning given favorable environmental conditions for its recovery from rarity. Our study highlights therefore the key role of transient species for ecosystem performance. Improving our understanding of these dynamics is crucial for effective ecosystem conservation, especially in the current scenario of biological extinctions and invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Betancourtt
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Alexis M Catalán
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, CIEP, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Diego F Morales-Torres
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniela N Lopez
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Escares-Aguilera
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis P Salas-Yanquin
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Sisal, Mexico
| | - Joseline A Büchner-Miranda
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Oscar R Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Nimptsch
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Bernardo R Broitman
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Chile; Núcleo Milenio UPWELL, Chile; Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Viña Del Mar, Chile
| | - Nelson Valdivia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Chile
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Qiu J, Zhang Y, Ma J. Wetland habitats supporting waterbird diversity: Conservation perspective on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120663. [PMID: 38552509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Wetlands, as core habitats for supporting waterbird diversity, provide a variety of ecosystem services through diverse ecosystem functioning. Wetland degradation and wetland-habitat loss undermine the relationship between biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF), affecting the diversity of habitats and waterbirds. The conservation of waterbird diversity is closely linked to the proper functioning of wetland ecosystems (nutrient cycling, energy storage, and productivity). Waterbirds have complex habitat preferences and sensitivities, which affect biotic interactions. By highlighting the importance of temporal and spatial scales guided by BEF, a habitat-waterbird conservation framework is presented (BEF relationships are described at three levels: habitat, primary producers, and waterbird diversity). We present a novel perspective on habitat conservation for waterbirds by incorporating research on the effects of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning to address the crucial challenges in global waterbird diversity loss, ecosystem degradation, and habitat conservation. Last, it is imperative to prioritize strategies of habitat protection with the incorporation of BEF for future waterbird conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiu
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Sino-Portugal Joint Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jianwu Ma
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Liu M, Yin F, Xiao Y, Yang C. Grazing alters the relationship between alpine meadow biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165445. [PMID: 37442474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) depends on changes in environmental disturbance. Plant and soil biological diversity can mediate EMF, but how these change in response to grazing disturbance remains unknown. Here we present an 8-year experiment on sheep grazing control in alpine grasslands in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, China. Plant species richness, FRic (functional richness), PD (Faith's phylogenetic diversity), soil biological diversity (bacterial, fungal, and ciliate diversity), and multiple ecosystem functions were measured and calculated. The results showed that increasing grazing intensity caused a decrease in biodiversity and EMF and that biodiversity and ecosystem function differed significantly (P < 0.05) between grazing intensities. EMF was positively correlated with species richness, functional diversity, and soil bacterial diversity (P < 0.05), with 23.6 %, 10.8 %, and 12.1 % of EMF explained by changes in grazing intensity, respectively. The interaction terms of grazing intensity, plant species richness, and soil biological diversity were negatively correlated with EMF (P < 0.05). This shift in the relationship between plant or soil biological diversity and EMF occurs at a grazing intensity index of around 0.7, i.e., the impact of plant species richness on EMF is more significant when the grazing intensity index is below 0.67. The effect of soil biological diversity on EMF is more substantial when the grazing intensity index is above 0.86. Conclusion: High grazing intensity directly affects soil bulk density and pH and indirectly affects EMF by regulating plant species richness and soil biological diversity changes. Loss of plant and soil biological diversity can have extreme consequences under low and high grazing intensity disturbance conditions. Therefore, we must develop biodiversity conservation strategies for external disturbances to mitigate the effects of land use practices such as grazing disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Fengling Yin
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yindi Xiao
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Cunliang Yang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Deterministic Assembly Processes Strengthen the Effects of β-Diversity on Community Biomass of Marine Bacterioplankton. mSystems 2023; 8:e0097022. [PMID: 36511690 PMCID: PMC9948717 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00970-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of more species in the community of a sampling site (α diversity) typically increases ecosystem functions via nonrandom processes like resource partitioning. When considering multiple communities, we hypothesize that higher compositional difference (β diversity) increases overall functions of these communities. Further, we hypothesize that the β diversity effect is more positive when β diversity is increased by nonrandom assembly processes. To test these hypotheses, we collected bacterioplankton along a transect of 6 sampling sites in the southern East China Sea in 14 cruises. For any pairs of the 6 sites within a cruise, we calculated the Bray-Curtis index to represent β diversity and summed bacterial biomass as a proxy to indicate the overall function of the two communities. We then calculated deviation of observed mean pairwise phylogenetic similarities among species in two communities from random to represent the influences of nonrandom processes. The bacterial β diversity was found to positively affect the summed bacterial biomass; however, the effect varied among cruises. Cross-cruise comparison indicated that the β diversity effect increased with the nonrandom processes selecting for phylogenetically dissimilar species. This study extends biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research to the scale of multiple sites and enriches the framework by considering community assembly processes. IMPORTANCE The implications of our analyses are twofold. First, we emphasize the importance of studying β diversity. We expanded the current biodiversity-ecosystem functioning framework from single to multiple sampling sites and investigated the influences of species compositional differences among sites on the overall functioning of these sites. Since natural ecological communities never exist alone, our analyses allow us to more holistically perceive the role of biodiversity in natural ecosystems. Second, we took community assembly processes into account to attain a more mechanistic understanding of the impacts of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning.
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Catching the Drift of Marine Invertebrate Diversity through Digital Repositories—A Case Study of the Mangroves and Seagrasses of Maputo Bay, Mozambique. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves and seagrasses present with high marine macroinvertebrate biodiversity that contributes to their structure and functioning. Macroinvertebrates possess a broad range of functional traits, making them excellent models for biodiversity and available-trait-based studies. This study aimed to characterize the biodiversity of marine macroinvertebrates as two different ecosystems situated along the coastline of Maputo Bay by compiling dispersed data from online databases. Specifically, this study addressed species richness, taxonomic and functional diversity based on two traits (habitat occupation and trophic guild), and the community structure of these traits. Mangroves presented with a higher species richness and taxonomic diversity than seagrasses. The functional diversity of mangroves was mostly explained by the trophic guild trait. In the case of seagrasses, functional diversity was mostly due to differences in habitat occupation in the 20th century, but the trophic guild accounted for this functional diversity from 2000 onwards. The comparison of community compositions between the two ecosystems showed low or no similarity. The use of digital databases revealed some limitations, mostly regarding the sampling methods and individual counts. The trends and data gaps presented in this study can be further used to inform subsequent systematic data acquisition and support the development of future research. A further step that may be taken to improve the use of digital data in future biodiversity studies is to fully incorporate functional traits, abundance and sampling methods into online databases.
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Dixon O, Gammal J, Clark D, Ellis JI, Pilditch CA. Estimating Effects of Sea Level Rise on Benthic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in a Large Meso-Tidal Coastal Lagoon. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010105. [PMID: 36671797 PMCID: PMC9855350 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are among the world's most productive ecosystems, but due to their geographic location, they are at the forefront of anthropogenic pressures. Sea level rise (SLR) is one major consequence of climate change that poses a threat to estuaries with extensive intertidal habitats. The ecological implications of intertidal habitat loss have been largely overlooked despite their likely significance. We aimed to address this knowledge gap by investigating how benthic macroinvertebrate communities and their contributions to ecosystem function are likely to respond to SLR. Based on a spatially extensive dataset (119 sites) from a large coastal lagoon, depth, sediment chlorophyll concentrations, mud content, and average current speed were identified as the main drivers of community compositional turnover. Shifts in benthic community structure and associated functional implications were then evaluated using depth as a proxy for SLR. Three main macrofaunal groups representing intertidal, shallow subtidal, and deep subtidal habitats were identified. Functional trait analysis indicated low functional redundancy for a key intertidal suspension-feeding bivalve (Austrovenus stutchburyi) and the lack of a shallow subtidal functional replacement should intertidal habitats become inundated. These findings strongly suggest SLR and the associated environmental changes will alter estuarine macroinvertebrate communities, with implications for future ecosystem function and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Dixon
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Johanna Gammal
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Dana Clark
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Joanne I. Ellis
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand
| | - Conrad A. Pilditch
- School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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Ramus AP, Lefcheck JS, Long ZT. Foundational biodiversity effects propagate through coastal food webs via multiple pathways. Ecology 2022; 103:e3796. [PMID: 35724974 PMCID: PMC9787374 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Relatively few studies have attempted to resolve the pathways through which the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning cascade from one trophic level to another. Here, we manipulated the richness of habitat-forming seaweeds in a western Atlantic estuary to explore how changes in foundation species diversity affect the structure and functioning of the benthic consumer communities that they support. Structural equation modeling revealed that macroalgal richness enhanced invertebrate abundance, biomass, and diversity, both directly by changing the quality and palatability of the foundational substrate and indirectly by increasing the total biomass of available habitat. Consumer responses were largely driven by a single foundational seaweed, although stronger complementarity among macroalgae was observed for invertebrate richness. These findings with diverse foundational phyla extend earlier inferences from terrestrial grasslands by showing that biodiversity effects can simultaneously propagate through multiple independent pathways to maintain animal foodwebs. Our work also highlights the potential ramifications of human-induced changes in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P. Ramus
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jonathan S. Lefcheck
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories NetworkMarineGEO, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - Zachary T. Long
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
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8
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Saint‐Béat B, Darnis G, Leclerc M, Babin M, Maps F. Same mesozooplankton functional groups, different functions in three Arctic marine ecosystems. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Saint‐Béat
- IFREMER, Dyneco Pelagos BP Plouzané France
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory Université Laval (Canada) – CNRS (France), Département de biologie et Québec‐Océan, Université Laval, Quebec CA France
| | - G. Darnis
- Québec‐Océan, Département de biologie Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - M. Leclerc
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory Université Laval (Canada) – CNRS (France), Département de biologie et Québec‐Océan, Université Laval, Quebec CA France
| | - M. Babin
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory Université Laval (Canada) – CNRS (France), Département de biologie et Québec‐Océan, Université Laval, Quebec CA France
| | - F. Maps
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory Université Laval (Canada) – CNRS (France), Département de biologie et Québec‐Océan, Université Laval, Quebec CA France
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Tice-Lewis M, Zhang YS, Redding SG, Lindquist NL, Rodriguez AB, Fieseler CM, Walker QA, Fodrie FJ. Coastal squeeze on temperate reefs: Long-term shifts in salinity, water quality, and oyster-associated communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2609. [PMID: 35366045 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Foundation species, such as mangroves, saltmarshes, kelps, seagrasses, and oysters, thrive within suitable environmental envelopes as narrow ribbons along the land-sea margin. Therefore, these habitat-forming species and resident fauna are sensitive to modified environmental gradients. For oysters, many estuaries impacted by sea-level rise, channelization, and municipal infrastructure are experiencing saltwater intrusion and water-quality degradation that may alter reef distributions, functions, and services. To explore decadal-scale oyster-reef community patterns across a temperate estuary in response to environmental change, we resampled reefs in the Newport River Estuary (NRE) during 2013-2015 that had previously been studied during 1955-1956. We also coalesced historical NRE reef distribution (1880s-2015), salinity (1913-2015), and water-quality-driven shellfish closure boundary (1970s-2015) data to document environmental trends that could influence reef ecology and service delivery. Over the last 60-120 years, the entire NRE has shifted toward higher salinities. Consequently, oyster-reef communities have become less distinct across the estuary, manifest by 20%-27% lower species turnover and decreased faunal richness among NRE reefs in the 2010s relative to the 1950s. During the 2010s, NRE oyster-reef communities tended to cluster around a euhaline, intertidal-reef type more so than during the 1950s. This followed faunal expansions farther up estuary and biological degradation of subtidal reefs as NRE conditions became more marine and favorable for aggressive, reef-destroying taxa. In addition to these biological shifts, the area of suitable bottom on which subtidal reefs persist (contracting due to up-estuary intrusion of marine waters) and support human harvest (driven by water quality, eroding from up-estuary) has decreased by >75% since the natural history of NRE reefs was first explored. This "coastal squeeze" on harvestable subtidal oysters (reduced from a 4.5-km to a 0.75-km envelope along the NRE's main axis) will likely have consequences regarding the economic incentives for future oyster conservation, as well as the suite of services delivered by remaining shellfish reefs (e.g., biodiversity maintenance, seafood supply). More broadly, these findings exemplify how "squeeze" may be a pervasive concern for biogenic habitats along terrestrial or marine ecotones during an era of intense global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Tice-Lewis
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
| | - Y Stacy Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Gray Redding
- National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Niels L Lindquist
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
| | - Antonio B Rodriguez
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clare M Fieseler
- Environment, Ecology, and Energy Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Quentin A Walker
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA
- CSS-Inc., Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - F Joel Fodrie
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
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Pandion K, Arunachalam KD, Ayyamperumal R, Chang SW, Chung WJ, Rajagopal R, Kalavathi F, Iwai CB, Gayathiri E, Ravindran B. Environmental and anthropogenic impact on conservation and sustainability of marine fish diversity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022:10.1007/s11356-022-21260-4. [PMID: 35727509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine fish biodiversity and conservation linked to human livelihoods along the coast were studied in 2019 using a survey and personal interviews to investigate the effects of environmental and anthropogenic issues on changes in marine fish diversity that affect sustainability. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) authenticated 42 finfish, 6 crabs, and 1 shrimp from three groups collected along the coastal zone. The estimated fish species diversity index revealed that alpha and beta biodiversity were more prevalent in the study zone than gamma fish diversity. When the collected fish species were compared to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threatened lists, 51% were found to be least concerned. The variation in the livelihood status, age group, religious, education, houses, training, graft, and gear of fishermen was 93.6% and 4.3%, respectively, according to the principle component analysis. The observation of 51% of the least concerned species in the study zone suggests species declination as a result of overexploitation of natural resources. The study suggests that strict conservation measures be put in place to ensure the sustainability and conservation of fish diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Pandion
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, 603203, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Kantha Deivi Arunachalam
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, 603203, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India.
| | - Ramamoorthy Ayyamperumal
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajinikanth Rajagopal
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | | | - Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai
- Integrated Land and Water Resource Management Research and Development Center in Northeast Thailand, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ekambaran Gayathiri
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Guru Nanak College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600 042, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, 603203, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India.
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Fica-Rojas E, Catalán AM, Broitman BR, Pérez-Matus A, Valdivia N. Independent Effects of Species Removal and Asynchrony on Invariability of an Intertidal Rocky Shore Community. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.866950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological stability depends on interactions between different levels of biological organization. The insurance effects occur when increasing species diversity leads to more temporally invariable (i.e., more stable) community-level properties, due in part to asynchronous population-level fluctuations. While the study of insurance effects has received considerable attention, the role of dominant species that contribute with particular functional traits across different level of organizations is less understood. Using a field-based manipulative experiment, we investigated how species richness and different types of parameters at the population level, such as the invariability of dominants, population invariability, and population asynchrony, influence the community invariability. The experiment involved the repetitive removal of the canopy forming alga Mazzaella laminarioides (hereafter “Mazzaella”) during 32 months in two rocky intertidal sites of northern-central Chile. We predicted that the invariability of dominants enhances community invariability, that the effect of multispecies population-level parameters on community invariability are dependent on species richness, and that subdominant algae are unable to fully compensate the loss of canopies of the dominant species. Biomass of algae and mobile invertebrates was quantified over time. We observed independent effects of Mazzaella removal and community-wide asynchrony on community invariability. While canopy removal reduced community invariability, population asynchrony boosted community invariability regardless of the presence of canopies. In addition, filamentous and foliose algae were unable to compensate the loss of biomass triggered by the experimental removal of Mazzaella. Canopy removal led to a severe decrement in the biomass of macrograzers, while, at the same time, increased the biomass of mesograzers. Asynchrony stemmed from compensatory trophic responses of mesograzers to increased abundances of opportunistic algae. Thus, further work on consumer-resource interactions will improve our understanding of the links between population- and community-level aspects of stability.
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12
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Zerebecki RA, Heck KL, Valentine JF. Biodiversity influences the effects of oil disturbance on coastal ecosystems. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8532. [PMID: 35127038 PMCID: PMC8796919 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity can enhance the response of ecosystems to disturbance. However, whether diversity can reduce the ecological effect of human-induced novel and extreme disturbances is unclear. In April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) platform exploded, allowing an uncontrolled release of crude oil into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Initial surveys following the spill found that ecological impacts on coastal ecosystems varied greatly across habitat-type and trophic group; however, to date, few studies have tested the influence of local biodiversity on these responses. We used a meta-analytic approach to synthesize the results of 5 mesocosm studies that included 10 independent oil experiments and 5 independent oil + dispersant experiments. We tested whether biodiversity increased the resistance and/or resilience of coastal ecosystems to oil disturbance and whether a biodiversity effect depended on the type of diversity present (taxonomic or genetic) and/or the response type measured (population, community, or ecosystem level). We found that diversity can influence the effects of oiling, but the direction and magnitude of this diversity effect varied. Diversity reduced the negative impact of oiling for within-trophic-level responses and tended to be stronger for taxonomic than genetic diversity. Further, diversity effects were largely driven by the presence of highly resistant or quick to recover taxa and genotypes, consistent with the insurance hypothesis. However, we found no effect of diversity on the response to the combination of oil and dispersant exposure. We conclude that areas of low biodiversity may be particularly vulnerable to future oil disturbances and provide insight into the benefit of incorporating multiple measures of diversity in restoration projects and management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A. Zerebecki
- Dauphin Island Sea LabDauphin IslandAlabamaUSA
- Present address:
University of LouisianaLafayetteLouisinaUSA
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13
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Ryznar ER, Smith LL, Fong P. Open space, not reduced herbivory, facilitates invasion of a marine macroalga, implying it is a disturbance-mediated "passenger" of change. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 170:105435. [PMID: 34385137 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sargassum horneri, a brown macroalga, recently invaded the California coast, including into critical foundational communities such as kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests. Despite its rapid spread, empirical tests that evaluate mechanisms underlying S. horneri's invasion success are lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted three field experiments on temperate rocky reefs in southern California using growth as a proxy for invasion success. We first tested whether S. horneri success differed with herbivory strength and native diversity by conducting a 2-factor experiment varying site (with different baseline levels of urchin densities and native algal diversity) and urchin access. We found S. horneri growth only differed among urchin treatments and not sites. We then evaluated whether S. horneri could successfully invade established algal canopies as a driver or whether it required open space as a passenger via a 2-factor experiment varying S. horneri size (small, medium, large) and canopy type (S. horneri, kelp, -canopy). We found that all S. horneri sizes grew fastest when canopy was lacking and light was high and slower in both canopy habitats with lower light; overall, small S. horneri grew slowest. Finally, we evaluated whether herbivore consumption for native species could facilitate S. horneri's invasion by conducting a 2-factor experiment varying species (M. pyrifera, S. horneri) and herbivore access. We found uncaged algae were consumed and caged algae grew, but there was no difference between species. Taken together, our results suggest that S. horneri is a "passenger" invader that will take advantage of points in time and space where light is plentiful, such as when M. pyrifera is removed via disturbance. Further, our results suggest that herbivory and native algal diversity are likely not key determining factors of the invasion success of S. horneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Ryznar
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA.
| | - L L Smith
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - P Fong
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
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14
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Emery KA, Dugan JE, Bailey RA, Miller RJ. Species identity drives ecosystem function in a subsidy-dependent coastal ecosystem. Oecologia 2021; 196:1195-1206. [PMID: 34324077 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Declines in species diversity carry profound implications for ecosystem functioning. Communities of primary producers and consumers interact on evolutionary as well as ecological time scales, shaping complex relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In subsidized ecosystems, resource inputs are independent of consumer actions, offering a simplified view of the relationship between species diversity and function for higher trophic levels. With food webs supported by substantial but variable inputs of detritus from adjacent marine ecosystems, sandy beaches are classic examples of subsidized ecosystems. We investigated effects of consumer species diversity and identity on a key ecological function, consumption of kelp wrack from nearshore giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests. We assessed effects of species richness on kelp consumption by experimentally manipulating richness of six common species of invertebrate detritivores in laboratory mesocosms and conducting field assays of kelp consumption on beaches. Consumer richness had no effect on kelp consumption in the field and a slight negative effect in laboratory experiments. Kelp consumption was most strongly affected by the species composition of the detritivore community. Species identity and body size of intertidal detritivores drove variation in kelp consumption rates in both experiments and field assays. Our results provide further evidence that species traits, rather than richness per se, influence ecosystem function most, particularly in detrital-based food webs with high functional redundancy across species. On sandy beaches, where biodiversity is threatened by rising sea levels and expanding development, our findings suggest that loss of large-bodied consumer species could disproportionally impact ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Emery
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Jenifer E Dugan
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - R A Bailey
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, Fife, UK
| | - Robert J Miller
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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15
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van Weelden C, Towers JR, Bosker T. Impacts of climate change on cetacean distribution, habitat and migration. CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecochg.2021.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Harvey BP, Kon K, Agostini S, Wada S, Hall-Spencer JM. Ocean acidification locks algal communities in a species-poor early successional stage. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2174-2187. [PMID: 33423359 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to CO2 -enriched waters can considerably alter marine biological community development, often resulting in simplified systems dominated by turf algae that possess reduced biodiversity and low ecological complexity. Current understanding of the underlying processes by which ocean acidification alters biological community development and stability remains limited, making the management of such shifts problematic. Here, we deployed recruitment tiles in reference (pHT 8.137 ± 0.056 SD) and CO2 -enriched conditions (pHT 7.788 ± 0.105 SD) at a volcanic CO2 seep in Japan to assess the underlying processes and patterns of algal community development. We assessed (i) algal community succession in two different seasons (Cooler months: January-July, and warmer months: July-January), (ii) the effects of initial community composition on subsequent community succession (by reciprocally transplanting preestablished communities for a further 6 months), and (iii) the community production of resulting communities, to assess how their functioning was altered (following 12 months recruitment). Settlement tiles became dominated by turf algae under CO2 -enrichment and had lower biomass, diversity and complexity, a pattern consistent across seasons. This locked the community in a species-poor early successional stage. In terms of community functioning, the elevated pCO2 community had greater net community production, but this did not result in increased algal community cover, biomass, biodiversity or structural complexity. Taken together, this shows that both new and established communities become simplified by rising CO2 levels. Our transplant of preestablished communities from enriched CO2 to reference conditions demonstrated their high resilience, since they became indistinguishable from communities maintained entirely in reference conditions. This shows that meaningful reductions in pCO2 can enable the recovery of algal communities. By understanding the ecological processes responsible for driving shifts in community composition, we can better assess how communities are likely to be altered by ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koetsu Kon
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sylvain Agostini
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Wada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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17
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Wang J, Lautz LS, Nolte TM, Posthuma L, Koopman KR, Leuven RSEW, Hendriks AJ. Towards a systematic method for assessing the impact of chemical pollution on ecosystem services of water systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111873. [PMID: 33385900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution impinges on the quality of water systems and the ecosystem services (ESs) they provide. Expression of ESs in monetary units has become an essential tool for sustainable ecosystem management. However, the impact of chemical pollution on ESs is rarely quantified, and ES valuation often focuses on individual services without considering the total services provided by the ecosystem. The purpose of the study was to develop a stepwise approach to quantify the impact of sediment pollution on the total ES value provided by water systems. Thereby, we calculated the total ES value loss as a function of the multi-substance potentially affected fraction of species at the HC50 level (msPAF(HC50)). The function is a combination of relationships between, subsequently: the msPAF(HC50), diversity, productivity and total ES value. Regardless of the inherent differences between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, an increase of diversity generally corresponded to an increase in productivity with curvilinear or linear effects. A positive correlation between productivity and total values of ESs of biomes was observed. The combined relationships showed that 1% msPAF(HC50) corresponded to on average 0.5% (0.05-1.40%) of total ES value loss. The ES loss due to polluted sediments in the Waal-Meuse river estuary (the Netherlands) and Flemish waterways (Belgium) was estimated to be 0.3-5 and 0.6-10 thousand 2007$/ha/yr, respectively. Our study presents a novel methodology to assess the impact of chemical exposure on diversity, productivity, and total value that ecosystems provide. With sufficient monitoring data, our generic methodology can be applied for any chemical and region of interest and help water managers make informed decisions on cost-effective measures to remedy pollution. Acknowledging that the ES loss estimates as a function of PAF(HC50) are crude, we explicitly discuss the uncertainties in each step for further development and application of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, the Netherlands.
| | - Leonie S Lautz
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, the Netherlands; Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - Tom M Nolte
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Posthuma
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, the Netherlands; Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - K Remon Koopman
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rob S E W Leuven
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, the Netherlands
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18
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Naddafi R, Hajizadeh Koupayeh N, Ghorbani R. Spatial and temporal variations in stable isotope values (δ 13C and δ 15N) of the primary and secondary consumers along the southern coastline of the Caspian Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112001. [PMID: 33485017 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variations in stable isotope values of the coastal communities in the Caspian Sea remain poorly understood. We followed carbon stable isotope ratios (δ13C) and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ15N) of primary (gammarids) and secondary (common carp) consumers at four sites with different organic matter loadings along the southern coastline of the Caspian Sea from May to November 2019. Consumers from the site receiving higher sewage effluent and aquaculture wastes were more enriched in δ15N whereas those from the site receiving lower terrestrial-derived organic matter had enriched δ13C values. Trophic position of consumers varied among sites as a function of organic matter inputs but was independent of month. The observed temporal and spatial variations in the stable isotope values and C:N ratios of the primary and secondary consumers with regards to organic matter loadings, suggesting a possible effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the Caspian Sea ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Naddafi
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Division of Coastal Research, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden.
| | - Nazila Hajizadeh Koupayeh
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Division of Coastal Research, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Rasoul Ghorbani
- Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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19
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Roth F, RAdecker N, Carvalho S, Duarte CM, Saderne V, Anton A, Silva L, Calleja ML, MorÁn XAG, Voolstra CR, Kürten B, Jones BH, Wild C. High summer temperatures amplify functional differences between coral- and algae-dominated reef communities. Ecology 2020; 102:e03226. [PMID: 33067806 PMCID: PMC7900985 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Shifts from coral to algal dominance are expected to increase in tropical coral reefs as a result of anthropogenic disturbances. The consequences for key ecosystem functions such as primary productivity, calcification, and nutrient recycling are poorly understood, particularly under changing environmental conditions. We used a novel in situ incubation approach to compare functions of coral‐ and algae‐dominated communities in the central Red Sea bimonthly over an entire year. In situ gross and net community primary productivity, calcification, dissolved organic carbon fluxes, dissolved inorganic nitrogen fluxes, and their respective activation energies were quantified to describe the effects of seasonal changes. Overall, coral‐dominated communities exhibited 30% lower net productivity and 10 times higher calcification than algae‐dominated communities. Estimated activation energies indicated a higher thermal sensitivity of coral‐dominated communities. In these communities, net productivity and calcification were negatively correlated with temperature (>40% and >65% reduction, respectively, with +5°C increase from winter to summer), whereas carbon losses via respiration and dissolved organic carbon release more than doubled at higher temperatures. In contrast, algae‐dominated communities doubled net productivity in summer, while calcification and dissolved organic carbon fluxes were unaffected. These results suggest pronounced changes in community functioning associated with coral‐algal phase shifts. Algae‐dominated communities may outcompete coral‐dominated communities because of their higher productivity and carbon retention to support fast biomass accumulation while compromising the formation of important reef framework structures. Higher temperatures likely amplify these functional differences, indicating a high vulnerability of ecosystem functions of coral‐dominated communities to temperatures even below coral bleaching thresholds. Our results suggest that ocean warming may not only cause but also amplify coral–algal phase shifts in coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Roth
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Nils RAdecker
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany.,Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Susana Carvalho
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Computational Biology Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Saderne
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Anton
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Computational Biology Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luis Silva
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Ll Calleja
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Climate Geochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - XosÉ Anxelu G MorÁn
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kürten
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Project Management Jülich, Jülich Research Centre GmbH, Rostock, 52425, Germany
| | - Burton H Jones
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Wild
- Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
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20
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If you build it, they will come: Restoration positively influences free-living and parasite diversity in a restored tidal marsh. FOOD WEBS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2020.e00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Gammal J, Hewitt J, Norkko J, Norkko A, Thrush S. Does the use of biological traits predict a smooth landscape of ecosystem functioning? Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10395-10407. [PMID: 33072268 PMCID: PMC7548162 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiversity crisis has increased interest in understanding the role of biodiversity for ecosystem functioning. Functional traits are often used to infer ecosystem functions to increase our understanding of these relationships over larger spatial scales. The links between specific traits and ecosystem functioning are, however, not always well established. We investigated how the choice of analyzing either individual species, selected modalities, or trait combinations affected the spatial patterns observed on a sandflat and how this was related to the natural variability in ecosystem functioning. A large dataset of 400 benthic macrofauna samples was used to explore distribution patterns. We hypothesized that (1) if multiple species (redundancy) represent a trait combination or a modality their spatial patterns would be smoothed out, and (2) the lost spatial variability within a trait combination or modality, due to the smoothing effect, would potentially affect their utility for predicting ecosystem functioning (tested on a dataset of 24 samples). We predicted that species would show heterogeneous small spatial patterns, while modalities and trait combinations would show larger and more homogeneous patterns because they would represent a collection of many distributions. If modalities and trait combinations are better predictors of ecosystem functioning than species, then the smoother spatial patterns of modalities and trait combinations would result in a more homogeneous landscape of ecosystem function and the number of species exhibiting specific traits would provide functional redundancy. Our results showed some smoothing of spatial patterns progressing from species through modalities to trait combinations, but generally spatial patterns reflected a few dominant key species. Moreover, some individual modalities and species explained more or equal proportions of the variance in the ecosystem functioning than the combined traits. The findings thus suggest that only some spatial variability is lost when species are combined into modalities and trait combinations and that a homogeneous landscape of ecosystem function is not likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Gammal
- Tvärminne Zoological Station University of Helsinki Hangö Finland
| | - Judi Hewitt
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Hamilton New Zealand.,Department of Statistics University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Joanna Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological Station University of Helsinki Hangö Finland
| | - Alf Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological Station University of Helsinki Hangö Finland.,Baltic Sea Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Simon Thrush
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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22
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Cappelatti L, Mauffrey ARL, Griffin JN. Functional diversity of habitat formers declines scale-dependently across an environmental stress gradient. Oecologia 2020; 194:135-149. [PMID: 32895733 PMCID: PMC7561580 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine habitat formers such as seaweeds and corals are lynchpins of coastal ecosystems, but their functional diversity and how it varies with scale and context remains poorly studied. Here, we investigate the functional diversity of seaweed assemblages across the rocky intertidal stress gradient at large (zones) and small (quadrat) scales. We quantified complementary metrics of emergent group richness, functional richness (functional space occupied) and functional dispersion (trait complementarity of dominant species). With increasing shore height, under species loss and turnover, responses of functional diversity were scale- and metric-dependent. At the large scale, functional richness contracted while—notwithstanding a decline in redundancy—emergent group richness and functional dispersion were both invariant. At the small scale, all measures declined, with the strongest responses evident for functional and emergent group richness. Comparisons of observed versus expected values based on null models revealed that functional richness and dispersion were greater than expected in the low shore but converged with expected values higher on the shore. These results show that functional diversity of assemblages of marine habitat formers can be especially responsive to environmental stress gradients at small scales and for richness measures. Furthermore, niche-based processes at the small—neighbourhood—scale can favour co-occurrence of functionally distinctive species under low, but not high, stress, magnifying differences in functional diversity across environmental gradients. As assemblages of marine habitat formers face accelerating environmental change, further studies examining multiple aspects of functional diversity are needed to elucidate patterns, processes, and ecosystem consequences of community (dis-)assembly across diverse groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cappelatti
- Biosciences Department, Swansea University, Wallace Building, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Alizée R L Mauffrey
- Biosciences Department, Swansea University, Wallace Building, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - John N Griffin
- Biosciences Department, Swansea University, Wallace Building, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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23
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Handley SJ, Morrisey D, Depree C, Carter M, Mejía Torres LA. Relative macrofaunal biomass reduced under an enriched salmon farm, Pelorus Sound, Aotearoa-New Zealand. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111303. [PMID: 32658671 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We compared changes in the benthos associated with discharges from a salmon farm at a low-flow location in Pelorus Sound, Aotearoa-New Zealand to the Pearson and Rosenberg model (PRM). As predicted by PRM, benthic enrichment resulted in significant increases in abundance of small, opportunistic macrofauna beneath salmon farm cages. In contrast, at reference sites we found fewer but larger, rare species. When estimates for biomass were calculated from macrofaunal size-classes, reference sites averaged 4.86 times more biomass and 4.35 times greater diversity than farm sites - results also consistent with the PRM. Farm sites favoured deposit feeders at the expense of suspension feeders and grazers. We discuss the significance of large rare species that contributed most to reference biomass estimates that appear under threat from multiple anthropogenic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Handley
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), PB 893, Nelson 7001, New Zealand.
| | - Don Morrisey
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Craig Depree
- DairyNZ, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Megan Carter
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), PB 893, Nelson 7001, New Zealand
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24
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Matsuda SB, Huffmyer AS, Lenz EA, Davidson JM, Hancock JR, Przybylowski A, Innis T, Gates RD, Barott KL. Coral Bleaching Susceptibility Is Predictive of Subsequent Mortality Within but Not Between Coral Species. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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25
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Pascal L, Grémare A, de Montaudouin X, Deflandre B, Romero-Ramirez A, Maire O. Parasitism in ecosystem engineer species: A key factor controlling marine ecosystem functioning. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2192-2205. [PMID: 32271950 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although parasites represent a substantial part of marine communities' biomass and diversity, their influence on ecosystem functioning, especially via the modification of host behaviour, remains largely unknown. Here, we explored the effects of the bopyrid ectoparasite Gyge branchialis on the engineering activities of the thalassinid crustacean Upogebia pusilla and the cascading effects on intertidal ecosystem processes (e.g. sediment bioturbation) and functions (e.g. nutrient regeneration). Laboratory experiments revealed that the overall activity level of parasitized mud shrimp is reduced by a factor 3.3 due to a decrease in time allocated to burrowing and ventilating activities (by factors 1.9 and 2.9, respectively). Decrease in activity level led to strong reductions of bioturbation rates and biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface. Given the world-wide distribution of mud shrimp and their key role in biogeochemical processes, parasite-mediated alteration of their engineering behaviour has undoubtedly broad ecological impacts on marine coastal systems functioning. Our results illustrate further the need to consider host-parasite interactions (including trait-mediated indirect effects) when assessing the contribution of species to ecosystem properties, functions and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Pascal
- EPOC, UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.,EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, Talence, France
| | - Antoine Grémare
- EPOC, UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.,EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, Talence, France
| | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- EPOC, UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.,EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, Talence, France
| | - Bruno Deflandre
- EPOC, UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.,EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, Talence, France
| | - Alicia Romero-Ramirez
- EPOC, UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.,EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, Talence, France
| | - Olivier Maire
- EPOC, UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.,EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, Talence, France
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26
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Chang FH, Ke PJ, Cardinale B. Weak intra-guild predation facilitates consumer coexistence but does not guarantee higher consumer density. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Nguyen BN, Shen EW, Seemann J, Correa AMS, O'Donnell JL, Altieri AH, Knowlton N, Crandall KA, Egan SP, McMillan WO, Leray M. Environmental DNA survey captures patterns of fish and invertebrate diversity across a tropical seascape. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6729. [PMID: 32317664 PMCID: PMC7174284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate, rapid, and comprehensive biodiversity assessments are critical for investigating ecological processes and supporting conservation efforts. Environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys show promise as a way to effectively characterize fine-scale patterns of community composition. We tested whether a single PCR survey of eDNA in seawater using a broad metazoan primer could identify differences in community composition between five adjacent habitats at 19 sites across a tropical Caribbean bay in Panama. We paired this effort with visual fish surveys to compare methods for a conspicuous taxonomic group. eDNA revealed a tremendous diversity of animals (8,586 operational taxonomic units), including many small taxa that would be undetected in traditional in situ surveys. Fish comprised only 0.07% of the taxa detected by a broad COI primer, yet included 43 species not observed in the visual survey. eDNA revealed significant differences in fish and invertebrate community composition across adjacent habitats and areas of the bay driven in part by taxa known to be habitat-specialists or tolerant to wave action. Our results demonstrate the ability of broad eDNA surveys to identify biodiversity patterns in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan N Nguyen
- Computational Biology Institute, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elaine W Shen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Janina Seemann
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | | | - James L O'Donnell
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew H Altieri
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nancy Knowlton
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Matthieu Leray
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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28
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Gribben PE, Bishop MJ, O’Connor WA, Bradley DJ, Hughes AR. Intraspecific diversity in prey body size influences survivorship by conferring resistance to predation. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Gribben
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science 19 Chowder Bay Road Mosman New South Wales 2088 Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Wayne A. O’Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries Nelson Bay New South Wales 2315 Australia
| | - Daniel J. Bradley
- School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - A. Randall Hughes
- Northeastern University Marine Science Centre 430 Nahant Raod Nahant Massachusetts 01908 USA
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29
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Henderson CJ, Gilby BL, Schlacher TA, Connolly RM, Sheaves M, Maxwell PS, Flint N, Borland HP, Martin TSH, Olds AD. Low redundancy and complementarity shape ecosystem functioning in a low-diversity ecosystem. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:784-794. [PMID: 31758695 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystem functioning is positively linked to biodiversity on land and in the sea. In high-diversity systems (e.g. coral reefs), species coexist by sharing resources and providing similar functions at different temporal or spatial scales. How species combine to deliver the ecological function they provide is pivotal for maintaining the structure, functioning and resilience of some ecosystems, but the significance of this is rarely examined in low-diversity systems such as estuaries. We tested whether an ecological function is shaped by biodiversity in a low-diversity ecosystem by measuring the consumption of carrion by estuarine scavengers. Carrion (e.g. decaying animal flesh) is opportunistically fed on by a large number of species across numerous ecosystems. Estuaries were chosen as the model system because carrion consumption is a pivotal ecological function in coastal seascapes, and estuaries are thought to support diverse scavenger assemblages, which are modified by changes in water quality and the urbanization of estuarine shorelines. We used baited underwater video arrays to record scavengers and measure the rate at which carrion was consumed by fish in 39 estuaries across 1,000 km of coastline in eastern Australia. Carrion consumption was positively correlated with the abundance of only one species, yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus australis, which consumed 58% of all deployed carrion. The consumption of carrion by yellowfin bream was greatest in urban estuaries with moderately hardened shorelines (20%-60%) and relatively large subtidal rock bars (>0.1 km2 ). Our findings demonstrate that an ecological function can be maintained across estuarine seascapes despite both limited redundancy (i.e. dominated by one species) and complementarity (i.e. there is no spatial context where the function is delivered significantly when yellowfin bream are not present) in the functional traits of animal assemblages. The continued functioning of estuaries, and other low-diversity ecosystems, might therefore not be tightly linked to biodiversity, and we suggest that the preservation of functionally dominant species that maintain functions in these systems could help to improve conservation outcomes for coastal seascapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Henderson
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
| | - Ben L Gilby
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
| | - Thomas A Schlacher
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
| | - Rod M Connolly
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coasts & Estuaries and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Marcus Sheaves
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Flint
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld, Australia
| | - Hayden P Borland
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
| | - Tyson S H Martin
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia.,Australian Rivers Institute - Coasts & Estuaries and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Andrew D Olds
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
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30
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Scott ZR, terHorst CP. The effect of an invasive bryozoan on community diversity and structure varies across two locations. COMMUNITY ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/168.2019.20.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. R. Scott
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
| | - C. P. terHorst
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
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31
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Nath A, Tiwari PK, Rai AK, Sundaram S. Evaluation of carbon capture in competent microalgal consortium for enhanced biomass, lipid, and carbohydrate production. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:379. [PMID: 31588403 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment of carbon dioxide (CO2) in environment is a major factor for enhancement of global warming on Earth surface. Microalgal consortia play an important role in inhibiting the alarming fluxes of CO2 through sustainable mechanism of bioconversion of CO2 into biomass. In the present investigation, eight heterogeneous consortia of cyanobacteria and green algae such as MC1, MC2, MC3, MC4, MC5, MC6, MC7, and MC8 for the sustainable utilization of effective CO2 sequestration and biomass production were studied. Two factorial central composite designs (% CO2 and pH) were used for optimization of cellular morphology, growth, and development of consortia. The photosynthetic quantum yield of consortium MC8 was found to be maximum (0.61) in comparison with other consortia. The morphological and physiological behavior of the above consortium was analyzed under C, 5, 10, and 15% concentrations of CO2 resource capture in 250 mL BG-11+ medium. We have identified that 10% CO2 concentrated medium maximally promoted the cellular growth in terms of cell dimension, dried biomass, carbohydrate, and lipid contents in this consortium. As such, the elemental composition of carbon and carbon capturing capability was high at 10% CO2 concentration. However, further CO2 enrichment (15%) led to decline in growth and morphology of cell size as compared to control. The results indicate that the optimum CO2 enrichment in consortia exhibits potent commercial utilization for rapid biomass production and plays a distinguished role in global carbon sequestration and mitigation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Nath
- 1Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Complex, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 Uttar Pradesh India
- Nehru Gram Bharati (To be Deemed University), Prayagraj, 221505 India
| | - Pravin K Tiwari
- 3Laser Spectroscopy Research Laboratories, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Awadhesh K Rai
- 3Laser Spectroscopy Research Laboratories, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Shanthy Sundaram
- 1Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Complex, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 Uttar Pradesh India
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32
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A Framework to Advance the Understanding of the Ecological Effects of Extreme Climate Events. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11215954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is modifying disturbance regimes, affecting the severity and occurrence of extreme events. Current experiments investigating extreme events have a large diversity of experimental approaches and key aspects such as the interaction with other disturbances, the timing, and long-term effects are not usually incorporated in a standardized way. This lack of comparability among studies limits advances in this field of research. This study presents a framework that is comprised of two experimental approaches designed to test expected changes on disturbance regime due to climate change. These approaches test the effects of disturbances becoming more clustered and more extreme. They use common descriptor variables regardless of the type of disturbance and ecosystem. This framework is completed with a compilation of procedures that increase the realism of experiments in the aforementioned key aspects. The proposed framework favours comparability among studies and increases our understanding of extreme events. Examples to implement this framework are given using rocky shores as a case study. Far from being perfect, the purpose of this framework is to act as a starting point that triggers the comparability and refinement of these types of experiments needed to advance our understanding of the ecological effects of extreme events.
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A new record of the invasive seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder in the South Adriatic Sea. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02449. [PMID: 31687554 PMCID: PMC6819781 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The green alga Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder is one of the most infamous and threatening invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea. Since 1985, it started rapidly spreading to all Mediterranean regions causing many ecological changes on natural communities. In the present study, we present an example of this proliferation with the first record in the Marine Protected Area of Tremiti Island (MPATI) in the South Adriatic Sea. Fifteen sites along the coast and 5 different depths have been investigated. Our results provide eveidence of a wide invasion of this pest in three islands, San Domino, San Nicola and Capraia. This study fills a particular data gap in the ongoing biomonitoring of invasive seaweeds in the Mediterranean Sea representing a base line of this invasive species for the MPATI.
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34
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Rodil IF, Attard KM, Norkko J, Glud RN, Norkko A. Estimating Respiration Rates and Secondary Production of Macrobenthic Communities Across Coastal Habitats with Contrasting Structural Biodiversity. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Eisenhauer N, Schielzeth H, Barnes AD, Barry K, Bonn A, Brose U, Bruelheide H, Buchmann N, Buscot F, Ebeling A, Ferlian O, Freschet GT, Giling DP, Hättenschwiler S, Hillebrand H, Hines J, Isbell F, Koller-France E, König-Ries B, de Kroon H, Meyer ST, Milcu A, Müller J, Nock CA, Petermann JS, Roscher C, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schnitzer SA, Schuldt A, Tscharntke T, Türke M, van Dam NM, van der Plas F, Vogel A, Wagg C, Wardle DA, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Jochum M. A multitrophic perspective on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research. ADV ECOL RES 2019; 61:1-54. [PMID: 31908360 PMCID: PMC6944504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Concern about the functional consequences of unprecedented loss in biodiversity has prompted biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research to become one of the most active fields of ecological research in the past 25 years. Hundreds of experiments have manipulated biodiversity as an independent variable and found compelling support that the functioning of ecosystems increases with the diversity of their ecological communities. This research has also identified some of the mechanisms underlying BEF relationships, some context-dependencies of the strength of relationships, as well as implications for various ecosystem services that mankind depends upon. In this paper, we argue that a multitrophic perspective of biotic interactions in random and non-random biodiversity change scenarios is key to advance future BEF research and to address some of its most important remaining challenges. We discuss that the study and the quantification of multitrophic interactions in space and time facilitates scaling up from small-scale biodiversity manipulations and ecosystem function assessments to management-relevant spatial scales across ecosystem boundaries. We specifically consider multitrophic conceptual frameworks to understand and predict the context-dependency of BEF relationships. Moreover, we highlight the importance of the eco-evolutionary underpinnings of multitrophic BEF relationships. We outline that FAIR data (meeting the standards of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) and reproducible processing will be key to advance this field of research by making it more integrative. Finally, we show how these BEF insights may be implemented for ecosystem management, society, and policy. Given that human well-being critically depends on the multiple services provided by diverse, multitrophic communities, integrating the approaches of evolutionary ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology in future BEF research will be key to refine conservation targets and develop sustainable management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Schielzeth
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathryn Barry
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- EcoNetLab, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Soil Ecology Department, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle Saale, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Darren P Giling
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eva Koller-France
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Birgitta König-Ries
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Animal Ecology and Physiology & Experimental Plant Ecology, PO Box 9100, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian T Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Service 3248, Campus Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2H1
| | - Jana S Petermann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Physiological Diversity, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Buesgenweg 3, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Dept. of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Türke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU) - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Vogel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, E3B 8B7, Fredericton, Canada
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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36
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Red Grouper (Epinephelus morio) Shape Faunal Communities via Multiple Ecological Pathways. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11060089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organisms that modify the availability of abiotic resources for other species can alter the structure and function of ecological communities through multiple pathways. In Florida Bay, red grouper (Epinephelus morio) engineer habitats by excavating sediment and detritus from karst solution holes and are also predators that consume a variety of benthic crustaceans and fish, some of which colonize engineered habitats. The effect of red grouper on these communities is complex as colonizing species interact with red grouper in different ways, including both direct (e.g., predator–prey) and indirect interactions. Here, I present the results of an experiment designed to test the direct effects of red grouper on faunal communities associated with Florida Bay solution holes by excluding red grouper from solution holes for four weeks. Red grouper presence generally had positive effects on the abundance, richness, and diversity of faunal communities associated with engineered habitats. Few strong interactions were observed between red grouper and colonizing species, mainly juvenile coral reef fishes. These results suggest that by acting as both a predator and habitat engineer, red grouper shape unique communities, distinct from those of surrounding areas, and influence the composition of communities associated with manipulated habitats.
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37
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Drury C, Greer JB, Baums I, Gintert B, Lirman D. Clonal diversity impacts coral cover in Acropora cervicornisthickets: Potential relationships between density, growth, and polymorphisms. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4518-4531. [PMID: 31031924 PMCID: PMC6476746 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As coral reefs decline, cryptic sources of resistance and resilience to stress may be increasingly important for the persistence of these communities. Among these sources, inter- and intraspecific diversity remain understudied on coral reefs but extensively impact a variety of traits in other ecosystems. We use a combination of field and sequencing data at two sites in Florida and two in the Dominican Republic to examine clonal diversity and genetic differentiation of high- and low-density aggregations of the threatened coral Acropora cervicornisin the Caribbean. We find that high-density aggregations called thickets are composed of up to 30 genotypes at a single site, but 47% of genotypes are also found as isolated, discrete colonies outside these aggregations. Genet-ramet ratios are comparable for thickets (0.636) and isolated colonies after rarefaction (0.569), suggesting the composition of each aggregation is not substantially different and highlighting interactions between colonies as a potential influence on structure. There are no differences in growth rate, but a significant positive correlation between genotypic diversity and coral cover, which may be due to the influence of interactions between colonies on survivorship or fragment retention during asexual reproduction. Many polymorphisms distinguish isolated colonies from thickets despite the shared genotypes found here, including putative nonsynonymous mutations that change amino acid sequence in 25 loci. These results highlight intraspecific diversity as a density-dependent factor that may impact traits important for the structure and function of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Drury
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
| | - Justin B. Greer
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
| | - Iliana Baums
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
| | - Brooke Gintert
- Department of Marine Geoscience, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
| | - Diego Lirman
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
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Daam MA, Teixeira H, Lillebø AI, Nogueira AJA. Establishing causal links between aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Status and research needs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:1145-1156. [PMID: 30625646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how changes in biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning is imperative in allowing Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM), especially when addressing global change and environmental degradation. Research into the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) has indeed increased considerably over the past decades. BEF research has focussed on terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems have received considerably less attention. Due to differences in phylogenetic diversity, ecological processes and reported BEF relationships, however, it may at least be questionable whether BEF relationships are exchangeable between these ecosystems (i.e. terrestrial and aquatic). The aim of the present paper was therefore to pinpoint key areas and bottlenecks in establishing BEF relationships for aquatic ecosystems (freshwater, transitional, and marine). To this end, the available literature with special emphasis on the last 10 years was assessed to evaluate: i) reported mechanisms and shapes of aquatic BEF relationships; ii) to what extent BEF relations are interchangeable or ecosystem-specific; and iii) contemporary gaps and needs in aquatic BEF research. Based on our analysis, it may be concluded that despite considerable progress in BEF research over the past decades, several bottlenecks still need to be tackled, namely incorporating the multitude of functions supported by ecosystems, functional distinctiveness of rare species, multitrophic interactions and spatial-temporal scales, before BEF relationships can be used in ecosystem-based management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A Daam
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-191 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Heliana Teixeira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-191 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana I Lillebø
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-191 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António J A Nogueira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-191 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Biodiversity enhances coral growth, tissue survivorship and suppression of macroalgae. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:178-182. [PMID: 30617344 PMCID: PMC6353673 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs are declining dramatically and losing species richness, but the impact of declining biodiversity on coral well-being remains inadequately understood. Here, we demonstrate that lower coral species richness alone can suppress growth and survivorship of multiple species of corals (Porites cylindrica, Pocillopora damicornis, and Acropora millepora) under field conditions on a degraded, macroalgal dominated reef. Our findings highlight the positive role of biodiversity in the function of coral reefs, and suggest that loss of coral species richness may trigger a negative feedback that causes further ecosystem decline.
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40
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Teixidó N, Gambi MC, Parravacini V, Kroeker K, Micheli F, Villéger S, Ballesteros E. Functional biodiversity loss along natural CO 2 gradients. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5149. [PMID: 30531929 PMCID: PMC6288110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of environmental change on biodiversity are still poorly understood. In particular, the consequences of shifts in species composition for marine ecosystem function are largely unknown. Here we assess the loss of functional diversity, i.e. the range of species biological traits, in benthic marine communities exposed to ocean acidification (OA) by using natural CO2 vent systems. We found that functional richness is greatly reduced with acidification, and that functional loss is more pronounced than the corresponding decrease in taxonomic diversity. In acidified conditions, most organisms accounted for a few functional entities (i.e. unique combination of functional traits), resulting in low functional redundancy. These results suggest that functional richness is not buffered by functional redundancy under OA, even in highly diverse assemblages, such as rocky benthic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Teixidó
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center, Punta San Pietro Ischia, 80077, Naples, Italy.
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA.
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Maria Cristina Gambi
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center, Punta San Pietro Ischia, 80077, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeriano Parravacini
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CRIOBE, USR 3278, PSL-EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, LABEX Corail, University of Perpignan, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Kristy Kroeker
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - Sebastien Villéger
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-IRD-IFREMER, University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Enric Ballesteros
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes - CSIC, Blanes, 17300, Girona, Spain
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41
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Caswell BA, Paine M, Frid CLJ. Seafloor ecological functioning over two decades of organic enrichment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:212-229. [PMID: 30509801 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and anthropogenic nutrient enrichment are driving rapid increases in ocean deoxygenation. These changes cause biodiversity loss and have severe consequences for marine ecosystem functioning and in turn the delivery of ecosystem services upon which humanity depends (e.g. fisheries). We seek to understand how such changes will impact seafloor functioning using biological traits analysis. Results from a sewage-sludge disposal site in the Firth of Clyde, UK spanning 26 years of monitoring showed that substantial changes in macrobenthic nutrient cycling and the provision of food for predators occurred, with elevated functioning on the margins 1-2 km from the centre of the disposal grounds. Thus, changes in food-web dynamics are expected, that weaken benthic pelagic coupling and lower secondary production (such as fisheries). Generally, functioning was conserved, but declined below a ~6% total organic carbon threshold. Similar to other severely deoxygenated systems, the recovery was slow and hysteresis was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony A Caswell
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Qld 4222, Australia; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK.
| | - Miranda Paine
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Christopher L J Frid
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Qld 4222, Australia
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42
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Vafeiadou AM, Bretaña BLP, Van Colen C, Dos Santos GAP, Moens T. Global warming-induced temperature effects to intertidal tropical and temperate meiobenthic communities. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 142:163-177. [PMID: 30348474 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change and the related temperature rise strongly impact marine life and have long been in the center of scientific attention. This experimental work investigates thermal-stress effects on intertidal meiofauna from tropical and temperate coasts, focusing on community responses. Natural communities were exposed for a month to ambient, elevated constant temperatures and diurnal fluctuating temperature regimes with elevated peak maxima, to mimic realistic future climate conditions. Abundance, biodiversity, community composition and functional diversity were assessed. Differential responses between a tropical and a temperate community were revealed. The tropical nematode assemblage was more tolerant to the elevated constant than to the fluctuating temperature regime, whereas the temperate assemblage was equally affected by both. Shifts in dominance of temperature-tolerant species in elevated constant and fluctuating temperature treatments (due to temperature variations) were observed and explained by a combination of differential tolerances and shifts in species interactions. Overall, global warming-induced temperature was found to alter species dynamics within meiobenthic communities, which may have further implications for the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Vafeiadou
- Ghent University, Marine Biology Lab, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Biology Department, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Carl Van Colen
- Ghent University, Marine Biology Lab, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Tom Moens
- Ghent University, Marine Biology Lab, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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43
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Laws AN, Prather CM, Branson DH, Pennings SC. Effects of grasshoppers on prairies: Herbivore composition matters more than richness in three grassland ecosystems. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1727-1737. [PMID: 30102785 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how biodiversity affects ecosystem processes is a key question in ecology. Previous research has found that increasing plant diversity often enhances many ecosystem processes, but less is known about the role of consumer diversity to ecosystem processes, especially in terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, we do not know how general biodiversity responses are among ecosystem types. We examined the role of insect herbivore (Orthoptera) diversity on plant production using parallel field experiments in three grassland ecosystems (mixed grass prairie, tallgrass prairie and coastal tallgrass prairie) to determine whether the effects of grasshopper diversity were consistent among sites. Using mesocosms, we manipulated orthopteran species richness (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 species), functional richness (number of functional feeding groups present; 0, 1 or 2 functional groups) and functional composition (composition of functional groups present; mixed-feeders only, grass-feeders only, both mixed-feeders and grass-feeders). Diversity treatments were maintained throughout the experiment by replacing dead individuals. Plant biomass was destructively sampled at the end of the experiment. We found no effect of species richness or functional richness on plant biomass. However, herbivore functional composition was important, and effects were qualitatively similar across sites: The presence of only grass-feeding species reduced plant biomass more than either mixed-feeding species alone or both groups together. Orthopterans had consistent effects across a range of abiotic conditions, as well as different plant community and orthopteran community compositions. Our results suggest that functional composition of insect herbivores affects plant communities in grasslands more than herbivore species richness or functional richness, and this pattern was robust among grassland types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Laws
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Chelse M Prather
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - David H Branson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, Montana
| | - Steven C Pennings
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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44
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Hessing-Lewis M, Rechsteiner EU, Hughes BB, Tim Tinker M, Monteith ZL, Olson AM, Henderson MM, Watson JC. Ecosystem features determine seagrass community response to sea otter foraging. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 134:134-144. [PMID: 29221592 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Comparing sea otter recovery in California (CA) and British Columbia (BC) reveals key ecosystem properties that shape top-down effects in seagrass communities. We review potential ecosystem drivers of sea otter foraging in CA and BC seagrass beds, including the role of coastline complexity and environmental stress on sea otter effects. In BC, we find greater species richness across seagrass trophic assemblages. Furthermore, Cancer spp. crabs, an important link in the seagrass trophic cascade observed in CA, are less common. Additionally, the more recent reintroduction of sea otters, more complex coastline, and reduced environmental stress in BC seagrass habitats supports the hypotheses that sea otter foraging pressure is currently reduced there. In order to manage the ecosystem features that lead to regional differences in top predator effects in seagrass communities, we review our findings, their spatial and temporal constraints, and present a social-ecological framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin U Rechsteiner
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada; Applied Conservation Science Lab, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Brent B Hughes
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - M Tim Tinker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Long Marine Laboratory, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jane C Watson
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth St., Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
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45
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Aguilera MA, Dobringer J, Petit IJ. Heterogeneity of ecological patterns, processes, and funding of marine manipulative field experiments conducted in Southeastern Pacific coastal ecosystems. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:8627-8638. [PMID: 30250729 PMCID: PMC6145005 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological manipulative experiments conducted in marine coastal ecosystems have substantially improved ecological theory during the last decades and have provided useful knowledge for the management and conservation of coastal ecosystems. Although different studies report global trends in ecological patterns worldwide, Southeastern Pacific coastal ecosystems have been poorly considered. Given that the SE Pacific coast encompasses diverse coastal ecosystems, consideration of studies conducted along this range can shed light on the heterogeneity of processes regulating coastal communities. We reviewed the biotic interactions and habitat type considered, as well as the complexity in terms of spatial and temporal extent of manipulative field experimental studies conducted along the SE Pacific coast from 0°S to 56°S (Ecuador to Chile). We test the effect of funding reported by different studies as a main factor limiting experimental complexity. From field ecological studies published from 1970 to 2016, we found that 81 studies were truly manipulative, in which one or multiple factors were "manipulated." Around 77% of these studies were located between 21°S and 40°S, and conducted in intertidal rocky habitats. An increase in experimental studies was observed between 2010 and 2015, especially focused on herbivore-alga interactions, although we found that both the temporal extent and spatial extent of these studies have shown a decrease in recent decades. Funding grant amount reported had a positive effect on elapsed time of field experiments, but no effect was observed on spatial extent or in the biotic interactions considered. Elapsed time of experiments was different among the main biotic interactions considered, that is, herbivory, predation, and competition. We suggest that to further progress in applied ecological knowledge, it will be necessary to consider pollution and urbanization processes explicitly using a field experimental framework. This information could improve our understanding of how ecosystems present along the SE Pacific coast respond to climate change and increased levels of human interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés A. Aguilera
- Departamento de Biología MarinaFacultad de Ciencias del MarUniversidad Católica del NorteCoquimboChile
| | - Johanne Dobringer
- Departamento de Biología MarinaFacultad de Ciencias del MarUniversidad Católica del NorteCoquimboChile
- Programa Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada (BEA)Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA)Universidad Católica del NorteUniversidad de La SerenaCoquimboChile
| | - Ignacio J. Petit
- Departamento de Biología MarinaFacultad de Ciencias del MarUniversidad Católica del NorteCoquimboChile
- Programa Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada (BEA)Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA)Universidad Católica del NorteUniversidad de La SerenaCoquimboChile
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI)CoquimboChile
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46
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He J, Yan C, Holyoak M, Wan X, Ren G, Hou Y, Xie Y, Zhang Z. Quantifying the effects of climate and anthropogenic change on regional species loss in China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199735. [PMID: 30044787 PMCID: PMC6059391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced environmental and climate change are widely blamed for causing rapid global biodiversity loss, but direct estimation of the proportion of biodiversity lost at local or regional scales are still infrequent. This prevents us from quantifying the main and interactive effects of anthropogenic environmental and climate change on species loss. Here, we demonstrate that the estimated proportion of species loss of 252 key protected vertebrate species at a county level of China during the past half century was 27.2% for all taxa, 47.7% for mammals, 28.8% for amphibians and reptiles and 19.8% for birds. Both human population increase and species richness showed significant positive correlations with species loss of all taxa combined, mammals, birds, and amphibians and reptiles. Temperature increase was positively correlated with all-taxa and bird species loss. Precipitation increase was negatively correlated with species loss of birds. Human population change and species richness showed more significant interactions with the other correlates of species loss. High species richness regions had higher species loss under the drivers of human environmental and climate change than low-richness regions. Consequently, ongoing human environmental and climate changes are expected to perpetuate more negative effects on the survival of key vertebrate species, particularly in high-biodiversity regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing He
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Yan
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Marcel Holyoak
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Xinru Wan
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guoyu Ren
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Hongshan District, Wuhan, P. R. China
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Haidian District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yangfang Hou
- Center for Historical Geographical Studies of Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xie
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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47
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Brooks PR, Crowe TP. Density and biotic interactions modify the combined effects of global and local stressors. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Brooks
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, Univ. College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Tasman P. Crowe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, Univ. College Dublin; Ireland
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48
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Epibenthic invertebrate fauna in the southern coast of the East Sea, Korea. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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49
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Environmental Context Mediates Biodiversity–Ecosystem Functioning Relationships in Coastal Soft-sediment Habitats. Ecosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-018-0258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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50
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Richards ZT, Day JC. Biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef-how adequately is it protected? PeerJ 2018; 6:e4747. [PMID: 29761059 PMCID: PMC5947040 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the world's most iconic coral reef ecosystem, recognised internationally as a World Heritage Area of outstanding significance. Safeguarding the biodiversity of this universally important reef is a core legislative objective; however, ongoing cumulative impacts including widespread coral bleaching and other detrimental impacts have heightened conservation concerns for the future of the GBR. Methods Here we review the literature to report on processes threatening species on the GBR, the status of marine biodiversity, and evaluate the extent of species-level monitoring and reporting. We assess how many species are listed as threatened at a global scale and explore whether these same species are protected under national threatened species legislation. We conclude this review by providing future directions for protecting potentially endangered elements of biodiversity within the GBR. Results Most of the threats identified to be harming the diversity of marine life on the GBR over the last two-three decades remain to be effectively addressed and many are worsening. The inherent resilience of this globally significant coral reef ecosystem has been seriously compromised and various elements of the biological diversity for which it is renowned may be at risk of silent extinction. We show at least 136 of the 12,000+ animal species known to occur on the GBR (approximately 20% of the 700 species assessed by the IUCN) occur in elevated categories of threat (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable) at a global scale. Despite the wider background level of threat for these 136 species, only 23 of them are listed as threatened under regional or national legislation. Discussion To adequately protect the biodiversity values of the GBR, it may be necessary to conduct further targeted species-level monitoring and reporting to complement ecosystem management approaches. Conducting a vigorous value of information analysis would provide the opportunity to evaluate what new and targeted information is necessary to support dynamic management and to safeguard both species and the ecosystem as a whole. Such an analysis would help decision-makers determine if further comprehensive biodiversity surveys are needed, especially for those species recognised to be facing elevated background levels of threat. If further monitoring is undertaken, it will be important to ensure it aligns with and informs the GBRMPA Outlook five-year reporting schedule. The potential also exists to incorporate new environmental DNA technologies into routine monitoring to deliver high-resolution species data and identify indicator species that are cursors of specific disturbances. Unless more targeted action is taken to safeguard biodiversity, we may fail to pass onto future generations many of the values that comprise what is universally regarded as the world's most iconic coral reef ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe T Richards
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia.,Aquatic Zoology Department, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA, Australia
| | - Jon C Day
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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