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Cerrillo-Mancilla LL, Cano-Ramírez C, Zúñiga G. Acoustic Communication in Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandford (Curculionidae Scolytinae): Description of Calls and Sound Production Mechanism. INSECTS 2024; 15:542. [PMID: 39057274 PMCID: PMC11277085 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The acoustic communication system (ACS) in bark beetles has been studied mainly in species of the genera Dendroctonus, Ips and Polygraphus. Specifically, ACS of the roundheaded pine beetle, Dendroctonus adjunctus, has been little studied. In this study, we described the stridulatory apparatus of this beetle using optical and scanning electron microscopy and recorded the call types produced by males in three behavioral contexts: stress, female-male-, and male-male interactions. From the spectrograms and waveforms, call types, as well as temporal (tooth strike, tooth strike rate, and intertooth strike interval) and spectral features (minimum, maximum and dominant frequency), were determined. Males have a functional elytro-tergal stridulatory apparatus-females do not-consisting of a file for the pars stridens and two lobes for the plectrum. Most of spectro-temporal features were statistically different between single- and multi-noted calls and across the three behavioral contexts. In the male-male interaction, a new type of call named "withdrawal" was produced by the male withdrawing or fleeing. Our results suggest that the spectro-temporal features of single- and multiple-noted calls in the three behavioral conditions are specific and different from each other. Yet, the combination of single and multiple calls determines an overall calling pattern characteristic of the tested behaviors and, therefore, is species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Cano-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Col. Sto. Tomás, Ciudad de México 11340, México;
| | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Col. Sto. Tomás, Ciudad de México 11340, México;
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2
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Davranoglou LR, Hartung V. Moss bugs shed light on the evolution of complex bioacoustic systems. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298174. [PMID: 38394293 PMCID: PMC10890781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibroacoustic signalling is one of the dominant strategies of animal communication, especially in small invertebrates. Among insects, the order Hemiptera displays a staggering diversity of vibroacoustic organs and is renowned for possessing biomechanically complex elastic recoil devices such as tymbals and snapping organs that enable robust vibrational communication. However, our understanding of the evolution of hemipteran elastic recoil devices is hindered by the absence of relevant data in the phylogenetically important group known as moss bugs (Coleorrhyncha), which produce substrate-borne vibrations through an unknown mechanism. In the present work, we reveal the functional morphology of the moss bug vibrational mechanism and study its presence across Coleorrhyncha and in extinct fossilised relatives. We incorporate the anatomical features of the moss bug vibrational mechanism in a phylogeny of Hemiptera, which supports either a sister-group relationship to Heteroptera, or a sister-group relationship with the Auchenorrhyncha. Regardless of topology, we propose that simple abdominal vibration was present at the root of Euhemiptera, and arose 350 million years ago, suggesting that this mode of signalling is among the most ancient in the animal kingdom. Therefore, the most parsimonious explanation for the origins of complex elastic recoil devices is that they represent secondary developments that arose exclusively in the Auchenorrhyncha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktor Hartung
- LWL-Museum of Natural History, Westphalian State Museum with Planetarium, Münster, Germany
- Museum für Naturkunde—Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Fouani JM, Scala M, Zaffaroni-Caorsi V, Verrastro V, Anfora G, Mazzoni V. The post-diapause vibrational behavior, motility, and survival of the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stål) adults at different temperatures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1198. [PMID: 38216589 PMCID: PMC10786867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Substrate-borne vibrational communication is common in pentatomids. Although several works exist on the vibrational communication of Halyomorpha halys, its vibrational behavior post diapause has not been investigated. In this study, we recorded H. halys overwintered adults using laser doppler vibrometers at three temperatures: 10 °C (inactivity), 18 °C (breaking of diapause), and 25 °C (peak of mating activity). The aim was to assess the effect of temperature on the signaling, motility, and survival of H. halys. The insects were sexed into different cages and recorded separately or joined with a cage of the opposite sex. We calculated the total time spent on signaling and walking per replica. The males predominantly emitted male signal 1 (MS1) throughout the four months of recordings. The females exclusively emitted female signal 2 (FS2) when joined with the opposite sex cage the first two months of recordings. Interestingly, they also started FS2 signaling when recorded separately, after two months. No signaling was recorded at 10 °C. At 25 °C, the signaling latency time before vibrational signaling was 24 h compared to 23 days at 18 °C. The short latency time at 25 °C correlated with a higher death rate in early stages of recording. Male walking activity was significantly higher in joined cages at 18 °C and 25 °C, suggesting the increased searching behavior near the opposite sex. Overwintered H. halys could adapt to different conditions whereas low temperatures maintain the diapause which is characterized by no signaling activity. Our results provide a foundation for bioclimatic modeling of climate change effects on H. halys and insights into the use of vibrational playbacks for mass trapping and monitoring as control techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal M Fouani
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, Italy.
| | - Marica Scala
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, Italy
| | - Valentina Zaffaroni-Caorsi
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, Italy
- Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Verrastro
- CIHEAM Bari - International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, Italy
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010, San Michele All'Adige, Italy
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4
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Ręk P, Magrath RD. The quality of avian vocal duets can be assessed independently of the spatial separation of signallers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16438. [PMID: 37777561 PMCID: PMC10543378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions among groups are often mediated through signals, including coordinated calls such as duets, and the degree of temporal coordination within a group can affect signal efficacy. However, in addition to intrinsic duet quality, the spatial arrangement of callers also affects the timing of calls. So, can listeners discriminate temporal effects caused by intrinsic duet quality compared to spatial arrangement? Such discrimination would allow assessment of quality of duets produced by a pair, as distinct from transient extrinsic spatial effects. To address this issue, we studied experimentally the influence of intrinsic duet quality and spatial arrangement on the efficacy of Australian magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) vocal duets. Breeding pairs duet at varying distances from each other and to multiple neighbours. Coordinated duets are more effective territorial signals than uncoordinated duets, but it remains unclear whether listeners can discriminate the effects of quality and spatial arrangement. Our playback experiment showed that any deviation from perfect regularity of partners' notes reduced duet efficacy, but that lack of coordination due to spatial separation (slower tempo and offset of notes) had a lower effect on efficacy than effects due to intrinsic quality (irregularity). Our results therefore provide experimental evidence that the temporal organisation of group vocalisations could signal coalition quality independently of spatial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Ręk
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia.
| | - Robert D Magrath
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
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Denny KL, Huskey S, Anderson CV, Smith ME. Communication via Biotremors in the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus): Part I- Biotremor Production and Response to Substrate-Borne Vibrations. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:484-497. [PMID: 37365691 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotremors are vibrations, usually surface waves along the boundary of a medium, produced by an organism. While substrate-borne vibrations are utilized by different reptile species, true conspecific communication via biotremors has not yet been demonstrated in lizards. Recent research revealed that the veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) produces biotremors. The prerequisites for any communication system are the ability of an organism to produce and detect a signal. We tested C. calyptratus behavioral responses to vibrations by placing them on a dowel attached to a shaker, emitting vibrations of 25, 50, 150, 300, and 600 Hz and compared their locomotory velocity before and after the stimulus. Adult chameleons exhibited a freeze response to 50 and 150 Hz, while juveniles exhibited a similar response to frequencies between 50 and 300 Hz. In a second experiment, chameleons were induced to produce biotremors via experimenter contact. These biotremors ranged in mean fundamental frequency from 106.4 to 170.3 Hz and in duration from 0.06 to 0.29 s. Overall, two classes of biotremors were identified, "hoots" and "mini-hoots," which differed significantly in mean relative signal intensity (-7.5 and -32.5 dB, respectively). Juvenile chameleons 2 months of age were able to produce biotremors, suggesting this behavior may serve a wide range of ecological functions throughout ontogeny. Overall, the data demonstrate that C. calyptratus can both produce and detect biotremors that could be used for intraspecific communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Denny
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Steve Huskey
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | | | - Michael E Smith
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
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Mazzoglio PJ, Mozaffarian F, Alma A. Description of Calling, Courtship and Mating Behaviour of Six Species of the Genus Zyginidia (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:606. [PMID: 37504612 PMCID: PMC10380962 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The vibrational communication and mating behaviour of the graminicolous leafhoppers Zyginidia pullula, Z. ribauti, Z. scutellaris, Z. serpentina, Z. sohrab, and Z. biroi were investigated to explain why the first five species hybridize. Z. biroi was used as a control species. All species behaved in the same way and no significant statistical differences were detected with regard to male calls, while female calls and the male courtship song differed in Z. biroi, thus showing that a specific pre-mating isolation mechanism was used by the latter species and the first five ones lacked such a mechanism. In addition, Z. sohrab is missing in Italy, while the other species live allopatrically in Italy, with the only exceptions being Z. serpentina and Z. biroi, which live in Sicily and are often found in sympatry, and Z. scutellaris and Z. biroi, which live in Sardinia. All these species can be distinguished by means of male genital appendages; however, Z. biroi is longer and has a different body colour. The existence of natural hybrids of Z. pullula, Z. ribauti, and Z. scutellaris in the Italian peninsula and their hybridization in the laboratory with Z. serpentina and Z. sohrab require the investigation of possible post-mating reproductive barriers before re-considering their systematic validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter John Mazzoglio
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Fariba Mozaffarian
- Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran
| | - Alberto Alma
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
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Forthman M, Downie C, Miller CW, Kimball RT. Evolution of stridulatory mechanisms: vibroacoustic communication may be common in leaf-footed bugs and allies (Heteroptera: Coreoidea). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221348. [PMID: 37122949 PMCID: PMC10130729 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intra- and interspecific communication is crucial to fitness via its role in facilitating mating, territoriality and defence. Yet, the evolution of animal communication systems is puzzling-how do they originate and change over time? Studying stridulatory morphology provides a tractable opportunity to deduce the origin and diversification of a communication mechanism. Stridulation occurs when two sclerotized structures rub together to produce vibratory and acoustic (vibroacoustic) signals, such as a cricket 'chirp'. We investigated the evolution of stridulatory mechanisms in the superfamily Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), a group of insects known for elaborate male fighting behaviours and enlarged hindlegs. We surveyed a large sampling of taxa and used a phylogenomic dataset to investigate the evolution of stridulatory mechanisms. We identified four mechanisms, with at least five evolutionary gains. One mechanism, occurring only in male Harmostini (Rhopalidae), is described for the first time. Some stridulatory mechanisms appear to be non-homoplastic apomorphies within Rhopalidae, while others are homoplastic or potentially homoplastic within Coreidae and Alydidae, respectively. We detected no losses of these mechanisms once evolved, suggesting they are adaptive. Our work sets the stage for further behavioural, evolutionary and ecological studies to better understand the context in which these traits evolve and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forthman
- California State Collection of Arthropods, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food & Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA
- Entomology & Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Christine W. Miller
- Entomology & Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rebecca T. Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 876 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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8
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Davranoglou LR, Taylor GK, Mortimer B. Sexual selection and predation drive the repeated evolution of stridulation in Heteroptera and other arthropods. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:942-981. [PMID: 36787892 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic and substrate-borne vibrations are among the most widely used signalling modalities in animals. Arthropods display a staggering diversity of vibroacoustic organs generating acoustic sound and/or substrate-borne vibrations, and are fundamental to our broader understanding of the evolution of animal signalling. The primary mechanism that arthropods use to generate vibroacoustic signals is stridulation, which involves the rubbing together of opposing body parts. Although stridulation is common, its behavioural context and evolutionary drivers are often hard to pinpoint, owing to limited synthesis of empirical observations on stridulatory species. This is exacerbated by the diversity of mechanisms involved and the sparsity of their description in the literature, which renders their documentation a challenging task. Here, we present the most comprehensive review to date on the systematic distribution and behavioural context of stridulation. We use the megadiverse heteropteran insects as a model, together with multiple arthropod outgroups (arachnids, myriapods, and selected pancrustaceans). We find that stridulatory vibroacoustic signalling has evolved independently at least 84 times and is present in roughly 20% of Heteroptera, representing a remarkable case of convergent evolution. By studying the behavioural context of stridulation across Heteroptera and 189 outgroup lineages, we find that predation pressure and sexual selection are the main behaviours associated with stridulation across arthropods, adding further evidence for their role as drivers of large-scale signalling and morphological innovation in animals. Remarkably, the absence of tympanal ears in most Heteroptera suggests that they typically cannot detect the acoustic component of their stridulatory signals. This demonstrates that the adoption of new signalling modalities is not always correlated with the ability to perceive those signals, especially when these signals are directed towards interspecific receivers in defensive contexts. Furthermore, by mapping their morphology and systematic distribution, we show that stridulatory organs tend to evolve in specific body parts, likely originating from cleaning motions and pre-copulatory displays that are common to most arthropods. By synthesising our understanding of stridulation and stridulatory organs across major arthropod groups, we create the necessary framework for future studies to explore their systematic and behavioural significance, their potential role in sensory evolution and innovation, and the biomechanics of this mode of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham K Taylor
- The John Krebs Field Station, University of Oxford, Wytham, Oxford, OX2 8QJ, UK
| | - Beth Mortimer
- The John Krebs Field Station, University of Oxford, Wytham, Oxford, OX2 8QJ, UK
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9
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Rohde BB, Cooperband MF, Canlas I, Mankin RW. Evidence of Receptivity to Vibroacoustic Stimuli in the Spotted Lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:2116-2120. [PMID: 36305621 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) is a polyphagous insect pest that invaded the United States in 2014, in Berks County, Pennsylvania. It has since spread to several northeastern states and poses a significant threat to northeastern grape production. Most studied species of Hemiptera are known to communicate intraspecifically using some form of substrate-borne vibrational signals, although such behavior has not yet been reported in L. delicatula. This report demonstrates that adult and fourth-instar L. delicatula were attracted towards broadcasts of 60-Hz vibroacoustic stimuli directed to a laboratory arena and test substrate, which suggests that both adults and fourth instar nymphs can perceive and respond to vibrational stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barukh B Rohde
- USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Miriam F Cooperband
- Forest Pest Methods Laboratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T, 1398 West Truck Road, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA
| | - Isaiah Canlas
- Forest Pest Methods Laboratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T, 1398 West Truck Road, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA
| | - Richard W Mankin
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL, USA
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10
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Akassou I, Zapponi L, Verrastro V, Ciolli M, Mazzoni V. Extending the vibroscape to agroecosystems: investigating the influence of abiotic factors and monitoring insect vibrational signaling. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14143. [PMID: 36415862 PMCID: PMC9676016 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions are crucial factors that influence communication systems and affect animal behavior. Research in the field of biotremology has improved our understanding of insect behavior, ecology, and evolution. However, the interactions between vibrational signaling and environmental factors are less studied, mainly because of technical issues faced in field trials. We therefore developed and tested an approach to investigate the effect of abiotic factors on insect vibrational signaling and explored its implementation as a monitoring tool for insect vibrational signals, using a vineyard as an agroecosystem model. Our results showed a significant decrease in insect signaling activity during unsuitable conditions of high temperature and wind velocity. We determined for the first time, the daily signaling pattern of the two insect pests, Scaphoideus titanus and Halyomorpha halys, in natural conditions. Biotremology techniques could be profitably used to monitor not only the presence of target pest species but also the biodiversity associated with vibrational signaling insects. In particular, the method implemented in this study could be used as a tool to compare the quality of cultivated areas under different management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Akassou
- DICAM Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy,Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Livia Zapponi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Verrastro
- CIHEAM–IAMB—International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Ciolli
- DICAM Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy,C3A Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
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Yatsuk AA, Shestakov LS. First Data on Vibration Signals in Flies of the Genus Meromyza (Diptera, Chloropidae). BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Feng Z, Wei Q, Ye Z, Yang B, Gao Y, Lv J, Dai Y, Bao J, Yao Q. Vibrational courtship disruption of Nilaparvata lugens using artificial disruptive signals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:897475. [PMID: 35937375 PMCID: PMC9355092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.897475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål; Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is a piercing-sucking pest that causes serious damage to rice plants by sucking the phloem sap from the plants and transmitting viruses. During courtship, the BPH vibrates its abdomen to produce signals that are transmitted to rice plants through its legs. Male BPHs search, locate, and mate with female BPHs after they exchange courtship signals with each other. Currently, spraying chemical pesticides is still the primary method for controlling BPH populations in paddy fields, although this approach has led to severe environmental pollution. A physical control method based on BPH courtship disruption to reduce the mating rate is a promising strategy for cutting environmental pollution. To acquire effective courtship disruptive signals, we developed a vibration signal recording, monitoring, and playback system for BPHs. Using this system, BPH courtship signals and male competition signals were collected and analyzed to obtain their frequency spectra. Results show that the mean main vibration frequency of female courtship signals is 234 Hz and the mean pulse rate is 23 Hz. The mean main vibration and pulse frequencies of the male courtship signals are 255 Hz and 82 Hz, respectively. Besides, the mean main vibration frequency of the male competition signal is 281 Hz. Seven different forms and frequencies of artificial signals were played back to male BPHs, then the courtship and behavioral responses of male BPHs were analyzed. Results indicate that a pure tone of 225 Hz prevents the males from recognizing female courtship signals. The male reply rate fell from 95.6 to 33.3% and the mean reply delay time increased from 5.3 s to 9.1 s. The reply rates of the other six artificial signals ranged from 42.9 to 83.7%, and the mean reply delays were between 5.0 s and 9.3 s. Therefore, the courtship behavior of BPHs can be disrupted by using specific artificial disruptive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Feng
- School of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongru Ye
- School of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baojun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufan Gao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lv
- School of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyun Dai
- School of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Bao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Liao YC, Percy DM, Yang MM. Biotremology: Vibrational communication of Psylloidea. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 66:101138. [PMID: 35074654 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Psyllids perform duetting via vibrational signals between genders that are important in pre-copulation species specific recognition. To date, vibrational behavior has been recorded in more than 100 species of psyllid, which is still only a small fraction of the ∼4000 described species. In this overview, we categorize the duet behavior into (1) reciprocal duets, (2) engaged duets, (3) three-way duets and (4) loose duets. In species with notable signal differences between genders, typically the male possesses a longer, more complex signal, which is emitted at a higher frequency compared to those of the females. Vibrational signals exhibit species specific characteristics that are taxonomically informative in some cases. Despite only a limited number of vibrational communication studies incorporating phylogenetic analyses, these reveal that signals can have reliable systematic information, but also that evolutionary and/or environmental factors may influence signal characteristics in ways that confound phylogenetic signal. Other possible strategies employed in mate finding in psyllids are chemical and visual signals. The most likely mechanism of vibrational signal production in psyllids involves stridulation between forewing and thorax. In some applied approaches, methods exploiting vibrational signals to disrupt mating may be effective to control psyllid pests in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chang Liao
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Diana M Percy
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Man-Miao Yang
- Department of Entomology, University of Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Gourevitch EHZ, Shuker DM. Environmental Correlates of Sexual Signaling in the Heteroptera: A Prospective Study. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121079. [PMID: 34940167 PMCID: PMC8707444 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection is a major evolutionary process, shaping organisms in terms of success in competition for access to mates and their gametes. The study of sexual selection has provided rich empirical and theoretical literature addressing the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of competition for gametes. However, there remains a bias towards individual, species-specific studies, whilst broader, cross-species comparisons looking for wider-ranging patterns in sexual selection remain uncommon. For instance, we are still some ways from understanding why particular kinds of traits tend to evolve under sexual selection, and under what circumstances. Here we consider sexual selection in the Heteroptera, a sub-order of the Hemiptera, or true bugs. The latter is the largest of the hemimetabolous insect orders, whilst the Heteroptera itself comprises some 40,000-plus described species. We focus on four key sexual signaling modes found in the Heteroptera: chemical signals, acoustic signaling via stridulation, vibrational (substrate) signaling, and finally tactile signaling (antennation). We compare how these modes vary across broad habitat types and provide a review of each type of signal. We ask how we might move towards a more predictive theory of sexual selection, that links mechanisms and targets of sexual selection to various ecologies.
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15
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Stink Bug Communication and Signal Detection in a Plant Environment. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121058. [PMID: 34940147 PMCID: PMC8705670 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants influenced the evolution of plant-dwelling stink bugs' systems underlying communication with chemical and substrate-borne vibratory signals. Plant volatiles provides cues that increase attractiveness or interfere with the probability of finding a mate in the field. Mechanical properties of herbaceous hosts and associated plants alter the frequency, amplitude, and temporal characteristics of stink bug species and sex-specific vibratory signals. The specificity of pheromone odor tuning has evolved through highly specific odorant receptors located within the receptor membrane. The narrow-band low-frequency characteristics of the signals produced by abdomen vibration and the frequency tuning of the highly sensitive subgenual organ vibration receptors match with filtering properties of the plants enabling optimized communication. A range of less sensitive mechanoreceptors, tuned to lower vibration frequencies, detect signals produced by other mechanisms used at less species-specific levels of communication in a plant environment. Whereas the encoding of frequency-intensity and temporal parameters of stink bug vibratory signals is relatively well investigated at low levels of processing in the ventral nerve cord, processing of this information and its integration with other modalities at higher neuronal levels still needs research attention.
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16
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Šturm R, Rexhepi B, López Díez JJ, Blejec A, Polajnar J, Sueur J, Virant-Doberlet M. Hay meadow vibroscape and interactions within insect vibrational community. iScience 2021; 24:103070. [PMID: 34585116 PMCID: PMC8456062 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our experiences shape our knowledge and understanding of the world around us. The natural vibrational environment (vibroscape) is hidden to human senses but is nevertheless perceived and exploited by the majority of animals. Here, we show that the vibroscape recorded on plants in a temperate hay meadow is a dynamic low-frequency world, rich in species-specific vibrational signals. The overall vibroscape composition changed throughout the season and also depended on the plant species, as well as on the spatial position of individual plants within the meadow. Within the studied community, vibrationally signaling species sharing this communication channel avoided interference primarily by partitioning vibrational space on a fine temporal scale. The vibroscape is a reliable source of information in the environment and expands our understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Šturm
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Behare Rexhepi
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juan José López Díez
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Blejec
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Polajnar
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jérôme Sueur
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Meta Virant-Doberlet
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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McKelvey EGZ, Gyles JP, Michie K, Barquín Pancorbo V, Sober L, Kruszewski LE, Chan A, Fabre CCG. Drosophila females receive male substrate-borne signals through specific leg neurons during courtship. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3894-3904.e5. [PMID: 34174209 PMCID: PMC8445324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substrate-borne vibratory signals are thought to be one of the most ancient and taxonomically widespread communication signals among animal species, including Drosophila flies.1-9 During courtship, the male Drosophila abdomen tremulates (as defined in Busnel et al.10) to generate vibrations in the courting substrate.8,9 These vibrations coincide with nearby females becoming immobile, a behavior that facilitates mounting and copulation.8,11-13 It was unknown how the Drosophila female detects these substrate-borne vibratory signals. Here, we confirm that the immobility response of the female to the tremulations is not dependent on any air-borne cue. We show that substrate-borne communication is used by wild Drosophila and that the vibrations propagate through those natural substrates (e.g., fruits) where flies feed and court. We examine transmission of the signals through a variety of substrates and describe how each of these substrates modifies the vibratory signal during propagation and affects the female response. Moreover, we identify the main sensory structures and neurons that receive the vibrations in the female legs, as well as the mechanically gated ion channels Nanchung and Piezo (but not Trpγ) that mediate sensitivity to the vibrations. Together, our results show that Drosophila flies, like many other arthropods, use substrate-borne communication as a natural means of communication, strengthening the idea that this mode of signal transfer is heavily used and reliable in the wild.3,4,7 Our findings also reveal the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the vibration-sensing modality necessary for this communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor G Z McKelvey
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - James P Gyles
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Kyle Michie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Louisa Sober
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Laura E Kruszewski
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Alice Chan
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Caroline C G Fabre
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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18
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Akassou I, Avosani S, Caorsi V, Verrastro V, Ciolli M, Mazzoni V. Intrasexual Vibrational Behavior of Philaenus spumarius in Semi-Field Conditions. INSECTS 2021; 12:584. [PMID: 34203353 PMCID: PMC8306748 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects that communicate by vibrational signals live in a complex interactive network of communication. Most studies on insect intrasexual behavior, based on plant-borne vibrational signals, have targeted few individuals. Despite their importance, behaviors that occur within groups were often overlooked. The study of multiple individuals, when insects occur in high density could simulate the environment in which they live and provide more reliable information on their behavior. In semi-field conditions, we investigated the intrasexual behavior of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius. Vibrational signals exchanged among individuals of the same sex were recorded throughout their adult stage, from late spring to early autumn, and during the day, from the morning to the evening using a laser vibrometer. Males were less active than females throughout the season and their interactions were less frequent compared to females. Intrasexual interactions were characterized by signal overlapping in both unisex groups, in addition to signal alternating only in the case of males. In conclusion, the study of signaling behavior in intrasexual groups contributed to a better understanding of P. spumarius social behavior. We discuss the hypothesis of a possible competitive behavior between males and cooperative behavior between females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Akassou
- DICAM Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.A.); (M.C.)
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (V.C.); (V.M.)
- CIHEAM—IAMB International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Bari, Italy;
| | - Sabina Avosani
- DICAM Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.A.); (M.C.)
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (V.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Caorsi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (V.C.); (V.M.)
- C3A, Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Verrastro
- CIHEAM—IAMB International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Bari, Italy;
| | - Marco Ciolli
- DICAM Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy; (S.A.); (M.C.)
- C3A, Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (V.C.); (V.M.)
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19
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Su Q, Lv J, Li WX, Sun JW, Li SH, Zhang WQ. Identification of putative abdominal vibration-related genes through transcriptome analyses in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100856. [PMID: 34090066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The sexually mature female brown planthoppers (BPHs) send out abdominal vibration (AV) signals through the rice so that the males can obtain intraspecific, gender, and localization information to prepare for mating. Destroying vibration signals is an alternative biological method for pest control. However, the regulatory mechanism of AV in female BPHs remains elusive, which presents an obstacle to pest control. We observed that before mating female BHPs emitted abdominal vibration signals that disappeared immediately after mating and reappeared after 6 days. Therefore, ovarian and brain samples of female BPHs from Unmated-6h+ (with AV), Mated-6h- (without AV) and Mated-6d+ (with AV) individuals were collected for transcript analyses. By transcriptional sequencing analyses, 33 candidate genes that might involve in the regulation of female AV were obtained. After selecting 4 candidate genes of them for verification by RNA interference (RNAi), it was found that interference of juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) could greatly reduce the probability and frequency of AV for female BPHs. In general, this study identified AV-related candidate genes in female BPHs through transcriptome analyses and provided an important basis for future research on pest control in BPHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Reichert MS, Enriquez MS, Carlson NV. New dimensions for animal communication networks: space and time. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:814-824. [PMID: 33744960 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication is a social process and usually occurs in a network of signalers and receivers. While social network analysis has received enormous recent attention from animal behaviorists, there have been relatively few attempts to apply these techniques to communication networks. Communication networks have the potential to offer novel insights into social network studies, and yet are especially challenging subjects, largely because of their unique spatiotemporal characteristics. Namely, signals propagate through the environment, often dissociating from the body of the signaler, to influence receiver behavior. The speed of signal propagation and the signal's active space will affect the congruence of communication networks and other types of social network; in extreme cases the signal may persist and only first be detected long after the signaler has left the area. Other signals move more rapidly and over greater distances than the signaler could possibly move to reach receivers. We discuss the spatial and temporal consequences of signaling in networks and highlight the distinction between the physical location of the signaler and the spread of influence of its signals, the effects of signal modality and receiver sensitivity on communication network properties, the potential for feedbacks between network layers, and approaches to analyzing spatial and temporal change in communication networks in conjunction with other network layers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nora V Carlson
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior
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21
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Fine Morphology of Antennal and Ovipositor Sensory Structures of the Gall Chestnut Wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030231. [PMID: 33803090 PMCID: PMC8001099 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a gall-inducing insect, which can cause significant damage on plants of the genus Castanea Mill., 1754. Antennae and ovipositor are the main sensory organs involved in the location of suitable oviposition sites. Antennal sensilla are involved in the host plant location, while ovipositor sensilla assess the suitability of the ovipositional bud. On both organs, diverse sensillar organs are present. Here, the distribution and ultrastructural organization of the sensilla were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The antennae of D. kuriphilus are filiform and composed of 14 antennomeres, with the distal flagellomere bearing the highest number of sensilla. On the antennae, 6 sensilla types were found; sensilla chaetica, campaniformia, coeloconica-I, coeloconica-II, trichoidea and placoidea. The sensilla placoidea and trichoidea were the most abundant types. On the external walls of the ovipositor, gustatory and mechanoreceptive sensilla were observed. Internally, the egg channel hosted two additional sensory structures. The putative functional role of each sensilla in the context of insect's ecology is discussed as well as the ovipositional mechanism used by this insect.
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22
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Tegge SM, Anderson CV, Smith ME, Huskey S. The role of hyoid muscles in biotremor production in Chamaeleo calyptratus. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb227603. [PMID: 33071217 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.227603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of biotremors has been described in veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus), but the mechanism by which they are produced is unknown. We gathered muscle activation data via electromyography (EMG), with simultaneous recordings of biotremors using an accelerometer, to test for the role of hyoid muscles in biotremor production. We recorded a mean biotremor frequency of 150.87 Hz for females and 136.01 Hz for males. The durations of activity and the latencies to onset and offset for the M. sternohyoideus profundus (SP), M. sternohyoideus superficialis (SS), Mm. mandibulohyoideus (MH) and M. levator scapulae (LS) were all significantly correlated with biotremor durations and biotremor onset and offset, respectively. Linear mixed-effect regression model comparisons of biotremor duration indicated that models containing either the MH and/or the SP and LS account for the most variation in biotremor duration. Twitch times for the SP (100 ms) and the SS (132 ms) at field active body temperature, however, were individually too slow to produce the biotremors at the observed frequency without alteration after production by other anatomical structures. These results implicate the SP, SS, MH and LS in the production of biotremors, but the exact mechanism of production requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Tegge
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | | | - Michael E Smith
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Steve Huskey
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
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23
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Brito VLG, Nunes CEP, Resende CR, Montealegre-Zapata F, Vallejo-Marín M. Biomechanical properties of a buzz-pollinated flower. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201010. [PMID: 33047057 PMCID: PMC7540744 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Approximately half of all bee species use vibrations to remove pollen from plants with diverse floral morphologies. In many buzz-pollinated flowers, these mechanical vibrations generated by bees are transmitted through floral tissues, principally pollen-containing anthers, causing pollen to be ejected from small openings (pores or slits) at the tip of the stamen. Despite the importance of substrate-borne vibrations for both bees and plants, few studies to date have characterized the transmission properties of floral vibrations. In this study, we use contactless laser vibrometry to evaluate the transmission of vibrations in the corolla and anthers of buzz-pollinated flowers of Solanum rostratum, and measure vibrations in three spatial axes. We found that floral vibrations conserve their dominant frequency (300 Hz) as they are transmitted throughout the flower. We also found that vibration amplitude at anthers and petals can be up to greater than 400% higher than input amplitude applied at the receptacle at the base of the flower, and that anthers vibrate with a higher amplitude velocity than petals. Together, these results suggest that vibrations travel differently through floral structures and across different spatial axes. As pollen release is a function of vibration amplitude, we conjecture that bees might benefit from applying vibrations in the axes associated with higher vibration amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caique Rocha Resende
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315Brazil
| | | | - Mario Vallejo-Marín
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, StirlingFK9 4LA, UK
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24
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Abstract
Effective communication is essential in animal life to allow fundamental behavioral processes and survival. Communicating by surface-borne vibrations is likely the most ancient mode of getting and exchanging information in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In this review, we concentrate on the use of vibrational communication in arthropods as a form of intraspecific and interspecific signaling, with a focus on the newest discoveries from our research group in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea), a taxon never investigated before in this context. After getting little attention in the past, biotremology is now an emerging field of study in animal communication, and it is receiving increased interest from the scientific community dealing with these behavioral processes. In what follows, we illustrate the general principles and mechanisms on which biotremology is based, using definitions, examples, and insights from the literature in arthropods. Vibrational communication in arthropods has mainly been studied in insects and arachnids. For these taxa, much evidence of its use as a source of information from the surrounding environment exists, as well as its involvement in many behavioral roles, such as courtship and mating, conspecific recognition, competition, foraging, parental care, and danger perception. Recently, and for the first time, communication through surface-borne waves has been studied in terrestrial isopods, using a common Mediterranean species of the Armadillidae family as a pilot species, Armadillo officinalis Duméril, 1816. Mainly, for this species, we describe typical behavioral processes, such as turn alternation, aggregation, and stridulation, where vibrational communication appears to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cividini
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L693BX, UK.
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25
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Cividini S, Sfenthourakis S, Montesanto G. Are terrestrial isopods able to use stridulation and vibrational communication as forms of intra and interspecific signaling and defense strategies as insects do? A preliminary study in Armadillo officinalis. Naturwissenschaften 2019; 107:4. [PMID: 31823077 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The capability of producing sounds and vibrations is well known in insects and is thought to be a form of intra- and interspecific communication. Sounds and vibrations are used and modulated for several aims such as interacting with conspecifics, getting information from the environment, and defending against predators. This phenomenon is less known but also present in other arthropods, including a few roller-type terrestrial isopods. In this study, we used a Y-shape test apparatus to investigate the behavior of adult individuals of Armadillo officinalis Duméril, 1816 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) when exposed to two particular vibrational stimuli, namely species-specific stridulations and non-specific substrate-borne vibrations. Our results showed that adults of A. officinalis significantly react to the presence of both types of vibrational stimuli, by moving away from the vibrational source as if they experienced these vibrations as a sign of danger or disturbance. A. officinalis can produce stridulations only when it rolls into a ball during the so-called conglobation, a possible defense mechanism against predators. Stridulation might thus be a secondary form of defense used during conglobation to deter a predator following contact with it and might be experienced as an alert by conspecifics nearby. The high sensitivity to non-specific substrate-borne vibrations might provide A. officinalis with the possibility to anticipate dangers and adverse conditions, giving it a better chance of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cividini
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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26
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Huskey S, Tegge SM, Anderson CV, Smith ME, Barnett K. Gular pouch diversity in the Chamaeleonidae. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:2248-2261. [PMID: 31680478 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Numerous chameleon species possess an out-pocketing of the trachea known as the gular pouch. After surveying more than 250 specimens, representing nine genera and 44 species, we describe two different morphs of the gular pouch. Species of the genera Bradypodion and Chamaeleo, as well as Trioceros goetzei, all possess a single gular pouch (morph one) formed from ventral expansion of soft tissue where the larynx and trachea meet. Furcifer oustaleti and Furcifer verrucosus possess from one to four gular pouches (morph two) formed by the expansion of soft tissue between sequential hyaline cartilage rings of the trachea. In Trioceros melleri, examples of both morphs of the gular pouch were observed. Morphometric data are presented for 100 animals representing eight species previously known to possess a gular pouch and two additional species, Bradypodion thamnobates and Bradypodion transvaalense. In the species with the absolutely and relatively largest gular pouch, Chamaeleo calyptratus, a significant difference was found between sexes in its width and volume, but not its length. In C. calyptratus, we show that an inflated gular pouch is in contact with numerous hyoid muscles and the tongue. Coupled with the knowledge that C. calyptratus generates vibrations from the throat region, we posit that the tongue (M. accelerator linguae and M. hyoglossus) and supporting hyoid muscles (i.e., Mm. sternohyoideus profundus et superficialis and Mm. mandibulohyoideus) are involved in the production of vibrations to produce biotremors that are amplified by the inflated gular pouch and used in substrate-borne communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Huskey
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky
| | - Samuel M Tegge
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky
| | | | - Michael E Smith
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky
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27
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Transmission of the frequency components of the vibrational signal of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis, within and between grapevines. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:783-791. [PMID: 31444613 PMCID: PMC6726837 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The agricultural pest, Homalodisca vitripennis, relies on vibrational communication through plants for species identification, location, and courtship. Their vibrational signal exhibits a dominant frequency between 80 and 120 Hz, with higher frequency, lower intensity harmonics occurring approximately every 100 Hz. However, previous research revealed that not all harmonics are recorded in every signal. Therefore, how the female H. vitripennis vibrational signal changes as it travels through the plant was investigated. Results confirmed that transmission was a bending wave, with decreased signal intensity for increasing distance from the source; moreover, at distances of 50 cm, higher frequencies traveled faster than lower frequencies, suggesting that dispersion of H. vitripennis signal components may enable signaling partners to encode distance. Finally, H. vitripennis generates no detectable airborne signal (pressure wave), yet their low vibrational frequency components are detectable in neighboring plants as a result of leaf-to-air-to-leaf propagation. For instance, with isolated key female signal frequencies, 100 Hz was detected at a 10 cm gap between leaves, whereas 600 Hz was detectable only with a 0.1 cm gap. Together, these results highlight the complexity of vibration propagation in plants and suggest the possibility of the animals using the harmonic content to determine distance to the signaling H. vitripennis source.
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Raboin M, Elias DO. Anthropogenic noise and the bioacoustics of terrestrial invertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/12/jeb178749. [PMID: 31217253 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.178749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic noise is an important issue of environmental concern owing to its wide-ranging effects on the physiology, behavior and ecology of animals. To date, research has focused on the impacts of far-field airborne noise (i.e. pressure waves) on vertebrates, with few exceptions. However, invertebrates and the other acoustic modalities they rely on, primarily near-field airborne and substrate-borne sound (i.e. particle motion and vibrations, respectively) have received little attention. Here, we review the literature on the impacts of different types of anthropogenic noise (airborne far-field, airborne near-field, substrate-borne) on terrestrial invertebrates. Using literature on invertebrate bioacoustics, we propose a framework for understanding the potential impact of anthropogenic noise on invertebrates and outline predictions of possible constraints and adaptations for invertebrates in responding to anthropogenic noise. We argue that understanding the impacts of anthropogenic noise requires us to consider multiple modalities of sound and to cultivate a broader understanding of invertebrate bioacoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Raboin
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Damian O Elias
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Hamel JA, Cocroft RB. Maternal Vibrational Signals Reduce the Risk of Attracting Eavesdropping Predators. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Virant-Doberlet M, Kuhelj A, Polajnar J, Šturm R. Predator-Prey Interactions and Eavesdropping in Vibrational Communication Networks. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ge J, Wei J, Zhang D, Hu C, Zheng D, Kang L. Pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) uses vibrational duets for efficient sexual communication. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:510-522. [PMID: 29676516 PMCID: PMC7379950 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is a notorious pest of vegetables and ornamental plants worldwide. Despite a large number of studies on its biology and ecology, the courtship behavior and sexual communication of this species remain unclear. Here, we studied vibrational communication in the sexual interaction of the pea leafminer. On host plant leaves, females and males behaviorally displayed the bobbing-quivering alternation, which finally led to copulation. Moreover, records of laser vibrometry revealed three-signal duets underlying the behavioral alternation. Sexually mature males spontaneously emitted calls (MCs) to initiate the duets. The females rapidly responded to MCs by emitting replies (FRs) that are longer in duration. The FRs further triggered male replies (MRs) in their search for potential partners. Leafminer-produced vibrational signals convey efficient information to partners and generate pair formation on stretched substrates, such as plant leaves and nylon mesh, but cannot elicit responses on dense substrates, such as glass and plastic. Vibrational playbacks of both MCs and FRs can elicit replies in females and males, respectively. This study completely characterizes substrate-borne vibrational duets in a dipteran insect. The discovery of vibrational sex signals in the pea leafminer provides new insights for the development of novel approaches to control the pest and its relative species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jia‐Ning Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ding‐Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chun Hu
- School of Instrumentation Science & Optoelectronics EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - De‐Zhi Zheng
- School of Instrumentation Science & Optoelectronics EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institutes of Life ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Chen X, Zhang MQ, Wang XQ, Guo JS, Li DT, Xue J, Pan WD, Zhang CX. The flightin gene is necessary for the emission of vibrational signals in the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stǻl). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 112:101-108. [PMID: 30391512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In duet-based courtship, species- and sex-specific vibrational signals enable animals to identify the species and sex of the singer and also provide the necessary information with which to locate a partner. Substrate-borne communication has been described in a wide variety of insects. Here, we focus on the gene necessary for the emission of male vibrational signals and whether the male song fulfills such a functional role in the mating system of the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens). We generated mute BPH adult males via RNA interference (RNAi) of the flightin gene, which encodes a myosin-binding protein expressed exclusively in the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) in the basal two abdominal segments used for driving the vibration of the male-specific tymbal structure in short-winged (brachypterous) BPH adults. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation showed that flightin knockdown disrupted the normal sarcomere structure of the abdominal DLM. No courtship song could be detected in the brachypterous males after RNAi treatment. Behavior and competition trials showed that the lack of male courtship songs prolonged copulation latency and even caused female rejection. Unexpectedly, the mute males exhibited greater competitiveness when competing against normal males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Qiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Guo
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Dong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Narins PM, Meenderink SW, Tumulty JP, Cobo-Cuan A, Márquez R. Plant-borne vibrations modulate calling behaviour in a tropical amphibian. Curr Biol 2018; 28:R1333-R1334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nieri R, Mazzoni V. The reproductive strategy and the vibrational duet of the leafhopper Empoasca vitis. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:869-882. [PMID: 28296131 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent description of a new vibrational mating disruption method to control the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball opened questions about its possible application to other leafhopper pests. Since the prerequisite for the method's successful application is a deep knowledge of the species mating behavior and the exact role of associated signals, we conducted behavioral assays on the green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Göthe, a pest of grapevine and other crops in Europe and Asia. Laser vibrometer recordings of single and paired individuals (male and female) during a 24-h period enabled us to detect and describe 2 male and 1 female signal. The pair formation starts when the female replies to a male call and a duet is established, then it continues through 2 different behavioral stages: Location and Courtship. The proper courtship begins only when the male locates the female. The latter is characterized by a significant change in temporal parameters that regards both the signals and the duet structure. Although the male calling activity and the female replying rate were the same during the 24 h, a lower number of matings was recorded during the night. We discuss the possible role of vision and of the species ecology as factors of reproductive success and mating strategy. Our conclusion is that the mechanical mating disruption technique seems feasible for future application to this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Nieri
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
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Alt JA, Lakes-Harlan R. Sensing of Substrate Vibrations in the Adult Cicada Okanagana rimosa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5035339. [PMID: 29893892 PMCID: PMC6007496 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection of substrate vibrations is an evolutionarily old sensory modality and is important for predator detection as well as for intraspecific communication. In insects, substrate vibrations are detected mainly by scolopidial (chordotonal) sense organs found at different sites in the legs. Among these sense organs, the tibial subgenual organ (SGO) is one of the most sensitive sensors. The neuroanatomy and physiology of vibratory sense organs of cicadas is not well known. Here, we investigated the leg nerve by neuronal tracing and summed nerve recordings. Tracing with Neurobiotin revealed that the cicada Okanagana rimosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) has a femoral chordotonal organ with about 20 sensory cells and a tibial SGO with two sensory cells. Recordings from the leg nerve show that the vibrational response is broadly tuned with a threshold of about 1 m/s2 and a minimum latency of about 6 ms. The vibratory sense of cicadas might be used in predator avoidance and intraspecific communication, although no tuning to the peak frequency of the calling song (9 kHz) could be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha A Alt
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff–Ring, Gießen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Lakes-Harlan
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff–Ring, Gießen, Germany
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On the spot: utilization of directional cues in vibrational communication of a stink bug. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5418. [PMID: 29615688 PMCID: PMC5882921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vibrational signalling is among the most ancient and common forms of communication, many fundamental aspects of this communication channel are still poorly understood. Here, we studied mechanisms underlying orientation towards the source of vibrational signals in the stink bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), where female vibrational song enables male to locate her on the bean plant. At the junction between the main stem and the leaf stalks, male placed his legs on different sides of the branching and orientation at the branching point was not random. Analyses of signal transmission revealed that only a time delay between the arrival of vibrational wave to receptors located in the legs stretched across the branching was a reliable directional cue underlying orientation, since, unexpectedly, the signal amplitude at the branching point was often higher on the stalk away from the female. The plant and the position of the vibrational source on the plant were the most important factors influencing the unpredictability of the amplitude cue. Determined time delays as short as 0.5 ms resulted in marked changes in interneuron activity and the decision model suggests that the behavioural threshold is in the range between 0.3 and 0.5 ms.
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Derlink M, Abt I, Mabon R, Julian C, Virant-Doberlet M, Jacquot E. Mating behavior of Psammotettix alienus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:148-160. [PMID: 27450152 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Wheat dwarf virus, the causal agent of the wheat dwarf disease, is transmitted by leafhoppers from the genus Psammotettix and currently the main protection strategy is based on the use of insecticide treatments. Sustainable management strategies for insect vectors should include methods that are targeted to disrupt reproductive behavior and here we investigated the mating behavior of Psammotettix alineus (Dahlbom 1850) in order to determine the role of vibrational signals in intra-specific communication and pair formation. Both genders spontaneously emit species- and sex-specific calling songs that consisted of regularly repeated pulse trains and differ primarily in pulse train duration and pulse repetition time. Females preferred the conspecific male calling song. After a coordinated exchange of pulse trains, the male approached the stationary female. During the close range courtship and also immediately prior to copulatory attempts distinct male vibrational signals associated with wing flapping and wing vibrations were recorded from the substrate. In the presence of a receptive female, competing males emitted vibrational signals most likely aimed to interfere with male-female interaction. Mated females regained sexual receptivity after they laid eggs. Although results suggest that the viruliferous status of insects may have an effect on vibrational songs, our current results did not reveal a significant effect of virus on leafhopper performance in mating behavior. However, this study also suggests, that detailed understanding of plant-vector-virus interactions relevant for vector mating behavior is essential for trying new approaches in developing future control practices against plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Derlink
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Isabelle Abt
- INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54K, 34398, Montpellier, France
- Bayer CropScience, 16 rue Jean Marie Leclair - CS 90106, 69266 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Romain Mabon
- INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54K, 34398, Montpellier, France
- Bayer CropScience, 16 rue Jean Marie Leclair - CS 90106, 69266 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Charlotte Julian
- INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54K, 34398, Montpellier, France
- Bayer CropScience, 16 rue Jean Marie Leclair - CS 90106, 69266 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Meta Virant-Doberlet
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emmanuel Jacquot
- INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI, Cirad TA A-54K, 34398, Montpellier, France
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Leskey TC, Nielsen AL. Impact of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in North America and Europe: History, Biology, Ecology, and Management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:599-618. [PMID: 29068708 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive pentatomid introduced from Asia into the United States, Canada, multiple European countries, and Chile. In 2010, BMSB populations in the mid-Atlantic United States reached outbreak levels and subsequent feeding severely damaged tree fruit as well as other crops. Significant nuisance issues from adults overwintering inside homes were common. BMSB is a highly polyphagous species with a strong dispersal capacity and high reproductive output, potentially enabling its spread and success in invaded regions. A greater understanding of BMSB biology and ecology and its natural enemies, the identification of the male-produced aggregation pheromone, and the recognition that BMSB disperses into crops from adjacent wooded habitats have led to the development of behavior-based integrated pest management (IPM) tactics. Much is still unknown about BMSB, and continued long-term collaborative studies are necessary to refine crop-specific IPM programs and enhance biological control across invaded landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy C Leskey
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, USA;
| | - Anne L Nielsen
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Bridgeton, New Jersey 08302, USA;
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Mazzoni V, Gordon SD, Nieri R, Krugner R. Design of a candidate vibrational signal for mating disruption against the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2328-2333. [PMID: 28523722 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis, is an important pest of grapevines due to its ability to transmit Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease. GWSS mating communication is based on vibrational signals; therefore, vibrational mating disruption could be an alternative to insecticides for suppression of the GWSS population. Our objectives were to identify spectral features of the female signal that elicit male signaling, design disruptive signals able to alter male perception and acceptance of a female, and determine the signal intensity required for future field applications. RESULTS Male responses to playback of modified female signals were significantly reduced by 60-75% when part of the female signal spectral components above or below 400 Hz were deleted. Playback bioassays showed that transmission of an 80 Hz pure frequency tone to plants completely suppressed male signaling to female signal playback, even if the disruptive signal amplitude was 10 dB lower than the female signal playback. CONCLUSION Although the mechanism underlying cessation of male signaling activity in the presence of disruption is not yet understood, results suggest that an 80 Hz vibrational signal should be tested in laboratory and field experiments to assess its efficacy in disrupting mating of GWSS. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Mazzoni
- Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, (TN), Italy
| | - Shira D Gordon
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Rachele Nieri
- Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, (TN), Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Rodrigo Krugner
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
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Miles CI, Allison BE, Losinger MJ, Su QT, Miles RN. Motor and mechanical bases of the courtship call of the male treehopper Umbonia crassicornis. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1915-1924. [PMID: 28302869 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.147819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study is a physiological, anatomical and biophysical analysis of how plant-borne vibrational signals are produced by the treehopper Umbonia crassicornis During courtship, males and females engage in a vibrational duet, with each producing a characteristic call. For males, this consists of a frequency-modulated tonal signal which is accompanied by rhythmic broad-band clicks. Although previous studies have described these complex signals in detail, little is known about how they are produced. By combining video recordings, electromyograms, dissections and mechanical modeling, we describe the mechanism by which the male produces his courtship signal. High-speed videos show that the tonal portion of the call is produced by periodic dorso-ventral movements of the abdomen, with a relatively large amplitude oscillation alternating with a smaller oscillation. Electromyograms from the muscles we identified that produce this motion reveal that they fire at half the frequency of the abdominal oscillation, throughout the frequency modulation of the tonal signal. Adding weight to the abdomen of a calling male reduces the frequency of motion, demonstrating that the abdominal motion is strongly influenced by its mechanical resonance. A mathematical model accounting for this resonance provides excellent qualitative agreement with measurements of both the muscle firing rate recorded electrophysiologically and the oscillatory motion of the abdomen as recorded in the high-speed video. The model, electromyograms and analysis of video recordings further suggest that the frequency modulation of the abdominal response is due to a simultaneous modulation in the muscle firing rate and a fluctuation in stiffness of the abdominal attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol I Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Brianna E Allison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Michael J Losinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Quang T Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Ronald N Miles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
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Abstract
Animal communication, including that among humans, is fascinating in its efficiency, diversity and its complexity. The evolution of a communication signal requires that the encoded content sent by an organism (sender) is detected and decoded by a receiver, who then must respond in such a way that the fitness of the sender is increased. The signal could be visual, such as bright coloration or some stereotypical movement that attracts attention through the sense of sight. It could be chemical, such as a pheromone we detect by smell or taste, or it could be tactile, involving direct physical touch. It could be an acoustic wave, detected by an auditory organ as sound and perceived through the sense of hearing, or it could be a vibrational wave detected by a vibration receiver of another sort. The medium through which the signal is transmitted could be any that exists on the Earth (solid, liquid or gas), and each type of medium influences the type of signal that is able to most efficiently move through it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy S M Hill
- The University of Tulsa, Biological Sciences, 800 Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA.
| | - Andreas Wessel
- Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute at Humboldt-University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Nishino H, Mukai H, Takanashi T. Chordotonal organs in hemipteran insects: unique peripheral structures but conserved central organization revealed by comparative neuroanatomy. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:549-572. [PMID: 27586586 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemipteran insects use sophisticated vibrational communications by striking body appendages on the substrate or by oscillating the abdominal tymbal. There has been, however, little investigation of sensory channels for processing vibrational signals. Using sensory nerve stainings and low invasive confocal analyses, we demonstrate the comprehensive neuronal mapping of putative vibration-responsive chordotonal organs (COs) in stink bugs (Pentatomidae and Cydinidae) and cicadas (Cicadidae). The femoral CO (FCO) in stink bugs consists of ventral and dorsal scoloparia, homologous to distal and proximal scoloparia in locusts, which are implicated in joint movement detection and vibration detection, respectively. The ligament of the dorsal scoloparium is distally attached to the accessory extensor muscle, whereas that of the ventral scoloparium is attached to a specialized tendon. Their afferents project to the dorso-lateral neuropil and the central region of the medial ventral association center (mVAC) in the ipsilateral neuromere, where presumed dorsal scoloparium afferents and subgenual organ afferents are largely intermingled. In contrast, FCOs in cicadas have decreased dorsal scoloparium neurons and lack projections to the mVAC. The tymbal CO of stink bugs contains four sensory neurons that are distally attached to fat body cells via a ligament. Their axons project intersegmentally to the dorsal region of mVACs in all neuromeres. Together with comparisons of COs in different insect groups, the results suggest that hemipteran COs have undergone structural modification for achieving faster signaling of resonating peripheral tissues. The conserved projection patterns of COs suggest functional importance of the FCO and subgenual organ for vibrational communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishino
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Mukai
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsuno-sato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takuma Takanashi
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsuno-sato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
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The Long and the Short of Mate Attraction in a Psylloid: do Semiochemicals Mediate Mating in Aacanthocnema dobsoni Froggatt? J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:163-72. [PMID: 26922348 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mating is preceded by a series of interdependent events that can be broadly categorized into searching and courtship. Long-range signals convey species- and sex-specific information during searching, while short-range signals provide information specific to individuals during courtship. Studies have shown that cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) can be used for mate recognition in addition to protecting insects from desiccation. In Psylloidea, four species rely on semiochemicals for long-range mate attraction. Psyllid mating research has focused on long-range mate attraction and has largely ignored the potential use of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) as mate recognition cues. This study investigated whether CHCs of Aacanthocnema dobsoni have semiochemical activity for long- and short-range communication prior to mating. Using a solid sampler for solvent-less injection of whole psyllids into coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we found quantitative, sex- and age-related differences in CHC profiles. Males had higher proportions of 2-MeC28, 11,15-diMeC29, and n-C33 alkanes, while females had higher proportions of 5-MeC27, 3-MeC27, 5,15-diMeC27, n-C29 and n-C30 alkanes. In males and females, 84 and 68 % of CHCs varied with age, respectively. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays provided no evidence that males or females responded to odors emanating from groups of conspecifics of the opposite sex. Tests of male and female psyllids for attraction to branchlets previously occupied by conspecifics showed no evidence of attraction to possible semiochemical residues. Our short-range chemoreception bioassay showed that males were as indifferent to freshly killed individuals of either sex with intact CHC profiles as to those treated with hexane (to remove CHCs). Aacanthocnema dobsoni utilizes substrate-borne vibrations (SBVs) for communication. Therefore, our results indicate that SBVs are probably more important than semiochemicals for long-range mate attraction. Furthermore, CHCs are unlikely to mediate short-range mate recognition or provide mate assessment cues.
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Harris C, Abubeker S, Yu M, Leskey T, Zhang A. Semiochemical Production and Laboratory Behavior Response of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha Halys. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140876. [PMID: 26528717 PMCID: PMC4631522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) is an exotic insect pest that was first recognized in the United States in 2001. As of today, it has been found in more than 42 states. BMSB has a very broad host plant range and damage to crops in mid-Atlantic States has reached a critical level. A reliable and accurate tool for infestation detection and population monitoring is urgently needed to provide better and more timely interventions. Pheromones produced by male BMSB have been previously identified and are currently used in BMSB infestation detection. However, the conditions affecting BMSB production of these pheromones were unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we collected headspace volatiles from male BMSB under laboratory conditions, measured the temporal patterns of release of these pheromones, and assayed the attractiveness to conspecifics. In addition to the pheromone components, tridecane (C13) and E-2-decenal (an alarm compound) were observed in headspace collections of males, as well as in females and nymphs. Exposure of pheromone-emitting adult males to synthetic C13 greatly reduced pheromone emission. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This information should lead to a better understanding of the biology, physiology, and chemical ecology of BMSB, which will help scientists and growers develop more efficient strategies based on natural products to manage BMSB population, therefore, reducing pesticide usage and protecting the crops from BMSB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Harris
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, United States of America
| | - Sitra Abubeker
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States of America
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States of America
| | - Tracy Leskey
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, United States of America
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States of America
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Riolo P, Isidoro N, Ruschioni S, Minuz RL, Bin F, Romani R. Anatomy of the antennal dorsal organ in female ofNeodryinus typhlocybae(Hymenoptera: Dryinidae): A peculiar sensory structure possibly involved in perception of host vibration. J Morphol 2015; 277:128-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche; via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche; via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche; via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Roxana L. Minuz
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche; via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Ferdinando Bin
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia; Borgo XX Giugno 74 Perugia 06121 Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia; Borgo XX Giugno 74 Perugia 06121 Italy
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Hartbauer M, Gepp J, Hinteregger K, Koblmüller S. Diversity of wing patterns and abdomen-generated substrate sounds in 3 European scorpionfly species. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:521-531. [PMID: 24818592 PMCID: PMC4768358 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the genus Panorpa (Insecta: Mecoptera), also known as scorpionflies, premating behavior includes repeated sequences of slow wing movements (waving, fanning, flagging) which are accompanied by rapid abdomen vibrations that generate substantial substrate-borne sound. It is still unknown whether wing patterns or vibratory signals contain information about species identity, sex and/or the quality of potential mating partners. Besides species-specific pheromones, these multimodal signals may be of particular importance for the maintenance of reproductive isolation in sympatrically occurring scorpionfly species. Here, we analyzed phyologenetic relationships among, and the pattern of forewings as well as substrate-borne sound in 3 different sympatric Central-European scorpionfly species (P. communis, P. germanica, and P. alpina). Divergence time estimates, based on 879 bp of the mitochondrial COI gene, indicate longstanding separate evolutionary histories for the studied Panorpa species. Morphological analysis revealed that wing length as an indicator of body size increased in the following order: P. alpina < P. germanica < P. communis. Individuals can be assigned to the correct species and sex with high accuracy just by evaluation of the number of dark spots and the proportion of wing pigmentation. Despite high variability of interpulse period at an individual level, across species analysis revealed a positive correlation of average interpulse period as well as mean signal amplitude with forewing length. These results suggest wing patterns, but less likely vibratory signals, to contain information about species identity. Furthermore, receivers may be able to estimate the body size of a signaler solely on the basis of substrate-borne sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Hartbauer
- Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz
| | - Johannes Gepp
- Institute for Nature Conservation, Herdergasse 3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Hinteregger
- Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz
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Shestakov LS. A comparative analysis of vibrational signals in 16 sympatric bug species (Pentatomidae, Heteroptera). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0013873815030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Čokl A, Laumann RA, Žunič Kosi A, Blassioli-Moraes MC, Virant-Doberlet M, Borges M. Interference of Overlapping Insect Vibratory Communication Signals: An Eushistus heros Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130775. [PMID: 26098637 PMCID: PMC4476573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants limit the range of insect substrate-borne vibratory communication by their architecture and mechanical properties that change transmitted signal time, amplitude and frequency characteristics. Stinkbugs gain higher signal-to-noise ratio and increase communication distance by emitting narrowband low frequency vibratory signals that are tuned with transmission properties of plants. The objective of the present study was to investigate hitherto overlooked consequences of duetting with mutually overlapped narrowband vibratory signals. The overlapped vibrations of the model stinkbug species Eushistus heros, produced naturally or induced artificially on different plants, have been analysed. They represent female and male strategies to preserve information within a complex masked signal. The brown stinkbugs E. heros communicate with species and gender specific vibratory signals that constitute characteristic duets in the calling, courtship and rivalry phases of mating behaviour. The calling female pulse overlaps the male vibratory response when the latency of the latter is shorter than the duration of the female triggering signal or when the male response does not inhibit the following female pulse. Overlapping of signals induces interference that changes their amplitude pattern to a sequence of regularly repeated pulses in which their duration and the difference between frequencies of overlapped vibrations are related inversely. Interference does not occur in overlapped narrow band female calling pulses and broadband male courtship pulse trains. In a duet with overlapped signals females and males change time parameters and increase the frequency difference between signals by changing the frequency level and frequency modulation pattern of their calls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Čokl
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
| | - Raul Alberto Laumann
- Semiochemical Laboratory, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Alenka Žunič Kosi
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Miguel Borges
- Semiochemical Laboratory, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
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