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Mohanta UK, Abdullah SM, Al-Wasef, Chikufenji B, Ma Z, Li H, El-Sayed SAES, Amer MM, Do TT, Islam S, Nath TC, Li Y, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Guo Q, Xuan X. First molecular survey of tick-borne protozoan and bacterial pathogens in the questing tick population in Bangladesh. Acta Trop 2024; 256:107244. [PMID: 38762942 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Questing ticks carry various tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) that are responsible for causing tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in humans and animals around the globe, especially in the tropics and sub-tropics. Information on the distribution of ticks and TBPs in a specific geography is crucial for the formulation of mitigation measures against TBDs. Therefore, this study aimed to survey the TBPs in the questing tick population in Bangladesh. A total of 2748 questing hard ticks were collected from the pastures in Sylhet, Bandarban, Sirajganj, Dhaka, and Mymensingh districts through the flagging method. After morphological identification, the ticks were grouped into 142 pools based on their species, sexes, life stages, and collection sites. The genomic DNA extracted from tick specimens was screened for 14 pathogens, namely Babesia bigemina (AMA-1), Babesia bovis (RAP-1), Babesia naoakii (AMA-1), Babesia ovis (18S rRNA), Theileria luwenshuni (18S rRNA), Theileria annulata (Tams-1), Theileria orientalis (MPSP), Anaplasma marginale (groEL), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (16S rRNA), Anaplasma bovis (16S rRNA), Anaplasma platys (16S rRNA), Ehrlichia spp. (16S rRNA), Rickettsia spp. (gltA), and Borrelia (Bo.) spp. (flagellin B) using genus and species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The prevalence of the detected pathogens was calculated using the maximum likelihood method (MLE) with 95 % confidence interval (CI). Among 2748 ixodid ticks, 2332 (84.86 %) and 416 (15.14 %) were identified as Haemaphysalis bispinosa and Rhipicephalus microplus, respectively. Haemaphysalis bispinosa was found to carry all the seven detected pathogens, while larvae of R. microplus were found to carry only Bo. theileri. Among the TBPs, the highest detection rate was observed in A. bovis (20/142 pools, 0.81 %, CI: 0.51-1.20), followed by T. orientalis (19/142 pools, 0.72 %, CI: 0.44-1.09), T. luwenshuni (9/142 pools, 0.34 %, CI: 0.16-0.62), B. ovis (4/142 pools, 0.15 %, CI: 0.05 - 0.34) and Bo. theileri (4/142 pools, 0.15 %, CI: 0.05-0.34), Ehrlichia ewingii (3/142 pools, 0.11 %, CI: 0.03-0.29), and Babesia bigemina (1/142, 0.04 %, CI: 0.00 - 0.16). This study reports the existence of T. luwenshuni, E. ewingii, and Bo. theileri in Bangladesh for the first time. The novel findings of this study are the foremost documentation of transovarian transmission of B. bigemina and E. ewingii in H. bispinosa and also provide primary molecular evidence on the presence of E. ewingii and Bo. theileri in H. bispinosa. Therefore, this study may shed light on the circulating TBPs in ticks in the natural environment and thereby advocate awareness among physicians and veterinarians to control and prevent TBDs in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kumar Mohanta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher‒e‒Bangla Agricultural University, Sher‒e‒Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - S M Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher‒e‒Bangla Agricultural University, Sher‒e‒Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Al-Wasef
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher‒e‒Bangla Agricultural University, Sher‒e‒Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Boniface Chikufenji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Zhuowei Ma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Moaz M Amer
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Thanh Thom Do
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Tilagor, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Tilak Chandra Nath
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Tilagor, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Yongchang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Qingyong Guo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Iype A, Ajith Kumar KG, Joy A, Sebasteena PF, Varghese A, Deepa CK, Chandy G, Ravindran R. Molecular characterisation of Amblyomma integrum circulating in southern India. Parasitol Int 2024; 101:102877. [PMID: 38438076 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Amblyomma integrum is a large gooseberry sized longirostrate tick (when fully repleted) found in India and Sri Lanka. In Kerala (India), this tick is commonly found in the forest and its fringe areas frequently infesting deer and hence it is locally known as "maan chellu / maanunny" (deer tick). In the present study, molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of A. integrum collected from the area grazed by the sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) of Kerala, south India was performed using three molecular markers viz., the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA, and nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA genes. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene showed better resolving ability for elucidating the evolutionary relationship of A. integrum and identified two distinct clades, viz., A and B. The Tamil Nadu isolates of south India and Marayoor isolate 1 (from Idukki district of Kerala bordering with Tamil Nadu) belonged to clade A. Majority of Wayanad isolates from Kerala, occupied clade B. The intraspecific genetic distance among the A. integrum species ranged from 0.00 to 13.34%. Between clades A and B, the genetic distance observed was 11.49%. The clade B isolates were genetically close to A. geoemydae (GD: 1.22%). Morphological variations between the clades included darker exoskeletal coloration in clade A and distinct differences in the shape of basis capitulum. Further analysis using Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP) and Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) provided additional insights. Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP) identified 26 Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) at a threshold distance of 5.38%, supporting the species partition of A. integrum clade B. Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) analysis retained the same species complex (A. integrum-geoemydae Complex) inferred from the ASAP analyses. It could be inferred from the present study that the A. integrum clades A and B could be two different putative pseudocryptic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Iype
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India; Centre for Wildlife Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
| | - Anisha Joy
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India; Centre for Wildlife Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Peekkunnel Francis Sebasteena
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India; Centre for Wildlife Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Anju Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Chundayil Kalarikkal Deepa
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - George Chandy
- Centre for Wildlife Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
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Adams DR, Figurskey AC, Barbarin AM, Reiskind MH. Don't go chasing waterfalls: the phenology of Amblyomma americanum and increased collection of medically relevant ticks further away from hiking trails in the Piedmont of North Carolina, USA. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:911-918. [PMID: 38742817 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Hiking is a popular recreational activity in North Carolina that may expose people to ticks and tick-borne pathogens. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how ticks are distributed on and near trails. Our study tested the hypothesis that ticks are more likely to be encountered when moving further away from trails by measuring differences in relative abundance at various distances. We tested 4 distances (middle of trail, edge of trail, 5 m, 20 m), as well as an on-trail and off-trail grouping. We collected significantly more ticks and ticks were more likely to be collected at our 20 m and 5 m sampling distances rather than directly on or adjacent to trails, and significantly more were collected during off-trail collections than on-trails. When looking only at Amblyomma americanum, post hoc comparisons revealed that significantly more juvenile stages were collected at 5 m and 20 m distances, but not for adults. Our monthly sampling also allowed us to describe the phenology of A. americanum in North Carolina, which is consistent with the phenology of this species in the southeastern United States with adults peaking May-Jun, nymphs Jun-Jul, and larvae in Jul-Aug. These results generally demonstrate the importance of utilizing established trails when hiking to decrease tick-borne disease risk and should be communicated to the public as a recommendation for reducing tick-encounter risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayvion R Adams
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anastasia C Figurskey
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Alexis M Barbarin
- Communicable Disease Branch, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael H Reiskind
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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White AL, Cumbie A, Brinkerhoff RJ, Hynes WL, Gaff HD. Release the hens: a study on the complexities of guinea fowl as tick control. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:410-417. [PMID: 38279688 PMCID: PMC11279834 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Established tick control strategies often involve methods that can be damaging to existing environmental conditions or natural host ecology. To find more environmentally friendly methods, biological controls, like predators of ticks, have been suggested. There are natural predators of ticks, but most are generalists and not expected to control tick populations. Helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris (L.) (Galliformes: Numididae)) have been suggested to be biological controls of ticks, and therefore, tick-borne pathogens, but their potential role as hosts for ticks complicates the relationship. A study was conducted to assess whether guinea fowl reduces the abundance of lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), or whether they are hosts of ticks. Using mark-recapture techniques, painted lone star ticks were placed into 3 different treatments: penned, excluded, and free range. The recapture rates of painted ticks were compared. There was a significant difference between excluded and free-range treatments, but not between excluded and penned or between free range and penned. To investigate the role of guinea fowl as hosts of ticks, coop floors were examined for engorged ticks. Engorged lone star nymphs that had fed on guinea fowl were found. Lastly, ticks collected were tested to identify the potential reduction in risk of tick-borne pathogens. This study found no evidence that guinea fowl are an effective biological control of lone star ticks or tick-borne pathogens, but they are hosts of lone star nymphs. Future studies are needed to assess the complex ecology of a biological control of ticks that is also a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Alexandra Cumbie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, ECPI University, Newport News, VA, USA
| | | | - Wayne L Hynes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Holly D Gaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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5
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Chitimia-Dobler L, Fachet K, Lindau A, Mackenstedt U, Strube C, Springer A, Eisenberg T, Schaper S, Nava S, Dobler G, Martins TF. Exotic ticks removed from German travelers. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:120. [PMID: 38300369 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We report the finding of five nymphs and three adult ticks attached to German tourists while traveling the American continents. All eight specimens were morphologically identified and confirmed genetically using the 16S rRNA gene and screened for Rickettsia spp. infections. Five tick species were identified: one Amblyomma mixtum nymph from Ecuador, one Amblyomma varium nymph from Colombia, three Amblyomma coelebs nymphs from Costa Rica, one Amblyomma americanum male from the USA, one Dermacentor andersoni female and one D. andersoni male from Canada. Tick-borne microorganisms screening using the pan-Rickettsia-PCR resulted in two positive and six negative ticks. The A. mixtum nymph was positive for Rickettsia amblyommatis, while the D. andersoni female was positive for Rickettsia peacockii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrin Fachet
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Lindau
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ute Mackenstedt
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schaper
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thiago Fernandes Martins
- Institut Pasteur of the São Paulo State Department of Health, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gual-Gonzalez L, Self SCW, Zellars K, Meyer M, Dye-Braumuller KC, Evans CL, Cantillo-Barraza O, Torres MW, Nolan MS. Eco-epidemiology of Rickettsia amblyommatis and Rickettsia parkeri in naturally infected ticks (Acari: Ixodida) from South Carolina. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:33. [PMID: 38273414 PMCID: PMC10811935 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) is the largest group of Rickettsia species of clinical and veterinary importance emerging worldwide. Historically, SFGR cases were linked to Rickettsia rickettsii, the causal agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever; however, recently discovered species Rickettsia parkeri and Rickettsia amblyommatis have been shown to cause a wide range of clinical symptoms. The role of R. amblyommatis in SFGR eco-epidemiology and the possible public health implications remain unknown. METHODS This study evaluated statewide tick surveillance and land-use classification data to define the eco-epidemiological relationships between R. amblyommatis and R. parkeri among questing and feeding ticks collected across South Carolina between 2021 and 2022. Questing ticks from state parks and feeding ticks from animal shelters were evaluated for R. parkeri and R. amblyommatis using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) on pooled samples. A Bayesian multivariable logistic regression model for pool testing data was used to assess associations between R. parkeri or R. amblyommatis infection and land-use classification variables among questing ticks. The Spearman correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between the two tested pathogens. RESULTS The infection prevalence for R. amblyommatis was 24.8% (23.4-26.3%) among questing ticks, and 39.5% (37.4-42.0%) among feeding ticks; conversely, for R. parkeri it was 19.0% (17.6-20.5%) among questing ticks and 22.4% (20.3-24.5%) among feeding ticks. A negative, refractory correlation was found between the species, with ticks significantly more likely to contain one or the other pathogen, but not both simultaneously. The Bayesian analysis revealed that R. amblyommatis infection was positively associated with deciduous, evergreen, and mixed forests, and negatively associated with hay and pasture fields, and emergent herbaceous wetlands. Rickettsia parkeri infection was positively associated with deciduous, mixed, and evergreen forests, herbaceous vegetation, cultivated cropland, woody wetlands, and emergent herbaceous wetlands, and negatively associated with hay and pasture fields. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to evaluate the eco-epidemiological factors driving tick pathogenicity in South Carolina. The negative interactions between SFGR species suggest the possible inhibition between the two pathogens tested, which could have important public health implications. Moreover, land-use classification factors revealed environments associated with tick pathogenicity, highlighting the need for tick vector control in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Gual-Gonzalez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Stella C W Self
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kia Zellars
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Madeleine Meyer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Chris L Evans
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, South Carolina Public Health Laboratory, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Omar Cantillo-Barraza
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Myriam W Torres
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa S Nolan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Lyu B, Li J, Niemeyer B, Anderson D, Beerntsen B, Song Q. Identification, structural modeling, gene expression analysis and RNAi effect of putative phospholipase A 2 in the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102256. [PMID: 37734164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Amblyomma americanum, also known as the lone star tick, is a small arachnid that feeds on blood and can spread disease to humans and other animals. Despite the overlapped ecological niche, geographic distribution, and host selection, there is no proof that A. americanum transmits the pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease. Studies have shown that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may act as a tool to eliminate B. burgdorferi, but particular PLA2 genes in A. americanum have not been identified and functionally characterized. Using the de novo sequencing method, we identified 42 putative A. americanum PLA2 (pAaPLA2) homologs in the present study, of which three pAaPLA2 had calcium binding sites and canonical histidine catalytic sites. Then, we determined phylogenetic relationships, sequence alignments, and conserved protein motifs of these pAaPLA2s. Protein structural analysis demonstrated that pAaPLA2s primarily consisted of α-helices, β-sheets, and random coils. These genes were predicted to be engaged in the phospholipid metabolic process, arachidonic acid secretion, and PLA2 activity by functional annotation analysis. A transcriptional factor (Bgb) was discovered that interacted with pAaPLA2 proteins that may have unrecognized roles in regulating neuronal development. Based on the RNA-seq data, we surveyed expression profiles of key pAaPLA2-related genes to reveal putative modulatory networks of these genes. RNAi knockdown of pAaPLA2_1, a dominant isoform in A. americanum, led to decreased bacterial inhibition ability, suggesting pAaPLA2 may play an important role in mediating immune responses. Collectively, this study provides essential evidence of the identification, gene structure, phylogeny, and expression analysis of pAaPLA2 genes in A. americanum, and offers a deeper understanding of the putative borreliacidal roles in the lone star tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lyu
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Brigid Niemeyer
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Deborah Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brenda Beerntsen
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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8
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Ferreira FC, González J, Milholland MT, Tung GA, Fonseca DM. Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on synanthropic small and medium-sized mammals in areas of the northeastern United States infested with the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:809-819. [PMID: 37467875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The northeastern United States (US) is a hotspot for tick-borne diseases. Adding to an already complex vector landscape, in 2017 large populations of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick, were detected in New Jersey (NJ) and later found to be widespread from Connecticut to Georgia. In its native range in northeastern Asia, H. longicornis is considered an important vector of deadly pathogens to humans, companion animals, and livestock. To identify the primary hosts of H. longicornis, we surveyed synanthropic small and medium-sized mammals in three different sites in suburban New Brunswick, NJ. Specifically, we collected approximately 9,000 tick specimens belonging to nine species from 11 different species of mammals sampled between May and September 2021. We found that H. longicornis feeds more frequently on rodents than previously thought, and that this invasive tick is likely exposed to important enzootic and zoonotic pathogens. Overall, we obtained detailed information about the seasonal dynamics and feeding patterns of six tick species common in the northeastern US, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes texanus and Ixodes cookei. We found that unlike I. scapularis that feeds on mammals of all sizes, H. longicornis feeds on hosts following the general pattern of A. americanum, favoring larger species such as skunks, groundhogs, and raccoons. However, our survey revealed that unlike A. americanum, H. longicornis reaches high densities on Virginia opossum. Overall, the newly invasive H. longicornis was the most numerous tick species, both on multiple host species and in the environment, raising significant questions regarding its role in the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens, especially those affecting livestock, companion animals and wildlife. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable insights into the tick species composition on mammalian hosts in NJ and the ongoing national expansion of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Ferreira
- Center for Vector Biology, Entomology Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Julia González
- Center for Vector Biology, Entomology Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. https://twitter.com/JulsGGlez
| | - Matthew T Milholland
- AGNR-Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Grayson A Tung
- Center for Vector Biology, Entomology Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Dina M Fonseca
- Center for Vector Biology, Entomology Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Reif KE, Bickmeier NP, Herrin BH, Dryden MW, Normile DM, Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ, Miller KR, Flowers MR, Kang Q. Comparison of the initial and residual speed of Ixodes scapularis kill on dogs treated with a single dose of Bravecto ® Chew (25 mg/kg fluralaner) or Simparica TRIO ® (1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, 24 µg/kg moxidectin, 5 mg/kg pyrantel). Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:440. [PMID: 38012748 PMCID: PMC10683217 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compliant ectoparasiticide product use is a comprehensive way to control ticks and reduce the risk of tick-borne pathogen transmission to dogs. Because the systemically acting isoxazoline ectoparasiticides require tick attachment for drug delivery, fast speed of kill is essential to minimize tick-borne pathogen transmission risk. METHODS Dogs of satisfactory tick-carrying capacity were randomly allocated to treatment groups and administered, per label instructions, Bravecto® Chews (minimum 25 mg/kg fluralaner), Simparica TRIO® (minimum 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, 24 µg/kg moxidectin, 5 mg/kg pyrantel), or no treatment. Dogs were infested with approximately 50 unfed adult (35 female, 15 male) Ixodes scapularis on Day -2, 21 and 28. Live tick counts were performed at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post-treatment (Day 0) and post-infestation on Day 21 and 28. Tick control efficacy was determined by comparing live tick means for each product-treated group to the untreated control group and each other at all time points using a linear mixed model. The percent of dogs free of live ticks was analyzed using the Fisher's exact test for treatment group comparison. RESULTS The untreated control group maintained adequate tick infestations throughout the study. Using geometric means, an existing I. scapularis infestation was controlled by 99.7% and 93.0% 12 h post-treatment and by 100% and 99.5% 24 h post-treatment, for Bravecto® and Simparica TRIO®-treated dogs, respectively. Ixodes scapularis infestations were controlled more quickly for Bravecto®- compared to Simparica TRIO®-treated dogs on Day 21 at 8 h (efficacy 74.0% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.003) and 12 h (efficacy 99.2% vs. 39.4%, p < 0.001) post-infestation and Day 28 at 8 h (efficacy 92.2% vs. 0.0%, p < 0.001) and 12 h (efficacy 99.6% vs. 27.7%, p < 0.001) post-infestation. On Day 28 post-treatment, the efficacy of Bravecto® and Simparica TRIO® to control a new I. scapularis infestation was 100% and 96.6%, respectively, by 24 h post-infestation. Of product-treated dogs, 100% of Bravecto®-treated dogs were free of live ticks by 24 h post-treatment or post-infestation. No treatment-related adverse reactions occurred during the study. CONCLUSIONS Ixodes scapularis infestations are controlled more quickly 21 and 28 days post-treatment for dogs administered a single dose of Bravecto® compared to dogs administered a single dose of Simparica TRIO®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Reif
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Naemi P Bickmeier
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Brian H Herrin
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Michael W Dryden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | | | - Kamilyah R Miller
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Macy R Flowers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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10
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Eisen L, Eisen RJ. Changes in the geographic distribution of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, in the United States. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102233. [PMID: 37494882 PMCID: PMC10862374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis (the blacklegged tick) was considered a species of no medical concern until the mid-1970s. By that time, the tick's geographic distribution was thought to be mainly in the southeastern United States (US), with additional localized populations along the Eastern Seaboard north to southern Massachusetts and in the Upper Midwest. Since 1975, I. scapularis has been implicated as a vector of seven human pathogens and is now widely distributed across the eastern US up to the border with Canada. Geographic expansion of tick-borne diseases associated with I. scapularis (e.g., Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis) is attributed to an expanding range of the tick. However, due to changes in tick surveillance efforts over time, it is difficult to differentiate between range expansion and increased recognition of already established tick populations. We provide a history of the documented occurrence of I. scapularis in the US from its description in 1821 to present, emphasizing studies that provide evidence of expansion of the geographic distribution of the tick. Deforestation and decimation of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the primary reproductive host for I. scapularis adults, during the 1800s presumably led to the tick disappearing from large areas of the eastern US where it previously had been established. Subsequent reforestation and deer population recovery, together with recent climate warming, contributed to I. scapularis proliferating in and spreading from refugia where it had persisted into the early 1900s. From documented tick collection records, it appears I. scapularis was present in numerous locations in the southern part of the eastern US in the early 1900s, whereas in the north it likely was limited to a small number of refugia sites during that time period. There is clear evidence for established populations of I. scapularis in coastal New York and Massachusetts by 1950, and in northwestern Wisconsin by the late 1960s. While recognizing that surveillance for I. scapularis increased dramatically from the 1980s onward, we describe multiple instances of clearly documented expansion of the tick's geographic distribution in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Ohio Valley regions from the 1980s to present. Spread and local population increase of I. scapularis, together with documentation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in host-seeking ticks, was universally followed by increases in Lyme disease cases in these areas. Southward expansion of northern populations of I. scapularis, for which the host questing behavior of the nymphal stage leads to substantially higher risk of human bites compared with southern populations, into Virginia and North Carolina also was followed by rising numbers of Lyme disease cases. Ongoing surveillance of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is essential to provide the data needed for studies that seek to evaluate the relative roles of land cover, tick hosts, and climate in explaining and predicting geographic expansion of ticks and tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States.
| | - Rebecca J Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States
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11
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McClung KL, Sundstrom KD, Lineberry MW, Grant AN, Little SE. Seasonality of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) Activity and Prevalence of Infection with Tick-Borne Disease Agents in North Central Oklahoma. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:561-567. [PMID: 37668606 PMCID: PMC10654644 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Amblyomma americanum is the most common tick infesting both animals and humans in the southern United States and transmits a variety of zoonotic agents. The rise in tick-borne diseases (TBD) globally imparts a need for more active surveillance of tick populations to accurately quantify prevalence and risk of tick-borne infectious organisms. To better understand TBD risk in north central Oklahoma, this study aimed to describe the current seasonal activity of A. americanum in this region and investigate the seasonality of tick-borne infectious agents. Materials and Methods: Tick collections were performed twice a month for a duration of 2 years at a field site in Payne County, Oklahoma. Total nucleic acid was extracted from a subset of adult A. americanum and tested for Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Borrelia spp. using established PCR protocols. Results: Peak activity times for each life stage were observed, with adults primarily active 1 month earlier than historical seasonal trends describe, and male A. americanum active earlier in the year than female A. americanum. Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Borrelia lonestari were found in 26.4%, 6.1%, 2.5%, and 1.1% of adult A. americanum, respectively. No seasonal trend in spotted fever group Rickettsia spp. (SFGR) was observed in peak activity months. Conclusions: This study found an apparently shifting phenology for A. americanum adults in Oklahoma. While these results did not show a trend in SFGR, further investigation is needed to better understand the potential seasonality of infection prevalence within A. americanum across the expanding range of this vector, especially considering the extended activity of males in winter months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. McClung
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kellee D. Sundstrom
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Megan W. Lineberry
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Amber N. Grant
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Susan E. Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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12
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Bidder L, Gaff H. Survival of adult Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) in four habitats in southeastern Virginia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:978-986. [PMID: 37364564 PMCID: PMC10496434 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Adult, unfed Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus), Amblyomma maculatum Koch, and Dermacentor variabilis (Say) ticks were housed inside environmental containers in situ from May through August 2015. The environmental containers were placed in 4 habitats in southeastern Virginia, United States. Two of the habitats were located in low ground and were prone to flooding; the other two consisted of a drier landscape located in a more upland habitat. A Cox Regression survival analysis indicated there was a significant difference in survival among species across all field sites. There was a 50.5-times higher risk of mortality for A. maculatum compared to A. americanum, a 4.3-times higher risk of mortality for A. maculatum compared to D. variabilis, and an 11.9-times higher risk of mortality for D. variabilis compared to A. americanum. There was also significantly higher mortality in field sites prone to flooding than in drier, upland field sites. We concluded that A. americanum was not negatively affected by increased flooding or the variable environmental conditions in southeastern Virginia. Dermacentor variabilis also was successful at remaining in the environment off-host, although increased flooding reduced survival over time. Amblyomma maculatum was more susceptible to mortality during long periods of time off-host in both environments, with high mortality rates in both dry upland and low-ground, flood-prone habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Bidder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Holly Gaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Reynolds ES, Wooldridge JT, Stevenson HL, Thangamani S. The Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum, salivary factors exacerbate the clinical outcome of Heartland virus disease in a small animal model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13304. [PMID: 37587216 PMCID: PMC10432400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heartland virus was first isolated in 2009 from two patients in Missouri and is transmitted by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum. To understand disease transmission and pathogenesis, it is necessary to develop an animal model which utilizes the natural route of transmission and manifests in a manner similar to documented human cases. Herein we describe our investigations on identifying A129 mice as the most appropriate small animal model for HRTV pathogenesis that mimics human clinical outcomes. We further investigated the impact of tick saliva in enhancing pathogen transmission and clinical outcomes. Our investigations revealed an increase in viral load in the groups of mice that received both virus and tick salivary gland extract (SGE). Spleens of all infected mice showed extramedullary hematopoiesis (EH), depleted white pulp, and absence of germinal centers. This observation mimics the splenomegaly observed in natural human cases. In the group that received both HRTV and tick SGE, the clinical outcome of HRTV infection was exacerbated compared to HRTV only infection. EH scores and the presence of viral antigens in spleen were higher in mice that received both HRTV and tick SGE. In conclusion, we have developed a small animal model that mimics natural human infection and also demonstrated the impact of tick salivary factors in exacerbating the HRTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Reynolds
- SUNY Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jacob T Wooldridge
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Heather L Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- SUNY Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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14
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Mays Maestas SE, Campbell LP, Wisely SM, Dingman PA, Reeves LE, Kaufman PE. Comparison of ectoparasite communities of sylvatic and urban wild mesomammals and unowned community cats in north-central Florida. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:460-469. [PMID: 36946466 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of wildlife species to urban environments can drive changes in the ecology of ectoparasites and vector-borne disease. To better understand ectoparasite dynamics in an urban environment, we investigated the ectoparasite communities of 183 sylvatic and urban opossums and raccoons captured across four seasons at a rural research station and within the city of Gainesville, FL, and of 115 community cats from the Gainesville, FL area. Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and Ixodes texanus Banks were collected from raccoons, A. americanum, D. variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis Say from opossums, and A. americanum from cats. Few ticks were collected from urban animals, although species richness of ectoparasites was similar between urban and sylvatic habitats. Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) was collected from all sampled host species, but was particularly abundant on opossums. Additionally, Orchopeas howardi (Baker) (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) was collected from raccoons, and O. howardi and Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) from opossums. Only raccoons were infested with raccoon lice, and only cats were infested with cat lice. Primarily opossums were infested with mites. Ectoparasite community composition varied by habitat, host species, and season; seasonal variation in ectoparasite communities differed between the sylvatic and urban habitats. While urban mesomammals did not appear to play an important role in supporting tick populations in an urban habitat, urban opossums appear to serve as an alternate host for large numbers of cat fleas, which may be an important consideration for treatment and control efforts against ectoparasites of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Mays Maestas
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L P Campbell
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - S M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P A Dingman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L E Reeves
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - P E Kaufman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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15
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Poché DM, Wagner D, Green K, Smith Z, Hawthorne N, Tseveenjav B, Poché RM. Development of a low-dose fipronil deer feed: evaluation of efficacy against two medically important tick species parasitizing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) under pen conditions. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:94. [PMID: 36894942 PMCID: PMC9999526 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Odocoileus virginianus (the white-tailed deer) is a key reproductive host for medically important tick species, including Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum. Orally administering a systemic acaricide to white-tailed deer has the potential to reduce tick reproduction, abundance and pathogen-infected tick bites. Prior studies have demonstrated considerable efficacy of a low-dose fipronil mouse bait in controlling larval I. scapularis parasitizing the pathogen reservoir, Peromyscus leucopus. No prior studies have evaluated the efficacy of a fipronil product in controlling ticks parasitizing white-tailed deer. METHODS A pen study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a fipronil deer feed in controlling I. scapularis and A. americanum adult ticks. Individually housed deer (n = 24) were exposed to deer feed containing 0.0025% fipronil (fipronil deer feed) for 48 h and 120 h, and a control group of deer were exposed to an untreated placebo. On post-exposure day 7 and day 21, all deer were parasitized with 20 mating pairs of feeding capsule-enclosed I. scapularis and A. americanum. Post-attachment, engorgement and mortality of ticks were recorded. The concentrations of fipronil in plasma, feces and tissues from euthanized deer were estimated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The fipronil deer feed efficaciously controlled ticks parasitizing pen-reared white-tailed deer. Efficacy in reducing survivorship of blood-feeding female I. scapularis exceeded 90% in all instances except for when ticks parasitized 48-h treated deer at day 21 post-exposure (47.2%). Efficacy in reducing survivorship of A. americanum females exceeded 80% in all instances. In the 120-h exposure group there was 100% tick mortality at day 7 post-exposure for both tick species. A significant correlation was observed between reductions in tick survivorship and concentrations of fipronil sulfone in plasma. The results of tissue analysis suggest that a withdrawal period may be needed to allow for fipronil degradation prior to hunting season. CONCLUSIONS The results provide proof-of-concept for the use of a fipronil-based oral acaricide in controlling two medically important tick species infesting a key reproductive host. A field trial is necessary to confirm the efficacy and toxicology of the product in wild deer populations. Fipronil deer feed may provide a means of controlling multiple tick species parasitizing wild ruminants to be integrated into tick management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Wagner
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Kylie Green
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
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16
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Richardson EA, Roe RM, Apperson CS, Ponnusamy L. Rickettsia amblyommatis in Ticks: A Review of Distribution, Pathogenicity, and Diversity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020493. [PMID: 36838458 PMCID: PMC9960904 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia amblyommatis is a potentially pathogenic species of Rickettsia within the spotted fever group vectored by ticks. While many studies have been published on this species, there is debate over its pathogenicity and the inhibitory role it plays in diagnosing illnesses caused by other spotted fever group Rickettsia species. Many publications have recorded the high infection prevalence of R. amblyommatis in tick populations at a global scale. While this species is rather ubiquitous, questions remain over the epidemiological importance of this possible human pathogen. With tick-borne diseases on the rise, understanding the exact role that R. amblyommatis plays as a pathogen and inhibitor of infection relative to other tick-borne pathogens will help public health efforts. The goal of this review was to compile the known literature on R. amblyommatis, review what we know about its geographic distribution, tick vectors, and pathogenicity, assess relatedness between various international strains from ticks by phylogenetic analysis and draw conclusions regarding future research needed.
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17
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Boyce RM, Schulz A, Mansour O, Giandomenico D, Farel CE, Commins SP. Alpha-Gal Syndrome in the Infectious Diseases Clinic: A Series of 5 Cases in Central North Carolina. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac663. [PMID: 36582771 PMCID: PMC9795474 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is a recently described allergy to galactose-α-1,3-galactose, an oligosaccharide present in mammalian meat. AGS can present with angioedema, urticaria, and anaphylaxis arising 3-6 hours after ingestion, although symptoms such as gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, and arthralgias are also reported. Because AGS appears to be associated with tick bites, patients may present to infectious diseases (ID) clinics for evaluation. Methods We documented a series of 5 patients referred to the University of North Carolina ID Clinic between 2020 and 2022 for various tick-borne infections that were found to have symptoms and laboratory testing consistent with AGS. Patients were subsequently referred to the Allergy and Immunology Clinic. Results Patients were referred to the ID Clinic for persistent symptoms following positive tick-borne disease testing or presumed tick-borne infection. All patients had an elevated alpha-gal immunoglobulin E and clinical presentation consistent with AGS. Common symptoms included episodic gastrointestinal distress (eg, cramping, nausea, diarrhea), fatigue, arthralgias, and subjective cognitive impairment, but a notable absence of severe anaphylaxis. Four patients were seen by at least 1 nonallergy specialist prior to referral to ID. Patients reported substantial improvement in their symptoms following dietary restriction. Conclusions ID physicians should be aware of AGS as a cause of persistent, nonspecific symptoms following a tick exposure or tick-borne illness. Further research is needed to determine the prevalence of alpha-gal sensitization and AGS following tick-borne bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Boyce
- Correspondence: Ross M. Boyce, MD, MSc, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 123 West Franklin St, Suite 2151, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA ()
| | | | - Odai Mansour
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dana Giandomenico
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire E Farel
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Wang HH, Grant WE, Donaldson TG, Teel PD. Modeling Effects of Vertebrate Host Exclosures and Host-Targeted Acaricides on Lone Star Tick ( Amblyomma americanum, L.) Infestations. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121412. [PMID: 36558745 PMCID: PMC9784951 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a spatially explicit model to simulate the potential effects of exclosures and acaricides targeted at medium-sized mammalian hosts on the local distribution and abundance of lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) within forestlands of the southeastern United States. Both exclosures and acaricides were successful in markedly reducing the densities of all off-host tick life stages inside the treatment areas. Densities dropped to almost zero immediately inside the edges of the exclosures, with noticeably depressed densities extending outward 30 to 60 m from the exclosures, and the simulated exclosures maintained their effectiveness as their sizes were decreased from 4.5 to 2.25 to 0.8 ha. Densities exhibited a smooth gradient across the edges of the acaricide-treated areas, with depressed densities extending ≈100 m outward from the edges, but with perceptible densities extending ≈60 m inward from the edges; thus, the simulated acaricide areas lost their effectiveness as size was decreased to slightly less than one-half the diameter of the activity range of the targeted host. Our simulation results indicated that off-host nymph densities responded to reductions of medium-sized host densities. These results suggest that targeting acaricides at medium-sized hosts may be an effective, and currently under-utilized, method for tick suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Wang
- Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-5702
| | - William E. Grant
- Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Taylor G. Donaldson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Pete D. Teel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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19
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Morris CN, Gaff HD, Berghaus RD, Wilson CM, Gleim ER. Tick Species Composition, Collection Rates, and Phenology Provide Insights into Tick-Borne Disease Ecology in Virginia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1993-2005. [PMID: 35996864 PMCID: PMC9667727 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To better understand tick ecology in Virginia and the increasing Lyme disease incidence in western Virginia, a comparative phenological study was conducted in which monthly collections were performed at twelve sampling locations in southwestern Virginia (high Lyme disease incidence) and 18 equivalent sampling locations in southeastern Virginia (low Lyme disease incidence) for one year. In western Virginia, we also explored the effect of elevation on collection rates of Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) and Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae). In total, 35,438 ticks were collected (33,106 A. americanum; 2,052 I. scapularis; 134 Ixodes affinis Neumann [Acari: Ixodidae]; 84 Dermacentor variabilis [Say] [Acari: Ixodidae]; 49 Dermacentor albipictus [Packard] [Acari: Ixodidae]; 10 Haemaphysalis leporispalustris [Packard] [Acari: Ixodidae]; 2 Ixodes brunneus Koch [Acari: Ixodidae]; 1 Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann [Acari: Ixodidae]). Within southwestern Virginia, Ixodes scapularis collection rates were not influenced by elevation, unlike A. americanum which were collected more frequently at lower elevations (e.g., below 500 m). Notably, I. scapularis larvae and nymphs were commonly collected in southwestern Virginia (indicating that they were questing on or above the leaf litter) but not in southeastern Virginia. Questing on or above the leaf litter is primarily associated with northern populations of I. scapularis. These findings may support the hypothesis that I. scapularis from the northeastern United States are migrating into western Virginia and contributing to the higher incidence of Lyme disease in this region. This comparative phenological study underscores the value of these types of studies and the need for additional research to further understand the rapidly changing tick-borne disease dynamics in Virginia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciera N Morris
- Department of Biology, Hollins University, Roanoke, VA 24020, USA
| | - Holly D Gaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Sciences, Durban, South Africa
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C Morgan Wilson
- Department of Biology, Hollins University, Roanoke, VA 24020, USA
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20
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Zhang X, Chen J, Jiang P, Xu H, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Han X, Chen Z. A Phi29-based unbiased exponential amplification and genotyping approach improves pathogen detection in tick samples. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1025911. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1025911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are vectors for many infectious diseases, such as spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses and borreliosis, and are valuable in the study of pathogen ecology. Ticks have several growth stages that vary considerably in size; therefore, in most cases, DNA extracted from ticks is insufficient for subsequent studies, particularly for multiple pathogen screening and genotyping. Unbiased amplification of DNA from tick samples before analysis is a major requirement for subsequent ecological surveys and other studies. Phi29 DNA polymerase, an enzyme that exhibits strand displacement activity, can exponentially amplify DNA randomly, generating large quantities of DNA. In the present study, we developed a Phi29-based unbiased exponential amplification (PEA) assay to obtain sufficient tick DNA for genetic analysis. By using tick-borne pathogen detection and genotyping as a model, we tested and evaluated the feasibility of the assay. DNA was extracted from single ticks and subjected to PEA. The results showed that tick DNA could be amplified up to 105 fold. The amplified products were successfully used for pathogen screening and genotyping. Rickettsia was successfully detected and genotyped in samples with amplified DNA from single ticks. Furthermore, we identified a new genotype of Rickettsia from ticks collected from Dandong city, Liaoning province, Northeast China. This PEA assay is universal and can be extended to other applications where the quantity of DNA is greatly limited.
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21
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Eisen L. Tick species infesting humans in the United States. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102025. [PMID: 35973261 PMCID: PMC10862467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The data for human tick encounters in the United States (US) presented in this paper were compiled with the goals of: (i) presenting quantitative data across the full range of native or recently established human biting ixodid (hard) and argasid (soft) tick species with regards to their frequency of infesting humans, based on published records of ticks collected while biting humans or crawling on clothing or skin; and (ii) providing a guide to publications on human tick encounters. Summary data are presented in table format, and the detailed data these summaries were based on are included in a set of Supplementary Tables. To date, totals of 36 ixodid species (234,722 specimens) and 13 argasid species (230 specimens) have been recorded in the published literature to infest humans in the US. Nationally, the top five ixodid species recorded from humans were the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (n=158,008 specimens); the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (n=36,004); the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (n=26,624); the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus (n=4,158); and the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni (n=3,518). Additional species with more than 250 ticks recorded from humans included Ixodes cookei (n=2,494); the Pacific Coast tick, Dermacentor occidentalis (n=809); the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (n=714); the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus (n=465); and the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum (n=335). The spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini (n=69), and the pajaroello tick, Ornithodoros coriaceus (n=55) were the argasid species most commonly recorded from humans. Additional information presented for each of the 49 tick species include a breakdown of life stages recorded from humans, broad geographical distribution in the US, host preference, and associated human pathogens or medical conditions. The paper also provides a history of publications on human tick encounters in the US, with tables outlining publications containing quantitative data on human tick encounters as well as other notable publications on human-tick interactions. Data limitations are discussed. Researchers and public health professionals in possession of unpublished human tick encounter data are strongly encouraged to publish this information in peer-reviewed scientific journals. In future papers, it would be beneficial if data consistently were broken down by tick species and life stage as well as host species and ticks found biting versus crawling on clothing or skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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22
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Thompson AT, White SA, Doub EE, Sharma P, Frierson K, Dominguez K, Shaw D, Weaver D, Vigil SL, Bonilla DL, Ruder MG, Yabsley MJ. The wild life of ticks: Using passive surveillance to determine the distribution and wildlife host range of ticks and the exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis, 2010-2021. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:331. [PMID: 36127708 PMCID: PMC9487032 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a large-scale, passive regional survey of ticks associated with wildlife of the eastern United States. Our primary goals were to better assess the current geographical distribution of exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis and to identify potential wild mammalian and avian host species. However, this large-scale survey also provided valuable information regarding the distribution and host associations for many other important tick species that utilize wildlife as hosts. Methods Ticks were opportunistically collected by cooperating state and federal wildlife agencies. All ticks were placed in the supplied vials and host information was recorded, including host species, age, sex, examination date, location (at least county and state), and estimated tick burden. All ticks were identified to species using morphology, and suspect H. longicornis were confirmed through molecular techniques. Results In total, 1940 hosts were examined from across 369 counties from 23 states in the eastern USA. From these submissions, 20,626 ticks were collected and identified belonging to 11 different species. Our passive surveillance efforts detected exotic H. longicornis from nine host species from eight states. Notably, some of the earliest detections of H. longicornis in the USA were collected from wildlife through this passive surveillance network. In addition, numerous new county reports were generated for Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis. Conclusions This study provided data on ticks collected from animals from 23 different states in the eastern USA between 2010 and 2021, with the primary goal of better characterizing the distribution and host associations of the exotic tick H. longicornis; however, new distribution data on tick species of veterinary or medical importance were also obtained. Collectively, our passive surveillance has detected numerous new county reports for H. longicornis as well as I. scapularis. Our study utilizing passive wildlife surveillance for ticks across the eastern USA is an effective method for surveying a diversity of wildlife host species, allowing us to better collect data on current tick distributions relevant to human and animal health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05425-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec T Thompson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Seth A White
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Emily E Doub
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Prisha Sharma
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kenna Frierson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kristen Dominguez
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David Shaw
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Stacey L Vigil
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Denise L Bonilla
- United States Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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23
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Mangan MJ, Foré SA, Kim HJ. Seasonal changes in questing efficiency of wild Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101988. [PMID: 35763958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the factors which influence host-seeking behavior of ticks is essential to determine the risk they pose as a vector of pathogens. While many studies have evaluated the impact of environmental variables on tick behavior, few have examined how seasonal changes in physiological status may further modify patterns of activity. In this study, we measured differences in questing behavior of mid spring- and early summer-caught Amblyomma americanum nymphs held under standardized laboratory conditions. As both groups represent the same cohort of overwintered nymphs, we hypothesized that age-related changes in the older summer ticks may influence questing behavior. In each season, we collected nymphs from field and forest habitats in northeast Missouri, after which we placed each nymph individually in a desiccating vertical questing apparatus with a hydrating microenvironment at the base. On the day following collection, we recorded the height of each nymph in the apparatus bi-hourly from 04:00 to 22:00 and calculated the vertical displacement between consecutive observations. Despite displaying no differences in mean questing height throughout the experiment, active ticks collected in the summer group (n = 89) travelled greater cumulative distances between desiccating and hydrating microenvironments than those collected in the spring (n = 119). This suggests that questing efficiency decreases in summer nymphs to accommodate increased time allocation towards rehydration. While we observed no direct association between body size and distance travelled, body size of the nymphal population also decreased significantly from spring to summer. Overall, our results demonstrate that there are seasonal changes in how A. americanum responds to environmental conditions. To more accurately predict host-seeking behavior of ticks across seasons, models should incorporate physiological parameters of the active ticks in a given population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn J Mangan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia; Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Foré
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Statistics, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO USA
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24
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Hassett E, Diuk-Wasser M, Harrington L, Fernandez P. Integrating tick density and park visitor behaviors to assess the risk of tick exposure in urban parks on Staten Island, New York. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1602. [PMID: 35999523 PMCID: PMC9396585 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Public green spaces are important for human health, but they may expose visitors to ticks and tick-borne pathogens. We sought to understand, for the first time, visitors’ exposure risk and drivers of tick-preventative behavior in three popular parks on Staten Island, New York City, NY, USA, by integrating tick hazard and park visitors’ behaviors, risk perceptions and knowledge. Methods We conducted tick sampling in three parks, across three site types (open spaces, the edge of open spaces, and trails) and three within-park habitats (maintained grass, unmaintained herbaceous, and leaf litter) to estimate tick density during May-August 2019. Human behavior was assessed by observations of time spent and activity type in each site. We integrated the time spent in each location by park visitors and the tick density to estimate the probability of human-tick encounter. To assess visitors’ tick prevention behaviors, a knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) survey was administered. Results Three tick species (Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum and Haemaphysalis longicornis) were collected. For all species, the density of nymphs was greatest in unmaintained herbaceous habitats and trails, however, the fewest people entered these hazardous locations. The KAP survey revealed that most respondents (N = 190) identified parks as the main location for tick exposure, but most believed they had minimal risk for tick encounter. Consequently, many visitors did not conduct tick checks. People were most likely to practice tick checks if they knew multiple prevention methods and perceived a high likelihood of tick encounter. Conclusions By integrating acarological indices with park visitor behaviors, we found a mismatch between areas with higher tick densities and areas more frequently used by park visitors. However, this exposure risk varied among demographic groups, the type of activities and parks, with a higher probability of human-tick encounters in trails compared to open spaces. Furthermore, we showed that people’s KAP did not change across parks even if parks represented different exposure risks. Our research is a first step towards identifying visitor risk, attitudes, and practices that could be targeted by optimized messaging strategies for tick bite prevention among park visitors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13989-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hassett
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Maria Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Laura Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Pilar Fernandez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites capable of transmitting multiple human pathogens. Environmental changes have supported the expansion of ticks into new geographical areas that have become the epicenters of tick-borne diseases (TBDs). The spotted fever group (SFG) of Rickettsia frequently infects ticks and causes tick-transmitted rickettsioses in areas of endemicity where ixodid ticks support host transmission during blood feeding. Ticks also serve as a reservoir for SFG Rickettsia. Among the members of SFG Rickettsia, R. rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), the most lethal TBD in the United States. Cases of RMSF have been reported for over a century in association with several species of ticks in the United States. However, the isolation of R. rickettsii from ticks has decreased, and recent serological and epidemiological studies suggest that novel species of SFG Rickettsia are responsible for the increased number of cases of RMSF-like rickettsioses in the United States. Recent analyses of rickettsial genomes and advances in genetic and molecular studies of Rickettsia provided insights into the biology of Rickettsia with the identification of conserved and unique putative virulence genes involved in the rickettsial life cycle. Thus, understanding Rickettsia-host-tick interactions mediating successful disease transmission and pathogenesis for SFG rickettsiae remains an active area of research. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding how SFG Rickettsia species coopt and manipulate ticks and mammalian hosts to cause rickettsioses, with a particular emphasis on newly described or emerging SFG Rickettsia species.
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26
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Gregory N, Fernandez MP, Diuk-Wasser M. Risk of tick-borne pathogen spillover into urban yards in New York City. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:288. [PMID: 35948911 PMCID: PMC9365221 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of tick-borne disease has increased dramatically in recent decades, with urban areas increasingly recognized as high-risk environments for exposure to infected ticks. Green spaces may play a key role in facilitating the invasion of ticks, hosts and pathogens into residential areas, particularly where they connect residential yards with larger natural areas (e.g. parks). However, the factors mediating tick distribution across heterogeneous urban landscapes remain poorly characterized. METHODS Using generalized linear models in a multimodel inference framework, we determined the residential yard- and local landscape-level features associated with the presence of three tick species of current and growing public health importance in residential yards across Staten Island, a borough of New York City, in the state of New York, USA. RESULTS The amount and configuration of canopy cover immediately surrounding residential yards was found to strongly predict the presence of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum, but not that of Haemaphysalis longicornis. Within yards, we found a protective effect of fencing against I. scapularis and A. americanum, but not against H. longicornis. For all species, the presence of log and brush piles strongly increased the odds of finding ticks in yards. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight a considerable risk of tick exposure in residential yards in Staten Island and identify both yard- and landscape-level features associated with their distribution. In particular, the significance of log and brush piles for all three species supports recommendations for yard management as a means of reducing contact with ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichar Gregory
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Maria P. Fernandez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Maria Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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27
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Jordan RA, Gable S, Egizi A. Relevance of Spatial and Temporal Trends in Nymphal Tick Density and Infection Prevalence for Public Health and Surveillance Practice in Long-Term Endemic Areas: A Case Study in Monmouth County, NJ. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1451-1466. [PMID: 35662344 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are a growing public health problem in the United States, and the US northeast has reported consistently high case rates for decades. Monmouth County, New Jersey, was one of the earliest jurisdictions to report Lyme disease cases in 1979 and reports several hundred cases per year nearly 40 yr later. In the time since, however, tick-borne health risks have expanded far beyond Lyme disease to include a variety of other bacterial pathogens and viruses, and additional vectors, necessitating a continually evolving approach to tick surveillance. In 2017, Monmouth County initiated an active surveillance program targeting sites across three ecological regions for collection of Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) and Amblyomma americanum L. (Acari: Ixodidae) as well as testing via qPCR for associated bacterial pathogens. During the first five years of this program (2017-2021), we report high levels of spatiotemporal variability in nymphal density and infection prevalence in both species, limiting the granularity with which human risk can be predicted from acarological data. Nonetheless, broader patterns emerged, including an ongoing trend of A. americanum dominance, risks posed by Borrelia miyamotoi, and the frequency of coinfected ticks. We present some of the first county-level, systematic surveillance of nymphal A. americanum density and infection prevalence in the northeastern US. We also documented a temporary decline in Borrelia burgdorferi that could relate to unmeasured trends in reservoir host populations. We discuss the implications of our findings for tick-borne disease ecology, public health communication, and tick surveillance strategies in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Jordan
- Tick-borne Disease Program, Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, 1901 Wayside Road, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sydney Gable
- Tick-borne Disease Program, Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, 1901 Wayside Road, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Andrea Egizi
- Tick-borne Disease Program, Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, 1901 Wayside Road, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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28
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Johnson CR, Ponnusamy L, Richards AL, Apperson CS. Analyses of Bloodmeal Hosts and Prevalence of Rickettsia parkeri in the Gulf Coast Tick Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) From a Reconstructed Piedmont Prairie Ecosystem, North Carolina. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1382-1393. [PMID: 35489062 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Host feeding patterns and the prevalence of infection with Rickettsia parkeri were determined for the primary vector, Amblyomma maculatum Koch as well as sympatric tick species A. americanum (Linnaeus) and Dermacentor variabilis (Say) collected from a reconstructed prairie in the Piedmont region of North Carolina during 2011 and 2012. The occurrence of R. parkeri among A. maculatum adults and nymphs was 36.9% (45/122) and 33.3% (2/6), respectively. Rickettsia parkeri was detected in a single male A. americanum 2.3% (1/43). A PCR-reverse line blot hybridization assay of a 12S rDNA fragment amplified from remnant larval and nymphal bloodmeals of host-seeking ticks was used to identify bloodmeal hosts. Of the tick samples tested, bloodmeal host identification was successful for 29.3% (12/41) of adult A. americanum and 39.2% (20/51) of adult D. variabilis. For A. maculatum, bloodmeal host identification was successful for 50% (61/122) of adults collected from vegetation and 100% (4/4) of nymphs removed from cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord). The cotton rat was the most common bloodmeal host with 59.0% (36/61) identified for adult A. maculatum. No statistically significant association was observed, however, between bloodmeal host and pathogen prevalence for any tick species. While the cotton rat was an important bloodmeal host for A. maculatum nymphs, this vertebrate did not appear to be the primary source of R. parkeri infection for A. maculatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie R Johnson
- Department of Entomology and Plath Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Loganathan Ponnusamy
- Department of Entomology and Plath Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695USA
| | - Allen L Richards
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Charles S Apperson
- Department of Entomology and Plath Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695USA
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29
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Mohamed WMA, Moustafa MAM, Thu MJ, Kakisaka K, Chatanga E, Ogata S, Hayashi N, Taya Y, Ohari Y, Naguib D, Qiu Y, Matsuno K, Bawm S, Htun LL, Barker SC, Katakura K, Ito K, Nonaka N, Nakao R. Comparative mitogenomics elucidates the population genetic structure of Amblyomma testudinarium in Japan and a closely related Amblyomma species in Myanmar. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1062-1078. [PMID: 35899249 PMCID: PMC9309438 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are the second most important vector capable of transmitting diseases affecting the health of both humans and animals. Amblyomma testudinarium Koch 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), is a hard tick species having a wide geographic distribution in Asia. In this study, we analyzed the composition of A. testudinarium whole mitogenomes from various geographical regions in Japan and investigated the population structure, demographic patterns, and phylogeographic relationship with other ixodid species. In addition, we characterized a potentially novel tick species closely related to A. testudinarium from Myanmar. Phylogeographic inference and evolutionary dynamics based on the 15 mitochondrial coding genes supported that A. testudinarium population in Japan is resolved into a star-like haplogroup and suggested a distinct population structure of A. testudinarium from Amami island in Kyushu region. Correlation analysis using Mantel test statistics showed that no significant correlation was observed between the genetic and geographic distances calculated between the A. testudinarium population from different localities in Japan. Finally, demographic analyses, including mismatch analysis and Tajima's D test, suggested a possibility of recent population expansion occurred within Japanese haplogroup after a bottleneck event. Although A. testudinarium has been considered widespread and common in East and Southeast Asia, the current study suggested that potentially several cryptic Amblyomma spp. closely related to A. testudinarium are present in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Division of Bioinformatics, International Institute for Zoonosis ControlHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed Moustafa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
| | - May June Thu
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Department of Food and Drug AdministrationMinistry of HealthNay Pyi TawMyanmar
| | - Keita Kakisaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Elisha Chatanga
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesLilongweMalawi
| | - Shohei Ogata
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Yurie Taya
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Doaa Naguib
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis ControlHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis ControlHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis ControlHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- One Health Research CenterHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Saw Bawm
- Department of International Relations and Information TechnologyUniversity of Veterinary ScienceNay Pyi TawMyanmar
- Department of Pharmacology and ParasitologyUniversity of Veterinary ScienceNay Pyi TawMyanmar
| | - Lat Lat Htun
- Department of Pharmacology and ParasitologyUniversity of Veterinary ScienceNay Pyi TawMyanmar
| | - Stephen C. Barker
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ken Katakura
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Kimihito Ito
- Division of Bioinformatics, International Institute for Zoonosis ControlHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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Daněk O, Hrazdilová K, Kozderková D, Jirků D, Modrý D. The distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in the Czech Republic re-assessed: citizen science approach to understanding the current distribution of the Babesia canis vector. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:132. [PMID: 35436925 PMCID: PMC9017003 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The range of the ornate dog tick Dermacentorreticulatus is rapidly expanding in Europe. This tick species is the vector of canine babesiosis, caused by Babesiacanis, and also plays a role in the transmission of Theileriaequi and Babesiacaballi in equids. Methods The geographic range of D.reticulatus in the Czech Republic was re-assessed, and an up-to-date distribution map is presented based on material and data obtained during a nationwide citizen science campaign. Received and flagged individuals of D.reticulatus were also analysed for the presence of B.canis DNA. Results In striking contrast to historical records, D.reticulatus was found in all regions of the Czech Republic, with most reports coming from the southeast and northwest of the country. Between February 2018 and June 2021, the project team received 558 photo reports of ticks and 250 packages containing ticks. Of the former, 71.1% were identified as Dermacentor sp. with the remainder identified as Ixodes sp., Haemaphysalis sp., Argas sp. or Hyalomma sp. The majority of specimens in the subset of ticks that were received (N = 610) were D.reticulatus (N = 568, 93.7%), followed by Ixodesricinus and Hyalomma spp. A total of 783 adult D.reticulatus, either received (568) or collected by flagging (215), were tested for the presence of B.canis DNA using species-specific nested PCR targeting part of the 18S rRNA gene; B.canis DNA was demonstrated in 22 samples (2.81%). Conclusions The continuous spread of D.reticulatus in the Czech Republic was documented in this study. In addition, DNA of B.canis was also detected in a number of ticks, suggesting the establishment of B.canis in the Czech Republic. These results suggest that veterinarians need to consider the possibility of canine babesiosis even in dogs without a history of travel. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Daněk
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic. .,CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristýna Hrazdilová
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Center, Charles University, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Kozderková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daria Jirků
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources (CINeZ), Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Exploring the effects of pathogen infection on tick behaviour from individuals to populations. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Limited capacity of deer to serve as zooprophylactic hosts for Borrelia burgdorferi in northeastern United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0004222. [PMID: 35108091 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00042-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because deer are considered to be incompetent reservoirs of the agent of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto) in the northeastern U.S., they may serve as zooprophylactic or "dilution" hosts if larvae of the deer tick vector (Ixodes dammini, "northern" clade of Ixodes scapularis) frequently feed on them. To determine whether host-seeking nymphal deer ticks commonly feed on deer as larvae, we used a real time PCR host bloodmeal remnant identification assay to identify the host on which these ticks had fed. Nymphal Lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) were collected simultaneously in our sites and provided an index of the availability of deer in these sites. At 3 of the 4 sites, Ixodes nymphs had fed as larvae on a variety of hosts, including mice, birds and shrews, but rarely on deer (<6% for all sites); in contrast, Lone star tick nymphs had commonly fed on deer (31-78%). Deer were common larval hosts for Ixodes ticks (39% of bloodmeals) in only one site. The prevalence of B. burgdorferi in host seeking nymphal deer ticks was associated with mouse-fed ticks (p=0.007) but there was no association with deer-fed ticks (p=0.5). The diversity and prevalence of hosts that were identified differed between deer ticks and Lone star ticks that were collected simultaneously, demonstrating that there is no confounding of host bloodmeal identification by contaminating environmental DNA (eDNA). We conclude that deer were not common hosts for larval deer ticks, thus limiting their zooprophylactic role in our sites. Importance: Because deer are incompetent reservoirs for B. burgdorferi, their presence may modulate the force of enzootic transmission by serving as zoophrophylatic or "dilution" hosts. Such an effect would depend on the extent to which subadult deer ticks feed on other hosts. We used bloodmeal analysis on nymphal deer ticks to identify the host upon which larvae had fed. We found that Lone star ticks collected at the same time as deer ticks commonly fed on deer, but deer ticks did not. We conclude that deer are not a preferred host for larval deer ticks and thus are not necessarily zooprophylactic.
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Geotropic, hydrokinetic and random walking differ between sympatric tick species: the deer tick Ixodes scapularis and the lone star tick Ambylomma americanum. J ETHOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-021-00741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Sharma SR, Crispell G, Mohamed A, Cox C, Lange J, Choudhary S, Commins SP, Karim S. Alpha-Gal Syndrome: Involvement of Amblyomma americanum α-D-Galactosidase and β-1,4 Galactosyltransferase Enzymes in α-Gal Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:775371. [PMID: 34926322 PMCID: PMC8671611 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.775371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS) is an IgE-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to the oligosaccharide galactose-α-1, 3-galactose (α-gal) injected into humans from the lone-star tick (Amblyomma americanum) bite. Indeed, α-gal is discovered in salivary glands of lone-star tick; however, the tick's specific intrinsic factors involved in endogenous α-gal production and presentation to host during hematophagy are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the functional role of two tick enzymes, α-D-galactosidase (ADGal) and β-1,4 galactosyltransferases (β-1,4GalT), in endogenous α-gal production, carbohydrate metabolism, and N-glycan profile in lone-star tick. The ADGal enzyme cleaves terminal α-galactose moieties from glycoproteins and glycolipids, whereas β-1,4GalT transfers α-galactose to a β1,4 terminal linkage acceptor sugars-GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl-in various processes of glycoconjugate synthesis. An RNA interference approach was utilized to silence ADGal and β-1,4GalT in Am. americanum to examine their function in α-gal metabolism in tick and AGS onset. Silencing of ADGal led to the significant downregulation of genes involved in galactose metabolism and transport in Am. americanum. Immunoblot and N-glycan analysis of the Am. americanum salivary glands showed a significant reduction in α-gal levels in silenced tissues. However, there was no significant difference in the level of α-gal in β-1,4GalT-silenced tick salivary glands. A basophil-activation test showed a decrease in the frequency of activated basophil by ADGal-silenced salivary glands. These results provide an insight into the roles of ADGal and β-1,4GalT in α-gal production and presentation in ticks and the probable involvement in the onset of AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Raj Sharma
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Gary Crispell
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Cameron Cox
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Joshua Lange
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Shailesh Choudhary
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Scott P. Commins
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shahid Karim
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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Lephoto T, Mwambi H, Bodhlyera O, Gaff H. Spatio-temporal modelling of tick life-stage count data with spatially varying coefficients. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2021; 16. [PMID: 34672184 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2021.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a vast amount of geo-referenced data in many fields of study including ecological studies. Geo-referencing is usually by point referencing; that is, latitudes and longitudes or by areal referencing, which includes districts, counties, states, provinces and other administrative units. The availability of large geo-referenced datasets for modelling has necessitated the development and application of spatial statistical methods. However, spatial varying coefficients models exploring the abundance of tick counts remain limited. In this study we used data that was collected and prepared by researchers in the Department of Biological Sciences from the Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA. We modelled tick life-stage counts and abundance variability from 12 sampling locations, with 5 different habitats (numbered 1-5), three habitat types; namely: woods, edges and grass; collected monthly from May 2009 through December 2018. Spatio-temporal Poisson and spatio-temporal negative binomial (NB) count data models were fitted to the data and compared using the deviance information criteria (DIC). The NB model outperformed the Poisson models with all its DIC values being smaller than those of the Poisson model. Results showed that the covariates varied spatially across counties. There was a decreasing time (in years) effect over the study period. However, even though the time effect was decreasing over the study period, space-time interaction effects were seen to be increasing over time in York County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo Lephoto
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal Province.
| | - Henry Mwambi
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal Province.
| | - Oliver Bodhlyera
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal Province.
| | - Holly Gaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
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Ma D, Lun X, Li C, Zhou R, Zhao Z, Wang J, Zhang Q, Liu Q. Predicting the Potential Global Distribution of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) under Near Current and Future Climatic Conditions, Using the Maximum Entropy Model. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1057. [PMID: 34681156 PMCID: PMC8533137 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amblyomma americanum (the lone star tick) is a pathogen vector, mainly from eastern North America, that bites humans. With global integration and climate change, some ticks that are currently confined to a certain place may begin to spread out; some reports have shown that they are undergoing rapid range expansion. The difference in the potential geographic distribution of A. americanum under current and future climatic conditions is dependent on environment variables such as temperature and precipitation, which can affect their survival. In this study, we used a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to predict the potential geographic distribution of A. americanum. The MaxEnt model was calibrated at the native range of A. americanum using occurrence data and the current climatic conditions. Seven WorldClim climatic variables were selected by the jackknife method and tested in MaxEnt using different combinations of model feature class functions and regularization multiplier values. The best model was chosen based on the omission rate and the lowest Akaike information criterion. The resulting model was then projected onto the global scale using the current and future climate conditions modeled under four greenhouse gas emission scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Ma
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China; (D.M.); (C.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Xinchang Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Chao Li
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China; (D.M.); (C.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Ruobing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.W.)
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Qinfeng Zhang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China; (D.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.W.)
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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The effects of habitat type and pathogen infection on tick host-seeking behaviour. Parasitology 2021; 149:59-64. [PMID: 35184779 PMCID: PMC8862009 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens pose a significant risk to livestock, wildlife and public health. Host-seeking behaviours may depend on a combination of infection status and environmental factors. Here, we assessed the effects of habitat type and pathogen infection on host-seeking behaviour (questing) in the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Ticks were collected using a tick drag from two different habitat types: xeric hammock and successional hardwood forests. Using a standardized assay, we recorded the likelihood of questing for each tick, the average height quested and total time spent questing and then tested each tick for the presence of Rickettsia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. using conventional polymerase chain reaction. We did not detect Ehrlichia in any ticks, although 30% tested positive for Rickettsia amblyommatis, a member of the Rickettsia spotted fever group. Ticks infected with R. amblyommatis spent less time questing compared to uninfected ticks, with infected ticks spending 85 s on average questing and uninfected ticks spending 112 s. Additionally, ticks collected from xeric hammock habitats spent over twice as long questing compared to ticks from successional hardwood forests. Ticks from xeric hammock spent 151 s on average questing while ticks from successional hardwood forest spent only 58 s during a 10-min observation period. These results demonstrate that habitat type and infection status can influence tick host-seeking behaviours, which can play a pivotal role in disease dynamics.
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Beard CB, Eisen L, Eisen RJ. The Rise of Ticks and Tickborne Diseases in the United States-Introduction. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1487-1489. [PMID: 33939806 PMCID: PMC9620473 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Beard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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39
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Eisen L, Stafford KC. Barriers to Effective Tick Management and Tick-Bite Prevention in the United States (Acari: Ixodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1588-1600. [PMID: 32372075 PMCID: PMC8056842 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lyme and other tick-borne diseases are increasing in the United States. Development of tick control tools have focused primarily on the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say. Application of acaricides or entomopathogenic fungal agents to kill host-seeking ticks or ticks on rodents can suppress I. scapularis abundance in residential landscapes, but evidence is lacking for impact on human tick bites or tick-borne disease. Similar studies remain limited for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). Other knowledge gaps include how well homeowners and pest control companies perform in the broadcast application of tick-killing products, relative to high efficacy reported in research studies, and the tick-killing potential of natural product formulations exempt from Environmental Protection Agency registration. Area-wide control based on preventing ticks from feeding on their main reproductive host, the white-tailed deer, can suppress populations of both I. scapularis and A. americanum. Some studies also suggest an impact on Lyme disease cases, but this needs to be further validated in larger-scale intervention studies. The effectiveness, scale, cost, and implementation of various tick management strategies are important considerations in efforts to reduce human tick encounters and tick-borne disease. Additional barriers include weak incentives for industry and academia to develop, test, and register new tick and pathogen control technologies, including vaccines targeting humans, tick reproductive hosts, or wildlife pathogen reservoirs. Solutions will need to be 'two-pronged': improving the tick and pathogen control toolbox and strengthening the public health workforce engaging in tick control at local and state levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
- Corresponding author,
| | - Kirby C. Stafford
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504
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Lyons LA, Brand ME, Gronemeyer P, Mateus-Pinilla N, Ruiz MO, Stone CM, Tuten HC, Smith RL. Comparing Contributions of Passive and Active Tick Collection Methods to Determine Establishment of Ticks of Public Health Concern Within Illinois. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1849-1864. [PMID: 33855433 PMCID: PMC8285025 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In Illinois, between 1990 and 2017, tick-borne diseases in humans increased 10-fold, yet we have insufficient information on when and where people are exposed to vector ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae). The aims of our research were to compare contributions of passive and active tick collection methods in determining establishment of ticks of public health concern and obtain information on tick distributions within Illinois. We used three surveillance strategies within the Illinois Tick Inventory Collaboration Network to gather information about the ticks of public health concern: 1) passive collection (voluntary submission by the public); 2) systematic collection (biweekly active surveillance); and 3) special collections (active collections in locations of special interest). Of collected adult and nymphal ticks, 436 were from passive collections, 142 from systematic collections, and 1,270 from special collections. Tick species distribution status changed in 36 counties. Our data provide noteworthy updates to distribution maps for use by public health agencies to develop prevention and control strategies. Additionally, the program built a network of collaborations and partnerships to support future tick surveillance efforts within Illinois and highlighted how the combination of the three surveillance strategies can be used to determine geographic spread of ticks, pinpoint locations in need of more surveillance, and help with long-term efforts that support phenology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ann Lyons
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Corresponding author, tel: +1 217-300-0532, e-mail:
| | - Mary E Brand
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, 1211 Old 6 Road, Malcom, IA 50157, USA
| | - Peg Gronemeyer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Nohra Mateus-Pinilla
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Marilyn O’Hara Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Chris M Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Holly C Tuten
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Diuk-Wasser MA, VanAcker MC, Fernandez MP. Impact of Land Use Changes and Habitat Fragmentation on the Eco-epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseases. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1546-1564. [PMID: 33095859 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of tick-borne diseases has increased in recent decades and accounts for the majority of vector-borne disease cases in temperate areas of Europe, North America, and Asia. This emergence has been attributed to multiple and interactive drivers including changes in climate, land use, abundance of key hosts, and people's behaviors affecting the probability of human exposure to infected ticks. In this forum paper, we focus on how land use changes have shaped the eco-epidemiology of Ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens, in particular the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in the eastern United States. We use this as a model system, addressing other tick-borne disease systems as needed to illustrate patterns or processes. We first examine how land use interacts with abiotic conditions (microclimate) and biotic factors (e.g., host community composition) to influence the enzootic hazard, measured as the density of host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs infected with B. burgdorferi s.s. We then review the evidence of how specific landscape configuration, in particular forest fragmentation, influences the enzootic hazard and disease risk across spatial scales and urbanization levels. We emphasize the need for a dynamic understanding of landscapes based on tick and pathogen host movement and habitat use in relation to human resource provisioning. We propose a coupled natural-human systems framework for tick-borne diseases that accounts for the multiple interactions, nonlinearities and feedbacks in the system and conclude with a call for standardization of methodology and terminology to help integrate studies conducted at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York
| | - Meredith C VanAcker
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York
| | - Maria P Fernandez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York
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Tsao JI, Hamer SA, Han S, Sidge JL, Hickling GJ. The Contribution of Wildlife Hosts to the Rise of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in North America. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1565-1587. [PMID: 33885784 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife vertebrate hosts are integral to enzootic cycles of tick-borne pathogens, and in some cases have played key roles in the recent rise of ticks and tick-borne diseases in North America. In this forum article, we highlight roles that wildlife hosts play in the maintenance and transmission of zoonotic, companion animal, livestock, and wildlife tick-borne pathogens. We begin by illustrating how wildlife contribute directly and indirectly to the increase and geographic expansion of ticks and their associated pathogens. Wildlife provide blood meals for tick growth and reproduction; serve as pathogen reservoirs; and can disperse ticks and pathogens-either through natural movement (e.g., avian migration) or through human-facilitated movement (e.g., wildlife translocations and trade). We then discuss opportunities to manage tick-borne disease through actions directed at wildlife hosts. To conclude, we highlight key gaps in our understanding of the ecology of tick-host interactions, emphasizing that wildlife host communities are themselves a very dynamic component of tick-pathogen-host systems and therefore complicate management of tick-borne diseases, and should be taken into account when considering host-targeted approaches. Effective management of wildlife to reduce tick-borne disease risk further requires consideration of the 'human dimensions' of wildlife management. This includes understanding the public's diverse views and values about wildlife and wildlife impacts-including the perceived role of wildlife in fostering tick-borne diseases. Public health agencies should capitalize on the expertise of wildlife agencies when developing strategies to reduce tick-borne disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean I Tsao
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, and Schubot Center for Avian Health, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Seungeun Han
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer L Sidge
- Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Graham J Hickling
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Yen WY, Stern K, Mishra S, Helminiak L, Sanchez-Vicente S, Kim HK. Virulence potential of Rickettsia amblyommatis for spotted fever pathogenesis in mice. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftab024. [PMID: 33908603 PMCID: PMC8110513 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia amblyommatis belongs to the spotted fever group of Rickettsia and infects Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star ticks) for transmission to offspring and mammals. Historically, the geographic range of A. americanum was restricted to the southeastern USA. However, recent tick surveys identified the progressive northward invasion of A. americanum, contributing to the increased number of patients with febrile illnesses of unknown etiology after a tick bite in the northeastern USA. While serological evidence strongly suggests that patients are infected with R. amblyommatis, the virulence potential of R. amblyommatis is not well established. Here, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of three genome sequences of R. amblyommatis and identified the presence of multiple putative virulence genes whose products are implicated for spotted fever pathogenesis. Similar to other pathogenic spotted fever rickettsiae, R. amblyommatis replicated intracellularly within the cytoplasm of tissue culture cells. Interestingly, R. amblyommatis displayed defective attachment to microvascular endothelial cells. The attachment defect and slow growth rate of R. amblyommatis required relatively high intravenous infectious doses to produce dose-dependent morbidity and mortality in C3H mice. In summary, our results corroborate clinical evidence that R. amblyommatis can cause mild disease manifestation in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Yen
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kayla Stern
- John F. Kennedy High School, Bellmore, NY 11710, USA
| | - Smruti Mishra
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Luke Helminiak
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Santiago Sanchez-Vicente
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hwan Keun Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Hroobi A, Boorgula GD, Gordon D, Bai J, Goodin D, Anderson G, Wilson S, Staggs A, Raghavan RK. Diversity and seasonality of host-seeking ticks in a periurban environment in the Central Midwest (USA). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250272. [PMID: 33891636 PMCID: PMC8064531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Between March 2014 and February 2017, host-seeking ticks were collected during the late spring and summer months seasonally, and as well as continually through all seasons from several sites in a periurban environment in Pittsburg, Kansas, located in the Central Midwestern United States. All three post-emergent life-stages of Amblyomma americanum, and the adults of three other ticks viz. Dermacentor variabilis, A. maculatum, and Ixodes scapularis were collected using the flagging method, and were taxonomically identified using morphological and molecular methods. A total of 15946 ticks were collected from these sites. A vast majority of the ticks collected over the three-year study period was A. americanum (79.01%). The three other species collected included D. variabilis (13.10%), A. maculatum (7.15%), and Ixodes scapularis (0.73%). More female ticks of each species were collected throughout the study period from all sites, and a unimodal activity period was noted for all four species. The diversity, composition, and phenology of these medically significant tick species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hroobi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gunavanthi D. Boorgula
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David Gordon
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Doug Goodin
- Department of Geography, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Gary Anderson
- Medgene Labs, Paola, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Savannah Wilson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Alex Staggs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ram K. Raghavan
- Center for Vector-Borne and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Didelphis spp. opossums and their parasites in the Americas: A One Health perspective. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4091-4111. [PMID: 33788021 PMCID: PMC8599228 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medium sized opossums (Didelphis spp.) are among the most fascinating mammals of the Americas, playing important ecological roles (e.g., dispersal of seeds and control of insect populations) in the environment they inhabit. Nevertheless, as synanthropic animals, they are well adapted to human dwellings, occupying shelters within the cities, peripheral areas, and rural settings. These marsupials can harbor numerous pathogens, which may affect people, pets, and livestock. Among those, some protozoa (e.g., Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii), helminths (e.g., Ancylostoma caninum, Trichinella spiralis, Alaria marcianae, Paragonimus spp.) and arthropods (e.g., ticks, fleas) present substantial public health and veterinary importance, due to their capacity to cause disease in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Here, we reviewed the role played by opossums on the spreading of zoonotic parasites, vectors, and vector-borne pathogens, highlighting the risks of pathogens transmission due to the direct and indirect interaction of humans and domestic animals with Didelphis spp. in the Americas.
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Zambrano ML, Paddock CD, Karpathy SE. Multi-Locus Sequence Typing of Ehrlichia chaffeensis Reveals Extensive Genotypic Variation across the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1297-1304. [PMID: 33646973 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis, and its principal vector is the Amblyomma americanum tick. The most frequently identified cases of ehrlichiosis come from the southeastern and south central states of the United States. In this study, a molecular typing system was developed that allows for the genetic differentiation of E. chaffeensis isolates. This multi-locus typing system included sequencing and analyzing intergenic regions ECH0033-ECH0035 and ECH0217-ECH0218, plus, variable genes variable length PCR target, 28-kDa, 120-kDa, and hemE. We examined a total of 31 unique isolates from humans and white-tailed deer, and eight DNA samples extracted from infected A. americanum collected from multiple states. This is the largest evaluation of E. chaffeensis isolates and their genotypes. Our findings show that when sequences of all six loci were concatenated and compared, the 39 samples could be separated into 23 genotypes and further grouped into six phylogenetic clades. The data in this study show no clear pattern between the geographic alignment with the genetic differentiation between the strains. As a result, this poses a challenge to understanding the spread of E. chaffeensis in the United States. Interestingly, our findings indicate that multiple strains from distant geographic origins share the same mutations, which suggests that the strains are being moved from one site to another by their hosts or vectors. In addition, we are seeing a northward shift in the lone star tick distribution in the United States. Last, some data also suggest minimal genetic mutations have occurred over time among strains that are within geographical proximity.
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Saleh MN, Allen KE, Lineberry MW, Little SE, Reichard MV. Ticks infesting dogs and cats in North America: Biology, geographic distribution, and pathogen transmission. Vet Parasitol 2021; 294:109392. [PMID: 33971481 PMCID: PMC9235321 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A diverse array of ixodid and argasid ticks infest dogs and cats in North America, resulting in skin lesions, blood loss, and disease. The ticks most commonly found on pets in this region are hard ticks of the genera Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Ixodes, and Rhipicephalus, as well as the more recently established Haemaphysalis longicornis. Soft tick genera, especially Otobius and Ornithodoros, are also reported from pets in some regions. In this review, we provide a summary of the complex and diverse life histories, distinct morphologies, and questing and feeding behaviors of the more common ticks of dogs and cats in North America with a focus on recent changes in geographic distribution. We also review pathogens of dogs and cats associated with the different tick species, some of which can cause serious, potentially fatal disease, and describe the zoonotic risk posed by ticks of pets. Understanding the natural history of ticks and the maintenance cycles responsible for providing an ongoing source of tick-borne infections is critical to effectively combatting the challenges ticks pose to the health of pets and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam N Saleh
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States
| | - Kelly E Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States.
| | - Megan W Lineberry
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States
| | - Susan E Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States
| | - Mason V Reichard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States
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Lippi CA, Gaff HD, White AL, Ryan SJ. Scoping review of distribution models for selected Amblyomma ticks and rickettsial group pathogens. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10596. [PMID: 33643699 PMCID: PMC7896504 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of tick-borne diseases in humans in recent decades has called attention to the need for more information on geographic risk for public health planning. Species distribution models (SDMs) are an increasingly utilized method of constructing potential geographic ranges. There are many knowledge gaps in our understanding of risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens, particularly for those in the rickettsial group. Here, we conducted a systematic scoping review of the SDM literature for rickettsial pathogens and tick vectors in the genus Amblyomma. Of the 174 reviewed articles, only 24 studies used SDMs to estimate the potential extent of vector and/or pathogen ranges. The majority of studies (79%) estimated only tick distributions using vector presence as a proxy for pathogen exposure. Studies were conducted at different scales and across multiple continents. Few studies undertook original data collection, and SDMs were mostly built with presence-only datasets from public database or surveillance sources. The reliance on existing data sources, using ticks as a proxy for disease risk, may simply reflect a lag in new data acquisition and a thorough understanding of the tick-pathogen ecology involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Lippi
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Holly D. Gaff
- Department of Biology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alexis L. White
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Boulanger N, Wikel S. Induced Transient Immune Tolerance in Ticks and Vertebrate Host: A Keystone of Tick-Borne Diseases? Front Immunol 2021; 12:625993. [PMID: 33643313 PMCID: PMC7907174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick transmitted infectious agents are increasing global public health threats due to increasing abundance, expanding geographic ranges of vectors and pathogens, and emerging tick-borne infectious agents. Greater understanding of tick, host, and pathogen interactions will contribute to development of novel tick control and disease prevention strategies. Tick-borne pathogens adapt in multiple ways to very different tick and vertebrate host environments and defenses. Ticks effectively pharmacomodulate by its saliva host innate and adaptive immune defenses. In this review, we examine the idea that successful synergy between tick and tick-borne pathogen results in host immune tolerance that facilitates successful tick infection and feeding, creates a favorable site for pathogen introduction, modulates cutaneous and systemic immune defenses to establish infection, and contributes to successful long-term infection. Tick, host, and pathogen elements examined here include interaction of tick innate immunity and microbiome with tick-borne pathogens; tick modulation of host cutaneous defenses prior to pathogen transmission; how tick and pathogen target vertebrate host defenses that lead to different modes of interaction and host infection status (reservoir, incompetent, resistant, clinically ill); tick saliva bioactive molecules as important factors in determining those pathogens for which the tick is a competent vector; and, the need for translational studies to advance this field of study. Gaps in our understanding of these relationships are identified, that if successfully addressed, can advance the development of strategies to successfully disrupt both tick feeding and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boulanger
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Early Bacterial Virulence, Group Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de Référence Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephen Wikel
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter, M.D., School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, United States
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Tufts DM, Goodman LB, Benedict MC, Davis AD, VanAcker MC, Diuk-Wasser M. Association of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis tick with vertebrate hosts, other native tick vectors, and tick-borne pathogens in New York City, USA. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:149-157. [PMID: 33130214 PMCID: PMC10029828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick, is an invasive ixodid tick that has rapidly spread across the northeastern and southeastern regions of the United States since first reported in 2017. The emergence of H. longicornis presents a potential threat for livestock, wildlife, and human health as the host associations and vector potential of this invasive pest in the United States are poorly understood. Previous field data from the United States has shown that H. longicornis was not associated with natural populations of small mammals or birds, but they show a preference for medium sized mammals in laboratory experiments. Therefore, medium and large sized mammals were sampled on Staten Island, New York, United States, to determine H. longicornis host associations and vector potential for a range of human and veterinary pathogens. A total of 97 hosts were sampled and five species of tick (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, H. longicornis, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes cookei) were found feeding concurrently on these hosts. Haemaphysalis longicornis was found in the highest proportions compared with other native tick species on raccoons (55.4%), Virginia opossums (28.9%), and white-tailed deer (11.5%). Tissue, blood, and engorged larvae were tested for 17 different pathogens using a nanoscale PCR platform. Infection with five pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., Mycoplasma haemocanis, and Bartonella spp.) was detected in host samples, but no pathogens were found in any larval samples. These results suggest that although large and medium sized mammals feed large numbers of H. longicornis ticks in the environment, there is presently a low potential for H. longicornis to acquire pathogens from these wildlife hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Tufts
- Columbia University, Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Department, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Cornell University, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Meghan C Benedict
- Cornell University, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - April D Davis
- Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Meredith C VanAcker
- Columbia University, Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Department, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Maria Diuk-Wasser
- Columbia University, Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Department, New York, NY 10027, USA
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