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Sablowski J, Zhao Z, Kupsch C. Ultrasonic Guided Waves for Liquid Water Localization in Fuel Cells: An Ex Situ Proof of Principle. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8296. [PMID: 36365993 PMCID: PMC9656768 DOI: 10.3390/s22218296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water management is a key issue in the design and operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). For an efficient and stable operation, the accumulation of liquid water inside the flow channels has to be prevented. Existing measurement methods for localizing water are limited in terms of the integration and application of measurements in operating PEMFC stacks. In this study, we present a measurement method for the localization of liquid water based on ultrasonic guided waves. Using a sparse sensing array of four piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS), the measurement requires only minor changes in the PEMFC cell design. The measurement method is demonstrated with ex situ measurements for water drop localization on a single bipolar plate. The wave propagation of the guided waves and their interaction with water drops on different positions of the bipolar plate are investigated. The complex geometry of the bipolar plate leads to complex guided wave responses. Thus, physical modeling of the wave propagation and tomographic methods are not suitable for the localization of the water drops. Using machine learning methods, it is demonstrated that the position of a water drop can be obtained from the guided wave responses despite the complex geometry of the bipolar plate. Our results show standard deviations of 4.2 mm and 3.3 mm in the x and y coordinates, respectively. The measurement method shows high potential for in situ measurements in PEMFC stacks as well as for other applications that require deposit localization on geometrically complex waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Sablowski
- Measurement, Sensor and Embedded Systems Laboratory, Institute of Electrical Engineering, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Winklerstrasse 5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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2
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Darvishi Y, Hassan-Beygi SR, Zarafshan P, Hooshyari K, Malaga-Toboła U, Gancarz M. Numerical Modeling and Evaluation of PEM Used for Fuel Cell Vehicles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7907. [PMID: 34947499 PMCID: PMC8703907 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to analyze a novel type of polymer membrane fuel cell to be used in vehicles. The performance of the fuel cell was evaluated by modeling the types of production-consumption heat in the anode and cathode (including half-reaction heat, activation heat, and absorption/desorption heat) and waterflood conditions. The meshing of flow channels was carried out by square cells and the governing equations were numerically discretized in the steady mode using the finite difference method followed by solving in MATLAB software. Based on the simulation results, the anodic absorption/desorption heat, anodic half-reaction heat, and cathodic activation heat are positive while the cathodic absorption/desorption heat and cathodic half-reaction heat show negative values. All heat values exhibit a decremental trend over the flow channel. Considering the effect of relative humidity, the relative humidity of the cathode showed no significant change while the anode relative humidity decreased along the flow channel. The velocity at the membrane layer was considerably lower, due to the smaller permeability coefficient of this layer compared to the gas diffusion and reactants (cathode) layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Darvishi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 113654117, Iran;
| | - Seyed Reza Hassan-Beygi
- Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 113654117, Iran;
| | - Payam Zarafshan
- Department of Agrotechnology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 113654117, Iran;
| | - Khadijeh Hooshyari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia P.O. Box 5756151818, Iran;
| | - Urszula Malaga-Toboła
- Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marek Gancarz
- Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krakow, Poland;
- Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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3
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Modelling Methods and Validation Techniques for CFD Simulations of PEM Fuel Cells. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The large-scale adoption of fuel cells system for sustainable power generation will require the combined use of both multidimensional models and of dedicated testing techniques, in order to evolve the current technology beyond its present status. This requires an unprecedented understanding of concurrent and interacting fluid dynamics, material and electrochemical processes. In this review article, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are analysed. In the first part, the most common approaches for multi-phase/multi-physics modelling are presented in their governing equations, inherent limitations and accurate materials characterisation for diffusion layers, membrane and catalyst layers. This provides a thorough overview of key aspects to be included in multidimensional CFD models. In the second part, advanced diagnostic techniques are surveyed, indicating testing practices to accurately characterise the cell operation. These can be used to validate models, complementing the conventional observation of the current–voltage curve with key operating parameters, thus defining a joint modelling/testing environment. The two sections complement each other in portraying a unified framework of interrelated physical/chemical processes, laying the foundation of a robust and complete understanding of PEMFC. This is needed to advance the current technology and to consciously use the ever-growing availability of computational resources in the next future.
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KAWAMOTO T, AOKI M, KIMURA T, CHINAPANG P, MIZUSAWA T, YAMADA NL, NEMOTO F, WATANABE T, TANIDA H, MATSUMOTO M, IMAI H, MIYAKE J, MIYATAKE K, INUKAI J. Sublayered Structures of Hydrated Nafion ® Thin Film Formed by Casting on Pt Substrate Analyzed by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy under Ambient Conditions and Neutron Reflectometry at Temperature of 80°C and Relative Humidity of 30–80%. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.19-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Makoto AOKI
- Division of Life, Medical, Natural Sciences and Technology, Organization for Advanced and Integrated Research, Kobe University
| | - Taro KIMURA
- Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | - Norifumi L. YAMADA
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
| | - Fumiya NEMOTO
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
| | | | | | | | | | - Junpei MIYAKE
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kenji MIYATAKE
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
| | - Junji INUKAI
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
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5
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Laser focal point sequestration for Raman micro-spectroscopy of thermally sensitive fuel cell catalytic layers. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Smith CE, Ernenwein D, Shkumatov A, Clay NE, Lee J, Melhem M, Misra S, Zimmerman SC, Kong H. Hydrophilic packaging of iron oxide nanoclusters for highly sensitive imaging. Biomaterials 2015; 69:184-90. [PMID: 26291408 PMCID: PMC4556553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used as imaging probes to provide contrast in magnetic resonance images. Successful use of SPIONs in targeted applications greatly depends on their ability to generate contrast, even at low levels of accumulation, in the tissue of interest. In the present study, we report that SPION nanoclusters packaged to a controlled size by a hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) can target tissue defects and have a high relaxivity of 719 mM(-1) s(-1), which was close to their theoretical maximal limit. The resulting nanoclusters were able to identify regions of defective vasculature in an ischemic murine hindlimb using MRI with iron doses that were 5-10 fold lower than those typically used in preclinical studies. Such high relaxivity was attributed to the molecular architecture of HPG, which mimics that of the water retentive polysaccharide, glycogen. The results of this study will be broadly useful in sensitive imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cartney E Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dawn Ernenwein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Artem Shkumatov
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas E Clay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - JuYeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Molly Melhem
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven C Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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7
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Nishida K. Optical Visualization and Spectroscopic Techniques for Probing Water Transport in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nishida
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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8
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Nagase K, Motegi H, Yoneda M, Nagumo Y, Suga T, Uchida M, Inukai J, Nishide H, Watanabe M. Visualization of Oxygen Partial Pressure and Numerical Simulation of a Running Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell with Straight Flow Channels to Elucidate Reaction Distributions. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Nagase
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering; University of Yamanashi; 4-4-37 Takeda Kofu Yamanashi 400-8510 Japan
- Takahata Precision Japan Co., Ltd.; 390 Maemada Sakaigawa-cho Fuefuki Yamanashi 406-0843 Japan
| | - Haruki Motegi
- Mizuho Information; Research Institute, Inc.; 2-3 Kanda-Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-8443 Japan
| | - Masakazu Yoneda
- Mizuho Information; Research Institute, Inc.; 2-3 Kanda-Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-8443 Japan
| | - Yuzo Nagumo
- Shimadzu Corporation; 3-9-4 Hikaridai, Seika-cho Kyoto 619-0237 Japan
| | - Takeo Suga
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Makoto Uchida
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center; University of Yamanashi; 6-43 Miyamae-cho Kofu Yamanashi 400-0021 Japan
| | - Junji Inukai
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center; University of Yamanashi; 6-43 Miyamae-cho Kofu Yamanashi 400-0021 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center; University of Yamanashi; 6-43 Miyamae-cho Kofu Yamanashi 400-0021 Japan
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9
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Ogawa K, Yokouchi Y, Haishi T, Ito K. Development of an eight-channel NMR system using RF detection coils for measuring spatial distributions of current density and water content in the PEM of a PEFC. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 234:147-153. [PMID: 23876781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The water generation and water transport occurring in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) can be estimated from the current density generated in the PEFC, and the water content in the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). In order to measure the spatial distributions and time-dependent changes of current density generated in a PEFC and the water content in a PEM, we have developed an eight-channel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system. To detect a NMR signal from water in a PEM at eight positions, eight small planar RF detection coils of 0.6 mm inside diameter were inserted between the PEM and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in a PEFC. The local current density generated at the position of the RF detection coil in a PEFC can be calculated from the frequency shift of the obtained NMR signal due to an additional magnetic field induced by the local current density. In addition, the water content in a PEM at the position of the RF detection coil can be calculated by the amplitude of the obtained NMR signal. The time-dependent changes in the spatial distributions were measured at 4 s intervals when the PEFC was operated with supply gas under conditions of fuel gas utilization of 0.67 and relative humidity of the fuel gas of 70%RH. The experimental result showed that the spatial distributions of the local current density and the water content in the PEM within the PEFC both fluctuated with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Ogawa
- Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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10
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Han OH. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigations on electrochemical reactions of low temperature fuel cells operating in acidic conditions. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 72:1-41. [PMID: 23731860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oc Hee Han
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Deevanhxay P, Sasabe T, Tsushima S, Hirai S. In situ diagnostic of liquid water distribution in cathode catalyst layer in an operating PEMFC by high-resolution soft X-ray radiography. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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12
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Koptyug IV. MRI of mass transport in porous media: drying and sorption processes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 65:1-65. [PMID: 22781314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
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13
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Meng H, Han B, Ruan B. Numerical modeling of liquid water transport inside and across membrane in PEM fuel cells. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Meng
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; Zhejiang; 310027; China
| | - Bo Han
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; Zhejiang; 310027; China
| | - Bo Ruan
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; Zhejiang; 310027; China
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14
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Chia CH, Wu Z, Wu CH, Cheng RH, Ding S. Resolve the pore structure and dynamics of Nafion 117: application of high resolution 7Li solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Cho KT, Mench MM. Investigation of the role of the micro-porous layer in polymer electrolyte fuel cells with hydrogen deuterium contrast neutron radiography. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:4296-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Graf R. New proton conducting materials for technical applications: what can we learn from solid state NMR studies? SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2011; 40:127-133. [PMID: 21996452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many novel proton conducting materials are based on complex hydrogen bonding networks of amphoteric hydrogen bonded moieties. Solid state NMR provides unique methods to study the properties of such network and specific proton conduction mechanisms in detail. In particular 1H solid state NMR techniques under fast magic angle spinning are powerful tools in this area. Site specific studies of the dynamic behavior via variable temperature 1H MAS measurements provide insight in the thermodynamics of the hydrogen bonding as well as activation energies for the proton transfer between the amphoteric sites. On macroscopic length scales, pulsed field gradient NMR experiments are able to determine the proton mobility and the contribution of different conduction mechanisms. In this article, aspects of recent solid state NMR studies in the field are reviewed and typical experimental methods as well as their possible outcome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Graf
- Department of Polymer Spectroscopy, Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Huguet P, Morin A, Gebel G, Deabate S, Sutor A, Peng Z. In situ analysis of water management in operating fuel cells by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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18
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Tabuchi Y, Shiomi T, Aoki O, Kubo N, Shinohara K. Effects of heat and water transport on the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell under high current density operation. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Brett DJL, Kucernak AR, Aguiar P, Atkins SC, Brandon NP, Clague R, Cohen LF, Hinds G, Kalyvas C, Offer GJ, Ladewig B, Maher R, Marquis A, Shearing P, Vasileiadis N, Vesovic V. What Happens Inside a Fuel Cell? Developing an Experimental Functional Map of Fuel Cell Performance. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2714-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Suarez S, Greenbaum S. Nuclear magnetic resonance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. CHEM REC 2010; 10:377-93. [PMID: 20648522 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the contribution of NMR spectroscopy to the development of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is discussed, with particular emphasis on its use in the characterization of structure and transport in proton exchange membranes (PEMs). Owing to copious amount of information available, results of the past decade will be the main focal point. In addition, its use as a screening tool for the PEM materials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Suarez
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of CUNY, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
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22
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Wu Z, Wu CS, Chu PPJ, Ding S. Nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging investigation of membrane electrode assembly of fuel cells: morphology and solvent dynamics. Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 27:871-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Étude du comportement de l'eau dans une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse d'ions (PEMFC): étude par RMN et IRM. CR CHIM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Diep J, Kiel D, St-Pierre J, Wong A. Development of a residence time distribution method for proton exchange membrane fuel cell evaluation. Chem Eng Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Feindel KW, Bergens SH, Wasylishen RE. The influence of membrane electrode assembly water content on the performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as investigated by 1H NMR microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:1850-7. [PMID: 17415498 DOI: 10.1039/b617551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The relation between the performance of a self-humidifying H(2)/O(2) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and the amount and distribution of water as observed using (1)H NMR microscopy was investigated. The integrated (1)H NMR image signal intensity (proportional to water content) from the region of the polymer electrolyte membrane between the catalyst layers was found to correlate well with the power output of the fuel cell. Several examples are provided which demonstrate the sensitivity of the (1)H NMR image intensity to the operating conditions of the fuel cell. Changes in the O(2)(g) flow rate cause predictable trends in both the power density and the image intensity. Higher power densities, achieved by decreasing the resistance of the external circuit, were found to increase the water in the PEM. An observed plateau of both the power density and the integrated (1)H NMR image signal intensity from the membrane electrode assembly and subsequent decline of the power density is postulated to result from the accumulation of H(2)O(l) in the gas diffusion layer and cathode flow field. The potential of using (1)H NMR microscopy to obtain the absolute water content of the polymer electrolyte membrane is discussed and several recommendations for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk W Feindel
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2G2
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Feindel KW, Bergens SH, Wasylishen RE. Insights into the Distribution of Water in a Self-Humidifying H2/O2 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using 1H NMR Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:14192-9. [PMID: 17061904 DOI: 10.1021/ja064389n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proton ((1)H) NMR microscopy is used to investigate in-situ the distribution of water throughout a self-humidifying proton-exchange membrane fuel cell, PEMFC, operating at ambient temperature and pressure on dry H(2)(g) and O(2)(g). The results provide the first experimental images of the in-plane distribution of water within the PEM of a membrane electrode assembly in an operating fuel cell. The effect of gas flow configuration on the distribution of water in the PEM and cathode flow field is investigated, revealing that the counter-flow configurations yield a more uniform distribution of water throughout the PEM. The maximum power output from the PEMFC, while operating under conditions of constant external load, occurs when H(2)O(l) is first visible in the (1)H NMR image of the cathode flow field, and subsequently declines as this H(2)O(l) continues to accumulate. The (1)H NMR microscopy experiments are in qualitative agreement with predictions from several theoretical modeling studies (e.g., Pasaogullari, U.; Wang, C. Y. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A380-A390), suggesting that combined theoretical and experimental approaches will constitute a powerful tool for PEMFC design, diagnosis, and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk W Feindel
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Feindel KW, Bergens SH, Wasylishen RE. The Use of1H NMR Microscopy to Study Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:67-75. [PMID: 16345115 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To understand proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) better, researchers have used several techniques to visualize their internal operation. This Concept outlines the advantages of using 1H NMR microscopy, that is, magnetic resonance imaging, to monitor the distribution of water in a working PEMFC. We describe what a PEMFC is, how it operates, and why monitoring water distribution in a fuel cell is important. We will focus on our experience in constructing PEMFCs, and demonstrate how 1H NMR microscopy is used to observe the water distribution throughout an operating hydrogen PEMFC. Research in this area is briefly reviewed, followed by some comments regarding challenges and anticipated future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk W Feindel
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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Sinha PK, Halleck P, Wang CY. Quantification of Liquid Water Saturation in a PEM Fuel Cell Diffusion Medium Using X-ray Microtomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1149/1.2203307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tsushima S, Teranishi K, Nishida K, Hirai S. Water content distribution in a polymer electrolyte membrane for advanced fuel cell system with liquid water supply. Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 23:255-8. [PMID: 15833622 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2004.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the operation of a new fuel cell design, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the water content distribution in a polymer electrolyte membrane under fuel cell operation with and without a supply of liquid water. The supply of liquid water to the membrane improved the cell performance by increasing the water content in the membrane and thus reducing the electrical resistance of the membrane. The study also showed that MRI is a promising method to investigate the distribution of water in the membrane of a fuel cell under operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohji Tsushima
- Research Center for Carbon Recycling and Energy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
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Study of the Effect of Membrane Thickness on the Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells by Water Distribution in a Membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1149/1.1897343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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