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Iordan L, Gaita L, Timar R, Avram V, Sturza A, Timar B. The Renoprotective Mechanisms of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i)-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7057. [PMID: 39000165 PMCID: PMC11241663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a noncommunicable condition that has become a major healthcare burden across the globe, often underdiagnosed and associated with low awareness. The main cause that leads to the development of renal impairment is diabetes mellitus and, in contrast to other chronic complications such as retinopathy or neuropathy, it has been suggested that intensive glycemic control is not sufficient in preventing the development of diabetic kidney disease. Nevertheless, a novel class of antidiabetic agents, the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), have shown multiple renoprotective properties that range from metabolic and hemodynamic to direct renal effects, with a major impact on reducing the risk of occurrence and progression of CKD. Thus, this review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the renoprotective mechanisms of SGLT2i and to offer a new perspective on this innovative class of antihyperglycemic drugs with proven pleiotropic beneficial effects that, after decades of no significant progress in the prevention and in delaying the decline of renal function, start a new era in the management of patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Iordan
- “Pius Brinzeu” Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.I.); (R.T.); (V.A.); (A.S.); (B.T.)
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laura Gaita
- “Pius Brinzeu” Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.I.); (R.T.); (V.A.); (A.S.); (B.T.)
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Romulus Timar
- “Pius Brinzeu” Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.I.); (R.T.); (V.A.); (A.S.); (B.T.)
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Vlad Avram
- “Pius Brinzeu” Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.I.); (R.T.); (V.A.); (A.S.); (B.T.)
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Sturza
- “Pius Brinzeu” Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.I.); (R.T.); (V.A.); (A.S.); (B.T.)
- Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bogdan Timar
- “Pius Brinzeu” Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (L.I.); (R.T.); (V.A.); (A.S.); (B.T.)
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Song J, Li X, Ni J. A Role for Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Mini Review. Kidney Blood Press Res 2023; 48:599-610. [PMID: 37717569 PMCID: PMC10614480 DOI: 10.1159/000534174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a new type of glucose-lowering drug, have been well proved in several clinical studies for their glucose-lowering and nephroprotective effects, and the nephroprotective effects include both indirect effects of metabolic improvement and direct effects, independent of glucose-lowering effects. SUMMARY In patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), several studies have demonstrated the potential nephroprotective mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors, and evidence of nephroprotective mechanisms in the non-DKD population is accumulating. Although the nephroprotective mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors has not been fully elucidated, several laboratory studies have illustrated the mechanism underlying the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors at various aspects. KEY MESSAGES The purpose of this article is to review the mechanism of nephroprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors and to look forward to promising research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu Province, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiang Ni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu Province, Wuxi, China
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Mateus Gonçalves L, Fahd Qadir MM, Boulina M, Makhmutova M, Pereira E, Almaça J. Pericyte dysfunction and impaired vasomotion are hallmarks of islets during the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112913. [PMID: 37531253 PMCID: PMC10529889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are endocrine organs that depend on their microvasculature to function. Along with endothelial cells, pericytes comprise the islet microvascular network. These mural cells are crucial for microvascular stability and function, but it is not known if/how they are affected during the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we investigate islet pericyte density, phenotype, and function using living pancreas slices from donors without diabetes, donors with a single T1D-associated autoantibody (GADA+), and recent onset T1D cases. Our data show that islet pericyte and capillary responses to vasoactive stimuli are impaired early on in T1D. Microvascular dysfunction is associated with a switch in the phenotype of islet pericytes toward myofibroblasts. Using publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, we further found that transcriptional alterations related to endothelin-1 signaling and vascular and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling are hallmarks of single autoantibody (Aab)+ donor pancreata. Our data show that microvascular dysfunction is present at early stages of islet autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mateus Gonçalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Maria Boulina
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madina Makhmutova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Li M, Li Y, Liu Y, Huang H, Leng X, Chen Y, Feng Y, Ma X, Tan X, Liang Y, Qiu S. Altered Hippocampal Subfields Volumes Is Associated With Memory Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Neurol 2021; 12:756500. [PMID: 34899576 PMCID: PMC8657943 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.756500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients is related to changes in hippocampal structure and function. However, the alternation of hippocampal subfields volumes and their relationship with cognitive function are unclear. This study explored morphological alterations in the hippocampus and its subfields in T2DM patients and their relationship with cognitive function. Methods: Thirty T2DM patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and underwent 3-dimensional, high-resolution T1-weighted sequence (3D-T1) and a battery of cognitive tests. Freesurfer 6.0 was performed to segment the hippocampus into 12 subregions automatically. Then relationships between hippocampal subfield volumes and neurocognitive scale scores in the T2DM group were evaluated. Results: Immediate memory scores on the auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores in T2DM patients were lower than in the HCs. T2DM patients showed that volumes of the bilateral hippocampus were significantly reduced, mainly in the bilateral molecular layer, granule cell and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (GC-ML-DG), cornu ammonis 4 (CA4), fimbria, and left subiculum and the right hippocampus amygdala transition area (HATA) compared to HCs. In addition, T2DM patients showed the FINS was negatively correlated with volume of left GC-ML-DG (r = -0.415, P = 0.035) and left CA4 (r = -0.489, P = 0.011); the FBG was negatively correlated with volume of right fimbria (r = -0.460, P = 0.018); the HOMA-IR was negatively correlated with volume of left GC-ML-DG (r = -0.367, P = 0.046) and left CA4(r = 0.462, P = 0.010). Partial correlation analysis found that the volume of right HATA in T2DM group was positively correlated with AVLT (immediate) scores (r = 0.427, P = 0.03). Conclusion: This study showed the volumes of multiple hippocampal subfields decreased and they were correlated with FINS, FBG and HOMA-IR in T2DM patients. We hypothesized that decreased hippocampal subfields volumes in T2DM patients was related to insulin resistance and impaired vascular function. In addition, we also found that abnormal hippocampal subfields volumes were related to memory function in T2DM patients, suggesting that reduced volumes in specific hippocampal subfields may be the potential mechanism of memory dysfunction in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Huang
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Leng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuna Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Feng
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ma
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liang
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Singh M, Kapoor A, Bhatnagar A. Physiological and Pathological Roles of Aldose Reductase. Metabolites 2021; 11:655. [PMID: 34677370 PMCID: PMC8541668 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the first step in the polyol pathway which converts glucose to sorbitol. Under normal glucose homeostasis the pathway represents a minor route of glucose metabolism that operates in parallel with glycolysis. However, during hyperglycemia the flux of glucose via the polyol pathway increases significantly, leading to excessive formation of sorbitol. The polyol pathway-driven accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol has been implicated in the development of secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Based on the notion that inhibition of AR could prevent these complications a range of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested; however, their clinical efficacy has been found to be marginal at best. Moreover, recent work has shown that AR participates in the detoxification of aldehydes that are derived from lipid peroxidation and their glutathione conjugates. Although in some contexts this antioxidant function of AR helps protect against tissue injury and dysfunction, the metabolic transformation of the glutathione conjugates of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes could also lead to the generation of reactive metabolites that can stimulate mitogenic or inflammatory signaling events. Thus, inhibition of AR could have both salutary and injurious outcomes. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of AR could modify the effects of cardiovascular disease, asthma, neuropathy, sepsis, and cancer; therefore, additional work is required to selectively target AR inhibitors to specific disease states. Despite past challenges, we opine that a more gainful consideration of therapeutic modulation of AR activity awaits clearer identification of the specific role(s) of the AR enzyme in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Aniruddh Kapoor
- Internal Medicine—Critical Care, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA;
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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Ayaz R, Günay T, Yardımcı OD, Turgut A, Ankaralı H. The effect of 75-g oral glucose tolerance test on maternal and foetal Doppler parameters in healthy pregnancies: a cross-sectional observational study. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 41:83-88. [PMID: 33583317 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1849072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia can alter placental resistance to blood flow and hyperglycaemia has adverse perinatal outcomes. Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) increases the maternal plasma glucose levels temporarily and mimics metabolic hyperglycaemia. The blood flow of the uterine artery (UtA), umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) were assessed before, 1 and 2 h following the OGTT by using Doppler ultrasonography. Z-score of cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), pulsatility index (PI) for three vessels were evaluated separately. All measurements of the MCA, UA, UtA Doppler parameters were not statistically different for fasting, and 1 and 2 h following the 75 g OGTT in the 53 pregnant women with a singleton gestation in the low-risk group. This study results show that acute hyperglycaemia induced by OGTT has no effect on maternal and foetal Doppler parameters in healthy pregnancies.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Foetal glucose is affected by maternal blood glucose concentrations and placental blood flow. Acute hyperglycaemia may have an effect on maternal, and foetal Doppler parameters among healthy pregnanciesWhat do the results of this study add? Our findings indicate that blood flow velocity metric measurements in the UA, MCA and UtA were not affected by the OGTT in healthy pregnant women.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Acute hyperglycaemia induced by OGTT does not have any effect on fetomaternal circulation, especially foetal brain blood flow. Other foetal vessels including ductus venosus, renal artery, etc. may be affected by maternal blood glucose levels during the OGTT or in diabetic patients. Future prospective studies consisting of diabetic patients are warranted to verify the exact effect of glucose levels on foetal and maternal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Ayaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Perinatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taner Günay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguz Devrim Yardımcı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Turgut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Handan Ankaralı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Rhew SY, Park SM, Li Q, An JH, Chae HK, Lee JH, Ahn JO, Song WJ, Youn HY. Efficacy and safety of allogenic canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in four dogs: A pilot study. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:592-600. [PMID: 33551441 PMCID: PMC8111340 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess regenerative and immunomodulatory properties and
can control the immune dysregulation that leads to β-cell destruction. Stem-cell
transplantation could thus manage insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in dogs. In
this pilot study, we aimed to assess canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs)
transplantation as a treatment for canine diabetes mellitus. This study included four dogs
with over a year of insulin treatment for IDDM, following diagnosis at the Veterinary
Medicine Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University. Allogenic cAT-MSCs were infused
intravenously three or five times monthly to dogs with IDDM. Blood and urine samples were
obtained monthly. General clinical symptoms, including changes in body weight, vitality,
appetite, and water intake were assessed. Three of the four owners observed improvement of
vitality after stem cell treatment. Two of the four dogs showed improvement in appetite
and body weight, polyuria, and polydipsia. C-peptide has increased by about 5–15% in three
of the cases, and fructosamine and HbA1c levels have improved in two of the cases.
Hyperlipidemia was resolved in two of the dogs, and there was no concurrent bacterial
cystitis in any of the dogs. C-peptide secretion and lipid metabolism are associated with
diabetic complications. Improvement in these parameters following the treatment suggests
that cAT-MSC transplantation in dogs with IDDM might help to improve their insulin
secretory capacity and prevent diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yong Rhew
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, YanBian University, YanJi, JiLin, 133000, China
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Cirelli T, Nepomuceno R, Goveia JM, Orrico SRP, Cirelli JA, Theodoro LH, Barros SP, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease susceptibility with genome-wide association-identified risk variants in a Southeastern Brazilian population. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:3873-3892. [PMID: 33392810 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and literature have identified polymorphisms in the KCNJ11, HNF1A, IRS1, TCF7L2, CDKAL1, CDKN2B, RPSAP52, GPR45 HHEX, IL18, and RUNX2 genes associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or periodontitis (P) in diverse populations, and we sought to evaluate them as genetic risk variants for these diseases in the Brazilian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontal, glycemic, and lipid data were obtained from 931 individuals divided into: control (n = 334), periodontitis (P; n = 358), and periodontitis associated with T2DM (P + T2DM; n = 239). After genotyping, associations between polymorphisms and pathologies were tested by multiple logistic and linear regressions, adjusting for age, sex, and smoking habits. RESULTS Considering the studied subjects, the increased risk to develop periodontitis in the periodontitis P + T2DM group was found for HNF1A-rs7957197-TA, CDKAL1-rs7754840-CG, RPSAP52-rs1531343-GC, TCF7L2-rs7903146-TT, and CDKN2B-rs7018475-GG. The association of these genetic variants for TCF7L2 and CDKN2B was confirmed for female, never smokers, and poorly controlled P + T2DM. CDKN2B-rs7018475 was associated with worse glycemic condition and periodontal parameters. CONCLUSION These five reported genetic variants were associated in the studied Southeastern Brazilian population as genetic risk variants of periodontitis and T2DM associated to periodontitis as comorbidity. Gene-phenotype associations with sex and smoking habits and the CDKN2B-rs7018475 with the poor glycemic control and more severe periodontal conditions should be further investigated. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Polymorphisms in the CDKAL1-rs7754840, HNF1A-rs7957197, RPSAP52-rs1531343, TCF7L2-rs7903146, and CDKN2B-rs7018475 might predispose to periodontitis and T2DM associated with periodontitis. These findings may be useful in public health genomics and future advanced clinical practice, since genetic carriage can be measured before disease onset, being of potential great benefit for treatment planning and prognosis in early disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nepomuceno
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Marina Goveia
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana R P Orrico
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Union of the Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joni A Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia Helena Theodoro
- Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araçatuba, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana P Barros
- Department of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - UNC, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raquel M Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Corbi SCT, de Vasconcellos JF, Bastos AS, Bussaneli DG, da Silva BR, Santos RA, Takahashi CS, de S Rocha C, Carvalho BDS, Maurer-Morelli CV, Orrico SRP, Barros SP, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Circulating lymphocytes and monocytes transcriptomic analysis of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and periodontitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8145. [PMID: 32424199 PMCID: PMC7235087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia and periodontitis are frequently associated pathologies; however, there are no studies showing the peripheral blood transcript profile of these combined diseases. Here we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of circulating lymphocytes and monocytes to reveal potential biomarkers that may be used as molecular targets for future diagnosis of each combination of these pathologies (compared to healthy patients) and give insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of these diseases. Study participants (n = 150) were divided into groups: (H) systemically and periodontal healthy (control group); (P) with periodontitis, but systemically healthy; (DL-P) with dyslipidemia and periodontitis; (T2DMwell-DL-P) well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus with dyslipidemia and periodontitis; and (T2DMpoorly-DL-P) poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus with dyslipidemia and periodontitis. We preprocessed the microarray data using the Robust Multichip Average (RMA) strategy, followed by the RankProd method to identify candidates for DEGs. Furthermore, we performed functional enrichment analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. DEGs were submitted to pairwise comparisons, and selected DEGs were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Validated DEGs verified from T2DMpoorly-DL-P versus H were: TGFB1I1, VNN1, HLADRB4 and CXCL8; T2DMwell-DL-P versus H: FN1, BPTF and PDE3B; DL-P versus H: DAB2, CD47 and HLADRB4; P versus H: IGHDL-P, ITGB2 and HLADRB4. In conclusion, we identified that circulating lymphocytes and monocytes of individuals simultaneously affected by T2DM, dyslipidemia and periodontitis, showed an altered molecular profile mainly associated to inflammatory response, immune cell trafficking, and infectious disease pathways. Altogether, these results shed light on novel potential targets for future diagnosis, monitoring or development of targeted therapies for patients sharing these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sâmia C T Corbi
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14801385, SP, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14801385, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaira F de Vasconcellos
- Molecular Genomics and Therapeutics Section, Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 9D11, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alliny S Bastos
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14801385, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Girotto Bussaneli
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14801385, SP, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Roque da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14801385, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Alves Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Sciences of the University of Franca, Franca, 14404600, SP, Brazil
| | - Catarina S Takahashi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, USP -University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane de S Rocha
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medicine Genomics, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Benilton de Sá Carvalho
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing, University of Campinas, 13083-859, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia V Maurer-Morelli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medicine Genomics, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana R P Orrico
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14801385, SP, Brazil
- Advanced Research Center in Medicine, Union of the Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15030-070, Brazil
| | - Silvana P Barros
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - UNC, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raquel M Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14801385, SP, Brazil.
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Dellaa A, Benlarbi M, Hammoum I, Gammoudi N, Dogui M, Messaoud R, Azaiz R, Charfeddine R, Khairallah M, Lachapelle P, Ben Chaouacha-Chekir R. Electroretinographic evidence suggesting that the type 2 diabetic retinopathy of the sand rat Psammomys obesus is comparable to that of humans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192400. [PMID: 29420665 PMCID: PMC5805270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Type 2 diabetic retinopathy is the main cause of acquired blindness in adults. The aim of this work was to examine the retinal function of the sand rat Psammomys obesus as an animal model of diet-induced type 2 diabetes when subjected to a hypercaloric regimen. Materials and methods Hyperglycemia was induced in Psammomys obesus by high caloric diet (4 kcal/g). The visual function of control (n = 7) and diabetic (n = 7) adult rodents were followed up during 28 consecutive weeks with full-field electroretinogram(ERG) recordings evoked to flashes of white light according to the standard protocol of the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision protocol (ISCEV). Results Twenty-eight weeks following the induction of diabetes, results revealed significantly reduced and delayed photopic and scotopic ERG responses in diabetic rats compared to control rats. More specifically, we noted a significant decrease in the amplitude of the dark-adapted 0.01ERG (62%), a- and b-wave amplitudes of the dark-adapted 3.0 ERG (33.6%, 55.1%) and the four major oscillatory potentials components (OP1-OP4) (39.0%, 75.2%, 54.8% and 53.7% respectively). In photopic conditions, diabetic rats showed a significant decrease in a- and b-wave (30.4%, 43.4%), photopic negative response (55.3%), 30 Hz flicker (63.7%), OP1-OP4(51.6%, 61.8%, 68.3% and 47.5% respectively) and S-cone (34.7%). Significantly delayed implicit times were observed for all ERG components in the diabetic animals. Results obtained are comparable to those characterizing the retinal function of patients affected with advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion Psammomys obesus is a useful translational model to study the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy in order to explore new therapeutic avenues in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Dellaa
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules of the Higher Institute of Biotechnology Sidi Thabet, Manouba University, BiotechPole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Maha Benlarbi
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules of the Higher Institute of Biotechnology Sidi Thabet, Manouba University, BiotechPole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Imane Hammoum
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules of the Higher Institute of Biotechnology Sidi Thabet, Manouba University, BiotechPole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Nouha Gammoudi
- Department of functional explorations of the nervous system, University Hospital of Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Dogui
- Department of functional explorations of the nervous system, University Hospital of Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Messaoud
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rached Azaiz
- UNIMED Pharmaceutical Industry, industrial area Kalaa Kebira, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Charfeddine
- UNIMED Pharmaceutical Industry, industrial area Kalaa Kebira, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Khairallah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Pierre Lachapelle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rafika Ben Chaouacha-Chekir
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules of the Higher Institute of Biotechnology Sidi Thabet, Manouba University, BiotechPole Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a critical and long-term disorder due to the insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas or ineffective use of insulin by the body. Importantly, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has long been thought to be linked with diabetes. Despite more diabetic individuals surviving from better medications and treatments, there has been significant rise in the morbidity and mortality from CVD. Indeed, the classification of DM based on the electrocardiogram signals of the heart will be an advantageous system. Further, computer-aided classification of DM with integrated algorithms may enhance the execution of the system. In this paper, we have reviewed various studies using heart rate variability signals for automated classification of diabetes. Furthermore, the different techniques used to extract the features and the efficiency of the classification systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- MUHAMMAD ADAM
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - JEN HONG TAN
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - EDDIE Y. K. NG
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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12
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Leontidis G, Al-Diri B, Hunter A. A new unified framework for the early detection of the progression to diabetic retinopathy from fundus images. Comput Biol Med 2017; 90:98-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies in Diabetic Nephropathy: New Avenues for Calcium Dobesilate-Free Radical Scavenger and Growth Factor Inhibition. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1909258. [PMID: 29082239 PMCID: PMC5634607 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1909258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus and is responsible for 40–50% of all cases of end stage renal disease. The therapeutic strategies in diabetic nephropathy need to be targeted towards the pathophysiology of the disease. The earlier these therapeutic strategies can bring about positive effects on vascular changes and prevent the vasculature in patients with diabetes from deteriorating, the better the renal function can be preserved. Studies evaluating anti-inflammatory and antioxidative strategies in diabetic nephropathy demonstrate the need and value of these novel treatment avenues. CaD is an established vasoactive and angioprotective drug that has shown a unique, multitarget mode of action in several experimental studies and in different animal models of diabetic microvascular complications. On the molecular level, CaD reduces oxidative stress and inhibits growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factors. Recent findings have demonstrated a strong rationale for its use in reducing urine albumin excretion rate and markers of inflammation as well as improving endothelial function. Its beneficial effects make it an attractive therapeutic compound especially in the early stages of the disease. These findings, although promising, need further confirmation in prospective clinical trials with CaD.
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14
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Silva L, Subiabre M, Araos J, Sáez T, Salsoso R, Pardo F, Leiva A, San Martín R, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Insulin/adenosine axis linked signalling. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:45-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lavinya B U, Swaminathan M, Bhattacharya Y, Tandon S, Evan Prince S. In Vivo
Anti-Hyperglycemic Potential of Brahmi Gritham and Docking Studies of Its Active Components Against Protein Kinase C and CD38. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Lavinya B
- School of Biosciences and Technology; VIT University; Vellore 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Monisha Swaminathan
- School of Biosciences and Technology; VIT University; Vellore 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - Shreni Tandon
- School of Biosciences and Technology; VIT University; Vellore 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- School of Biosciences and Technology; VIT University; Vellore 632014 Tamil Nadu India
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Inagaki Y, Matsumoto Y, Ishii M, Uchino K, Sezutsu H, Sekimizu K. Fluorescence imaging for a noninvasive in vivo toxicity-test using a transgenic silkworm expressing green fluorescent protein. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11180. [PMID: 26061948 PMCID: PMC4462092 DOI: 10.1038/srep11180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug development, the toxicity of candidate chemicals must be carefully examined in an animal model. Here we developed a live imaging technique using silkworms for a noninvasive toxicity test applicable for drug screening. Injection of carbon tetrachloride, a tissue-injuring chemical, into transgenic silkworms expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) induced leakage of GFP from the tissues into the hemolymph. The leakage of GFP was suppressed by pre-administration of either cimetidine, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, or N-acetyl cysteine, a free-radical scavenger. The transgenic silkworm was made transparent by feeding a diet containing chemicals that inhibit uric acid deposition in the epithelial cells. In the transparent silkworms, GFP fluorescence in the fat body could be observed from outside the body. Injection of salicylic acid or iron sulfate, tissue-injuring chemicals, into the transparent silkworms decreased the fluorescence intensity of the GFP in the fat body. These findings suggest that the transparent GFP-expressing silkworm model is useful for evaluating the toxicity of chemicals that induce tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Inagaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Keiro Uchino
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
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Ding C, Hsu SHJ, Wu YJ, Su TC. Additive effects of postchallenge hyperglycemia and low-density lipoprotein particles on the risk of arterial stiffness in healthy adults. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:179. [PMID: 25431283 PMCID: PMC4280693 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the effects of post-challenge hyperglycemia potentiate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) particles on the risk of arterial stiffness in non-diabetic adults. Methods During 2009–2011, 592 adults without clinical diabetes (fasting glucose <7.0 mmol/L) or known coronary heart disease or stroke were recruited. All subjects underwent standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after overnight fasting. The glucose area under curve (GluAUC) after OGTT was defined as the postchallenge glucose load. Levels of LDL-C and small dense LDL-C (sdLDL-C) were measured. Arterial stiffness in terms of brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was also measured. Results The baPWV in tertile distributions were significantly associated with all conventional cardiovascular risk factors, LDL-C, and sdLDL-C. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that LDL-C (or sdLDL-C) combined with one of the seven glycemic indices (glucose levels at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min; GluAUC; HbA1C) was associated with arterial stiffness after covariates being adjusted. Further interaction analyses showed only concurrent higher levels of both glycemic indices and atherogenic LDL-C or sdLDL-C have significant risk for arterial stiffness. Conclusions Additive effects of both postchallenge hyperglycemia and LDL subclass particles potentiate the risk of arterial stiffness. The adverse joint effects of hyperlipidemia and postchallenge hyperglycemia on subclinical cardiovascular function provide important information in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in subjects without clinical diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong-Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital and National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.
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18
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Leontidis G, Al-Diri B, Hunter A. Diabetic retinopathy: current and future methods for early screening from a retinal hemodynamic and geometric approach. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2014.945521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Klaassen I, Van Noorden CJF, Schlingemann RO. Molecular basis of the inner blood-retinal barrier and its breakdown in diabetic macular edema and other pathological conditions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 34:19-48. [PMID: 23416119 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breakdown of the inner endothelial blood-retinal barrier (BRB), as occurs in diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, uveitis and other chronic retinal diseases, results in vasogenic edema and neural tissue damage, causing loss of vision. The central mechanism of altered BRB function is a change in the permeability characteristics of retinal endothelial cells caused by elevated levels of growth factors, cytokines, advanced glycation end products, inflammation, hyperglycemia and loss of pericytes. Subsequently, paracellular but also transcellular transport across the retinal vascular wall increases via opening of endothelial intercellular junctions and qualitative and quantitative changes in endothelial caveolar transcellular transport, respectively. Functional changes in pericytes and astrocytes, as well as structural changes in the composition of the endothelial glycocalyx and the basal lamina around BRB endothelium further facilitate BRB leakage. As Starling's rules apply, active transcellular transport of plasma proteins by the BRB endothelial cells causing increased interstitial osmotic pressure is probably the main factor in the formation of macular edema. The understanding of the complex cellular and molecular processes involved in BRB leakage has grown rapidly in recent years. Although appropriate animal models for human conditions like diabetic macular edema are lacking, these insights have provided tools for rational design of drugs aimed at restoring the BRB as well as for design of effective transport of drugs across the BRB, to treat the chronic retinal diseases such as diabetic macular edema that affect the quality-of-life of millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wu JH, Gao Y, Ren AJ, Zhao SH, Zhong M, Peng YJ, Shen W, Jing M, Liu L. Altered microRNA expression profiles in retinas with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Res 2011; 47:195-201. [PMID: 22156553 DOI: 10.1159/000331992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were studied in order to identify abnormal microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to ascertain miRNAs associated with DR. Histopathologically, we observed characteristic features of DR in rats at 10 weeks after STZ injection. Investigation of miRNA expression profiles in the retinas of control and diabetic rats using miRNA microarrays revealed that many miRNAs were abnormally expressed in DR. On the basis of their fold changes and probability values, a total of 37 miRNAs were selected for further validation by real-time PCR analysis. The results showed that 11 miRNAs were significantly upregulated and 6 miRNAs were notably downregulated in DR. Furthermore, these changes in retinal miRNA expression levels paralleled the course of DR. Levels of miR-182, miR-96, miR-183, miR-211, miR-204, and miR-124 were significantly increased during the progress of DR, whereas miR-10b, miR-10a, miR-219-2-3p, miR-144, miR-338, and miR-199a-3p were significantly decreased. Our data indicate that the aberrant miRNA expression profiles in DR are associated with the development of DR. Modulation of retinal miRNA expression levels may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for DRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-hui Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, and Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Aldose reductase inhibition suppresses oxidative stress-induced inflammatory disorders. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:330-8. [PMID: 21354119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced inflammation is a major contributor to several disease conditions including sepsis, carcinogenesis and metastasis, diabetic complications, allergic asthma, uveitis and after cataract surgery posterior capsular opacification. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and subsequent expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are characteristics of inflammatory disorders, we envisioned that by blocking the molecular signals of ROS that activate redox-sensitive transcription factors, various inflammatory diseases could be ameliorated. We have indeed demonstrated that ROS-induced lipid peroxidation-derived lipid aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) and their glutathione-conjugates (e.g. GS-HNE) are efficiently reduced by aldose reductase to corresponding alcohols which mediate the inflammatory signals. Our results showed that inhibition of aldose reductase (AKR1B1) significantly prevented the inflammatory signals induced by cytokines, growth factors, endotoxins, high glucose, allergens and auto-immune reactions in cellular as well as animal models. We have demonstrated that AKR1B1 inhibitor, fidarestat, significantly prevents tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-, growth factors-, lipopolysachharide (LPS)-, and environmental allergens-induced inflammatory signals that cause various inflammatory diseases. In animal models of inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, uveitis, asthma, and cancer (colon, breast, prostate and lung) and metastasis, inhibition of AKR1B1 significantly ameliorated the disease. Our results from various cellular and animal models representing a number of inflammatory conditions suggest that ROS-induced inflammatory response could be reduced by inhibition of AKR1B1, thereby decreasing the progression of the disease and if the therapy is initiated early, the disease could be eliminated. Since fidarestat has already undergone phase III clinical trial for diabetic neuropathy and found to be safe, though clinically not very effective, our results indicate that it can be developed for the therapy of a number of inflammation-related diseases. Our results thus offer a novel therapeutic approach to treat a wide array of inflammatory diseases.
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Wong VHY, Bui BV, Vingrys AJ. Clinical and experimental links between diabetes and glaucoma. Clin Exp Optom 2010; 94:4-23. [PMID: 21091536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. It is a multifactorial condition, the risk factors for which are increasingly well defined from large-scale epidemiological studies. One risk factor that remains controversial is the presence of diabetes. It has been proposed that diabetic eyes are at greater risk of injury from external stressors, such as elevated intraocular pressure. Alternatively, diabetes may cause ganglion cell loss, which becomes additive to a glaucomatous ganglion cell injury. Several clinical trials have considered whether a link exists between diabetes and glaucoma. In this review, we outline these studies and consider the causes for their lack of concordant findings. We also review the biochemical and cellular similarities between the two conditions. Moreover, we review the available literature that attempts to answer the question of whether the presence of diabetes increases the risk of developing glaucoma. At present, laboratory studies provide robust evidence for an association between diabetes and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the retinal blood flow velocities of patients with diabetes and healthy control subjects. We used a novel device offering a noninvasive diagnostic of retinal function. METHODS Flow velocities in retinal arterioles and venules were quantitatively analyzed by retinal function imager scanning in 58 eyes of 42 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and 51 eyes of 32 normal subjects. Group differences were assessed by the mixed-model effect. RESULTS Average velocity in arterial compartments (in mm/s) was 3.74 +/- 1.09 for the diabetic group and 4.19 +/- 0.99 for the control subjects. The average velocity of all segments, taking associated heart rate and individual segment widths into account, was 17% slower in the diabetic group (P < 0.0001). In both groups, average venous compartment velocity was lower than the arterial velocity (2.61 +/- 0.65 for the diabetic group; 3.03 +/- 0.59 for the control subjects). Individual vein velocities, taking heart rate and segment widths into account, was 17% slower, on average, in the diabetic group (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our measurement showed significantly decreased flow velocities in the retinal arterioles and venules of patients with diabetes compared with healthy control subjects, supporting the view of abnormal vessel function in eyes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Mieyal JJ, Gallogly MM, Qanungo S, Sabens EA, Shelton MD. Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of reversible protein S-glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1941-88. [PMID: 18774901 PMCID: PMC2774718 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfhydryl chemistry plays a vital role in normal biology and in defense of cells against oxidants, free radicals, and electrophiles. Modification of critical cysteine residues is an important mechanism of signal transduction, and perturbation of thiol-disulfide homeostasis is an important consequence of many diseases. A prevalent form of cysteine modification is reversible formation of protein mixed disulfides (protein-SSG) with glutathione (GSH). The abundance of GSH in cells and the ready conversion of sulfenic acids and S-nitroso derivatives to S-glutathione mixed disulfides suggests that reversible S-glutathionylation may be a common feature of redox signal transduction and regulation of the activities of redox sensitive thiol-proteins. The glutaredoxin enzyme has served as a focal point and important tool for evolution of this regulatory mechanism, because it is a specific and efficient catalyst of protein-SSG deglutathionylation. However, mechanisms of control of intracellular Grx activity in response to various stimuli are not well understood, and delineation of specific mechanisms and enzyme(s) involved in formation of protein-SSG intermediates requires further attention. A large number of proteins have been identified as potentially regulated by reversible S-glutathionylation, but only a few studies have documented glutathionylation-dependent changes in activity of specific proteins in a physiological context. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of many diseases which may interrupt or divert normal redox signaling and perturb protein-thiol homeostasis. Examples involving changes in S-glutathionylation of specific proteins are discussed in the context of diabetes, cardiovascular and lung diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965, USA.
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Silan C. The Effects of Chronic Resveratrol Treatment on Vascular Responsiveness of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:897-902. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coskun Silan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Düzce University
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27
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Friedman EA. Dialytic Therapy for the Diabetic ESRD Patient. Semin Dial 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139x.1997.tb00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ozyazgan S, Kutluata N, Afşar S, Ozdaş SB, Akkan AG. Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1(7–36) and Exendin-4 on the Vascular Reactivity in Streptozotocin/Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Rats. Pharmacology 2005; 74:119-26. [PMID: 15746570 DOI: 10.1159/000084277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the vascular effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Exendin-4 in type 2 diabetic rat aortae. Studies were performed in a normal control group (NC) (0.2 ml i.p. saline, n = 10), streptozotocin (STZ)/nicotinamide diabetic control group (DC) (a single dose of 80 mg/kg STZ i.p. injection 15 min after administration of 230 mg/kg nicotinamide i.p.), GLP-1 (GLPC) control group (1 microg/kg twice daily i.p. for 1 month, n = 10), Exendin-4 control group (EXC) (0.1 microg/kg twice daily i.p. for 1 month, n = 10), GLP-1-treated diabetic group (GLPT) (1 microg/kg twice daily i.p. for 1 month, n = 10), and Exendin-4-treated diabetic group (EXT) (0.1 microg/kg twice daily i.p. for 1 month, n = 10). One month of GLP-1 and Exendin-4 treatment significantly decreased the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats (113 +/- 2 mg/dl, p < 0.001, and 117 +/- 1 mg/dl, p < 0.001, respectively versus 181 +/- 9 mg/dl in the DC group). Sensitivity (pD2) and maximum response (% Max. Relax) of acetylcholine-stimulated relaxations in the DC group (pD2: 6.73 +/- 0.12 and 55 +/- 6, respectively) were decreased compared with the non-diabetic NC group (pD2: 7.41 +/- 0.25, p < 0.05, and 87 +/- 4, p < 0.01). Treating diabetic rats with GLP-1, pD2 values and with Exendin-4, Max. Relax %values of aortic strips to acetylcholine returned to near non-diabetic NC values (pD2: 7.47 +/- 0.15, p < 0.05, and 87 +/- 3, p < 0.01, respectively). Maximal contractile responses (Emax) to noradrenaline in aortic strips from the diabetic DC group (341 +/- 27 mg tension/mg wet weight) were significantly decreased compared with the non-diabetic NC (540 +/- 66 mg tension/mg wet weight, p < 0.001) and the GLPT group (490 +/- 25 mg tension/mg wet weight, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in pD2 values of aortic strips to noradrenaline from all groups. Emax to KCl in aortic strips from the DC group (247 +/- 10 mg tension/mg wet weight, p < 0.01) was significantly decreased compared with non-diabetic NC group (327 +/- 26 mg tension/mg wet weight). Treating diabetic rats with GLP-1 (GLPT), Emax values of aortic strips to KCl returned to near non-diabetic NC values (271 +/- 12 mg tension/mg wet weight). GLP-1 and (partially) Exendin-4 treatment could improve the increased blood glucose level and normalize the altered vascular tone in type 2 diabetic rats.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Exenatide
- Female
- Glucagon
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
- Glucagon-Like Peptides
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Niacinamide
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Streptozocin
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
- Venoms/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ozyazgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Aguayo C, Casado J, González M, Pearson JD, Martín RS, Casanello P, Pastor-Anglada M, Sobrevia L. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 is expressed in human umbilical vein endothelium, but is not involved in the inhibition of adenosine transport induced by hyperglycaemia. Placenta 2004; 26:641-53. [PMID: 16085043 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human equilibrative, Na(+)-independent nucleoside transport is mediated by membrane proteins sensitive (system es, hENT1) or insensitive (system ei, hENT2) to nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR). Gestational diabetes and elevated extracellular concentrations of D-glucose reduce adenosine transport in human umbilical vein endothelium (HUVEC). We studied hENT2 and hENT1 expression in HUVEC, and the effect of D-glucose on their activity and expression in HUVEC preincubated with 25 mM D-glucose (24 h). hENT2 and hENT1 mRNA were quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and their proteins were detected by Western blotting. hENT2 and hENT1 proteins are co-expressed in HUVEC and are located at the plasma membrane, however, hENT2 was mainly cytoplasmatic and perinuclear in location. D-Glucose reduced hENT1 and hENT2 mRNA expression, but only hENT1 protein abundance at the plasma membrane. Adenosine transport was inhibited by D-glucose and NMBPR (1 microM) in intact cells and membrane vesicles. Hypoxanthine inhibited adenosine transport in the absence or in the presence of 1 microM NBMPR. D-Glucose reduced NBMPR maximal binding in intact cells, membrane vesicles, and plasma membrane fractions. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that hENT2 and hENT1 are co-expressed in HUVEC, and even when adenosine transport is also mediated by hENT2, the hENT2-mediated transport activity is not involved in the d-glucose-induced down-regulation of total adenosine transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aguayo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Research Centre (CIM), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago
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30
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Sakai Y, Nobe K, Maruyama Y, Momose K, Homma I. A traditional herbal medicine, rikkunshi-to (TJ-43), prevents intracellular signaling disorders in gastric smooth muscle of diabetic rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2004; 32:245-56. [PMID: 15315262 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x04001904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of diabetic gastrointestinal dysfunction is of utmost importance. The present study demonstrated that diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) activity in diabetic gastric smooth muscle in the resting state was approximately 3.5-fold greater than that in controls. However, oral administration of TJ-43 (1% of food intake) or subcutaneous insulin injection (12 units/kg/day) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (DM) for 2 weeks prevented DGK abnormalities based on the control level. Increased DGK activity in the resting state of DM was inhibited significantly by R59022, neomycin or staurosporine; in contrast, these drugs did not affect DGK activity in controls, insulin-treated DM or TJ-43-treated DM. In controls, the endogenous phosphatidic acid (PA) level was inhibited significantly by R59022 or neomycin but not affected by staurosporine. On the other hand, these three drugs significantly inhibited endogenous PA levels in DM, and neomycin significantly inhibited endogenous PA levels in insulin-treated and TJ-43-treated DM. This suggests that TJ-43 could prevent alteration of DGK activity and PA formation without reduction of blood glucose levels. Moreover, these effects were greater than those of insulin treatment. Results suggested that TJ-43 treatment influenced the hyperreactivity of DGK and DAG formation via phospholipase C activity. In conclusion, TJ-43 can be recommended with respect to enhancement of the quality of life in patients displaying diabetic gastrointestinal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Sakai
- Division of Physiology, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Showa University, Yokohama 226, Japan.
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31
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Lee HZ, Yeh FT, Wu CH. The effect of elevated extracellular glucose on adherens junction proteins in cultured rat heart endothelial cells. Life Sci 2004; 74:2085-96. [PMID: 14969714 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2002] [Accepted: 09/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular permeability is a proof of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction induced by diabetes. Vascular permeability is directly related to the width of intercellular endothelial cells junctions, which may become permeable to macromolecules as a result of a change in endothelial cell shape. To determine the role of hyperglycemia in endothelial cell shape, the study examined the effect of high concentrations of glucose on the shape of cultured rat heart endothelial cells. This result indicated that the high-glucose-induced changes in the morphology of endothelial cells, via the glucose-mediated reorganization of F-actin. In endothelial cells, the actin cytoskeleton is tethered to the zonula adherens and focal adhesions, which mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions respectively. The present study demonstrated that the high-glucose-induced changes in the actin-binding protein such as filamin, zonula adherens proteins such as alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenin, focal adhesions proteins such as focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, and tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin. It appears that differences in expression of adherens junctions molecules on rat heart endothelial cells in response to high glucose reflect endothelial glucose toxicity, which may also induce endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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32
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Park SH, Park JW, Park SJ, Kim KY, Chung JW, Chun MH, Oh SJ. Apoptotic death of photoreceptors in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina. Diabetologia 2003; 46:1260-8. [PMID: 12898017 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2002] [Revised: 02/10/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Neurodegenerative changes in the diabetic retina occurring before diabetic retinopathy could be inevitable by the altered energy (glucose) metabolism, in the sense that dynamic image-processing activity of the retinal neurons is exclusively dependent on glucose. We therefore investigated the morphological changes in the neural retina, including neuronal cell death, of a streptozotocin-induced model of diabetes. METHODS Streptozotocin was intravenously injected. Rats were maintained hyperglycaemic without insulin treatment for 1 week and 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. Diabetic retinas were processed for histology, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry using the TUNEL method. RESULTS A slight reduction in the thickness of the inner retina was observed throughout the diabetic retinas and a remarkable reduction was seen in the outer nuclear layer 24 weeks after the onset of diabetes. The post-synaptic processes of horizontal cells in the deep invaginations of the photoreceptors showed degeneration changes from 1 week onwards. A few necrotic ganglion cells were observed after 4 weeks. At 12 weeks, some amacrine cells and a few horizontal cells showed necrotic features. Three to seven cellular layers in the outer nuclear layer and nerve terminals, rolled by the fine processes of the Müller cells near the somata of the degenerated ganglion cells, were apparent at 24 weeks. Apoptosis appeared in a few photoreceptor cells at 4 weeks, and the number of apoptotic photoreceptors increased thereafter. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that the visual loss associated with diabetic retinopathy could be attributed to an early phase of substantial photoreceptor loss, in addition to later microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Socho-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Ozyazgan S, Bicakci B, Ozaydin A, Denizbasi A, Unluer EE, Akkan AG. The effect of agmatine on the vascular reactivity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Pharmacol Res 2003; 48:133-8. [PMID: 12798665 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-6618(03)00101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the vascular effects of agmatine (decarboxylated arginine=AGM), an endogenous ligand for alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and imidazoline receptors, present in endothelium and smooth muscle, using the diabetic rat aortae. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were performed in control group (0.2 ml i.p. saline, n=10), streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic control group (60 mg kg(-1) STZ i.p., n=10), agmatine (AGM)-control group (5 mg kg(-1)day(-1) i.p. AGM for 1 month, n=10), citrate-control group (0.2 ml 0.01 M, n=10), insulin-treated diabetic group ((3 U kg(-1) NPH+1 U kg(-1) regular insulin) twice per day, for 1 month, n=10) and AGM-treated diabetic group (5 mg kg(-1)day(-1) i.p. for 1 month, n=10). All values are expressed as means+/-S.E.M. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test. RESULTS One-month AGM-treatment significantly decreased the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats (502+/-44 mg dl(-1) to 343+/-31 mg dl(-1), P<0.001). Fast, slow and total components of responses to noradrenaline in all the experimental groups were not significantly affected by AGM-treatment. AGM reversed the decreased responses of acetylcholine (pD(2) and Inh.%, P<0.001 and P<0.05) in diabetic rats although it did not affect the responses of sodium nitroprusside in all groups. The contraction values of KCl in all groups were not affected by AGM-treatment. CONCLUSION AGM-treatment could improve the increased blood glucose level, reverse the endothelial dysfunction and normalize the endothelium-dependent relaxation responses in STZ-diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ozyazgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, 34750, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bakala H, Delaval E, Hamelin M, Bismuth J, Borot-Laloi C, Corman B, Friguet B. Changes in rat liver mitochondria with aging. Lon protease-like reactivity and N(epsilon)-carboxymethyllysine accumulation in the matrix. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:2295-302. [PMID: 12752449 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a gradual deterioration of cell functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of protein damage have been proposed to contribute to this process. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of aging in mitochondrial matrix isolated from rat liver. The activity of Lon protease, an enzyme implicated in the degradation of abnormal matrix proteins, was measured and the accumulation of oxidation and glycoxidation (Nepsilon-carboxymethyllysine, CML) products was monitored using immunochemical assays. The function of isolated mitochondria was assessed by measuring respiratory chain activity. Mitochondria from aged (27 months) rats exhibited the same rate of oxygen consumption as those from adult (10 months) rats without any change in coupling efficiency. At the same time, the ATP-stimulated Lon protease activity, measured as fluorescent peptides released, markedly decreased from 10-month-old rats (1.15 +/- 0.15 FU x micro g protein-1 x h-1) to 27-month-old-rats (0.59 +/- 0.08 FU x micro g protein-1 x h-1). In parallel with this decrease in activity, oxidized proteins accumulated in the matrix upon aging while the CML-modified protein content assessed by ELISA significantly increased by 52% from 10 months (11.71 +/- 0.61 pmol CML x micro g protein-1) to 27 months (17.81 +/- 1.83 pmol CML x micro g protein-1). These results indicate that the accumulation of deleterious oxidized and carboxymethylated proteins in the matrix concomitant with loss of the Lon protease activity may affect the ability of aging mitochondria to respond to additional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaire Bakala
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Biochimie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France.
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Mann GE, Yudilevich DL, Sobrevia L. Regulation of amino acid and glucose transporters in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:183-252. [PMID: 12506130 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While transport processes for amino acids and glucose have long been known to be expressed in the luminal and abluminal membranes of the endothelium comprising the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers, it is only within the last decades that endothelial and smooth muscle cells derived from peripheral vascular beds have been recognized to rapidly transport and metabolize these nutrients. This review focuses principally on the mechanisms regulating amino acid and glucose transporters in vascular endothelial cells, although we also summarize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms controlling membrane transport activity and expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. We compare the specificity, ionic dependence, and kinetic properties of amino acid and glucose transport systems identified in endothelial cells derived from cerebral, retinal, and peripheral vascular beds and review the regulation of transport by vasoactive agonists, nitric oxide (NO), substrate deprivation, hypoxia, hyperglycemia, diabetes, insulin, steroid hormones, and development. In view of the importance of NO as a modulator of vascular tone under basal conditions and in disease and chronic inflammation, we critically review the evidence that transport of L-arginine and glucose in endothelial and smooth muscle cells is modulated by bacterial endotoxin, proinflammatory cytokines, and atherogenic lipids. The recent colocalization of the cationic amino acid transporter CAT-1 (system y(+)), nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and caveolin-1 in endothelial plasmalemmal caveolae provides a novel mechanism for the regulation of NO production by L-arginine delivery and circulating hormones such insulin and 17beta-estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni E Mann
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Ghitescu L, Robert M. Diversity in unity: the biochemical composition of the endothelial cell surface varies between the vascular beds. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 57:381-9. [PMID: 12112444 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium represents a population of squamous epithelial cells characterized by a particular histological localization (intima of blood vessels) and by several physiological functions such as the transport of substances between blood and tissues, the modulation of the vascular tone, the control of blood coagulation and that of the leukocyte extravasation. In spite of all these elements in common and of an identical embryonic origin, endothelial cells show definite morphological and physiological variations that divide them into types and subtypes, each specifically associated to various categories of organs. Even within the vasculature of the same organ, there are clear segmental (arterial/capillary/venous) differentiations of the endothelial cells. While the morphological and physiological differences between endothelial cells are well documented, there are very few data on the biochemistry underlying this heterogeneity. This work presents several data suggesting that, at present, the domain is ripe for a comprehensive analysis of this biochemical diversity, at least in what concerns the luminal aspect of the endothelial plasmalemma, a compartment of crucial importance in the biology and pathology of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Ghitescu
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4 Canada.
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Takehana K, Konishi A, Oonuki A, Noguchi M, Fujita K, Iino Y, Kobayashi T. APC0576, a novel inhibitor of NF-kappaB-dependent gene activation, prevents pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced chemokine production in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:945-52. [PMID: 12051750 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells participate in the inflammatory and immune reactions. Endothelial cell activation is a recurrent phenomenon linked to the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases, such as acute and chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disorders. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, TNF) are well-known activators of endothelial cells, since they strongly induce production of chemokines (e.g., IL-8, MCP-1) and cell adhesion molecules, resulting in an activation of inflammatory transcription factors such as NF-kappaB. We have established a cell-based reporter assay for the NF-kappaB-dependent gene activation in HUVEC. Using this assay system, we have identified a novel synthetic small molecule, APC0576, 5-(((S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarbonyl)amino)-2-(4-(((S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarbonyl)amino)phenoxy)pyridine, as an inhibitor of IL-1-induced NF-kappaB-dependent gene activation without any adverse effects on the cell viability. APC0576 represses the IL-1-induced release of chemokines (e.g., IL-8, MCP-1) in HUVEC. This inhibitory effect occurred at the level of mRNA expression. Despite having a strong inhibitory effect on the NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activation, APC0576 does not inhibit the IL-1-induced DNA binding of NF-kappaB, degradation of I-kappaB-alpha, or phosphorylation of RelA (p65). Although its molecular mechanism of action is not yet clear, APC0576 is a promising therapeutic candidate for diverse diseases involved in the pathogenic endothelial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takehana
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan.
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Patton W, Gillespie H, Frew L, Burns M, Lewis S, Chakravarthy U. The effects of high ambient glucose on the radiosensitivity of retinal microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes. Curr Eye Res 2002; 24:51-7. [PMID: 12187495 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.24.1.51.5433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The metabolic peturbations of diabetes cause functional and structural changes in the retinal microvasculature which are termed diabetic retinopathy. Exposure of the eye to ionising radiation results in retinal vascular damage with a clinical manifestation known as radiation retinopathy. Anecdotal studies have suggested that exposure to even low levels of ionising radiation may accelerate development of pathological changes in the retinal vessels of patients with diabetes. This in vitro study was designed to test the hypothesis that the combination of a high ambient glucose environment (mimicking hyperglycaemia and diabetes) along with exposure to ionising radiation would result in more accentuated damage to cultured retinal vascular cells. METHODS Retinal microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes were propagated for 5 days in either 5 mM (euglycaemia) or 15 mM (hyperglycaemia) glucose. Cells were irradiated with 250, 500 or 1000 cGy of ionising radiation using a 6 MV beam photon accelerator which was used for radiotherapy. Similarly treated but unirradiated cells were used as controls. DNA damage was assessed using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. RESULTS Unirradiated control cells pre-exposed to glucose at either 5 mM or 15 mM for 5 days showed no significant difference in mean percentage tail DNA representing damage. However, in both pericytes and endothelial cells exposed to ionising radiation, cells cultured in 15 mM glucose showed significantly higher levels of DNA damage compared with those cultured in 5 mM glucose, with maximal differences being seen at the higher radiation doses (500 and 1000 cGy). CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that retinal microvascular cells cultured in high glucose express more DNA damage when exposed ionising radiation. These findings have important implications for the management of patients with diabetes if they require radiotherapy for neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Patton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have 2- to 6-fold increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to non-DM subjects. Epidemiological data show that DM is synergic with other conventional risk factors. Total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) is an emerging CVD risk factor. We reviewed the literature to explore the relation between tHcy and CVD in patients with DM. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE database for articles on homocysteine, DM and CVD published from January 1991 to October 2000. RESULTS The mean plasma tHcy level is usually low or normal in DM patients, except when nephropathy is present. Levels in that case tend to be higher than in non-DM patients. An independent association with tHcy and CVD was shown in retrospective studies, for DM patients. Prospective studies showed an association between elevated tHcy and all cause mortality in DM patients. In general, the association between elevated levels of tHcy and the outcome was stronger than in non-DM individuals, for all types of study. DISCUSSION To date, there are no prospective work that specifically examined the relationship between levels of tHcy and the presence of CVD in the DM population. Nor are there studies to show that treating elevated tHcy results in a reduction of CVD events. Such studies are ongoing. Nevertheless, since hyperhomocysteinemia is potentially reversible with vitamin therapy, interaction of DM with high levels tHcy on the risk of CVD may have consequences with regard to management of primary and secondary prevention in DM patients who are at particularly high risk of CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Audelin
- The Internal Medicine Division of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, H2W 1R7, Montreal, Canada
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Lagaud GJ, Masih-Khan E, Kai S, van Breemen C, Dubé GP. Influence of type II diabetes on arterial tone and endothelial function in murine mesenteric resistance arteries. J Vasc Res 2001; 38:578-89. [PMID: 11740157 DOI: 10.1159/000051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An arteriograph was used to assess myogenic tone, smooth muscle contractility and the influence of endothelial function on mesenteric resistance artery reactivity in insulin-resistant mice (C57BL/KsJ-db/db) and age- and gender-matched wild-type mice. Increases in transmural pressure induced myogenic tone in arteries from both control and db/db mice. At 12 and 16 weeks of age, greater tone developed in diabetic than in control mice. In control, but not in db/db mice, pretreatment of arteries with L-NAME potentiated myogenic tone. Indomethacin and SQ29548 (PGH2/TXA2 receptor antagonist) had no efffect in control, but inhibited myogenic tone in db/db mice. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation induced by acetylcholine and bradykinin, was depressed in db/db mice and potentiated by SQ29548 and LY333531 (protein kinase C(beta) inhibitor). Messenger RNA expression levels for PKC(beta) were over-expressed 2.5-fold in db/db relative to those in control mice. However, expression levels of mRNA for eNOS, PKC(alpha), and PKC(xi) were similar in the db/db and control mice. Collectively, these results suggest that the greater myogenic tone in resistance arteries from diabetic mice may be attributable, to greater amounts of one or more vasoconstricting prostanoids. Our data indicate that in diabetic mice, basal and agonist-stimulated NO releases are depressed and NO-mediated vasorelaxation in these mice may be countered by an endogenous vasoconstrictive prostanoid. This prostanoid-induced vasoconstriction is mediated by a PKC(beta)-dependent mechanism. Therefore, heightened activation of PKC(beta) and release of a vasoconstrictor prostanoid could play a role in endothelial dysfunction associated with type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Lagaud
- Vancouver Vascular Biology Research Centre, Department of Cardiovascular Research, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
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Takata M, Urakaze M, Temaru R, Yamazaki K, Nakamura N, Nobata Y, Kishida M, Sato A, Kobayashi M. Pravastatin suppresses the interleukin-8 production induced by thrombin in human aortic endothelial cells cultured with high glucose by inhibiting the p44/42 mitogen activated protein kinase. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:753-62. [PMID: 11606315 PMCID: PMC1572999 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
1. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) prevent the progression of atherosclerosis by lowering cholesterol. However, the effect of statins on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines from endothelial cells has not yet been fully investigated. Here, we examined the effect of pravastatin, one of the statins, on IL-8 synthesis induced by thrombin in human aortic endothelial cells (AoEC) cultured with high glucose concentrations. 2. Pravastatin significantly decreased the IL-8 synthesis induced by thrombin. 3. Pravastatin inhibited the p44/42 MAP kinase activity induced by thrombin, but did not inhibit the p38 MAP kinase activity. 4. Translocation of ras protein from the cytosol to plasma membrane was inhibited by pravastatin. 5. Pravastatin inhibit the activator protein-1 activity, but did not inhibit the activation of IkappaB-alpha. 6. Dominant negative ras inhibited the p44/42 MAP kinase activity induced by PMA. 7. Our results suggest that pravastatin inhibits IL-8 synthesis by blocking the ras-MAP (p44/42) kinase pathway rather than nuclear factor-kappaB. Pravastatin may prevent atherosclerosis not only by lowering cholesterol levels, but also by suppressing IL-8 synthesis in AoEC through the inhibition of p44/42 MAP kinase, and this may be more beneficial in diabetic patients than in non-diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Takata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masaharu Urakaze
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Rie Temaru
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamazaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Norio Nakamura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuhko Nobata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mika Kishida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masashi Kobayashi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Ghitescu LD, Gugliucci A, Dumas F. Actin and annexins I and II are among the main endothelial plasmalemma-associated proteins forming early glucose adducts in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 2001; 50:1666-74. [PMID: 11423489 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.7.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An immunochemical and biochemical study was performed to reveal which of the endothelial plasma membrane proteins become glycated during the early phases of diabetes. The blood front of the lung microvascular endothelial plasmalemma was purified by the cationic colloidal silica method from normal and diabetic (streptozotocin-induced) rats and comparatively analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. No major qualitative differences in the general spectrum of endothelial plasmalemmal proteins were recorded between normoglycemic and hyperglycemic animals. By probing with anti-glucitollysine antibodies, we found that at 1 month after the onset of diabetes, several endothelial membrane polypeptides contained glucose covalently linked to their lysyl residues. Ten days of insulin treatment restored euglycemia in the diabetic animals and completely abolished the membrane nonenzymatic glycosylation. All the glycated polypeptides of the endothelial plasma membrane belong to the peripheral type and are associated with its cytoplasmic face (cell cortex). They were solubilized by buffers of high pH and were not detected in the lung cytosolic fraction (100,000 g). By microsequencing, the major proteins labeled by the anti-glucitollysine have been identified as being actin, annexin I, annexin II, the p34 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, and the Ras suppressor protein-1. Conversely, the intrinsic endothelial membrane proteins do not seem to be affected by hyperglycemia. This defines the internal face of the endothelial plasma membrane, particularly the cortical cytoskeleton, as a preferential target for nonenzymatic glycosylation in diabetes, with possible consequences on the fluidity of the endothelial plasmalemma and impairment of the endothelial mechanotransducing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Ghitescu
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec) H3C 3J7, Canada.
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43
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van Hinsbergh VW. NO or H(2)O(2) for endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation: Tetrahydrobiopterin makes the difference. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:719-21. [PMID: 11348862 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.21.5.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus are known to be associated with the activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway through the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) from glycolytic intermediates. Specific PKC isoforms, mainly the beta- and delta-isoforms, have been shown to be persistently activated in diabetic mellitus. Multiple studies have reported that the activation of PKC leads to increased production of extracellular matrix and cytokines, enhances contractility, permeability and vascular cell proliferation, induces the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and inhibits the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase. These events are not only frequently observed in diabetes mellitus but are also involved in the actions of vasoactive agents or oxidative stress. Inhibition of PKC by two different kinds of PKC inhibitors - LY333531, a selective PKC-beta-isoform inhibitor, and vitamin E, d-alpha-tocopheron - were able to prevent or reverse the various vascular dysfunctions in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies using these compounds are now ongoing to evaluate the significance of DAG-PKC pathway activation in the development of vascular complications in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meier
- Research Division of Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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45
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Ways DK, Sheetz MJ. The role of protein kinase C in the development of the complications of diabetes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2001; 60:149-93. [PMID: 11037624 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(00)60019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus produces a state of chronic hyperglycemia which in turn leads to the development of severe complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and atherosclerosis. Many different mechanisms have been put forward to attempt to explain how glucose elevations can damage these various organ systems. Protein kinase C activation is one of the sequelae of hyperglycemia and is thought to play a role in the development of diabetic complications. There are multiple mechanisms for its activation in the diabetic state and multiple downstream effects attributable to that activation. The role of protein kinase C activation in the development of the above-mentioned complications of diabetes is discussed in this chapter. In addition, the potential use of isoform-specific inhibitors of protein kinase C for the treatment of diabetic complications is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Ways
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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46
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Vaskuläre Veränderungen bei der diabetischen Retinopathie: Die zellulären und humoralen Interaktionsmechanismen in Antwort auf die Stoffwechselveränderungen. SPEKTRUM DER AUGENHEILKUNDE 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03162830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Yang YS, Danis RP, Peterson RG, Dolan PL, Wu YQ. Acarbose partially inhibits microvascular retinopathy in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat (ZDF/Gmi-fa). J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2000; 16:471-9. [PMID: 11110039 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2000.16.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared quantitative capillary retinopathic changes between non-insulin-dependent diabetic Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats and heterozygous nondiabetic Zucker controls and evaluated the effect of an orally administered glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, on retinopathy in these animals. Four groups of eight rats were analyzed: treated and untreated ZDF and treated and untreated Zuckers. Retinal capillary basement membrane thickening and retinal capillary cell density were determined from transmission electron microscopy and trypsin digestion preparations. ZDF rats had thicker basement membranes (p<0.0001) and more cells per unit capillary length (p=0.0003) compared to Zuckers. Acarbose treatment significantly reduced basement membrane thickening in the treated ZDF rats (p=0.001), but the effects on cell density showed only a favorable trend. Acarbose treatment has an ameliorative effect on the development of microvascular retinopathy in the ZDF rat, probably due to lessening of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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48
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Cartledge JJ, Eardley I, Morrison JF. Impairment of corpus cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation by glycosylated human haemoglobin. BJU Int 2000; 85:735-41. [PMID: 10759676 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of HbA1c, an isoform of glycosylated haemoglobin (GHb, a product of non-enzymatic reactions between elevated blood glucose and haemoglobin), on nitric oxide-mediated corpus cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation, and to categorize the mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Corpus cavernosal tissue from Wistar rats (300-350 g body weight) was prepared for the measurement of isometric tension. After equilibration in Krebs solution gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2 at 37 degrees C for 90 min, optimal resting tension was applied. Tissue was precontracted with 1 micromol/L noradrenaline (NAd) and either relaxed with incremental doses of acetylcholine (ACh) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). After washout, strips were again precontracted with NAd and then incubated with pyrogallol (100 micromol/L), 100 microL of haemoglobin or 100 microL of GHb in the presence of either L-arginine (100 micromol/L), indomethacin (10 micromol/L), allopurinol (100 micromol/L), deferoxamine (100 micromol/L), catalase (600 IU/mL), or superoxide dismutase (SOD) (120 IU/mL) before ACh- or SNP-induced relaxation responses were repeated. RESULTS Haemoglobin and GHb significantly impaired the relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum to ACh in a dose-dependent manner. L-arginine reversed the impairment caused by Hb, but not GHb. A donor of superoxide anions, pyrogallol, mimicked this impairment to ACh when added to control strips. Catalase, deferoxamine, indomethacin and allopurinol had no significant effect on the impaired relaxation response to ACh, whilst L-arginine partially reversed it. SOD completely reversed the GHb-induced impaired relaxation; GHb did not alter the relaxation response to SNP. CONCLUSION GHb significantly impairs endothelial NO-mediated corpus cavernosal relaxation in the rat, in vitro. This effect is caused partly by the generation of superoxide anions and the extracellular inactivation of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cartledge
- Pyrah Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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49
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Gargiulo P, Goldberg J, Romani B, Schiaffini R, Ciampalini P, Faulk WP, McIntyre JA. Qualitative and quantitative studies of autoantibodies to phospholipids in diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 118:30-4. [PMID: 10540156 PMCID: PMC1905396 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular and neurological complications. We have investigated the presence of antibodies to phospholipids and to phospholipid binding plasma proteins in blood samples collected from 68 clinically and biochemically characterized type I and type II diabetic patients and from 252 healthy blood donor controls. Each sample was analysed for antibodies to three phospholipids (cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine), the antibody isotypes (IgA, IgG and IgM), and whether antibody activity was plasma protein-dependent. Patients were considered to have anti-phospholipid antibodies when one or more of these 18 tests was found above predetermined control values. The results of these experiments revealed an increased incidence of anti-phospholipid antibodies in diabetic patients compared with control subjects. The incidence of IgA isotype to phosphatidylethanolamine was higher than the incidence of other isotypes to other phospholipids, and their reactivities were independent of phospholipid-associated proteins. In addition, these antibody findings were studied for associations with prothrombin degradation products, activated factor VII and activated protein C, and with the incidence of diabetic complications. The anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibody association with proliferative retinopathy was significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gargiulo
- Endocrinology, Clinica Medica 2, University 'La Sapienza' of Rome, Italy.
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50
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Bursell SE, King GL. Can protein kinase C inhibition and vitamin E prevent the development of diabetic vascular complications? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999; 45:169-82. [PMID: 10588370 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia causes vascular complications of diabetes possible by the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). We have provided substantial evidence that activation of PKC can lead to a whole host of vascular dysfunction in diabetes. The activation of PKC induced by hyperglycemia appears to be due to an increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) levels, a physiological activator of PKC. Studies involving cultural cells, animal models of diabetes and patients have shown that inhibition of PKC by specific PKC inhibitor was able to reverse many of the vascular dysfunctions in the retina, kidney and cardiovascular systems induced by either hyperglycemia or diabetes. In addition high doses of vitamin E were shown to decrease the level of DAG and PKC induced by diabetes or hyperglycemia. Thus animal and clinical studies have shown that high doses of vitamin E treatment can apparently reverse some of the changes in the retinal and renal vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bursell
- Beetham Eye Institute Eye Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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