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Jerban S, Ma Y, Wei Z, Shen M, Ibrahim Z, Jang H, Lu P, Chang DG, Woods G, Chung CB, Chang EY, Du J. Ultrashort echo time MRI detects significantly lower collagen but higher pore water in the tibial cortex of female patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:707-716. [PMID: 38591788 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI can quantify the major proton pool densities in cortical bone, including total (TWPD), bound (BWPD), and pore water (PWPD) proton densities, as well as the macromolecular proton density (MMPD), associated with the collagen content, which is calculated using macromolecular fraction (MMF) from UTE magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) modeling. This study aimed to investigate the differences in water and collagen contents in tibial cortical bone, between female osteopenia (OPe) patients, osteoporosis (OPo) patients, and young participants (Young). Being postmenopausal and above 55 yr old were the inclusion criteria for OPe and OPo groups. The tibial shaft of 14 OPe (72.5 ± 6.8 yr old), 31 OPo (72.0 ± 6.4 yr old), and 31 young subjects (28.0 ± 6.1 yr old) were scanned using a knee coil on a clinical 3T scanner. Basic UTE, inversion recovery UTE, and UTE-MT sequences were performed. Investigated biomarkers were compared between groups using Kruskal-Wallis test. Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated between the TH DXA T-score and UTE-MRI results. MMF, BWPD, and MMPD were significantly lower in OPo patients than in the young group, whereas T1, TWPD, and PWPD were significantly higher in OPo patients. The largest OPo/Young average percentage differences were found in MMF (41.9%), PWPD (103.5%), and MMPD (64.0%). PWPD was significantly higher (50.7%), while BWPD was significantly lower (16.4%) in OPe than the Young group on average. MMF was found to be significantly lower (27%) in OPo patients compared with OPe group. T1, MMF, TWPD, PWPD, and MMPD values significantly correlated with the TH DXA T-scores (provided by the patients and only available for OPe and OPo patients). DXA T-score showed the highest correlations with PWPD (R = 0.55) and MMF (R = 0.56) values. TWPD, PWPD, and MMF estimated using the UTE-MRI sequences were recommended to evaluate individuals with OPe and OPo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Zhao Wei
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Meghan Shen
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Zubaid Ibrahim
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Pengzhe Lu
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Douglas G Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Gina Woods
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Christine B Chung
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, United States
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Slawig A, Rothe M, Deistung A, Bohndorf K, Brill R, Graf S, Weng AM, Wohlgemuth WA, Gussew A. Ultra-short echo time (UTE) MR imaging: A brief review on technical considerations and clinical applications. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2024; 196:671-681. [PMID: 37995735 DOI: 10.1055/a-2193-1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Slawig
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
- Halle MR Imaging Core Facility, Medical faculty, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Maik Rothe
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
- Halle MR Imaging Core Facility, Medical faculty, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Deistung
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
- Halle MR Imaging Core Facility, Medical faculty, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Klaus Bohndorf
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
| | - Richard Brill
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
| | - Simon Graf
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
- Halle MR Imaging Core Facility, Medical faculty, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Max Weng
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Walter A Wohlgemuth
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
- Halle MR Imaging Core Facility, Medical faculty, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Gussew
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Germany
- Halle MR Imaging Core Facility, Medical faculty, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Jerban S, Jang H, Chang EY, Bukata S, Du J, Chung CB. Bone Biomarkers Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2024; 28:62-77. [PMID: 38330971 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used to evaluate the microstructural and compositional properties of bone. MRI-based biomarkers can characterize all major compartments of bone: organic, water, fat, and mineral components. However, with a short apparent spin-spin relaxation time (T2*), bone is invisible to conventional MRI sequences that use long echo times. To address this shortcoming, ultrashort echo time MRI sequences have been developed to provide direct imaging of bone and establish a set of MRI-based biomarkers sensitive to the structural and compositional changes of bone. This review article describes the MRI-based bone biomarkers representing total water, pore water, bound water, fat fraction, macromolecular fraction in the organic matrix, and surrogates for mineral density. MRI-based morphological bone imaging techniques are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Susan Bukata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christine B Chung
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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Surowiec RK, Does MD, Nyman JS. In Vivo Assessment of Bone Quality Without X-rays. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:56-68. [PMID: 38227178 PMCID: PMC11050740 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent advances in the assessment of bone quality using non-X-ray techniques. RECENT FINDINGS Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) provides multiple measurements of bone characteristics based on the propagation of sound through bone, the attenuation of that sound, and different processing techniques. QUS parameters and model predictions based on backscattered signals can discriminate non-fracture from fracture cases with accuracy comparable to standard bone mineral density (BMD). With advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bound water and pore water, or a porosity index, can be quantified in several long bones in vivo. Since such imaging-derived measurements correlate with the fracture resistance of bone, they potentially provide new BMD-independent predictors of fracture risk. While numerous measurements of mineral, organic matrix, and bound water by Raman spectroscopy correlate with the strength and toughness of cortical bone, the clinical assessment of person's bone quality using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) requires advanced spectral processing techniques that minimize contaminating signals from fat, skin, and blood. Limiting exposure of patients to ionizing radiation, QUS, MRI, and SORS has the potential to improve the assessment of fracture risk and track changes of new therapies that target bone matrix and micro-structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Surowiec
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 550 N. University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, 400 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
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Nyman JS, Ketsiri T, Louie EA, Harkins KD, Manhard MK, Gochberg DF, Lee DH, Desai MJ, Maslow J, Tanner SB, Does MD. Toward the use of MRI measurements of bound and pore water in fracture risk assessment. Bone 2023; 176:116863. [PMID: 37527697 PMCID: PMC10528882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The current clinical assessment of fracture risk lacks information about the inherent quality of a person's bone tissue. Working toward an imaging-based approach to quantify both a bone tissue quality marker (tissue hydration as water bound to the matrix) and a bone microstructure marker (porosity as water in pores), we hypothesized that the concentrations of bound water (Cbw) are lower and concentrations of pore water (Cpw) are higher in patients with osteoporosis (OP) than in age- and sex-matched adults without the disease. Using recent developments in ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), maps of Cbw and Cpw were acquired from the uninjured distal third radius (Study 1) of 20 patients who experienced a fragility fracture of the distal radius (Fx) and 20 healthy controls (Non-Fx) and from the tibia mid-diaphysis (Study 2) of 30 women with clinical OP (low T-scores) and 15 women without OP (normal T-scores). In Study 1, Cbw was significantly lower (p = 0.0018) and Cpw was higher (p = 0.0022) in the Fx than in the Non-Fx group. In forward stepwise, logistic regression models using Bayesian Information Criterion for selecting the best set of predictors (from imaging parameters, age, BMI, and DXA scanner type), the area-under-the-receiver operator characteristics-curve (AUC with 95 % confidence intervals) was 0.73 (0.56, 0.86) for hip aBMD (best predictors without MRI) and 0.86 (0.70, 0.95) for the combination of Cbw and Cpw (best predictors overall). In Study 2, Cbw was significantly lower (p = 0.0005) in women with OP (23.8 ± 4.3 1H mol/L) than in women without OP (29.9 ± 6.4 1H mol/L); Cpw was significantly higher by estimate of 2.9 1H mol/L (p = 0.0298) with clinical OP, but only when accounting for the type of UTE-MRI scan with 3D providing higher values than 2D (p < 0.0001). Lastly, Cbw, but not Cpw, was sensitive to bone forming osteoporosis medications over 12-months. UTE-MRI-derived measurements of bound and pore water concentrations are potential, aBMD-independent predictors of fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center,1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| | - Thammathida Ketsiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Louie
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin D Harkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mary Kate Manhard
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Daniel F Gochberg
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Donald H Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mihir J Desai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jed Maslow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - S Bobo Tanner
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center,1211 Medical Center Dr., Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, 400 24th Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Newman CL, Surowiec RK, Swallow EA, Metzger CE, Kim J, Tomaschke AA, Chen NX, Allen MR, Wallace JM, Moe SM, Wu YC, Niziolek PJ. Assessing cortical bone porosity with MRI in an animal model of chronic kidney disease. Bone 2023; 173:116808. [PMID: 37207990 PMCID: PMC11167728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by secondary hyperparathyroidism and an increased risk of hip fractures predominantly related to cortical porosity. Unfortunately, bone mineral density measurements and high-resolution peripheral computed tomography (HR-pQCT) imaging have shortcomings that limit their utility in these patients. Ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE-MRI) has the potential to overcome these limitations by providing an alternative assessment of cortical porosity. The goal of the current study was to determine if UTE-MRI could detect changes in porosity in an established rat model of CKD. Cy/+ rats (n = 11), an established animal model of CKD-MBD, and their normal littermates (n = 12) were imaged using microcomputed tomography (microCT) and UTE-MRI at 30 and 35 weeks of age (which approximates late-stage kidney disease in humans). Images were obtained at the distal tibia and the proximal femur. Cortical porosity was assessed using the percent porosity (Pore%) calculated from microCT imaging and the porosity index (PI) calculated from UTE-MRI. Correlations between Pore% and PI were also calculated. Cy/+ rats had higher Pore% than normal rats at both skeletal sites at 35 weeks (tibia = 7.13 % +/- 5.59 % vs. 0.51 % +/- 0.09 %, femur = 19.99 % +/- 7.72 % vs. 2.72 % +/- 0.32 %). They also had greater PI at the distal tibia at 30 weeks of age (0.47 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.40 +/- 0.08). However, Pore% and PI were only correlated in the proximal femur at 35 weeks of age (ρ = 0.929, Spearman). These microCT results are consistent with prior studies in this animal model utilizing microCT imaging. The UTE-MRI results were inconsistent, resulting in variable correlations with microCT imaging, which may be related to suboptimal bound and pore water discrimination at higher magnetic field strengths. Nevertheless, UTE-MRI may still provide an additional clinical tool to assess fracture risk without using ionizing radiation in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Newman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
| | - Rachel K Surowiec
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | | | - Corinne E Metzger
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Jieun Kim
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew A Tomaschke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Neal X Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chien Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Paul J Niziolek
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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Jones BC, Wehrli FW, Kamona N, Deshpande RS, Vu BTD, Song HK, Lee H, Grewal RK, Chan TJ, Witschey WR, MacLean MT, Josselyn NJ, Iyer SK, Al Mukaddam M, Snyder PJ, Rajapakse CS. Automated, calibration-free quantification of cortical bone porosity and geometry in postmenopausal osteoporosis from ultrashort echo time MRI and deep learning. Bone 2023; 171:116743. [PMID: 36958542 PMCID: PMC10121925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of cortical bone porosity and geometry by imaging in vivo can provide useful information about bone quality that is independent of bone mineral density (BMD). Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI techniques of measuring cortical bone porosity and geometry have been extensively validated in preclinical studies and have recently been shown to detect impaired bone quality in vivo in patients with osteoporosis. However, these techniques rely on laborious image segmentation, which is clinically impractical. Additionally, UTE MRI porosity techniques typically require long scan times or external calibration samples and elaborate physics processing, which limit their translatability. To this end, the UTE MRI-derived Suppression Ratio has been proposed as a simple-to-calculate, reference-free biomarker of porosity which can be acquired in clinically feasible acquisition times. PURPOSE To explore whether a deep learning method can automate cortical bone segmentation and the corresponding analysis of cortical bone imaging biomarkers, and to investigate the Suppression Ratio as a fast, simple, and reference-free biomarker of cortical bone porosity. METHODS In this retrospective study, a deep learning 2D U-Net was trained to segment the tibial cortex from 48 individual image sets comprised of 46 slices each, corresponding to 2208 training slices. Network performance was validated through an external test dataset comprised of 28 scans from 3 groups: (1) 10 healthy, young participants, (2) 9 postmenopausal, non-osteoporotic women, and (3) 9 postmenopausal, osteoporotic women. The accuracy of automated porosity and geometry quantifications were assessed with the coefficient of determination and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Furthermore, automated MRI biomarkers were compared between groups and to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)- and peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT)-derived BMD. Additionally, the Suppression Ratio was compared to UTE porosity techniques based on calibration samples. RESULTS The deep learning model provided accurate labeling (Dice score 0.93, intersection-over-union 0.88) and similar results to manual segmentation in quantifying cortical porosity (R2 ≥ 0.97, ICC ≥ 0.98) and geometry (R2 ≥ 0.82, ICC ≥ 0.75) parameters in vivo. Furthermore, the Suppression Ratio was validated compared to established porosity protocols (R2 ≥ 0.78). Automated parameters detected age- and osteoporosis-related impairments in cortical bone porosity (P ≤ .002) and geometry (P values ranging from <0.001 to 0.08). Finally, automated porosity markers showed strong, inverse Pearson's correlations with BMD measured by pQCT (|R| ≥ 0.88) and DXA (|R| ≥ 0.76) in postmenopausal women, confirming that lower mineral density corresponds to greater porosity. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated feasibility of a simple, automated, and ionizing-radiation-free protocol for quantifying cortical bone porosity and geometry in vivo from UTE MRI and deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Jones
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33(rd) St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Nada Kamona
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33(rd) St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Rajiv S Deshpande
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33(rd) St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Brian-Tinh Duc Vu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33(rd) St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Hee Kwon Song
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Hyunyeol Lee
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America; School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rasleen Kaur Grewal
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Trevor Jackson Chan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33(rd) St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Walter R Witschey
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Matthew T MacLean
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Nicholas J Josselyn
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America; Department of Data Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States of America.
| | - Srikant Kamesh Iyer
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Mona Al Mukaddam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Peter J Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Chamith S Rajapakse
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
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Ketsiri T, Uppuganti S, Harkins KD, Gochberg DF, Nyman JS, Does MD. T 1 relaxation of bound and pore water in cortical bone. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4878. [PMID: 36418236 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
MRI measures of bound and/or pore water concentration in cortical bone offer potential diagnostics of bone fracture risk. The transverse relaxation characteristics of both bound and pore water are relatively well understood and have been used to design clinical MRI pulse sequences to image each water pool quantitatively. However, these methods are also sensitive to longitudinal relaxation characteristics, which have been less well studied. Here, spectroscopic relaxometry measurements of 31 human cortical bone specimens provided a more detailed picture of T 1 of both bound and pore water. The results included mean, standard deviation, and range of T 1 spectra from both bound and pore water, as well as novel presentations of the 2D T 1 - T 2 distribution of pore water. Importantly, for each sample the pore water T 1 spectrum was found to span more than one order of magnitude and varied substantially across the 31 sample studies. Because many existing methods assume pore water T 1 to be mono-exponential and constant across individuals, the results were used to compute the potential effect neglecting this intra- and intersample T 1 variation on accurate MRI measurement of both bound and pore water concentrations. The greatest effect was found for adiabatic inversion recovery (AIR) based measurements of bound water concentration, which showed an average of 8.8% and as much as 37% error when using a common mono-exponential assumption of pore water T 1 . Despite these errors, the simulated AIR measurements were still moderately well correlated with the bound water concentrations derived from the spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thammathida Ketsiri
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kevin D Harkins
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel F Gochberg
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark D Does
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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9
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Jones BC, Lee H, Cheng CC, al Mukaddam M, Song HK, Snyder PJ, Kamona N, Rajapakse CS, Wehrli FW. MRI Quantification of Cortical Bone Porosity, Mineralization, and Morphologic Structure in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Radiology 2023; 307:e221810. [PMID: 36692396 PMCID: PMC10102628 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.221810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Preclinical studies have suggested that solid-state MRI markers of cortical bone porosity, morphologic structure, mineralization, and osteoid density are useful measures of bone health. Purpose To explore whether MRI markers of cortical bone porosity, morphologic structure, mineralization, and osteoid density are affected in postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP) and to examine associations between MRI markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods In this single-center study, postmenopausal women were prospectively recruited from January 2019 to October 2020 into two groups: participants with OP who had not undergone treatment, defined as having any dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) T-score of -2.5 or less, and age-matched control participants without OP (hereafter, non-OP). Participants underwent MRI in the midtibia, along with DXA in the hip and spine, and peripheral quantitative CT in the midtibia. Specifically, MRI measures of cortical bone porosity (pore water and total water), osteoid density (bound water [BW]), morphologic structure (cortical bone thickness), and mineralization (phosphorous [P] density [31P] and 31P-to-BW concentration ratio) were quantified at 3.0 T. MRI measures were compared between OP and non-OP groups and correlations with BMD were assessed. Results Fifteen participants with OP (mean age, 63 years ± 5 [SD]) and 19 participants without OP (mean age, 65 years ± 6) were evaluated. The OP group had elevated pore water (11.6 mol/L vs 9.5 mol/L; P = .007) and total water densities (21.2 mol/L vs 19.7 mol/L; P = .03), and had lower cortical bone thickness (4.8 mm vs 5.6 mm; P < .001) and 31P density (6.4 mol/L vs 7.5 mol/L; P = .01) than the non-OP group, respectively, although there was no evidence of a difference in BW or 31P-to-BW concentration ratio. Pore and total water densities were inversely associated with DXA and peripheral quantitative CT BMD (P < .001), whereas cortical bone thickness and 31P density were positively associated with DXA and peripheral quantitative CT BMD (P = .01). BW, 31P density, and 31P-to-BW concentration ratio were positively associated with DXA (P < .05), but not with peripheral quantitative CT. Conclusion Solid-state MRI of cortical bone was able to help detect potential impairments in parameters reflecting porosity, morphologic structure, and mineralization in postmenopausal osteoporosis. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Bae in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C. Jones
- From the Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine
(B.C.J., H.L., C.C.C., H.K.S., N.K., C.S.R., F.W.W.), Department of
Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (B.C.J., N.K.),
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Perelman School of Medicine (M.A.M., P.J.S.), and Department of Orthopedic
Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania, 1
Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Mona al Mukaddam
- From the Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine
(B.C.J., H.L., C.C.C., H.K.S., N.K., C.S.R., F.W.W.), Department of
Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (B.C.J., N.K.),
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Perelman School of Medicine (M.A.M., P.J.S.), and Department of Orthopedic
Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania, 1
Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hee Kwon Song
- From the Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine
(B.C.J., H.L., C.C.C., H.K.S., N.K., C.S.R., F.W.W.), Department of
Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (B.C.J., N.K.),
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Perelman School of Medicine (M.A.M., P.J.S.), and Department of Orthopedic
Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania, 1
Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Peter J. Snyder
- From the Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine
(B.C.J., H.L., C.C.C., H.K.S., N.K., C.S.R., F.W.W.), Department of
Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (B.C.J., N.K.),
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Perelman School of Medicine (M.A.M., P.J.S.), and Department of Orthopedic
Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania, 1
Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nada Kamona
- From the Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine
(B.C.J., H.L., C.C.C., H.K.S., N.K., C.S.R., F.W.W.), Department of
Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (B.C.J., N.K.),
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Perelman School of Medicine (M.A.M., P.J.S.), and Department of Orthopedic
Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania, 1
Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Chamith S. Rajapakse
- From the Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine
(B.C.J., H.L., C.C.C., H.K.S., N.K., C.S.R., F.W.W.), Department of
Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (B.C.J., N.K.),
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Perelman School of Medicine (M.A.M., P.J.S.), and Department of Orthopedic
Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania, 1
Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Felix W. Wehrli
- From the Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine
(B.C.J., H.L., C.C.C., H.K.S., N.K., C.S.R., F.W.W.), Department of
Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (B.C.J., N.K.),
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Perelman School of Medicine (M.A.M., P.J.S.), and Department of Orthopedic
Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine (C.S.R.), University of Pennsylvania, 1
Founders Building, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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10
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Harkins KD, Ketsiri T, Nyman JS, Does MD. Fast bound and pore water mapping of cortical bone with arbitrary slice oriented two-dimensional ultra-short echo time. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:767-773. [PMID: 36226656 PMCID: PMC9897494 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extend fast, two-dimensional (2D) methods of bound and pore water mapping in bone to arbitrary slice orientation. METHODS To correct for slice profile artifacts caused by gradient errors of half pulse 2D ultra-short echo time (UTE), we developed a library of predistorted gradient waveforms that can be used to interpolate optimized gradient waveforms for 2D UTE slice selection. We also developed a method to estimate and correct for a bulk phase difference between the two half pulse excitations used for 2D UTE signal excitation. Bound water images were acquired in three healthy subjects with adiabatic inversion recovery prepared 2D UTE, while pore water images were acquired after short-T2 signals were suppressed with double adiabatic inversion recovery preparation. The repeatability of bound and pore water imaging with 2D UTE was tested by repeating acquisitions after repositioning. RESULTS The library-based interpolation of optimized slice select gradient waveforms combined with the method to estimate bulk phase between two excitations provided compact slice profiles for half pulse excited 2D UTE. Quantitative bound and pore water values were highly repeatable-the pooled SD of bound water across all three subjects was 0.38 mol1 $$ {}^1 $$ H/L, while pooled SD of pore water was 0.30 mol1 $$ {}^1 $$ H/L. CONCLUSION Fast, quantitative, 2D UTE-based bound and pore water images can be acquired at arbitrary oblique orientations after correcting for errors in the slice select gradient waveform and bulk phase shift between the two half acquisitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Harkins
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Institute of Image Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thammathida Ketsiri
- Institute of Image Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Institute of Image Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark D Does
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Institute of Image Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Lombardi AF, Ma YJ, Jang H, Jerban S, Du J, Chang EY, Chung CB. Synthetic CT in Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review. Invest Radiol 2023; 58:43-59. [PMID: 36070535 PMCID: PMC9742139 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Repeated computed tomography (CT) examinations increase patients' ionizing radiation exposure and health costs, making an alternative method desirable. Cortical and trabecular bone, however, have short T2 relaxation times, causing low signal intensity on conventional magnetic resonance (MR) sequences. Different techniques are available to create a "CT-like" contrast of bone, such as ultrashort echo time, zero echo time, gradient-echo, and susceptibility-weighted image MR sequences, and artificial intelligence. This systematic review summarizes the essential technical background and developments of ultrashort echo time, zero echo time, gradient-echo, susceptibility-weighted image MR imaging sequences and artificial intelligence; presents studies on research and clinical applications of "CT-like" MR imaging; and describes their main advantages and limitations. We also discuss future opportunities in research, which patients would benefit the most, the most appropriate situations for using the technique, and the potential to replace CT in the clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecio F Lombardi
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, and the Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, California
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12
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Liu J, Chen JD, Li P, Liao JW, Feng JX, Chen ZY, Cai ZY, Li W, Chen XJ, Su ZH, Lu H, Li SL, Ma YJ. Comprehensive assessment of osteoporosis in lumbar spine using compositional MR imaging of trabecular bone. Eur Radiol 2022; 33:3995-4006. [PMID: 36571604 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-09368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To comprehensively assess osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, a compositional MR imaging technique is proposed to quantify proton fractions for all the water components as well as fat in lumbar vertebrae measured by a combination of a 3D short repetition time adiabatic inversion recovery prepared ultrashort echo time (STAIR-UTE) MRI and IDEAL-IQ. METHODS A total of 182 participants underwent MRI, quantitative CT, and DXA. Lumbar collagen-bound water proton fraction (CBWPF), free water proton fraction (FWPF), total water proton fraction (TWPF), bone mineral density (BMD), and T-score were calculated in three vertebrae (L2-L4) for each subject. The correlations of the CBWPF, FWPF, and TWPF with BMD and T-score were investigated respectively. A comprehensive diagnostic model combining all the water components and clinical characteristics was established. The performances of all the water components and the comprehensive diagnostic model to discriminate between normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis cohorts were also evaluated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC). RESULTS The CBWPF showed strong correlations with BMD (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) and T-score (r = 0.72, p < 0.001), while the FWPF and TWPF showed moderate correlations with BMD (r = 0.65 and 0.68, p < 0.001) and T-score (r = 0.47 and 0.49, p < 0.001). The high area under the curve values obtained from ROC analysis demonstrated that CBWPF, FWPF, and TWPF have the potential to differentiate the normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis cohorts. At the same time, the comprehensive diagnostic model shows the best performance. CONCLUSIONS The compositional MRI technique, which quantifies CBWPF, FWPF, and TWPF in trabecular bone, is promising in the assessment of bone quality. KEY POINTS • Compositional MR imaging technique is able to quantify proton fractions for all the water components (i.e., collagen-bound water proton fraction (CBWPF), free water proton fraction (FWPF), and total water proton fraction (TWPF)) in the human lumbar spine. • The biomarkers derived from the compositional MR imaging technique showed moderate to high correlations with bone mineral density (BMD) and T-score and showed good performance in distinguishing people with different bone mass. • The comprehensive diagnostic model incorporating CBWPF, FWPF, TWPF, and clinical characteristics showed the highest clinical diagnostic capability for the assessment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Di Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liao
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Xin Feng
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zi-Yang Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hai Su
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shao-Lin Li
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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13
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Surowiec RK, Allen MR, Wallace JM. Bone hydration: How we can evaluate it, what can it tell us, and is it an effective therapeutic target? Bone Rep 2022; 16:101161. [PMID: 35005101 PMCID: PMC8718737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Water constitutes roughly a quarter of the cortical bone by volume yet can greatly influence mechanical properties and tissue quality. There is a growing appreciation for how water can dynamically change due to age, disease, and treatment. A key emerging area related to bone mechanical and tissue properties lies in differentiating the role of water in its four different compartments, including free/pore water, water loosely bound at the collagen/mineral interfaces, water tightly bound within collagen triple helices, and structural water within the mineral. This review summarizes our current knowledge of bone water across the four functional compartments and discusses how alterations in each compartment relate to mechanical changes. It provides an overview on the advent of- and improvements to- imaging and spectroscopic techniques able to probe nano-and molecular scales of bone water. These technical advances have led to an emerging understanding of how bone water changes in various conditions, of which aging, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and osteogenesis imperfecta are reviewed. Finally, it summarizes work focused on therapeutically targeting water to improve mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Surowiec
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R. Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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14
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Jerban S, Alenezi S, Afsahi AM, Ma Y, Du J, Chung CB, Chang EY. MRI-based mechanical competence assessment of bone using micro finite element analysis (micro-FEA): Review. Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 88:9-19. [PMID: 35091024 PMCID: PMC8988995 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) have demonstrated limited capabilities in the evaluation of bone mechanical competence and prediction of bone fracture. Predicting the macroscopic mechanical behavior of the bone structure has been challenging because of the heterogeneous and anisotropic nature of bone, such as the dependencies on loading direction, anatomical location, and sample dimensions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been introduced as a promising modality that can be coupled with finite element analysis (FEA) for the assessment of bone mechanical competence. This review article describes studies investigating MRI-based micro-FEA as a potential non-invasive method to predict bone mechanical competence and facilitate bone fracture risk estimation without exposure to ionizing radiation. Specifically, the steps, applications, and future potential of FEA using indirect and direct bone imaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Salem Alenezi
- Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine B Chung
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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15
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Lombardi AF, Jang H, Wei Z, Jerban S, Wallace M, Masuda K, Ma YJ. High-contrast osteochondral junction imaging using a 3D dual adiabatic inversion recovery-prepared ultrashort echo time cones sequence. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4559. [PMID: 34021649 PMCID: PMC8254801 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While conventional MRI sequences cannot visualize tissues from the osteochondral junction (OCJ) due to these tissues' short transverse T2 /T2 * relaxations, ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences can overcome this limitation. A 2D UTE sequence with a dual adiabatic inversion recovery preparation (DIR-UTE) for selective imaging of short T2 tissues with high contrast has previously been developed, but high sensitivity to eddy currents and aliased out-of-slice excitation make it difficult to image the thin layer of the OCJ in vivo. Here, we combine the DIR scheme with a 3D UTE cones sequence for volumetric imaging of OCJ tissues in vivo, aiming to generate higher OCJ contrast compared with a recently developed single IR-prepared UTE sequence with a fat saturation module (IR-FS-UTE). All sequences were implemented on a 3-T clinical scanner. The DIR-UTE cones sequence combined a 3D UTE cones sequence with two narrow-band adiabatic IR preparation pulses centered on water and fat spectrum frequencies, respectively. The 3D DIR-UTE cones sequence was first applied to a phantom, then to the knees of four healthy volunteers and four patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis and compared with the IR-FS-UTE sequence. In both phantom and volunteer studies, the proposed DIR-UTE cones sequence showed much higher contrast for OCJ imaging than the IR-FS-UTE sequence did. The 3D DIR-UTE cones sequence showed a significantly higher contrast-to-noise ratio between the OCJ and subchondral bone fat (mean, standard deviation [SD]: 25.7 ± 2.3) and between the OCJ and superficial layers of cartilage (mean, SD: 22.2 ± 3.5) compared with the IR-FS-UTE sequence (mean, SD: 10.8 ± 2.5 and 16.3 ± 2.6, respectively). The 3D DIR-UTE cones sequence is feasible for imaging of the OCJ region of the knee in vivo and produces both high resolution and high contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecio F. Lombardi
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Zhao Wei
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark Wallace
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Koichi Masuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
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Soldati E, Rossi F, Vicente J, Guenoun D, Pithioux M, Iotti S, Malucelli E, Bendahan D. Survey of MRI Usefulness for the Clinical Assessment of Bone Microstructure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2509. [PMID: 33801539 PMCID: PMC7958958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone microarchitecture has been shown to provide useful information regarding the evaluation of skeleton quality with an added value to areal bone mineral density, which can be used for the diagnosis of several bone diseases. Bone mineral density estimated from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has shown to be a limited tool to identify patients' risk stratification and therapy delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as another technique to assess bone quality and fracture risk by evaluating the bone structure and microarchitecture. To date, MRI is the only completely non-invasive and non-ionizing imaging modality that can assess both cortical and trabecular bone in vivo. In this review article, we reported a survey regarding the clinically relevant information MRI could provide for the assessment of the inner trabecular morphology of different bone segments. The last section will be devoted to the upcoming MRI applications (MR spectroscopy and chemical shift encoding MRI, solid state MRI and quantitative susceptibility mapping), which could provide additional biomarkers for the assessment of bone microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Soldati
- CRMBM, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
- IUSTI, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France;
- ISM, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (D.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (S.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Jerome Vicente
- IUSTI, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13013 Marseille, France;
| | - Daphne Guenoun
- ISM, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (D.G.); (M.P.)
- Department of Radiology, Institute for Locomotion, Saint-Marguerite Hospital, ISM, CNRS, APHM, Aix Marseille University, 13274 Marseille, France
| | - Martine Pithioux
- ISM, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13288 Marseille, France; (D.G.); (M.P.)
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Institute for Locomotion, Saint-Marguerite Hospital, ISM, CNRS, APHM, Aix Marseille University, 13274 Marseille, France
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (S.I.); (E.M.)
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Emil Malucelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (S.I.); (E.M.)
| | - David Bendahan
- CRMBM, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
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17
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Jones BC, Jia S, Lee H, Feng A, Shetye SS, Batzdorf A, Shapira N, Noël PB, Pleshko N, Rajapakse CS. MRI-derived porosity index is associated with whole-bone stiffness and mineral density in human cadaveric femora. Bone 2021; 143:115774. [PMID: 33271401 PMCID: PMC7769997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures proton signals in cortical bone from two distinct water pools, bound water, or water that is tightly bound to bone matrix, and pore water, or water that is freely moving in the pore spaces in bone. By isolating the signal contribution from the pore water pool, UTE biomarkers can directly quantify cortical bone porosity in vivo. The Porosity Index (PI) is one non-invasive, clinically viable UTE-derived technique that has shown strong associations in the tibia with μCT porosity and other UTE measures of bone water. However, the efficacy of the PI biomarker has never been examined in the proximal femur, which is the site of the most catastrophic osteoporotic fractures. Additionally, the loads experienced during a sideways fall are complex and the femoral neck is difficult to image with UTE, so the usefulness of the PI in the femur was unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the PI measure in the proximal cortical shaft of human cadaveric femora specimens compared to (1) QCT-derived bone mineral density (BMD) and (2) whole bone stiffness obtained from mechanical testing mimicking a sideways fall. Fifteen fresh, frozen whole cadaveric femora specimens (age 72.1 ± 15.0 years old, 10 male, 5 female) were scanned on a clinical 3-T MRI using a dual-echo UTE sequence. Specimens were then scanned on a clinical CT scanner to measure volumetric BMD (vBMD) and then non-destructively mechanically tested in a sideways fall configuration. The PI in the cortical shaft demonstrated strong correlations with bone stiffness (r = -0.82, P = 0.0014), CT-derived vBMD (r = -0.64, P = 0.0149), and with average cortical thickness (r = -0.60, P = 0.0180). Furthermore, a hierarchical regression showed that PI was a strong predictor of bone stiffness which was independent of the other parameters. The findings from this study validate the MRI-derived porosity index as a useful measure of whole-bone mechanical integrity and stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Jones
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America.
| | - Shaowei Jia
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America; School of Biomedical Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, China
| | - Hyunyeol Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anna Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Snehal S Shetye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Batzdorf
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nadav Shapira
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter B Noël
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, United States of America
| | - Chamith S Rajapakse
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
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18
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Ma YJ, Jerban S, Jang H, Chang D, Chang EY, Du J. Quantitative Ultrashort Echo Time (UTE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bone: An Update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:567417. [PMID: 33071975 PMCID: PMC7531487 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.567417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone possesses a highly complex hierarchical structure comprised of mineral (~45% by volume), organic matrix (~35%) and water (~20%). Water exists in bone in two forms: as bound water (BW), which is bound to bone mineral and organic matrix, or as pore water (PW), which resides in Haversian canals as well as in lacunae and canaliculi. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been increasingly used for assessment of cortical and trabecular bone. However, bone appears as a signal void on conventional MR sequences because of its short T2*. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences with echo times (TEs) 100-1,000 times shorter than those of conventional sequences allow direct imaging of BW and PW in bone. A series of quantitative UTE MRI techniques has been developed for bone evaluation. UTE and adiabatic inversion recovery prepared UTE (IR-UTE) sequences have been developed to quantify BW and PW. UTE magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) sequences have been developed to quantify collagen backbone protons, and UTE quantitative susceptibility mapping (UTE-QSM) sequences have been developed to assess bone mineral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Douglas Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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19
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Jerban S, Ma Y, Wei Z, Jang H, Chang EY, Du J. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cortical and Trabecular Bone. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2020; 24:386-401. [PMID: 32992367 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a composite material consisting of mineral, organic matrix, and water. Water in bone can be categorized as bound water (BW), which is bound to bone mineral and organic matrix, or as pore water (PW), which resides in Haversian canals as well as in lacunae and canaliculi. Bone is generally classified into two types: cortical bone and trabecular bone. Cortical bone is much denser than trabecular bone that is surrounded by marrow and fat. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been increasingly used for noninvasive assessment of both cortical bone and trabecular bone. Bone typically appears as a signal void with conventional MR sequences because of its short T2*. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences with echo times 100 to 1,000 times shorter than those of conventional sequences allow direct imaging of BW and PW in bone. This article summarizes several quantitative MR techniques recently developed for bone evaluation. Specifically, we discuss the use of UTE and adiabatic inversion recovery prepared UTE sequences to quantify BW and PW, UTE magnetization transfer sequences to quantify collagen backbone protons, UTE quantitative susceptibility mapping sequences to assess bone mineral, and conventional sequences for high-resolution imaging of PW as well as the evaluation of trabecular bone architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Zhao Wei
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
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20
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Mastrogiacomo S, Dou W, Jansen JA, Walboomers XF. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hard Tissues and Hard Tissue Engineered Bio-substitutes. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:1003-1019. [PMID: 30989438 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging tool based on the detection of protons into the tissues. This imaging technique is remarkable because of high spatial resolution, strong soft tissue contrast and specificity, and good depth penetration. However, MR imaging of hard tissues, such as bone and teeth, remains challenging due to low proton content in such tissues as well as to very short transverse relaxation times (T2). To overcome these issues, new MRI techniques, such as sweep imaging with Fourier transformation (SWIFT), ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging, and zero echo time (ZTE) imaging, have been developed for hard tissues imaging with promising results reported. Within this article, MRI techniques developed for the detection of hard tissues, such as bone and dental tissues, have been reviewed. The main goal was thus to give a comprehensive overview on the corresponding (pre-) clinical applications and on the potential future directions with such techniques applied. In addition, a section dedicated to MR imaging of novel biomaterials developed for hard tissue applications was given as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mastrogiacomo
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leijdenlaan 25, 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 5S261, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Weiqiang Dou
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- GE Healthcare, MR Research, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - John A Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leijdenlaan 25, 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X Frank Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leijdenlaan 25, 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Quantifying cortical bone free water using short echo time (STE-MRI) at 1.5 T. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 71:17-24. [PMID: 32387394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of our study was to use Dual-TR STE-MR protocol as a clinical tool for cortical bone free water quantification at 1.5 T and validate it by comparing the obtained results (MR-derived results) with dehydration results. METHODS Human studies were compliant with HIPPA and were approved by the institutional review board. Short Echo Time (STE) MR imaging with different Repetition Times (TRs) was used for quantification of cortical bone free water T1 (T1free) and concentration (ρfree). The proposed strategy was compared with the dehydration technique in seven bovine cortical bone samples. The agreement between the two methods was quantified by using Bland and Altman analysis. Then we applied the technique on a cross-sectional population of thirty healthy volunteers (18F/12M) and examined the association of the biomarkers with age. RESULTS The mean values of ρfree for bovine cortical bone specimens were quantified as 4.37% and 5.34% by using STE-MR and dehydration techniques, respectively. The Bland and Altman analysis showed good agreement between the two methods along with the suggestion of 0.99% bias between them. Strong correlations were also reported between ρfree (r2 = 0.62) and T1free and age (r2 = 0.8). The reproducibility of the method, evaluated in eight subjects, yielded an intra-class correlation of 0.95. CONCLUSION STE-MR imaging with dual-TR strategy is a clinical solution for quantifying cortical bone ρfree and T1free.
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22
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Zhao X, Lee H, Song HK, Cheng CC, Wehrli FW. Impact of gradient imperfections on bone water quantification with UTE MRI. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:2034-2047. [PMID: 32307749 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The impact of gradient imperfections on UTE images and UTE image-derived bone water quantification was investigated at 3 T field strength. METHODS The effects of simple gradient time delays and eddy currents on UTE images, as well as the effects of gradient error corrections, were studied with simulation and phantom experiments. The k-space trajectory was mapped with a 2D sequence with phase encoding on both spatial axes by measuring the phase of the signal in small time increments during ramp-up of the read gradient. In vivo 3D UTE images were reconstructed with and without gradient error compensation to determine the bias in bone water quantification. Finally, imaging was performed on 2 equally configured Siemens TIM Trio systems (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) to investigate the impact of such gradient imperfections on inter-scanner measurement bias. RESULTS Compared to values derived from UTE images with full gradient error compensation, total bone water was found to deviate substantially with no (up to 17%) or partial (delay-only) compensation (up to 10.8%). Bound water, obtained with inversion recovery-prepared UTE, was somewhat less susceptible to gradient errors (up to 2.2% for both correction strategies). Inter-scanner comparison indicated a statistically significant bias between measurements from the 2 MR systems for both total and bound water, which either vanished or was substantially reduced following gradient error correction. CONCLUSION Gradient imperfections impose spatially dependent artifacts on UTE images, which compromise not only bone water quantification accuracy but also inter-scanner measurement agreement if left uncompensated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyunyeol Lee
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hee Kwon Song
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cheng-Chieh Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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23
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Jerban S, Ma Y, Jang H, Namiranian B, Le N, Shirazian H, Murphy ME, Du J, Chang EY. Water proton density in human cortical bone obtained from ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI predicts bone microstructural properties. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 67:85-89. [PMID: 31931112 PMCID: PMC7276204 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the correlations between cortical bone microstructural properties and total water proton density (TWPD) obtained from three-dimensional ultrashort echo time Cones (3D-UTE-Cones) magnetic resonance imaging techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS 135 cortical bone samples were harvested from human tibial and femoral midshafts of 37 donors (61 ± 24 years old). Samples were scanned using 3D-UTE-Cones sequences on a clinical 3T MRI and on a high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanner. TWPD was measured using 3D-UTE-Cones MR images. Average bone porosity, pore size, and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured from μCT images at 9 μm voxel size. Pearson's correlation coefficients between TWPD and μCT-based measures were calculated. RESULTS TWPD showed significant moderate correlation with both average bone porosity (R = 0.66, p < 0.01) and pore size (R = 0.57, p < 0.01). TWPD also showed significant strong correction with BMD (R = 0.71, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The presented 3D-UTE-Cones imaging technique allows assessment of TWPD in human cortical bone. This quick UTE-MRI-based technique was capable of predicting bone microstructure differences with significant correlations. Such correlations highlight the potential of UTE-MRI-based measurement of bone water proton density to assess bone microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Behnam Namiranian
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Le
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hoda Shirazian
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Murphy
- Orthopedic Surgery Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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24
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Jerban S, Lu X, Dorthe EW, Alenezi S, Ma Y, Kakos L, Jang H, Sah RL, Chang EY, D’Lima D, Du J. Correlations of cortical bone microstructural and mechanical properties with water proton fractions obtained from ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI tricomponent T2* model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4233. [PMID: 31820518 PMCID: PMC7161421 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical and microstructural evaluations of cortical bone using ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE-MRI) have been performed increasingly in recent years. UTE-MRI acquires considerable signal from cortical bone and enables quantitative bone evaluations. Fitting bone apparent transverse magnetization (T2*) decay using a bicomponent model has been regularly performed to estimate bound water (BW) and pore water (PW) in the quantification of bone matrix and porosity, respectively. Human cortical bone possesses a considerable amount of fat, which appears as MRI T2* signal oscillation and can subsequently lead to BW overestimation when using a bicomponent model. Tricomponent T2* fitting model has been developed to improve BW and PW estimations by accounting for fat contribution in the MRI signal. This study aimed to investigate the correlations of microstructural and mechanical properties of human cortical bone with water pool fractions obtained from a tricomponent T2* model. 135 cortical bone strips (~4 × 2 × 40 mm3 ) from tibial and femoral midshafts of 37 donors (61 ± 24 years old) were scanned using ten sets of dual-echo 3D-UTE-Cones sequences (TE = 0.032-24.0 ms) on a 3 T MRI scanner for T2* fitting analyses. Average bone porosity and pore size were measured using microcomputed tomography (μCT) at 9 μm voxel size. Bone mechanical properties were measured using 4-point bending tests. Using a tricomponent model, bound water fraction (FracBW ) showed significant strong (R = 0.70, P < 0.01) and moderate (R = 0.58-0.62, P < 0.01) correlations with porosity and mechanical properties, respectively. Correlations of bone microstructural and mechanical properties with water pool fractions were higher for tricomponent model results compared with the bicomponent model. The tricomponent T2* fitting model is suggested as a useful technique for cortical bone evaluation where the MRI contribution of bone fat is accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Corresponding authors: • Jiang Du, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, , Phone: +1 858 246 2248, Fax: +1 888 960 5922, • Saeed Jerban, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, , Phone: +1 858 246 3158, Fax: +1 888 960 5922
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- 12Sigma Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erik W. Dorthe
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Salem Alenezi
- Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lena Kakos
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert L. Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Darryl D’Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Corresponding authors: • Jiang Du, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, , Phone: +1 858 246 2248, Fax: +1 888 960 5922, • Saeed Jerban, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, , Phone: +1 858 246 3158, Fax: +1 888 960 5922
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25
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Jerban S, Chang DG, Ma Y, Jang H, Chang EY, Du J. An Update in Qualitative Imaging of Bone Using Ultrashort Echo Time Magnetic Resonance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:555756. [PMID: 33117275 PMCID: PMC7551122 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.555756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is comprised of mineral, collagenous organic matrix, and water. X-ray-based techniques are the standard approach for bone evaluation in clinics, but they are unable to detect the organic matrix and water components in bone. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is being used increasingly for bone evaluation. While MRI can non-invasively assess the proton pools in soft tissues, cortical bone typically appears as a signal void with clinical MR techniques because of its short T2*. New MRI techniques have been recently developed to image bone while avoiding the ionizing radiation present in x-ray-based methods. Qualitative bone imaging can be achieved using ultrashort echo time (UTE), single inversion recovery UTE (IR-UTE), dual-inversion recovery UTE (Dual-IR-UTE), double-inversion recovery UTE (Double-IR-UTE), and zero echo time (ZTE) sequences. The contrast mechanisms as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Douglas G. Chang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jiang Du,
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26
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Jerban S, Ma Y, Dorthe EW, Kakos L, Le N, Alenezi S, Sah RL, Chang EY, D'Lima D, Du J. Assessing cortical bone mechanical properties using collagen proton fraction from ultrashort echo time magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) MRI modeling. Bone Rep 2019; 11:100220. [PMID: 31440531 PMCID: PMC6700521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical bone shows as a signal void when using conventional clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrashort echo time MRI (UTE-MRI) can acquire high signal from cortical bone, thus enabling quantitative assessments. Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging combined with UTE-MRI can indirectly assess protons in the organic matrix of bone. This study aimed to examine UTE-MT MRI techniques to estimate the mechanical properties of cortical bone. A total of 156 rectangular human cortical bone strips were harvested from the tibial and femoral midshafts of 43 donors (62 ± 22 years old, 62 specimens from females, 94 specimens from males). Bone specimens were scanned using UTE-MT sequences on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner and on a micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanner. A series of MT pulse saturation powers (400°, 600°, 800°) and frequency offsets (2, 5, 10, 20, 50 kHz) was used to measure the macromolecular fraction (MMF) utilizing a two-pool MT model. Failure mechanical properties of the bone specimens were measured using 4-point bending tests. MMF from MRI results showed significant strong correlations with cortical bone porosity (R = -0.72, P < 0.01) and bone mineral density (BMD) (R = +0.71, P < 0.01). MMF demonstrated significant moderate correlations with Young modulus, yield stress, and ultimate stress (R = 0.60-0.61, P < 0.01). These results suggest that the two-pool UTE-MT model focusing on the organic matrix of bone can potentially serve as a novel tool to detect the variations of bone mechanical properties and intracortical porosity.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- 3D-UTE, three-dimensional ultrashort echo time imaging
- BMD, bone mineral density
- Bone microstructure
- CT, computed tomography
- Cortical bone
- DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- FA, flip angle
- FOV, field of view
- MMF, macromolecular proton fraction
- MR, magnetic resonance
- MRI
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MT, magnetization transfer
- Magnetization transfer
- Mechanical properties
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RF, radio frequency
- ROI, region of interest
- T2MM, macromolecular T2
- TE, echo time
- TR, repetition time
- Ultrashort echo time
- μCT, micro-computed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Erik W. Dorthe
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lena Kakos
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole Le
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Salem Alenezi
- Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 3292, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert L. Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Darryl D'Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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27
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Jerban S, Ma Y, Li L, Jang H, Wan L, Guo T, Searleman A, Chang EY, Du J. Volumetric mapping of bound and pore water as well as collagen protons in cortical bone using 3D ultrashort echo time cones MR imaging techniques. Bone 2019; 127:120-128. [PMID: 31176044 PMCID: PMC6708764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortical bone assessment using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently received great attention in an effort to avoid the potential harm associated with ionizing radiation-based techniques. Ultrashort echo time MRI (UTE-MRI) techniques can acquire signal from major hydrogen proton pools in cortical bone, including bound and pore water, as well as from the collagen matrix. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the feasibility of a technique for mapping bound water, pore water, and collagen proton densities in human cortical bone ex vivo and in vivo using three-dimensional UTE Cones (3D-UTE-Cones) MRI. Eight human tibial cortical bone specimens (63 ± 19 years old) were scanned using 3D-UTE-Cones sequences on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner and a micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanner. Total, bound, and pore water proton densities (TWPD, BWPD, and PWPD, respectively) were measured using UTE and inversion recovery UTE (IR-UTE) imaging techniques. Macromolecular proton density (MMPD), a collagen representation, was measured using TWPD and macromolecular fraction (MMF) obtained from two-pool UTE magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) modeling. The correlations between proton densities and μCT-based measures were investigated. The 3D-UTE-Cones techniques were further applied on ten young healthy (34 ± 3 years old) and five old (78 ± 6 years old) female volunteers to evaluate the techniques' feasibility for translational clinical applications. In the ex vivo study, PWPD showed the highest correlations with bone porosity and bone mineral density (BMD) (R = 0.79 and - 0.70, p < 0.01). MMPD demonstrated moderate to strong correlations with bone porosity and BMD (R = -0.67 and 0.65, p < 0.01). MMPD showed strong correlation with age in specimens from female donors (R = -0.91, p = 0.03, n = 5). The presented comprehensive 3D-UTE-Cones imaging protocol allows quantitative mapping of protons in major pools of cortical bone ex vivo and in vivo. PWPD and MMPD can serve as potential novel biomarkers to assess bone matrix and microstructure, as well as bone age- or injury-related variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tan Guo
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam Searleman
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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28
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Kogan F, Broski SM, Yoon D, Gold GE. Applications of PET-MRI in musculoskeletal disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 48:27-47. [PMID: 29969193 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
New integrated PET-MRI systems potentially provide a complete imaging modality for diagnosis and evaluation of musculoskeletal disease. MRI is able to provide excellent high-resolution morphologic information with multiple contrast mechanisms that has made it the imaging modality of choice in evaluation of many musculoskeletal disorders. PET offers incomparable abilities to provide quantitative information about molecular and physiologic changes that often precede structural and biochemical changes. In combination, hybrid PET-MRI can enhance imaging of musculoskeletal disorders through early detection of disease as well as improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The purpose of this article is to review emerging applications of PET-MRI in musculoskeletal disease. Both clinical applications of malignant musculoskeletal disease as well as new opportunities to incorporate the molecular capabilities of nuclear imaging into studies of nononcologic musculoskeletal disease are discussed. Lastly, we discuss some of the technical considerations and challenges of PET-MRI as they specifically relate to musculoskeletal disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:27-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliks Kogan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Daehyun Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Garry E Gold
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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29
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Ma YJ, Jerban S, Carl M, Wan L, Guo T, Jang H, Bydder GM, Chang EY, Du J. Imaging of the region of the osteochondral junction (OCJ) using a 3D adiabatic inversion recovery prepared ultrashort echo time cones (3D IR-UTE-cones) sequence at 3 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4080. [PMID: 30794338 PMCID: PMC7895481 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop a 3D adiabatic inversion recovery prepared ultrashort echo time Cones (3D IR-UTE-Cones) sequence for high resolution and contrast imaging of the region of osteochondral junction (OCJ) of human knee joint using a clinical 3 T scanner. A feasibility study on direct imaging of the OCJ region was performed on a human patellar cartilage sample and on eight cadaveric knee joints using T1 -weighted, proton density (PD)-weighted and short-T2 -weighted 3D IR-UTE-Cones sequences. Contrast to noise ratio was measured to evaluate the effectiveness of the 3D IR-UTE-Cones sequences for selective imaging of the OCJ region. Computed tomography imaging was performed in parallel for the cadaveric knee joints. The optimized T1 -weighted 3D IR-UTE-Cones sequence was used to image the knee joints of eight healthy volunteers and six patients with osteoarthritis (OA) to evaluate morphological changes in the OCJ region. Clinical PD- and T2 -weighted FSE sequences were also performed for comparison. The T1 -weighted 3D IR-UTE-Cones sequence showed high resolution and contrast bright band of the normal OCJ region in the cadaveric joints. Normal OCJ appearances were also seen in healthy volunteers. Abnormal OCJ regions, manifested as ill-defined, focal loss or non-visualization of the high intensity band adjacent to the subchondral bone plate, were observed in the knee joints of both ex vivo and in vivo OA patients. The 3D IR-UTE-Cones sequence can image OCJ regions ex vivo and in vivo, with abnormalities depicted with high resolution and contrast. The technique may be useful for demonstrating involvement of OCJ regions in early OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Tan Guo
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Graeme M Bydder
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE. For many years, MRI of the musculoskeletal system has relied mostly on conventional sequences with qualitative analysis. More recently, using quantitative MRI applications to complement qualitative imaging has gained increasing interest in the MRI community, providing more detailed physiologic or anatomic information. CONCLUSION. In this article, we review the current state of quantitative MRI, technical and software advances, and the most relevant clinical and research musculoskeletal applications of quantitative MRI.
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31
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Jerban S, Ma Y, Wan L, Searleman AC, Jang H, Sah RL, Chang EY, Du J. Collagen proton fraction from ultrashort echo time magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) MRI modelling correlates significantly with cortical bone porosity measured with micro-computed tomography (μCT). NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4045. [PMID: 30549338 PMCID: PMC6324959 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical bone porosity is a key microstructural parameter that determines bone mechanical properties. While clinical MRI visualizes the cortical bone with a signal void, ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI can acquire high signal from cortical bone, thus enabling quantitative assessments. Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging combined with UTE-MRI can indirectly assess protons in the bone collagenous matrix, which are inversely related to porosity. This study aimed to examine UTE-MT MRI techniques to evaluate intracortical bone porosity. Eighteen human cortical bone specimens from the tibial and fibular midshafts were scanned using UTE-MT sequences on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner and on a high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanner. A series of MT pulse saturation powers (500°, 1000°, 1500°) and frequency offsets (2, 5, 10, 20, 50 kHz) were used to measure the macromolecular fraction (MMF) and macromolecular T2 (T2MM ) using a two-pool MT model. The measurements were made on 136 different regions of interest (ROIs). ROIs were selected at three cortical bone layers (from endosteum to periosteum) and four anatomical sites (anterior, mid-medial, mid-lateral, and posterior) to provide a wide range of porosity. MMF showed moderate to strong correlations with intracortical bone porosity (R = -0.67 to -0.73, p < 0.01) and bone mineral density (BMD) (R = +0.46 to +0.70, p < 0.01). Comparing the average MMF between cortical bone layers revealed a significant increase from the endosteum towards the periosteum. Such a pattern was in agreement with porosity reduction and BMD increase towards the periosteum. These results suggest that the two-pool UTE-MT technique can potentially serve as a novel and accurate tool to assess intracortical bone porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam C. Searleman
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert L. Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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32
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Zhao X, Song HK, Wehrli FW. In vivo bone 31 P relaxation times and their implications on mineral quantification. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2514-2524. [PMID: 29744923 PMCID: PMC6226373 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intersubject variations in bone phosphorus-31 (31 P) T1 and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , as well as the implications on in vivo 31 P MRI-based bone mineral quantification, were investigated at 3T field strength. METHODS A technique that isolates the bone signal from the composite in vivo 31 P spectrum was first evaluated via simulation and experiments ex vivo and subsequently applied to measure the T1 of bone 31 P collectively with a spectroscopic saturation recovery sequence in a group of healthy subjects aged 26 to 76 years. <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> was derived from the bone signal linewidth. The density of bone 31 P was derived for all subjects from 31 P zero TE images acquired in the same scan session using the measured relaxation times. Test-retest experiments were also performed to evaluate repeatability of this in vivo MRI-based bone mineral quantification protocol. RESULTS The T1 obtained in vivo using the proposed spectral separation method combined with saturation recovery sequence is 38.4 ± 1.5 s for the subjects studied. Average 31 P density found was 6.40 ± 0.58 mol/L (corresponding to 1072 ± 98 mg/cm3 mineral density), in good agreement with an earlier study in specimens from donors of similar age range. Neither the relaxation times (P = 0.18 for T1 , P = 0.99 for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) nor 31 P density (P = 0.55) were found to correlate with subject age. Average coefficients of variation for the repeat study were 1.5%, 2.6%, and 4.4% for bone 31 P T1 , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and density, respectively. CONCLUSION Neither 31 P T1 nor <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> varies significantly in healthy adults across a 50-year age range, therefore obviating the need for subject-specific measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hee Kwon Song
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Chang G, Boone S, Martel D, Rajapakse CS, Hallyburton RS, Valko M, Honig S, Regatte RR. MRI assessment of bone structure and microarchitecture. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:323-337. [PMID: 28165650 PMCID: PMC5690546 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease of weak bone and increased fracture risk caused by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. The standard-of-care test used to diagnose osteoporosis, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) estimation of areal bone mineral density (BMD), has limitations as a tool to identify patients at risk for fracture and as a tool to monitor therapy response. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of bone structure and microarchitecture has been proposed as another method to assess bone quality and fracture risk in vivo. MRI is advantageous because it is noninvasive, does not require ionizing radiation, and can evaluate both cortical and trabecular bone. In this review article, we summarize and discuss research progress on MRI of bone structure and microarchitecture over the last decade, focusing on in vivo translational studies. Single-center, in vivo studies have provided some evidence for the added value of MRI as a biomarker of fracture risk or treatment response. Larger, prospective, multicenter studies are needed in the future to validate the results of these initial translational studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:323-337.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Chang
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sean Boone
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dimitri Martel
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chamith S Rajapakse
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert S Hallyburton
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitch Valko
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen Honig
- Osteoporosis Center, Hospital for Joint Diseases, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ravinder R Regatte
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Nazaran A, Carl M, Ma Y, Jerban S, Zhu Y, Lu X, Du J, Chang EY. Three-dimensional adiabatic inversion recovery prepared ultrashort echo time cones (3D IR-UTE-Cones) imaging of cortical bone in the hip. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 44:60-64. [PMID: 28716680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present three-dimensional adiabatic inversion recovery prepared ultrashort echo time Cones (3D IR-UTE-Cones) imaging of cortical bone in the hip of healthy volunteers using a clinical 3T scanner. METHODS A 3D IR-UTE-Cones sequence, based on a short pulse excitation followed by a 3D Cones trajectory, with a nominal TE of 32μs, was employed for high contrast morphological imaging of cortical bone in the hip of heathy volunteers. Signals from soft tissues such as muscle and marrow fat were suppressed via adiabatic inversion and signal nulling. T2⁎ value of the cortical bone was also calculated based on 3D IR-UTE-Cones acquisitions with a series of TEs ranging from 0.032 to 0.8ms. A total of four healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. Average T2⁎ values and the standard deviation for four regions of interests (ROIs) at the greater trochanter, the femoral neck, the femoral head and the lesser trochanter were calculated. RESULTS The 3D IR-UTE-Cones sequence provided efficient suppression of soft tissues with excellent image contrast for cortical bone visualization in all volunteer hips. Exponential single component decay was observed for all ROIs, with averaged T2⁎ values ranging from 0.33 to 0.45ms, largely consistent with previously reported T2⁎ values of cortical bone in the tibial midshaft. CONCLUSIONS The 3D IR-UTE-Cones sequence allows in vivo volumetric imaging and quantitative T2⁎ measurement of cortical bone in the hip using a clinical 3T scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Nazaran
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Michael Carl
- Applied Science Lab, GE Healthcare, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yanchun Zhu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
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Abbasi-Rad S, Saligheh Rad H. Quantification of Human Cortical Bone Bound and Free Water in Vivo with Ultrashort Echo Time MR Imaging: A Model-based Approach. Radiology 2017; 283:862-872. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016160780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Chen J, Chang EY, Carl M, Ma Y, Shao H, Chen B, Wu Z, Du J. Measurement of bound and pore water T 1 relaxation times in cortical bone using three-dimensional ultrashort echo time cones sequences. Magn Reson Med 2017; 77:2136-2145. [PMID: 27263994 PMCID: PMC5140772 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present three-dimensional ultrashort echo time Cones (3D UTE Cones) techniques for quantification of total water T1 ( T1TW), bound water T1 ( T1BW), and pore water T1 ( T1PW) in vitro and in vivo using a 3 Tesla (T) scanner. METHODS T1TW, T1BW, and T1PW were measured with three-dimensional (3D) Cones and adiabatic inversion recovery Cone (IR-Cone) sequences. Two-dimensional (2D) nonselective ultrashort echo time (UTE) techniques, including saturation recovery, variable repetition times (TRs), and inversion recovery (IR) preparation approaches were compared with 3D-Cones techniques on bovine cortical bone samples (n = 8). The 3D Cones sequences were used to measure T1TW, T1BW, and T1PW in the tibial midshaft of healthy volunteers (n = 8). RESULTS Comparable T1 images were achieved for cortical bone between 3D Cones and 2D UTE techniques as well as those published in the literature. The 3D Cones sequences showed a mean T1TW of 208 ± 22 ms, a mean T1PW of 545 ± 28 ms, and a mean T1BW of 131 ± 12 ms for bovine cortical bone; and a mean T1TW of 246 ± 32 ms, a mean T1PW of 524 ± 46 ms, and a mean T1BW of 134 ± 11 ms for the tibial midshaft of healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS The 3D Cones sequences can be used for fast volumetric assessment of bound and pore water T1 images in vitro and in vivo. Magn Reson Med 77:2136-2145, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael Carl
- Applied Science Lab, GE Healthcare, San Diego, CA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongda Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bimin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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37
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Chen M, Yuan H. Assessment of porosity index of the femoral neck and tibia by 3D ultra-short echo-time MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:820-828. [PMID: 28561910 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Radiology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Huishu Yuan
- Department of Radiology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing P.R. China
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38
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Donahue PMC, Crescenzi R, Scott AO, Braxton V, Desai A, Smith SA, Jordi J, Meszoely IM, Grau AM, Kauffmann RM, Sweeting RS, Spotanski K, Ridner SH, Donahue MJ. Bilateral Changes in Deep Tissue Environment After Manual Lymphatic Drainage in Patients with Breast Cancer Treatment-Related Lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 2017; 15:45-56. [PMID: 28323572 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2016.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema (BCRL) arises from a mechanical insufficiency following cancer therapies. Early BCRL detection and personalized intervention require an improved understanding of the physiological processes that initiate lymphatic impairment. Here, internal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of the tissue microenvironment were paired with clinical measures of tissue structure to test fundamental hypotheses regarding structural tissue and muscle changes after the commonly used therapeutic intervention of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD). METHODS AND RESULTS Measurements to identify lymphatic dysfunction in healthy volunteers (n = 29) and patients with BCRL (n = 16) consisted of (1) limb volume, tissue dielectric constant, and bioelectrical impedance (i.e., non-MRI measures); (2) qualitative 3 Tesla diffusion-weighted, T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI; and (3) quantitative multi-echo T2 MRI of the axilla. Measurements were repeated in patients immediately following MLD. Normative control and BCRL T2 values were quantified and a signed Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test was applied (significance: two-sided p < 0.05). Non-MRI measures yielded significant capacity for discriminating between arms with versus without clinical signs of BCRL, yet yielded no change in response to MLD. Alternatively, a significant increase in deep tissue T2 on the involved (pre T2 = 0.0371 ± 0.003 seconds; post T2 = 0.0389 ± 0.003; p = 0.029) and contralateral (pre T2 = 0.0365 ± 0.002; post T2 = 0.0395 ± 0.002; p < 0.01) arms was observed. Trends for larger T2 increases on the involved side after MLD in patients with stage 2 BCRL relative to earlier stages 0 and 1 BCRL were observed, consistent with tissue composition changes in later stages of BCRL manifesting as breakdown of fibrotic tissue after MLD in the involved arm. Contrast consistent with relocation of fluid to the contralateral quadrant was observed in all stages. CONCLUSION Quantitative deep tissue T2 MRI values yielded significant changes following MLD treatment, whereas non-MRI measurements did not vary. These findings highlight that internal imaging measures of tissue composition may be useful for evaluating how current and emerging therapies impact tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M C Donahue
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,2 Vanderbilt Dayani Center for Health and Wellness , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rachelle Crescenzi
- 3 Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Allison O Scott
- 3 Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Vaughn Braxton
- 3 Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aditi Desai
- 3 Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Seth A Smith
- 3 Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John Jordi
- 4 Benchmark Physical Therapy , Chattanooga, Tennessee
| | - Ingrid M Meszoely
- 5 Department of Surgical Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ana M Grau
- 5 Department of Surgical Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rondi M Kauffmann
- 5 Department of Surgical Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raeshell S Sweeting
- 5 Department of Surgical Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Manus J Donahue
- 3 Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,7 Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,8 Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,9 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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Zhao X, Song HK, Seifert AC, Li C, Wehrli FW. Feasibility of assessing bone matrix and mineral properties in vivo by combined solid-state 1H and 31P MRI. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173995. [PMID: 28296979 PMCID: PMC5352014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop and evaluate an integrated imaging protocol for bone water and phosphorus quantification in vivo by solid-state 1H and 31P MRI. Materials and methods All studies were HIPAA-compliant and were performed with institutional review board approval and written informed consent. Proton (1H) ultra-short echo-time (UTE) and phosphorus (31P) zero echo-time (ZTE) sequences were designed and implemented on a 3 T clinical MR scanner to quantify bone water and mineral in vivo. The left tibia of ten healthy subjects (including both genders, 49±15 y/o) was examined with a custom-built 1H/31P dual-frequency extremity RF coil. Total bone water (TW), water bound to the collagen matrix (BW) and bone 31P were quantified from MR images with respect to reference samples of known 1H or 31P concentration, and pore water (PW) was subsequently determined from TW and BW. Porosity index (PI) was calculated as the ratio between UTE images acquired at two echo times. MRI parameters were compared with bone density measures obtained by high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT). Results The total scan time for the bone water and 31P quantification protocol was about 50 minutes. Average TW, BW, PW and 31P concentrations were 13.99±1.26, 10.39±0.80, 3.34±1.41 mol/L and 7.06±1.53 mol/L for the studied cohort, respectively, in good agreement with previous results conducted ex vivo. Average intra-subject coefficients of variation were 3.47%, 2.60% and 7.50% for TW, BW and PW and 5.60% for 31P. Negative correlations were observed between PW and vBMD (p<0.05) as well as between PI and 31P (p<0.05), while bone mineral content (BMC) estimated from 31P MRI and HR-pQCT were strongly positively correlated (p<0.0001). Conclusion This work demonstrates the feasibility of quantifying bone water and mineral phosphorus in human subjects in a single MRI session with a clinically practical imaging protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, MRI Education Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Hee Kwon Song
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, MRI Education Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Alan C. Seifert
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, MRI Education Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Cheng Li
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, MRI Education Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Felix W. Wehrli
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 Founders Building, MRI Education Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Manhard MK, Nyman JS, Does MD. Advances in imaging approaches to fracture risk evaluation. Transl Res 2017; 181:1-14. [PMID: 27816505 PMCID: PMC5357194 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fragility fractures are a growing problem worldwide, and current methods for diagnosing osteoporosis do not always identify individuals who require treatment to prevent a fracture and may misidentify those not a risk. Traditionally, fracture risk is assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, which provides measurements of areal bone mineral density at sites prone to fracture. Recent advances in imaging show promise in adding new information that could improve the prediction of fracture risk in the clinic. As reviewed herein, advances in quantitative computed tomography (QCT) predict hip and vertebral body strength; high-resolution HR-peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT) and micromagnetic resonance imaging assess the microarchitecture of trabecular bone; quantitative ultrasound measures the modulus or tissue stiffness of cortical bone; and quantitative ultrashort echo-time MRI methods quantify the concentrations of bound water and pore water in cortical bone, which reflect a variety of mechanical properties of bone. Each of these technologies provides unique characteristics of bone and may improve fracture risk diagnoses and reduce prevalence of fractures by helping to guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate Manhard
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN; Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Mark D Does
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN; Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
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41
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Manhard MK, Harkins KD, Gochberg DF, Nyman JS, Does MD. 30-Second bound and pore water concentration mapping of cortical bone using 2D UTE with optimized half-pulses. Magn Reson Med 2017; 77:945-950. [PMID: 28090655 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MRI of cortical bone has the potential to offer new information about fracture risk. Current methods are typically performed with 3D acquisitions, which suffer from long scan times and are generally limited to extremities. This work proposes using 2D UTE with half pulses for quantitatively mapping bound and pore water in cortical bone. METHODS Half-pulse 2D UTE methods were implemented on a 3T Philips Achieva scanner using an optimized slice-select gradient waveform, with preparation pulses to selectively image bound or pore water. The 2D methods were quantitatively compared with previously implemented 3D methods in the tibia in five volunteers. RESULTS The mean difference between bound and pore water concentration acquired from 3D and 2D sequences was 0.6 and 0.9 mol 1 H/Lbone (3 and 12%, respectively). While 2D pore water methods tended to slightly overestimate concentrations relative to 3D methods, differences were less than scan-rescan uncertainty and expected differences between healthy and fracture-prone bones. CONCLUSION Quantitative bound and pore water concentration mapping in cortical bone can be accelerated by 2 orders of magnitude using 2D protocols with optimized half-pulse excitation. Magn Reson Med 77:945-950, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate Manhard
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kevin D Harkins
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel F Gochberg
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark D Does
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Kogan F, Fan AP, Gold GE. Potential of PET-MRI for imaging of non-oncologic musculoskeletal disease. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2016; 6:756-771. [PMID: 28090451 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2016.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of musculoskeletal disease leads to improved therapies and patient outcomes, and would benefit greatly from imaging at the cellular and molecular level. As it becomes clear that assessment of multiple tissues and functional processes are often necessary to study the complex pathogenesis of musculoskeletal disorders, the role of multi-modality molecular imaging becomes increasingly important. New positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) systems offer to combine high-resolution MRI with simultaneous molecular information from PET to study the multifaceted processes involved in numerous musculoskeletal disorders. In this article, we aim to outline the potential clinical utility of hybrid PET-MRI to these non-oncologic musculoskeletal diseases. We summarize current applications of PET molecular imaging in osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), metabolic bone diseases and neuropathic peripheral pain. Advanced MRI approaches that reveal biochemical and functional information offer complementary assessment in soft tissues. Additionally, we discuss technical considerations for hybrid PET-MR imaging including MR attenuation correction, workflow, radiation dose, and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliks Kogan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Audrey P Fan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Garry E Gold
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Chen J, Carl M, Ma Y, Shao H, Lu X, Chen B, Chang EY, Wu Z, Du J. Fast volumetric imaging of bound and pore water in cortical bone using three-dimensional ultrashort-TE (UTE) and inversion recovery UTE sequences. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1373-1380. [PMID: 27496335 PMCID: PMC5035210 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the three-dimensional ultrashort-TE (3D UTE) and adiabatic inversion recovery UTE (IR-UTE) sequences employing a radial trajectory with conical view ordering for bi-component T2 * analysis of bound water (T2 *(BW) ) and pore water (T2 *(PW) ) in cortical bone. An interleaved dual-echo 3D UTE acquisition scheme was developed for fast bi-component analysis of bound and pore water in cortical bone. A 3D IR-UTE acquisition scheme employing multiple spokes per IR was developed for bound water imaging. Two-dimensional UTE (2D UTE) and IR-UTE sequences were employed for comparison. The sequences were applied to bovine bone samples (n = 6) and volunteers (n = 6) using a 3-T scanner. Bi-component fitting of 3D UTE images of bovine samples showed a mean T2 *(BW) of 0.26 ± 0.04 ms and T2 *(PW) of 4.16 ± 0.35 ms, with fractions of 21.5 ± 3.6% and 78.5 ± 3.6%, respectively. The 3D IR-UTE signal showed a single-component decay with a mean T2 *(BW) of 0.29 ± 0.05 ms, suggesting selective imaging of bound water. Similar results were achieved with the 2D UTE and IR-UTE sequences. Bi-component fitting of 3D UTE images of the tibial midshafts of healthy volunteers showed a mean T2 *(BW) of 0.32 ± 0.08 ms and T2 *(PW) of 5.78 ± 1.24 ms, with fractions of 34.2 ± 7.4% and 65.8 ± 7.4%, respectively. Single-component fitting of 3D IR-UTE images showed a mean T2 *(BW) of 0.35 ± 0.09 ms. The 3D UTE and 3D IR-UTE techniques allow fast volumetric mapping of bound and pore water in cortical bone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Carl
- Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hongda Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bimin Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Magnetization transfer imaging of cortical bone in vivo using a zero echo time sequence in mice at 4.7 T: a feasibility study. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 29:853-862. [PMID: 27384463 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-016-0577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of magnetization transfer (MT) imaging in mice in vivo for the assessment of cortical bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS MT-zero echo time data were acquired at 4.7 T in six mice using MT preparation pulses with two different flip angles (FAs) and a series of ten different off-resonance frequencies (500-15000 Hz). Regions of interest were drawn at multiple levels of the femoral cortical bone. The MT ratio (MTR) was computed for each combination of FAs and off-resonance frequencies. T1 measurements were used to estimate the direct saturation (DS) using a Bloch equation simulation. Estimation of the absorption line width of cortical bone from T2* measurements was also performed. RESULTS MTR values were higher using 3000° FA than 1000° FA. MTR values decreased toward higher off-resonance frequencies. Maximum mean MTR ± standard deviation (SD) of 58.57 ± 5.22 (range 50.44-70.61) was measured with a preparation pulse of 3000° and off-resonance frequency of 500 Hz. Maximum "true" MT effect was estimated at around 2-3 and 5 kHz, respectively, for 1000° and 3000° FA. Mean full width at half maximum ± SD of 577 ± 91 Hz was calculated for the absorption spectral line of the cortical bone. CONCLUSION MT imaging can be used for the assessment of cortical bone in mice in vivo. DS effects are negligible using preparation pulses with off-resonance frequencies greater than 3 kHz.
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a pivotal role for assessment of the musculoskeletal system. It is currently the clinical modality of choice for evaluation of soft tissues including cartilage, ligaments, tendons, muscle, and bone marrow. By comparison, the study of calcified tissue by MRI is still in its infancy. In this article, we review the potential of the modality for assessment of cortical bone properties known to be affected in degenerative bone disease, with focus on parameters related to matrix and mineral densities, and porosity, by means of emerging solid-state (1)H and (31)P MRI techniques. In contrast to soft tissues, the MRI signal in calcified tissues has very short lifetime, on the order of 100 μs to a few milliseconds, demanding customized imaging approaches that allow capture of the signal almost immediately after excitation. The technologies described are suited for quantitatively imaging human cortical bone in specimens as well as in vivo in patients on standard clinical imagers, yielding either concentrations in absolute units when measured against a reference standard, or more simply, in the form of surrogate biomarkers. The two major water fractions in cortical bone are those of collagen-bound and pore water occurring at an approximately 3:1 ratio. Collagen-bound water density provides a direct quantitative measure of osteoid density. While at an earlier stage of development, quantification of mineral phosphorus by (31)P MRI yields mineral density and, together with knowledge of matrix density, should allow quantification of the degree of bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Seifert
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic, and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, MRI Education Center, 1st Floor Founders, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic, and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, MRI Education Center, 1st Floor Founders, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Manhard MK, Uppuganti S, Granke M, Gochberg DF, Nyman JS, Does MD. MRI-derived bound and pore water concentrations as predictors of fracture resistance. Bone 2016; 87:1-10. [PMID: 26993059 PMCID: PMC4862893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurately predicting fracture risk in the clinic is challenging because the determinants are multi-factorial. A common approach to fracture risk assessment is to combine X-ray-based imaging methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) with an online Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) that includes additional risk factors such as age, family history, and prior fracture incidents. This approach still does not adequately diagnose many individuals at risk, especially those with certain diseases like type 2 diabetes. As such, this study investigated bound water and pore water concentrations (Cbw and Cpw) from ultra-short echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as new predictors of fracture risk. Ex vivo cadaveric arms were imaged with UTE MRI as well as with DXA and high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT), and imaging measures were compared to both whole-bone structural and material properties as determined by three-point bending tests of the distal-third radius. While DXA-derived areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and μCT-derived volumetric BMD correlated well with structural strength, they moderately correlated with the estimate material strength with gender being a significant covariate for aBMD. MRI-derived measures of Cbw and Cpw had a similar predictive ability of material strength as aBMD but did so independently of gender. In addition, Cbw was the only imaging parameter to significantly correlate with toughness, the energy dissipated during fracture. Notably, the strength of the correlations with the material properties of bone tended to be higher when a larger endosteal region was used to determine Cbw and Cpw. These results indicate that MRI measures of Cbw and Cpw have the ability to probe bone material properties independent of bone structure or subject gender. In particular, toughness is a property of fracture resistance that is not explained by X-ray based methods. Thus, these MRI-derived measures of Cbw and Cpw in cortical bone have the potential to be useful in clinical populations for evaluating fracture risk, especially involving diseases that affect material properties of the bone beyond its strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate Manhard
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mathilde Granke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Daniel F Gochberg
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mark D Does
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Krege JB, Aref MW, McNerny E, Wallace JM, Organ JM, Allen MR. Reference point indentation is insufficient for detecting alterations in traditional mechanical properties of bone under common experimental conditions. Bone 2016; 87:97-101. [PMID: 27072518 PMCID: PMC4862890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reference point indentation (RPI) was developed as a novel method to assess mechanical properties of bone in vivo, yet it remains unclear what aspects of bone dictate changes/differences in RPI-based parameters. The main RPI parameter, indentation distance increase (IDI), has been proposed to be inversely related to the ability of bone to form/tolerate damage. The goal of this work was to explore the relationshipre-intervention RPI measurebetween RPI parameters and traditional mechanical properties under varying experimental conditions (drying and ashing bones to increase brittleness, demineralizing bones and soaking in raloxifene to decrease brittleness). Beams were machined from cadaveric bone, pre-tested with RPI, subjected to experimental manipulation, post-tested with RPI, and then subjected to four-point bending to failure. Drying and ashing significantly reduced RPI's IDI, as well as ultimate load (UL), and energy absorption measured from bending tests. Demineralization increased IDI with minimal change to bending properties. Ex vivo soaking in raloxifene had no effect on IDI but tended to enhance post-yield behavior at the structural level. These data challenge the paradigm of an inverse relationship between IDI and bone toughness, both through correlation analyses and in the individual experiments where divergent patterns of altered IDI and mechanical properties were noted. Based on these results, we conclude that RPI measurements alone, as compared to bending tests, are insufficient to reach conclusions regarding mechanical properties of bone. This proves problematic for the potential clinical use of RPI measurements in determining fracture risk for a single patient, as it is not currently clear that there is an IDI, or even a trend of IDI, that can determine clinically relevant changes in tissue properties that may contribute to whole bone fracture resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Krege
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mohammad W Aref
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Erin McNerny
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jason M Organ
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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Uppuganti S, Granke M, Makowski AJ, Does MD, Nyman JS. Age-related changes in the fracture resistance of male Fischer F344 rat bone. Bone 2016; 83:220-232. [PMID: 26610688 PMCID: PMC4724327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the loss in bone volume that occurs with age, there is a decline in material properties. To test new therapies or diagnostic tools that target such properties as material strength and toughness, a pre-clinical model of aging would be useful in which changes in bone are similar to those that occur with aging in humans. Toward that end, we hypothesized that similar to human bone, the estimated toughness and material strength of cortical bone at the apparent-level decreases with age in the male Fischer F344 rat. In addition, we tested whether the known decline in trabecular architecture in rats translated to an age-related decrease in vertebra (VB) strength and whether non-X-ray techniques could quantify tissue changes at micron and sub-micron length scales. Bones were harvested from 6-, 12-, and 24-month (mo.) old rats (n=12 per age). Despite a loss in trabecular bone with age, VB compressive strength was similar among the age groups. Similarly, whole-bone strength (peak force) in bending was maintained (femur) or increased (radius) with aging. There was though an age-related decrease in post-yield toughness (radius) and bending strength (femur). The ability to resist crack initiation was actually higher for the 12-mo. and 24-mo. than for 6-mo. rats (notch femur), but the estimated work to propagate the crack was less for the aged bone. For the femur diaphysis region, porosity increased while bound water decreased with age. For the radius diaphysis, there was an age-related increase in non-enzymatic and mature enzymatic collagen crosslinks. Raman spectroscopy analysis of embedded cross-sections of the tibia mid-shaft detected an increase in carbonate subsitution with advanced aging for both inner and outer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Mathilde Granke
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Alexander J Makowski
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Chen J, Grogan SP, Shao H, D'Lima D, Bydder GM, Wu Z, Du J. Evaluation of bound and pore water in cortical bone using ultrashort-TE MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1754-1762. [PMID: 26527298 PMCID: PMC4898891 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bone water exists in different states with the majority bound to the organic matrix and to mineral, and a smaller fraction in 'free' form in the pores of cortical bone. In this study, we aimed to develop and evaluate ultrashort-TE (UTE) MRI techniques for the assessment of T2*, T1 and concentration of collagen-bound and pore water in cortical bone using a 3-T clinical whole-body scanner. UTE MRI, together with an isotope study using tritiated and distilled water (THO-H2O) exchange, as well as gravimetric analysis, were performed on ten sectioned bovine bone samples. In addition, 32 human cortical bone samples were prepared for comparison between the pore water concentration measured with UTE MRI and the cortical porosity derived from micro-computed tomography (μCT). A short T2* of 0.27 ± 0.03 ms and T1 of 116 ± 6 ms were observed for collagen-bound water in bovine bone. A longer T2* of 1.84 ± 0.52 ms and T1 of 527 ± 28 ms were observed for pore water in bovine bone. UTE MRI measurements showed a pore water concentration of 4.7-5.3% by volume and collagen-bound water concentration of 15.7-17.9% in bovine bone. THO-H2O exchange studies showed a pore water concentration of 5.9 ± 0.6% and collagen-bound water concentration of 18.1 ± 2.1% in bovine bone. Gravimetric analysis showed a pore water concentration of 6.3 ± 0.8% and collagen-bound water concentration of 19.2 ± 3.6% in bovine bone. A mineral water concentration of 9.5 ± 0.6% was derived in bovine bone with the THO-H2O exchange study. UTE-measured pore water concentration is highly correlated (R(2) = 0.72, p < 0.0001) with μCT porosity in the human cortical bone study. Both bovine and human bone studies suggest that UTE sequences could reliably measure collagen-bound and pore water concentration in cortical bone using a clinical scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Shawn P Grogan
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hongda Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Darryl D'Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA
| | - Graeme M Bydder
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
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