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The large part German medicine has played in the development of experimental pharmacology in Japan. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:35-42. [PMID: 36282300 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The history of hitherto existing pharmacology in Japan presented here is authored in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. After the publication of the new book of anatomy "Anatomische Tabellen" translated into Japanese in 1774, the foundation of understanding the medical science was gradually formed in Japan under seclusion policy, and, since the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the modernization of Japanese medicine was rapidly fostered on the basis of German medicine. Thus, the Japanese government officially adopted German medicine, and the philosophy and practice of German medical schools were incorporated. Most of the medical texts used in Japan were of German origins, often in Dutch translations, and many Japanese physicians and medical researchers studied abroad in Germany. The start of experimental pharmacology in Japan was also made up by Japanese disciples of Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was the one of founders of the Archives in 1873. Additionally, it was customary for professor candidates in charge of pharmacology in medical faculties in Japan to go to Germany and study pharmacology. Through such historical circumstances, the Japanese Pharmacology Society has been established to fulfill the responsibility for contributing internationally to world-class research achievements in the field of medical sciences by supplying numerous talented pharmacologists. During the course of the development of experimental pharmacology in Japan, the Archives has provided an excellent stage for many Japanese pharmacologists to publish their research outcomes to proliferate them internationally. Without German medicine influence, Japanese pharmacology would not have been what it is today.
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Ng IHX, Bonthrone AF, Kelly CJ, Cordero-Grande L, Hughes EJ, Price AN, Hutter J, Victor S, Schuh A, Rueckert D, Hajnal JV, Simpson J, Edwards AD, Rutherford MA, Batalle D, Counsell SJ. Investigating altered brain development in infants with congenital heart disease using tensor-based morphometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14909. [PMID: 32913193 PMCID: PMC7483731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies have demonstrated reduced global and regional brain volumes in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). This study aimed to provide a more detailed evaluation of altered structural brain development in newborn infants with CHD compared to healthy controls using tensor-based morphometry (TBM). We compared brain development in 64 infants with CHD to 192 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. T2-weighted MR images obtained prior to surgery were analysed to compare voxel-wise differences in structure across the whole brain between groups. Cerebral oxygen delivery (CDO2) was measured in infants with CHD (n = 49) using phase contrast MR imaging and the relationship between CDO2 and voxel-wise brain structure was assessed using TBM. After correcting for global scaling differences, clusters of significant volume reduction in infants with CHD were demonstrated bilaterally within the basal ganglia, thalami, corpus callosum, occipital, temporal, parietal and frontal lobes, and right hippocampus (p < 0.025 after family-wise error correction). Clusters of significant volume expansion in infants with CHD were identified in cerebrospinal fluid spaces (p < 0.025). After correcting for global brain size, there was no significant association between voxel-wise brain structure and CDO2. This study localizes abnormal brain development in infants with CHD, identifying areas of particular vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel H X Ng
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Alexandra F Bonthrone
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Christopher J Kelly
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Lucilio Cordero-Grande
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,Biomedical Image Technologies, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emer J Hughes
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anthony N Price
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jana Hutter
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Suresh Victor
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andreas Schuh
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Simpson
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - A David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mary A Rutherford
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Dafnis Batalle
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Serena J Counsell
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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