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Bai M, Shen Q, Wu Y, Ma Z, Wang Y, Chen M, Liu D, Zhou L. Evaluation of transport mechanisms of methotrexate in human choriocarcinoma cell lines by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 247:116268. [PMID: 38823222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is commonly prescribed as the initial treatment for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), but MTX monotherapy may not be effective for high-risk GTN and choriocarcinoma. The cellular uptake of MTX is essential for its pharmacological activity. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the cellular pharmacokinetics and transport mechanisms of MTX in choriocarcinoma cells. For the quantification of MTX concentrations in cellular matrix, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was created and confirmed initially. MTX accumulation in BeWo, JEG-3, and JAR cells was minimal. Additionally, the mRNA levels of folate receptor α (FRα) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) were relatively high in the three choriocarcinoma cell lines, whereas proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT), reduced folate carrier (RFC), and organic anion transporter (OAT) 4 were low. Furthermore, the expression of other transporters was either very low or undetectable. Notably, the application of inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting FRα, RFC, and PCFT led to a notable decrease in the accumulation of MTX in BeWo cells. Conversely, the co-administration of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and BCRP inhibitors increased MTX accumulation. In addition, inhibitors of OATs and organic-anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) reduced MTX accumulation, while peptide transporter inhibitors had no effect. Results from siRNA knockdown experiments and transporter overexpression cell models indicated that MTX was not a substrate of nucleoside transporters. In conclusion, the results indicate that FRα and multiple transporters such as PCFT, RFC, OAT4, and OATPs are likely involved in the uptake of MTX, whereas MDR1 and BCRP are implicated in the efflux of MTX from choriocarcinoma cells. These results have implications for predicting transporter-mediated drug interactions and offer potential directions for further research on enhancing MTX sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Bai
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Mingyang Chen
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China.
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2
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Wannowius M, Karakus E, Aktürk Z, Breuer J, Geyer J. Role of the Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter (SOAT/SLC10A6) in Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9926. [PMID: 37373074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT, gene symbol SLC10A6) specifically transports 3'- and 17'-monosulfated steroid hormones, such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, into specific target cells. These biologically inactive sulfo-conjugated steroids occur in high concentrations in the blood circulation and serve as precursors for the intracrine formation of active estrogens and androgens that contribute to the overall regulation of steroids in many peripheral tissues. Although SOAT expression has been detected in several hormone-responsive peripheral tissues, its quantitative contribution to steroid sulfate uptake in different organs is still not completely clear. Given this fact, the present review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about the SOAT by summarizing all experimental findings obtained since its first cloning in 2004 and by processing SOAT/SLC10A6-related data from genome-wide protein and mRNA expression databases. In conclusion, despite a significantly increased understanding of the function and physiological significance of the SOAT over the past 20 years, further studies are needed to finally establish it as a potential drug target for endocrine-based therapy of steroid-responsive diseases such as hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wannowius
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Zekeriya Aktürk
- General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Janina Breuer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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3
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Zhao L, Teng M, Zhao X, Li Y, Sun J, Zhao W, Ruan Y, Leung KMY, Wu F. Insight into the binding model of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to proteins and membranes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 175:107951. [PMID: 37126916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have elicited much concern because of their ubiquitous distribution in the environment and the potential hazards they pose to wildlife and human health. Although an increasing number of effective PFAS alternatives are available in the market, these alternatives bring new challenges. This paper comprehensively reviews how PFASs bind to transport proteins (e.g., serum albumin, liver fatty acid transport proteins and organic acid transporters), nuclear receptors (e.g., peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, thyroid hormone receptors and reproductive hormone receptors) and membranes (e.g., cell membrane and mitochondrial membrane). Briefly, the hydrophobic fluorinated carbon chains of PFASs occupy the binding cavities of the target proteins, and the acid groups of PFASs form hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues. Various structural features of PFAS alternatives such as chlorine atom substitution, oxygen atom insertion and a branched structure, introduce variations in their chain length and hydrophobicity, which potentially change the affinity of PFAS alternatives for endogenous proteins. The toxic effects and mechanisms of action of legacy PFASs can be demonstrated and compared with their alternatives using binding models. In future studies, in vitro experiments and in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling should be better integrated to allow more reliable toxicity predictions for both legacy and alternative PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Wentian Zhao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
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4
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Mao Q, Chen X. An update on placental drug transport and its relevance to fetal drug exposure. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2022; 2:501-511. [PMID: 37724167 PMCID: PMC10388746 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women are often complicated with diseases that require treatment with medication. Most drugs administered to pregnant women are off-label without the necessary dose, efficacy, and safety information. Knowledge concerning drug transfer across the placental barrier is essential for understanding fetal drug exposure and hence drug safety and efficacy to the fetus. Transporters expressed in the placenta, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette efflux transporters and solute carrier uptake transporters, play important roles in determining drug transfer across the placental barrier, leading to fetal exposure to the drugs. In this review, we provide an update on placental drug transport, including in vitro cell/tissue, ex vivo human placenta perfusion, and in vivo animal studies that can be used to determine the expression and function of drug transporters in the placenta as well as placental drug transfer and fetal drug exposure. We also describe how the knowledge of placental drug transfer through passive diffusion or active transport can be combined with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to predict systemic fetal drug exposure. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps in studying placental drug transport and predicting fetal drug exposure and discuss future research directions to fill these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Balhara A, Kumar AR, Unadkat JD. Predicting Human Fetal Drug Exposure Through Maternal-Fetal PBPK Modeling and In Vitro or Ex Vivo Studies. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62 Suppl 1:S94-S114. [PMID: 36106781 PMCID: PMC9494623 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Medication (drug) use in human pregnancy is prevalent. Determining fetal safety and efficacy of drugs is logistically challenging. However, predicting (not measuring) fetal drug exposure (systemic and tissue) throughout pregnancy is possible through maternal-fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation. Such prediction can inform fetal drug safety and efficacy. Fetal drug exposure can be quantified in 2 complementary ways. First, the ratio of the steady-state unbound plasma concentration in the fetal plasma (or area under the plasma concentration-time curve) to the corresponding maternal plasma concentration (ie, Kp,uu ). Second, the maximum unbound peak (Cu,max,ss,f ) and trough (Cu,min,ss,f ) fetal steady-state plasma concentrations. We (and others) have developed a maternal-fetal PBPK model that can successfully predict maternal drug exposure. To predict fetal drug exposure, the model needs to be populated with drug specific parameters, of which transplacental clearances (active and/or passive) and placental/fetal metabolism of the drug are critical. Herein, we describe in vitro studies in cells/tissue fractions or the perfused human placenta that can be used to determine these drug-specific parameters. In addition, we provide examples whereby this approach has successfully predicted systemic fetal exposure to drugs that passively or actively cross the placenta. Apart from maternal-fetal PBPK models, animal studies also have the potential to estimate fetal drug exposure by allometric scaling. Whether such scaling will be successful is yet to be determined. Here, we review the above approaches to predict fetal drug exposure, outline gaps in our knowledge to make such predictions and map out future research directions that could fill these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya R Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Taggi V, Riera Romo M, Piquette-Miller M, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE, Neuhoff S. Transporter Regulation in Critical Protective Barriers: Focus on Brain and Placenta. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071376. [PMID: 35890272 PMCID: PMC9319476 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug transporters play an important role in the maintenance of chemical balance and homeostasis in different tissues. In addition to their physiological functions, they are crucial for the absorption, distribution, and elimination of many clinically important drugs, thereby impacting therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that infectious, metabolic, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases alter the expression and function of drug transporters. However, the current knowledge on transporter regulation in critical protective barriers, such as the brain and placenta, is still limited and requires more research. For instance, while many studies have examined P-glycoprotein, it is evident that research on the regulation of highly expressed transporters in the blood–brain barrier and blood–placental barrier are lacking. The aim of this review is to summarize the currently available literature in order to better understand transporter regulation in these critical barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Taggi
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (V.T.); (H.E.M.z.S.)
| | - Mario Riera Romo
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada; (M.R.R.); (M.P.-M.)
| | - Micheline Piquette-Miller
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada; (M.R.R.); (M.P.-M.)
| | | | - Sibylle Neuhoff
- Certara UK Ltd., Simcyp Division, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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7
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Fokina VM, Patrikeeva S, Wang XM, Noguchi S, Tomi M, König J, Ahmed MS, Nanovskaya T. Role of Uptake Transporters OAT4, OATP2A1, and OATP1A2 in Human Placental Bio-disposition of Pravastatin. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:505-516. [PMID: 34597623 PMCID: PMC8792198 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pravastatin is currently under evaluation for prevention of preeclampsia. Factors contributing to placental disposition of pravastatin are important in assessment of potential undesirable fetal effects. The purpose of this study was to identify the uptake transporters that contribute to the placental disposition of pravastatin. Our data revealed the expression of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) and OATP2A1 in the apical, and OATP2B1 and OATP5A1 in the basolateral membranes of the placenta, while organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4) exhibited higher expression in basolateral membrane but was detected in both membranes. Preloading placental membrane vesicles with glutarate increased the uptake of pravastatin suggesting involvement of glutarate-dependent transporters such as OAT4. In the HEK293 cells overexpressing individual uptake transporters, OATP2A1, OATP1A2 and OAT4 were determined to accept pravastatin as a substrate at physiological pH, while the uptake of pravastatin by OATP2B1 (known to interact with pravastatin at acidic pH) and OATP5A1 was not detected at pH 7.4. These findings led us to propose that OATP1A2 and OATP2A1 are responsible for the placental uptake of pravastatin from the maternal circulation, while OAT4 mediates the passage of the drug across placental basolateral membrane in the fetal-to-maternal direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina M Fokina
- Maternal-Fetal Pharmacology and Bio-Development Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Svetlana Patrikeeva
- Maternal-Fetal Pharmacology and Bio-Development Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xiao-ming Wang
- Maternal-Fetal Pharmacology and Bio-Development Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Saki Noguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen
| | - Mahmoud S Ahmed
- Maternal-Fetal Pharmacology and Bio-Development Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tatiana Nanovskaya
- Maternal-Fetal Pharmacology and Bio-Development Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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8
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Yee SW, Giacomini KM. Emerging Roles of the Human Solute Carrier 22 Family. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:DMD-MR-2021-000702. [PMID: 34921098 PMCID: PMC9488978 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Solute Carrier 22 family (SLC22), also termed the organic ion transporter family, consists of 28 distinct multi-membrane spanning proteins, which phylogenetically cluster together according to their charge specificity for organic cations (OCTs), organic anions (OATs) and organic zwitterion/cations (OCTNs). Some SLC22 family members are well characterized in terms of their substrates, transport mechanisms and expression patterns, as well as their roles in human physiology and pharmacology, whereas others remain orphans with no known ligands. Pharmacologically, SLC22 family members play major roles as determinants of the absorption and disposition of many prescription drugs, and several including the renal transporters, OCT2, OAT1 and OAT3 are targets for many clinically important drug-drug interactions. In addition, mutations in some of these transporters (SLC22A5 (OCTN2) and SLC22A12 (URAT1) lead to rare monogenic disorders. Genetic polymorphisms in SLC22 transporters have been associated with common human disease, drug response and various phenotypic traits. Three members in this family were deorphaned in very recently: SLC22A14, SLC22A15 and SLC22A24, and found to transport specific compounds such as riboflavin (SLC22A14), anti-oxidant zwitterions (SLC22A15) and steroid conjugates (SLC22A24). Their physiologic and pharmacological roles need further investigation. This review aims to summarize the substrates, expression patterns and transporter mechanisms of individual SLC22 family members and their roles in human disease and drug disposition and response. Gaps in our understanding of SLC22 family members are described. Significance Statement In recent years, three members of the SLC22 family of transporters have been deorphaned and found to play important roles in the transport of diverse solutes. New research has furthered our understanding of the mechanisms, pharmacological roles, and clinical impact of SLC22 transporters. This minireview provides overview of SLC22 family members of their physiologic and pharmacologic roles, the impact of genetic variants in the SLC22 family on disease and drug response, and summary of recent studies deorphaning SLC22 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Univerity of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Univerity of California, San Francisco, United States
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9
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Yamashita M, Markert UR. Overview of Drug Transporters in Human Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313149. [PMID: 34884954 PMCID: PMC8658420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of drugs across the placenta is a point of great importance in pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. However, the knowledge of drug transport in pregnancy is mostly based on experimental clinical data, and the underlying biological mechanisms are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of drug transporters in the human placenta. We only refer to human data since the placenta demonstrates great diversity among species. In addition, we describe the experimental models that have been used in human placental transport studies and discuss their availability. A better understanding of placental drug transporters will be beneficial for the health of pregnant women who need drug treatment and their fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 5650871, Japan
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
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10
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Hermann R, Krajcsi P, Fluck M, Seithel-Keuth A, Bytyqi A, Galazka A, Munafo A. Review of Transporter Substrate, Inhibitor, and Inducer Characteristics of Cladribine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1509-1535. [PMID: 34435310 PMCID: PMC8613159 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) to its active adenosine triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®) administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. The ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and nucleoside transporter substrate, inhibitor, and inducer characteristics of cladribine are reviewed in this article. Available evidence suggests that the distribution of cladribine across biological membranes is facilitated by a number of uptake and efflux transporters. Among the key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters, only breast cancer resistance protein has been shown to be an efficient transporter of cladribine, while P-glycoprotein does not transport cladribine well. Intestinal absorption, distribution throughout the body, and intracellular uptake of cladribine appear to be exclusively mediated by equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters, specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Renal excretion of cladribine appears to be most likely driven by breast cancer resistance protein, ENT1, and P-glycoprotein. The latter may play a role despite its poor cladribine transport efficiency in view of the renal abundance of P-glycoprotein. There is no evidence that solute carrier uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides, organic anion transporters, and organic cation transporters are involved in the transport of cladribine. Available in vitro studies examining the inhibitor characteristics of cladribine for a total of 13 major ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and CNT transporters indicate that in vivo inhibition of any of these transporters by cladribine is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Clinical Research Appliance (cr.appliance), Heinrich-Vingerhut-Weg 3, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Munafo
- Institute of Pharmacometrics, an Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Dvorak V, Wiedmer T, Ingles-Prieto A, Altermatt P, Batoulis H, Bärenz F, Bender E, Digles D, Dürrenberger F, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, Kell DB, Kickinger S, Körzö D, Leippe P, Licher T, Manolova V, Rizzetto R, Sassone F, Scarabottolo L, Schlessinger A, Schneider V, Sijben HJ, Steck AL, Sundström H, Tremolada S, Wilhelm M, Wright Muelas M, Zindel D, Steppan CM, Superti-Furga G. An Overview of Cell-Based Assay Platforms for the Solute Carrier Family of Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722889. [PMID: 34447313 PMCID: PMC8383457 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily represents the biggest family of transporters with important roles in health and disease. Despite being attractive and druggable targets, the majority of SLCs remains understudied. One major hurdle in research on SLCs is the lack of tools, such as cell-based assays to investigate their biological role and for drug discovery. Another challenge is the disperse and anecdotal information on assay strategies that are suitable for SLCs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art cellular assay technologies for SLC research and discusses relevant SLC characteristics enabling the choice of an optimal assay technology. The Innovative Medicines Initiative consortium RESOLUTE intends to accelerate research on SLCs by providing the scientific community with high-quality reagents, assay technologies and data sets, and to ultimately unlock SLCs for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Dvorak
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tabea Wiedmer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Ingles-Prieto
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Helena Batoulis
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Felix Bärenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniela Digles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kickinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Körzö
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Leippe
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Licher
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vanessa Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert J. Sijben
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Wright Muelas
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Zindel
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, MA, United States
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Sun HL, Wu YW, Bian HG, Yang H, Wang H, Meng XM, Jin J. Function of Uric Acid Transporters and Their Inhibitors in Hyperuricaemia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667753. [PMID: 34335246 PMCID: PMC8317579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of uric acid metabolism may be associated with pathological processes in many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. These diseases can further promote uric acid accumulation in the body, leading to a vicious cycle. Preliminary studies have proven many mechanisms such as oxidative stress, lipid metabolism disorders, and rennin angiotensin axis involving in the progression of hyperuricaemia-related diseases. However, there is still lack of effective clinical treatment for hyperuricaemia. According to previous research results, NPT1, NPT4, OAT1, OAT2, OAT3, OAT4, URAT1, GLUT9, ABCG2, PDZK1, these urate transports are closely related to serum uric acid level. Targeting at urate transporters and urate-lowering drugs can enhance our understanding of hyperuricaemia and hyperuricaemia-related diseases. This review may put forward essential references or cross references to be contributed to further elucidate traditional and novel urate-lowering drugs benefits as well as provides theoretical support for the scientific research on hyperuricemia and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-Wan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - He-Ge Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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13
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Zhu C, Sun B, Zhang B, Zhou Z. An update of genetics, co-morbidities and management of hyperuricaemia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1305-1316. [PMID: 34133780 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricaemia (HU) caused by disorders of purine metabolism is a metabolic disease. A number of epidemiological reports have confirmed that HU is correlated with multiple disorders, such as chronic kidney diseases, cardiovascular disease and gout. Recent studies showed that the expression and functional changes of uric acid transporters, including URAT1, GLUT9 and ABCG2, were associated with HU. Moreover, a large number of genome-wide association studies have shown that these transporters' dysfunction leads to HU. In this review, we describe the recent progress of aetiology and related transporters of HU, and we also summarise the common co-morbidities possible mechanisms, as well as the potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods for HU, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Cerveny L, Murthi P, Staud F. HIV in pregnancy: Mother-to-child transmission, pharmacotherapy, and toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166206. [PMID: 34197912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 1.3 million pregnant women were living with HIV in 2018. HIV infection is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and all HIV-positive pregnant women, regardless of their clinical stage, should receive a combination of antiretroviral drugs to suppress maternal viral load and prevent vertical fetal infection. Although antiretroviral treatment in pregnant women has undoubtedly minimized mother-to-child transmission of HIV, several uncertainties remain. For example, while pregnancy is accompanied by changes in pharmacokinetic parameters, relevant data from clinical studies are lacking. Similarly, long-term adverse effects of exposure to antiretrovirals on fetuses have not been studied in detail. Here, we review current knowledge on HIV effects on the placenta and developing fetus, recommended antiretroviral regimens, and pharmacokinetic considerations with particular focus on placental transport. We also discuss recent advances in antiretroviral research and potential effects of antiretroviral treatment on placental/fetal development and programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Cerveny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, The Ritchie Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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15
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Mammalian ABCG-transporters, sterols and lipids: To bind perchance to transport? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158860. [PMID: 33309976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family perform a critical function in maintaining lipid homeostasis in cells as well as the transport of drugs. In this review, we provide an update on the ABCG-transporter subfamily member proteins, which include the homodimers ABCG1, ABCG2 and ABCG4 as well as the heterodimeric complex formed between ABCG5 and ABCG8. This review focusses on progress made in this field of research with respect to their function in health and disease and the recognised transporter substrates. We also provide an update on post-translational regulation, including by transporter substrates, and well as the involvement of microRNA as regulators of transporter expression and activity. In addition, we describe progress made in identifying structural elements that have been recognised as important for transport activity. We furthermore discuss the role of lipids such as cholesterol on the transport function of ABCG2, traditionally thought of as a drug transporter, and provide a model of potential cholesterol binding sites for ABCG2.
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16
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Lee W, Ha JM, Sugiyama Y. Post-translational regulation of the major drug transporters in the families of organic anion transporters and organic anion-transporting polypeptides. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17349-17364. [PMID: 33051208 PMCID: PMC7863896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.009132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) belong to the solute carrier (SLC) transporter superfamily and play important roles in handling various endogenous and exogenous compounds of anionic charge. The OATs and OATPs are often implicated in drug therapy by impacting the pharmacokinetics of clinically important drugs and, thereby, drug exposure in the target organs or cells. Various mechanisms (e.g. genetic, environmental, and disease-related factors, drug-drug interactions, and food-drug interactions) can lead to variations in the expression and activity of the anion drug-transporting proteins of OATs and OATPs, possibly impacting the therapeutic outcomes. Previous investigations mainly focused on the regulation at the transcriptional level and drug-drug interactions as competing substrates or inhibitors. Recently, evidence has accumulated that cellular trafficking, post-translational modification, and degradation mechanisms serve as another important layer for the mechanisms underlying the variations in the OATs and OATPs. This review will provide a brief overview of the major OATs and OATPs implicated in drug therapy and summarize recent progress in our understanding of the post-translational modifications, in particular ubiquitination and degradation pathways of the individual OATs and OATPs implicated in drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Min Ha
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Zafeiri A, Mitchell RT, Hay DC, Fowler PA. Over-the-counter analgesics during pregnancy: a comprehensive review of global prevalence and offspring safety. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:67-95. [PMID: 33118024 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analgesia during pregnancy is often necessary. Due to their widespread availability, many mothers opt to use over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics. Those analgesic compounds and their metabolites can readily cross the placenta and reach the developing foetus. Evidence for safety or associations with adverse health outcomes is conflicting, limiting definitive decision-making for healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review provides a detailed and objective overview of research in this field. We consider the global prevalence of OTC analgesia during pregnancy, explain the current mechanistic understanding of how analgesic compounds cross the placenta and reach the foetus, and review current research on exposure associations with offspring health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS A comprehensive English language literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases. Different combinations of key search terms were used including 'over-the-counter/non-prescription analgesics', 'pregnancy', 'self-medication', 'paracetamol', 'acetaminophen', 'diclofenac', 'aspirin', 'ibuprofen', 'in utero exposure', 'placenta drug transport', 'placental transporters', 'placenta drug metabolism' and 'offspring outcomes'. OUTCOMES This article examines the evidence of foetal exposure to OTC analgesia, starting from different routes of exposure to evidence, or the lack thereof, linking maternal consumption to offspring ill health. There is a very high prevalence of maternal consumption of OTC analgesics globally, which is increasing sharply. The choice of analgesia selected by pregnant women differs across populations. Location was also observed to have an effect on prevalence of use, with more developed countries reporting the highest consumption rates. Some of the literature focuses on the association of in utero exposure at different pregnancy trimesters and the development of neurodevelopmental, cardiovascular, respiratory and reproductive defects. This is in contrast to other studies which report no associations. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The high prevalence and the challenges of reporting exact consumption rates make OTC analgesia during pregnancy a pressing reproductive health issue globally. Even though some healthcare policy-making authorities have declared the consumption of some OTC analgesics for most stages of pregnancy to be safe, such decisions are often based on partial review of literature. Our comprehensive review of current evidence highlights that important knowledge gaps still exist. Those areas require further research in order to provide pregnant mothers with clear guidance with regard to OTC analgesic use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Zafeiri
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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18
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Gorczyca L, Du J, Bircsak KM, Wen X, Vetrano AM, Aleksunes LM. Low oxygen tension differentially regulates the expression of placental solute carriers and ABC transporters. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:811-827. [PMID: 32978975 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen concentration, or hypoxia, is an important physiological regulator of placental function including chemical disposition. Here, we compared the ability of low oxygen tension to alter the expression of solute carriers (SLC) and ABC transporters in two human placental models, namely BeWo cells and term placental explants. We found that exposure to low oxygen concentration differentially regulates transporter expression in BeWo cells, including downregulation of ENT1, OATP4A1, OCTN2, BCRP, and MRP2/3/5, and upregulation of CNT1, OAT4, OATP2B1, SERT, SOAT, and MRP1. Similar upregulation of MRP1 and downregulation of MRP5 and BCRP were observed in explants, whereas uptake transporters were decreased or unchanged. Furthermore, a screening of transcriptional regulators of transporters revealed that hypoxia leads to a decrease in the mRNA levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and retinoid x receptor alpha in both human placental models. These data suggest that transporter expression is differentially regulated by oxygen concentration across experimental human placental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwik Gorczyca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jianyao Du
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristin M Bircsak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xia Wen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Anna M Vetrano
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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19
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Pork Production with Entire Males: Directions for Control of Boar Taint. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091665. [PMID: 32947846 PMCID: PMC7552340 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Castration of male piglets has traditionally been carried out to control boar taint, but animal welfare concerns about surgical castration has brought this practice under scrutiny. In addition, castration decreases growth performance and increases the environmental impact of pork production, so alternatives to castration are needed to control boar taint. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on boar taint metabolism and outline some key areas that require further study. We also describe some opportunities for controlling the boar taint problem and propose that by defining the differences in metabolic processes and the genetic variations that can lead to boar taint in individual pigs, we can design effective custom solutions for boar taint. Abstract Boar taint is caused by the accumulation of androstenone and skatole and other indoles in the fat; this is regulated by the balance between synthesis and degradation of these compounds and can be affected by a number of factors, including environment and management practices, sexual maturity, nutrition, and genetics. Boar taint can be controlled by immunocastration, but this practice has not been accepted in some countries. Genetics offers a long-term solution to the boar taint problem via selective breeding or genome editing. A number of short-term strategies to control boar taint have been proposed, but these can have inconsistent effects and there is too much variability between breeds and individuals to implement a blanket solution for boar taint. Therefore, we propose a precision livestock management approach to developing solutions for controlling taint. This involves determining the differences in metabolic processes and the genetic variations that cause boar taint in specific groups of pigs and using this information to design custom treatments based on the cause of boar taint. Genetic, proteomic or metabolomic profiling can then be used to identify and implement effective solutions for boar taint for specific populations of animals.
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20
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Hodel EM, Marzolini C, Waitt C, Rakhmanina N. Pharmacokinetics, Placental and Breast Milk Transfer of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant and Lactating Women Living with HIV. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:556-576. [PMID: 30894103 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190320162507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remarkable progress has been achieved in the identification of HIV infection in pregnant women and in the prevention of vertical HIV transmission through maternal antiretroviral treatment (ART) and neonatal antiretroviral drug (ARV) prophylaxis in the last two decades. Millions of women globally are receiving combination ART throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding, periods associated with significant biological and physiological changes affecting the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ARVs. The objective of this review was to summarize currently available knowledge on the PK of ARVs during pregnancy and transport of maternal ARVs through the placenta and into the breast milk. We also summarized main safety considerations for in utero and breast milk ARVs exposures in infants. METHODS We conducted a review of the pharmacological profiles of ARVs in pregnancy and during breastfeeding obtained from published clinical studies. Selected maternal PK studies used a relatively rich sampling approach at each ante- and postnatal sampling time point. For placental and breast milk transport of ARVs, we selected the studies that provided ratios of maternal to the cord (M:C) plasma and breast milk to maternal plasma (M:P) concentrations, respectively. RESULTS We provide an overview of the physiological changes during pregnancy and their effect on the PK parameters of ARVs by drug class in pregnancy, which were gathered from 45 published studies. The PK changes during pregnancy affect the dosing of several protease inhibitors during pregnancy and limit the use of several ARVs, including three single tablet regimens with integrase inhibitors or protease inhibitors co-formulated with cobicistat due to suboptimal exposures. We further analysed the currently available data on the mechanism of the transport of ARVs from maternal plasma across the placenta and into the breast milk and summarized the effect of pregnancy on placental and of breastfeeding on mammal gland drug transporters, as well as physicochemical properties, C:M and M:P ratios of individual ARVs by drug class. Finally, we discussed the major safety issues of fetal and infant exposure to maternal ARVs. CONCLUSIONS Available pharmacological data provide evidence that physiological changes during pregnancy affect maternal, and consequently, fetal ARV exposure. Limited available data suggest that the expression of drug transporters may vary throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding thereby possibly impacting the amount of ARV crossing the placenta and secreted into the breast milk. The drug transporter's role in the fetal/child exposure to maternal ARVs needs to be better understood. Our analysis underscores the need for more pharmacological studies with innovative study design, sparse PK sampling, improved study data reporting and PK modelling in pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV to optimize their treatment choices and maternal and child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Hodel
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Division of Paediatric Pharmacology & Pharmacometrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Marzolini
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Waitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - N Rakhmanina
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, DC, United States
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21
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Liu L, Liu X. Contributions of Drug Transporters to Blood-Placental Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:505-548. [PMID: 31571173 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is the only organ linking two different individuals, mother and fetus, termed as blood-placental barrier. The functions of the blood-placental barrier are to regulate material transfer between the maternal and fetal circulation. The main functional units are the chorionic villi within which fetal blood is separated by only three or four cell layers (placental membrane) from maternal blood in the surrounding intervillous space. A series of drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-GP), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, and MRP5), organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP4A1, OATP1A2, OATP1B3, and OATP3A1), organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN1 and OCTN2), multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1), and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT1 and ENT2) have been demonstrated on the apical membrane of syncytiotrophoblast, some of which also expressed on the basolateral membrane of syncytiotrophoblast or fetal capillary endothelium. These transporters are involved in transport of most drugs in the placenta, in turn, affecting drug distribution in fetus. Moreover, expressions of these transporters in the placenta often vary along with the gestational ages and are also affected by pathophysiological factor. This chapter will mainly illustrate function and expression of these transporters in placentas, their contribution to drug distribution in fetus, and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Dallmann A, Liu XI, Burckart GJ, van den Anker J. Drug Transporters Expressed in the Human Placenta and Models for Studying Maternal-Fetal Drug Transfer. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59 Suppl 1:S70-S81. [PMID: 31502693 PMCID: PMC7304533 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been directed to investigate the ontogeny of drug transporters in fetuses, neonates, infants, and children based on their importance for understanding drug pharmacokinetics. During development (ie, in the fetus and newborn infant), there is special interest in transporters expressed in the placenta that modulate placental drug transfer. Many of these transporters can decrease or increase drug concentrations in the fetus and at birth, stressing the relevance of elucidating expression in the placenta and potential gestational age-dependent changes therein. Hence, the main objective of this review was to summarize the current knowledge about expression and ontogeny of transporters in the human placenta in healthy pregnant women. In addition, various in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico models that can be used to investigate placental drug transfer, namely, placental cancer cell lines, ex vivo cotyledon perfusion experiments, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, are discussed together with their advantages and shortcomings. A particular focus was placed on PBPK models because these models can integrate different types of information, such as expression data, ontogeny information, and observations obtained from the ex vivo cotyledon perfusion experiment. Such a mechanistic modeling framework may leverage the available information and ultimately help to improve knowledge about the adequacy and safety of pharmacotherapy in pregnant women and their fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Dallmann
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB), Switzerland
| | - Xiaomei I. Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gilbert J. Burckart
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - John van den Anker
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB), Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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23
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Interaction of Anticancer Drugs with Human Organic Anion Transporter hOAT4. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1951786. [PMID: 30941173 PMCID: PMC6421026 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1951786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human organic anion transporter 4 (hOAT4) belongs to a family of multispecific organic anion transporters that play critical roles in the disposition of numerous drugs and therefore are the major sites for drug-drug interaction. Drug-drug interactions contribute significantly to the individual variation in drug response. hOAT4 is expressed in the kidney and placenta. In the current study, we examined the interaction of 36 anticancer drugs with hOAT4 in kidney COS-7 cells and placenta BeWo cells. Among the drugs tested, only epirubicin hydrochloride and dabrafenib mesylate exhibited > 50% cis-inhibitory effect, in COS-7 cells, on hOAT4-mediated uptake of estrone sulfate, a prototypical substrate for the transporter. The IC50 values for epirubicin hydrochloride and dabrafenib mesylate were 5.24±0.95 μM and 8.30±3.30 μM, respectively. Dixon plot analysis revealed that inhibition by epirubicin hydrochloride was noncompetitive with a Ki = 3 μM whereas inhibition by dabrafenib mesylate was competitive with a Ki = 4.26 μM. Our results established that epirubicin hydrochloride and dabrafenib mesylate are inhibitors of hOAT4. Furthermore, by comparing our data with clinically relevant exposures of these drugs, we conclude that although the tendency for dabrafenib mesylate to cause drug-drug interaction through hOAT4 is insignificant in the kidney, the propensity for epirubicin hydrochloride to cause drug-drug interaction is high.
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24
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Wang H, Zhang J, You G. The mechanistic links between insulin and human organic anion transporter 4. Int J Pharm 2019; 555:165-174. [PMID: 30453017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human organic anion transporter 4 (hOAT4) belongs to a class of organic anion transporters that exert critical function in the secretion, absorption, and distribution of numerous drugs in the body, such as anti-viral drugs, anti-cancer therapeutics, antibiotics, antihypertensive medicine, and anti-inflammatory drugs. hOAT4 is richly existent in the kidney and placenta. We previously established that serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinases (sgk) stimulate hOAT4 expression and transport activity by abrogating the inhibitory effect of a ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. Insulin is one of the upstream signaling molecules for sgk. We therefore investigated the effect of insulin on hOAT4 function. We showed that insulin stimulated hOAT4 expression and transport activity, and the action of insulin was abolished in cells overexpressing Nedd4-2-specific siRNA to knockdown the endogenous Nedd4-2. We further showed that insulin phosphorylated serine 327 on Nedd4-2 and weakened the interaction between hOAT4 and Nedd4-2. Interestingly, in cells overexpressing sgk2, the stimulatory effect of insulin on hOAT4 was diminished. In addition, the stimulatory effect of insulin on hOAT4 was blocked by wortmannin and buparlisib, two PI3K inhibitors. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that insulin stimulates hOAT4 expression and transport activity by abrogating the inhibition effect of Nedd4-2 on the transporter. Moreover, insulin regulates hOAT4 by competing with sgk2 rather than through sgk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Guofeng You
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Berveiller P, Mir O, Degrelle SA, Tsatsaris V, Selleret L, Guibourdenche J, Evain-Brion D, Fournier T, Gil S. Chemotherapy in pregnancy: exploratory study of the effects of paclitaxel on the expression of placental drug transporters. Invest New Drugs 2018; 37:1075-1085. [PMID: 30367323 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The use of paclitaxel in pregnant cancer patients is feasible in terms of fetal safety, but little is known about the effects of paclitaxel on the placenta. Using three experimental models, we aimed to assess the effects of paclitaxel on the expression of placental drug transporters. Methods In the in vitro model (human primary trophoblast culture), trophoblasts were isolated from normal term placentas and subsequently exposed to paclitaxel. The transcriptional regulation of 84 genes encoding for drug transporters, and the protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP were assessed. In the in vivo model, placental tissues isolated from pregnant cancer patients treated with paclitaxel were analyzed to assess the protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP. The same parameters were assessed in extracts from human placental cotyledons perfused ex vivo with paclitaxel. Results In the in vitro model, the expression of twelve drug-transporters genes was found to be significantly down-regulated after exposure to paclitaxel, including ABCC10, SLC28A3, SLC29A2, and ATP7B (involved in the transport of taxanes, antimetabolites, and cisplatin, respectively). The protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp increased by 1.3-fold after paclitaxel administration. Finally, the protein expression of ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP was higher in cotyledons from mothers treated with multiple doses of paclitaxel during pregnancy than in cotyledons perfused with a single dose of paclitaxel. Discussion Paclitaxel modulates the expression of placental drug transporters involved in the disposition of various anticancer agents. Further studies will be needed to assess the impact of repeated or prolonged exposure to paclitaxel on the expression and function of placental drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Berveiller
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy Saint Germain, 10, rue du champ Gaillard, F78300, Poissy, France.
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Séverine A Degrelle
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Obstetrics, Port-Royal Maternity, Cochin Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Lise Selleret
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tenon Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean Guibourdenche
- Department of Hormonal Biology, Cochin Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Danièle Evain-Brion
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Gil
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
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Estrone sulphate uptake by the microvillous membrane of placental syncytiotrophoblast is coupled to glutamate efflux. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:237-242. [PMID: 30343886 PMCID: PMC6255796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are transport proteins that mediate exchange of metabolites, hormones and waste products. Directional transport by these transporters can occur when exchange is coupled to the gradients of other substrates. This study investigates whether the activity of OATP4A1 and OATP2A1 on the maternal facing microvillus membrane of the placental syncytiotrophoblast is coupled to the glutamate gradient. OAT and OATP transporter proteins were over expressed in Xenopus oocytes to study their transport characteristics. Further transport studies were performed in term human placental villous fragments. Xenopus oocytes expressing OATP4A1 mediated glutamate uptake. No glutamate transport was observed in oocytes expressing OAT1, OAT3, OAT7 or OATP2A1. In oocytes expressing OATP4A1, uptake of estrone sulphate, thyroid hormones T3 and T4 and the bile acid taurocholate stimulated glutamate efflux. In term placental villous fragments addition of estrone sulphate and taurocholate trans-stimulated glutamate efflux. Coupling of OATP4A1 to the glutamate gradient may drive placental uptake of estrone-sulphate and thyroid hormone while also facilitating uptake of potentially harmful bile acids. In contrast, if OATP2A1 is not coupled to a similar gradient, it may function more effectively as an efflux transporter, potentially mediating efflux of prostaglandins to the mother. This study provides further evidence for glutamate as an important counter-ion driving transport into the placenta. OATP4A1 and OATP2A1 are present on the maternal facing surface of the placenta. OATP4A1, but not OATP2A1, activity was coupled to glutamate efflux. Placental estrone-sulphate and thyroid hormone uptake is coupled to glutamate efflux. Glutamate acts as a counter-ion for OATP4A1, driving transport into the placenta.
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27
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Willi RA, Fent K. Interaction of environmental steroids with organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp1d1) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2670-2676. [PMID: 30055005 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones in the aquatic environment may pose a risk to fish health due to their ubiquitous presence and high biological activity. At present, the uptake process and toxicokinetics of steroids in fish are poorly known, in particular the role of cell membrane transporters. We investigated the interaction of 17 endogenous and environmental steroids with the zebrafish organic anion transporting peptide (Oatp1d1) uptake transporter, which is prominently expressed in liver and kidneys. We selected steroids of different classes including androstenedione (A4), progesterone (P4), and its metabolites, as well as glucocorticoids and spironolactone, and analyzed their interaction with Oatp1d1 by competitive inhibition of the uptake of the fluorescent substrate Lucifer Yellow. The half-maximal inhibition (IC50) values derived from sigmoid inhibition curves were lowest for P4, and the order of increasing IC50 values was as follows: 17α-hydroxyprogesterone > clobetasol propionate > spironolactone > 21α-hydroxyprogesterone > fludrocortisone acetate and additional glucocorticoids. The interaction activity showed a positive correlation with the lipophilicity of the steroids. Our data show that different classes of steroids interact with Oatp1d1 with different activity (either by uptake or inhibition, or both). This is of importance, because in consequence, steroids may interfere with the transport of endogenous substrates, and thus physiological processes. Moreover, steroids may alter cellular trafficking of environmental contaminants by competitive inhibition of this transporter. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2670-2676. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Alois Willi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
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Chatuphonprasert W, Jarukamjorn K, Ellinger I. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Steroid Biosynthesis, Transport and Metabolism in the Human Placenta. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1027. [PMID: 30258364 PMCID: PMC6144938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormones progestagens, estrogens, androgens, and glucocorticoids as well as their precursor cholesterol are required for successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and proper development of the fetus. The human placenta forms at the interface of maternal and fetal circulation. It participates in biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids as well as their regulated exchange between maternal and fetal compartment. This review outlines the mechanisms of human placental handling of steroid compounds. Cholesterol is transported from mother to offspring involving lipoprotein receptors such as low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SRB1) as well as ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporters, ABCA1 and ABCG1. Additionally, cholesterol is also a precursor for placental progesterone and estrogen synthesis. Hormone synthesis is predominantly performed by members of the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme family including CYP11A1 or CYP19A1 and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) such as 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD. Placental estrogen synthesis requires delivery of sulfate-conjugated precursor molecules from fetal and maternal serum. Placental uptake of these precursors is mediated by members of the solute carrier (SLC) family including sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT), organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1). Maternal-fetal glucocorticoid transport has to be tightly regulated in order to ensure healthy fetal growth and development. For that purpose, the placenta expresses the enzymes 11β-HSD 1 and 2 as well as the transporter ABCB1. This article also summarizes the impact of diverse compounds and diseases on the expression level and activity of the involved transporters, receptors, and metabolizing enzymes and concludes that the regulatory mechanisms changing the physiological to a pathophysiological state are barely explored. The structure and the cellular composition of the human placental barrier are introduced. While steroid production, metabolism and transport in the placental syncytiotrophoblast have been explored for decades, few information is available for the role of placental-fetal endothelial cells in these processes. With regard to placental structure and function, significant differences exist between species. To further decipher physiologic pathways and their pathologic alterations in placental steroid handling, proper model systems are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waranya Chatuphonprasert
- Pathophysiology of the Placenta, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Jarukamjorn
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Pathophysiology of the Placenta, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Aengenheister L, Keevend K, Muoth C, Schönenberger R, Diener L, Wick P, Buerki-Thurnherr T. An advanced human in vitro co-culture model for translocation studies across the placental barrier. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5388. [PMID: 29599470 PMCID: PMC5876397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although various drugs, environmental pollutants and nanoparticles (NP) can cross the human placental barrier and may harm the developing fetus, knowledge on predictive placental transfer rates and the underlying transport pathways is mostly lacking. Current available in vitro placental transfer models are often inappropriate for translocation studies of macromolecules or NPs and do not consider barrier function of placental endothelial cells (EC). Therefore, we developed a human placental in vitro co-culture transfer model with tight layers of trophoblasts (BeWo b30) and placental microvascular ECs (HPEC-A2) on a low-absorbing, 3 µm porous membrane. Translocation studies with four model substances and two polystyrene (PS) NPs across the individual and co-culture layers revealed that for most of these compounds, the trophoblast and the EC layer both demonstrate similar, but not additive, retention capacity. Only the paracellular marker Na-F was substantially more retained by the BeWo layer. Furthermore, simple shaking, which is often applied to mimic placental perfusion, did not alter translocation kinetics compared to static exposure. In conclusion, we developed a novel placental co-culture model, which provides predictive values for translocation of a broad variety of molecules and NPs and enables valuable mechanistic investigations on cell type-specific placental barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Aengenheister
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Kerda Keevend
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Carina Muoth
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - René Schönenberger
- UTOX, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Liliane Diener
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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30
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The Placental Barrier: the Gate and the Fate in Drug Distribution. Pharm Res 2018; 35:71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Geyer J, Bakhaus K, Bernhardt R, Blaschka C, Dezhkam Y, Fietz D, Grosser G, Hartmann K, Hartmann MF, Neunzig J, Papadopoulos D, Sánchez-Guijo A, Scheiner-Bobis G, Schuler G, Shihan M, Wrenzycki C, Wudy SA, Bergmann M. The role of sulfated steroid hormones in reproductive processes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:207-221. [PMID: 27392637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated steroid hormones, such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or estrone-3-sulfate, have long been regarded as inactive metabolites as they cannot activate classical steroid receptors. Some of them are present in the blood circulation at quite high concentrations, but generally sulfated steroids exhibit low membrane permeation due to their hydrophilic properties. However, sulfated steroid hormones can actively be imported into specific target cells via uptake carriers, such as the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT, and, after hydrolysis by the steroid sulfatase (so-called sulfatase pathway), contribute to the overall regulation of steroid responsive organs. To investigate the biological significance of sulfated steroid hormones for reproductive processes in humans and animals, the research group "Sulfated Steroids in Reproduction" was established by the German Research Foundation DFG (FOR1369). Projects of this group deal with transport of sulfated steroids, sulfation of free steroids, desulfation by the steroid sulfatase, effects of sulfated steroids on steroid biosynthesis and membrane receptors as well as MS-based profiling of sulfated steroids in biological samples. This review and concept paper presents key findings from all these projects and provides a broad overview over the current research on sulfated steroid hormones in the field of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Bakhaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carina Blaschka
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yaser Dezhkam
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gary Grosser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mazen Shihan
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Wrenzycki
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Rižner TL, Thalhammer T, Özvegy-Laczka C. The Importance of Steroid Uptake and Intracrine Action in Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:346. [PMID: 28674494 PMCID: PMC5474471 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial and ovarian cancers predominately affect women after menopause, and are more frequently observed in developed countries. These are considered to be hormone-dependent cancers, as steroid hormones, and estrogens in particular, have roles in their onset and progression. After the production of estrogens in the ovary has ceased, estrogen synthesis occurs in peripheral tissues. This depends on the cellular uptake of estrone-sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, as the most important steroid precursors in the plasma of postmenopausal women. The uptake through transporter proteins, such as those of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) and organic anion-transporter (OAT) families, is followed by the synthesis and action of estradiol E2. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of this intracrine action of steroid hormones, which depends on the availability of the steroid precursors and transmembrane transporters for precursor uptake, along with the enzymes for the synthesis of E2. The data is also provided relating to the selected transmembrane transporters from the OATP, OAT, SLC51, and ABC-transporter families, and the enzymes involved in the E2-generating pathways in cancers of the endometrium and ovary. Finally, we discuss these transporters and enzymes as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Theresia Thalhammer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Momentum Membrane Protein Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
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33
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Multiple drug transporters mediate the placental transport of sulpiride. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3873-3884. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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McIlvride S, Dixon PH, Williamson C. Bile acids and gestation. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:90-100. [PMID: 28506676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous profound maternal physiological changes that occur from conception onwards and adapt throughout gestation in order to support a healthy pregnancy. By the time of late gestation, when circulating pregnancy hormones are at their highest concentrations, maternal adaptations include relative hyperlipidemia, hypercholanemia and insulin resistance. Bile acids have now been established as key regulators of metabolism, and their role in gestational changes in metabolism is becoming apparent. Bile acid homeostasis is tightly regulated by the nuclear receptor FXR, which has been shown to have reduced activity during pregnancy. This review focuses on the gestational alterations in bile acid homeostasis that occur in normal pregnancy, which in some women can become pathological, leading to the development of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. As well as their important role in maternal metabolic health, we will review bile acid metabolism in the feto-placental unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraid McIlvride
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Dixon
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom.
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35
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Murray M, Zhou F. Trafficking and other regulatory mechanisms for organic anion transporting polypeptides and organic anion transporters that modulate cellular drug and xenobiotic influx and that are dysregulated in disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1908-1924. [PMID: 28299773 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), encoded by a number of solute carrier (SLC)22A and SLC organic anion (SLCO) genes, mediate the absorption and distribution of drugs and other xenobiotics. The regulation of OATs and OATPs is complex, comprising both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Plasma membrane expression is required for cellular substrate influx by OATs/OATPs. Thus, interest in post-translational regulatory processes, including membrane targeting, endocytosis, recycling and degradation of transporter proteins, is increasing because these are critical for plasma membrane expression. After being synthesized, transporters undergo N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and are delivered to the plasma membrane by vesicular transport. Their expression at the cell surface is maintained by de novo synthesis and recycling, which occurs after clathrin- and/or caveolin-dependent endocytosis of existing protein. Several studies have shown that phosphorylation by signalling kinases is important for the internalization and recycling processes, although the transporter protein does not appear to be directly phosphorylated. After internalization, transporters that are targeted for degradation undergo ubiquitination, most likely on intracellular loop residues. Epigenetic mechanisms, including methylation of gene regulatory regions and transcription from alternate promoters, are also significant in the regulation of certain SLC22A/SLCO genes. The membrane expression of OATs/OATPs is dysregulated in disease, which affects drug efficacy and detoxification. Several transporters are expressed in the cytoplasmic subcompartment in disease states, which suggests that membrane targeting/internalization/recycling may be impaired. This article focuses on recent developments in OAT and OATP regulation, their dysregulation in disease and the significance for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Walker N, Filis P, Soffientini U, Bellingham M, O’Shaughnessy PJ, Fowler PA. Placental transporter localization and expression in the Human: the importance of species, sex, and gestational age differences†. Biol Reprod 2017; 96:733-742. [PMID: 28339967 PMCID: PMC5441296 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a critical organ during pregnancy, essential for the provision of an optimal intrauterine environment, with fetal survival, growth, and development relying on correct placental function. It must allow nutritional compounds and relevant hormones to pass into the fetal bloodstream and metabolic waste products to be cleared. It also acts as a semipermeable barrier to potentially harmful chemicals, both endogenous and exogenous. Transporter proteins allow for bidirectional transport and are found in the syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta and endothelium of fetal capillaries. The major transporter families in the human placenta are ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC), and insufficiency of these transporters may lead to deleterious effects on the fetus. Transporter expression levels are gestation-dependent and this is of considerable clinical interest as levels of drug resistance may be altered from one trimester to the next. This highlights the importance of these transporters in mediating correct and timely transplacental passage of essential compounds but also for efflux of potentially toxic drugs and xenobiotics. We review the current literature on placental molecular transporters with respect to their localization and ontogeny, the influence of fetal sex, and the relevance of animal models. We conclude that a paucity of information exists, and further studies are required to unlock the enigma of this dynamic organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Walker
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Panagiotis Filis
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ugo Soffientini
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter J O’Shaughnessy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Ma Z, Yang X, Jiang T, Bai M, Zheng C, Zeng S, Sun D, Jiang H. Multiple SLC and ABC Transporters Contribute to the Placental Transfer of Entecavir. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:269-278. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Skwara P, Schömig E, Gründemann D. A novel mode of operation of SLC22A11: Membrane insertion of estrone sulfate versus translocation of uric acid and glutamate. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 128:74-82. [PMID: 28027879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Estrone sulfate alias estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) is considerably larger and much more hydrophobic than typical substrates of SLC22 transporters. It is puzzling that many otherwise unrelated transporters have been reported to transport E3S. Here we scrutinized the mechanism of transport of E3S by SLC22A11 (alias OAT4), by direct comparison with uric acid (UA), an important physiological substrate. Heterologous expression of SLC22A11 in human 293 cells gave rise to a huge unidirectional efflux of glutamate (Glu) and aspartate, as determined by LC-MS/MS. The uptake of E3S was 20-fold faster than the uptake of UA. Yet, the outward transport of Glu was inhibited by extracellular E3S, but not by UA. The release of E3S after preloading was trans-stimulated by extracellular dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), but neither by UA nor 6-carboxyfluorescein (6CF). The equilibrium accumulation of E3S was enhanced 3-fold by replacement of chloride with gluconate, but the opposite effect was observed for UA. These results establish that SLC22A11 provides entirely different transport mechanisms for E3S and UA. Therefore, E3S must not be used as a substitute for UA to assay the function of SLC22A11. In equilibrium accumulation experiments, the transporter-mediated uptake was a linear function of the concentration of UA and 6CF. By contrast, in the same concentration range the graph for E3S was hyperbolic. This suggests that SLC22A11 inserts E3S into a small volume with limited capacity, the plasma membrane. Our data support the notion that the reverse process, extraction from the membrane, is also catalyzed by the carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Skwara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Edgar Schömig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Role of OATP transporters in steroid uptake by prostate cancer cells in vivo. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 20:20-27. [PMID: 27645128 PMCID: PMC5762123 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic and in vitro studies suggest that SLCO-encoded organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) transporters influence the response of prostate cancer (PCa) to androgen deprivation by altering intratumor androgens. We have previously shown that castration-resistant metastases express multiple SLCO transporters at significantly higher levels than primary PCa, suggesting that OATP-mediated steroid transport is biologically relevant in advanced disease. However, whether OATP-mediated steroid transport can actually modify prostate tumor androgen levels in vivo has never been demonstrated. METHODS We sought to determine whether OATP-mediated steroid transport can measurably alter PCa androgen levels in vivo. We evaluated the uptake of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS), E1S and testosterone in LNCaP cells engineered to express OATP1B1, 1B3, 2B1 or 4A1. We measured the uptake via administration of tritiated steroids to castrate mice bearing vector control or OATP1B1-, 2B1- or 4A1-expressing xenografts. We treated tumor-bearing mice with DHEAS and testosterone at physiologically relevant levels and measured intratumor accumulation of administered steroids by mass spectrometry. RESULTS OATP1B1- and 2B-expressing xenografts each showed a threefold increase in tritiated-DHEAS uptake vs vector controls (P=0.002 and P=0.036, respectively). At circulating DHEAS levels similar to those in abiraterone-treated men (~15 μg dl-1), OATP1B1- and 2B1-expressing xenografts showed a 3.9-fold (P=0.057) and 1.9-fold (P=0.048) increase in tumor accumulation of DHEAS and a 1.6-fold (P=0.057) and 2.7-fold (P=0.095) increase in DHEA, respectively. At the substantial circulating testosterone levels found in eugonadal men, a consistent effect of OATP1B1, 2B1 or 4A1 on testosterone uptake in vivo was not detected. CONCLUSIONS OATP transporters measurably alter DHEAS uptake and intratumor androgen levels in prostate tumors in vivo, even at circulating androgen levels achieved in abiraterone-treated patients. These novel data emphasize the continued need to inhibit ligand-mediated androgen receptor signaling in PCa tumors, and support prospective evaluation of studies designed to test inhibition of OATP-mediated DHEAS uptake and utilization.
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Wang H, Xu D, Toh MF, Pao AC, You G. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK2 regulates human organic anion transporters 4 via ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 102:120-129. [PMID: 26740304 PMCID: PMC5166719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human organic anion transporter 4 (hOAT4) belongs to a family of organic anion transporters that play critical roles in the body disposition of clinically important drugs, including anti-viral therapeutics, anti-cancer drugs, antibiotics, antihypertensives, and anti-inflammatories. hOAT4 is abundantly expressed in the kidney and placenta. In the current study, we examined the regulation of hOAT4 by serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 2 (sgk2) in the kidney COS-7 cells. We showed that sgk2 stimulated hOAT4 transport activity. Such stimulation mainly resulted from an increased cell surface expression of the transporter, kinetically revealed as an increased maximal transport velocity Vmax without significant change in substrate-binding affinity Km. We further showed that regulation of hOAT4 activity by sgk2 was mediated by ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. Overexpression of Nedd4-2 enhanced hOAT4 ubiquitination, and inhibited hOAT4 transport activity, whereas overexpression of ubiquitin ligase-dead mutant Nedd4-2/C821A or siRNA knockdown of endogenous Nedd4-2 had opposite effects on hOAT4. Our co-immunoprecipitation experiment revealed that sgk2 weakened the association between hOAT4 and Nedd4-2. In conclusion, our study demonstrated for the first time that sgk2 stimulated hOAT4 transport activity by abrogating the inhibitory effect of Nedd4-2 on the transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Da Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - May Fern Toh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alan C Pao
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Guofeng You
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Inoue H, Kemanai S, Sano C, Kato S, Yokota H, Iwano H. Bisphenol A glucuronide/sulfate diconjugate in perfused liver of rats. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:733-7. [PMID: 26782136 PMCID: PMC4905824 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In isolated hepatocytes, the environmental estrogen bisphenol A (BPA) is metabolized into
a mono-glucuronide and a glucuronide/sulfate diconjugate. Little is known about the fate
of the diconjugate in the liver. The present study focused on the metabolism and
dispostion of BPA diconjugate in the liver using a perfusion method. In Sprague-Dawley
rats, BPA (15,150 or 1,500 nmol) was applied into the liver. In male rats, the infused BPA
was conjugated to both glucuronide and a diconjugate during passage through the liver. The
diconjugate was observed at high-dose application of the substrate. In female rats, the
chemical was conjugated almost exclusively to the glucuronide in all doses utilized in
this study. In both the male and female rats, the resultant metabolites were
preferentially excreted into the bile. These results suggest that BPA is conjugated
primarily to mono-glucuronide in rat liver; and that in males, diconjugate production
occurs under conditions of high-dose exposure to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inoue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Noguchi S, Nishimura T, Fujibayashi A, Maruyama T, Tomi M, Nakashima E. WITHDRAWN: Human organic anion transporter 4-mediated transport of olmesartan in placenta. Asian J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Wong CT, Wais J, Crawford DA. Prenatal exposure to common environmental factors affects brain lipids and increases risk of developing autism spectrum disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T. Wong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Joshua Wais
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Dorota A. Crawford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
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Lofthouse EM, Brooks S, Cleal JK, Hanson MA, Poore KR, O'Kelly IM, Lewis RM. Glutamate cycling may drive organic anion transport on the basal membrane of human placental syncytiotrophoblast. J Physiol 2015; 593:4549-59. [PMID: 26277985 PMCID: PMC4606536 DOI: 10.1113/jp270743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points The placenta removes waste products, drugs and environmental toxins from the fetal circulation and two of the transport proteins responsible for this are OAT4 and OATP2B1 localised to the basal membrane of placental syncytiotrophoblast. We provide evidence that OAT4 and OATP2B1 mediate glutamate efflux when expressed in Xenopus oocytes and that in the perfused placenta, bromosulphothalein (an OAT4 and OATP2B1 substrate) stimulates glutamate efflux. Furthermore the efflux of glutamate can only be seen in the presence of aspartate, which will block glutamate reuptake by the placenta, consistent with cycling of glutamate across the basal membrane. We propose that glutamate efflux down its transmembrane gradient drives placental uptake via OAT4 and OATP2B1 from the fetal circulation and that reuptake of glutamate maintains this driving gradient.
Abstract The organic anion transporter OAT4 (SLC22A11) and organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP2B1 (SLCO2B1) are expressed in the basal membrane of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. These transporters mediate exchange whereby uptake of one organic anion is coupled to efflux of a counter‐ion. In placenta, these exchangers mediate placental uptake of substrates for oestrogen synthesis as well as clearing waste products and xenobiotics from the fetal circulation. However, the identity of the counter‐ion driving this transport in the placenta, and in other tissues, is unclear. While glutamate is not a known OAT4 or OATP2B1 substrate, we propose that its high intracellular concentration has the potential to drive accumulation of substrates from the fetal circulation. In the isolated perfused placenta, glutamate exchange was observed between the placenta and the fetal circulation. This exchange could not be explained by known glutamate exchangers. However, glutamate efflux was trans‐stimulated by an OAT4 and OATP2B1 substrate (bromosulphothalein). Exchange of glutamate for bromosulphothalein was only observed when glutamate reuptake was inhibited (by addition of aspartate). To determine if OAT4 and/or OATP2B1 mediate glutamate exchange, uptake and efflux of glutamate were investigated in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Our data demonstrate that in Xenopus oocytes expressing either OAT4 or OATP2B1 efflux of intracellular [14C]glutamate could be stimulated by conditions including extracellular glutamate (OAT4), estrone‐sulphate and bromosulphothalein (both OAT4 and OATP2B1) or pravastatin (OATP2B1). Cycling of glutamate across the placenta involving efflux via OAT4 and OATP2B1 and subsequent reuptake will drive placental uptake of organic anions from the fetal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Lofthouse
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Suzanne Brooks
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Jane K Cleal
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark A Hanson
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Kirsten R Poore
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Ita M O'Kelly
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Rohan M Lewis
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
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Maliqueo M, Echiburú B, Crisosto N. Perinatal androgen exposure and adipose tissue programming: is there an impact on body weight fate? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:533-544. [PMID: 30298761 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1077695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major concern in public health because it is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-transmissible chronic diseases. The fact that there is a clear sex dimorphism in normal body fat distribution points out the role of sex steroids as key factors in the regulation and function of the adipose cell. Androgens affect adipogenesis and fat metabolism in the adipose tissue of males and females. Hormonal disorders during pregnancy may affect the fetal tissues, with long-term implications leading to the development of pathologies during adult life. Obesity and metabolic disease are among these. In this regard, animal models have demonstrated an abnormal fat distribution and modifications in the size and function of adipose cells in the female and male offspring of mothers exposed to androgen excess during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Echiburú
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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Kummu M, Sieppi E, Koponen J, Laatio L, Vähäkangas K, Kiviranta H, Rautio A, Myllynen P. Organic anion transporter 4 (OAT 4) modifies placental transfer of perfluorinated alkyl acids PFOS and PFOA in human placental ex vivo perfusion system. Placenta 2015; 36:1185-91. [PMID: 26303760 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely used in industry and consumer products. Pregnant women are exposed to PFAAs and their presence in umbilical cord blood represents fetal exposure. Interestingly, PFAAs are substrates for organic anion transporters (OAT) of which OAT4 is expressed in human placenta. METHODS To evaluate the contribution of OAT4 and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) proteins in the transplacental transfer of perfluoro octane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoro octanoate (PFOA) an ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion was used. Altogether 8 placentas from healthy mothers with uncomplicated pregnancies were successfully perfused. RESULTS Both PFOS and PFOA crossed the placenta as suggested by in vivo data in the literature. The expression of OAT4 and ABCG2 proteins were studied by immunoblotting and correlation with the transfer index %(TI %) of PFOS and PFOA at 120 and 240 min (n = 4) was studied. The expression of OAT4 was in negative correlation with TI % of PFOA (R(2) = 0.92, p = 0.043) and PFOS (R(2) = 0.99, p = 0.007) at 120 min while at 240 min the correlation was statistically significant only with PFOA. The expression of ABCG2 did not correlate with TI% of PFOS or PFOA. DISCUSSION Data obtained in this study suggest the involvement of OAT4 in placental passage of PFAAs. Placental passage of PFOS and PFOA is modified by the transporter protein OAT4 but not by ABCG2. This is the first study indicating that OAT4 may decrease the fetal exposure to PFAAs and protect the fetus after maternal exposure to PFAAs but further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kummu
- Research Group of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland; Center for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - E Sieppi
- Research Group of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland; Center for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Koponen
- THL National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland
| | - L Laatio
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - K Vähäkangas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Kiviranta
- THL National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Rautio
- Center for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - P Myllynen
- Center for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Nordlab Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Vincze B, Kapuvári B, Udvarhelyi N, Horváth Z, Mátrai Z, Czeyda-Pommersheim F, Kőhalmy K, Kovács J, Boldizsár M, Láng I, Kásler M. Serum estrone concentration, estrone sulfate/estrone ratio and BMI are associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and progesterone receptor status in postmenopausal primary breast cancer patients suffering invasive ductal carcinoma. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:387. [PMID: 26240785 PMCID: PMC4520825 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background We investigated in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer prior to surgical intervention whether, serum levels of different steroid hormones and hormonal precursors associated with tumor tissue estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. Methods We enrolled 1,042 patients suffering invasive ductal carcinoma undergoing surgical resection in the National Institute of Oncology, Hungary between 2003 and 2011. Serum parameters were measured by RIA/IRMA assays; tumor tissue ER, PR and HER2 status was assessed histologically. Patients were classified according to tumor receptor status. Case–case analysis subjects were categorized into four subgroups based on serum hormone concentrations in ER, PR and HER2 receptor-negative cases, respectively. Results Serum estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels correlated with each other and also with serum estrone and estradiol levels. According to case–case study the odds ratios in the highest quartile were 1.517 (p = 0.0305, Ptrend = 0.0394) for androstenedione, 1.495 (p = 0.0317, Ptrend < 0.0105) for estrone and 0.654 (p = 0.0273, Ptrend < 0.0151) for estrone sulfate/estrone ratio in PR+ vs. PR− tumors. Regarding HER2 status (HER2+ vs. HER2−), the odds ratios for estrone, estrone sulfate and estrone sulfate/estrone ratio were 0.530 (p = 0.0234, Ptrend = 0.0595), 2.438 (p = 0.0042, Ptrend < 0.0066) and 3.118 (p = 0.0001, Ptrend < 0.0001) in the highest quartile, respectively. Of note significantly increased BMI associates with PR+ and ER +/PR+ status while significantly decreased BMI was observed in HER2+ cases. Conclusions Taken together, measurement of serum estrone and estrone sulfate concentrations prior to surgical intervention might support the individualization of regime in postmenopausal primary breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Vincze
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Ráth György u. 7-9., Hungary
| | - Bence Kapuvári
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Ráth György u. 7-9., Hungary
| | - Nóra Udvarhelyi
- Surgical and Molecular Tumor Pathology Centre, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Horváth
- Clinic of Oncology, Centre of Clinics, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mátrai
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Krisztina Kőhalmy
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Ráth György u. 7-9., Hungary
| | - Judit Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Ráth György u. 7-9., Hungary
| | - Mariann Boldizsár
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Ráth György u. 7-9., Hungary
| | - István Láng
- Medical Oncology and Clinical Pharmacology "B", National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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Tomi M, Eguchi H, Ozaki M, Tawara T, Nishimura S, Higuchi K, Maruyama T, Nishimura T, Nakashima E. Role of OAT4 in Uptake of Estriol Precursor 16α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Into Human Placental Syncytiotrophoblasts From Fetus. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2704-12. [PMID: 25919187 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estriol biosynthesis in human placenta requires the uptake of a fetal liver-derived estriol precursor, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16α-OH DHEAS), by placental syncytiotrophoblasts at their basal plasma membrane (BM), which faces the fetal circulation. The aim of this work is to identify the transporter(s) mediating 16α-OH DHEAS uptake at the fetal side of syncytiotrophoblasts by using human placental BM-enriched vesicles and to examine the contribution of the putative transporter to estriol synthesis at the cellular level, using choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells. Organic anion transporter (OAT)-4 and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 proteins were enriched in human placental BM vesicles compared with crude membrane fraction. Uptake of [(3)H]16α-OH DHEAS by BM vesicles was partially inhibited in the absence of sodium but was significantly increased in the absence of chloride and after preloading glutarate. Uptake of [(3)H]16α-OH DHEAS by BM vesicles was significantly inhibited by OAT4 substrates such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estrone-3-sulfate, and bromosulfophthalein but not by cyclosporin A, tetraethylammonium, p-aminohippuric acid, or cimetidine. These characteristics of vesicular [(3)H]16α-OH DHEAS uptake are in good agreement with those of human OAT4-transfected COS-7 cells as well as forskolin-differentiated JEG-3 cells. Estriol secretion from differentiated JEG-3 cells was detected when the cells were incubated with 16α-OH DHEAS for 8 hours but was inhibited in the presence of 50 μM bromosulfophthalein. Our results indicate that OAT4 at the BM of human placental syncytiotrophoblasts plays a predominant role in the uptake of 16α-OH DHEAS for placental estriol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Tomi
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Eguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ozaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tawara
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachika Nishimura
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maruyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Nakashima
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
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Ahn SK, Suh CK, Cha SH. Polymorphisms of SLC22A9 (hOAT7) in Korean Females with Osteoporosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:319-25. [PMID: 26170735 PMCID: PMC4499643 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.4.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among solute carrier proteins, the organic anion transporters (OATs) play an important role for the elimination or reabsorption of endogenous and exogenous negatively charged anionic compounds. Among OATs, SLC22A9 (hOAT7) transports estrone sulfate with high affinity. The net decrease of estrogen, especially in post-menopausal women induces rapid bone loss. The present study was performed to search the SNP within exon regions of SLC22A9 in Korean females with osteoporosis. Fifty healthy controls and 50 osteoporosis patients were screened for the genetic polymorphism in the coding region of SLC22A9 using GC-clamped PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Six SNPs were found on the SLC22A9 gene from Korean women with/without osteoporosis. The SNPs were located as follows: two SNPs in the osteoporosis group (A645G and T1277C), three SNPs in the control group (G1449T, C1467T and C1487T) and one SNP in both the osteoporosis and control groups (G767A). The G767A, T1277C and C1487T SNPs result in an amino acid substitution, from synonymous vs nonsynonymous substitution arginine to glutamine (R256Q), phenylalanine to serine (F426S) and proline to leucine (P496L), respectively. The Km values and Vmax of the wild type, R256Q, P496L and F426S were 8.84, 8.87, 9.83 and 12.74 µM, and 1.97, 1.96, 2.06 and 1.55 pmol/oocyte/h, respectively. The present study demonstrates that the SLC22A9 variant F426S is causing inter-individual variation that is leading to the differences in transport of the steroid sulfate conjugate (estrone sulfate) and, therefore this could be used as a marker for certain disease including osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyu Ahn
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Korea
| | - Chang Kook Suh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Korea
| | - Seok Ho Cha
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Korea
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50
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Maternal bacterial infections impact expression of drug transporters in human placenta. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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