1
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Easwaran M, Martinez JD, Kim JB, Erickson-DiRenzo E. Modulation of mouse laryngeal inflammatory and immune cell responses by low and high doses of mainstream cigarette smoke. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18667. [PMID: 36333510 PMCID: PMC9636197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for laryngeal diseases. Despite well-documented cigarette smoke (CS) induced laryngeal histopathological changes, the underlying immunopathological mechanisms remain largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to evaluate inflammatory and immune cell responses in a CS-exposed larynx. Specifically, we used a 4-week subacute whole-body CS inhalation mouse model to assess these responses in the laryngeal mucosa upon exposure to low (LD; 1 h/day) and high dose (HD; 4 h/day) CS. Laryngeal tissues were harvested and evaluated using a 254-plex NanoString inflammation panel and neutrophil/macrophage/T-cell immunohistochemistry (IHC). NanoString global and differential gene expression analysis revealed a unique expression profile only in the HD group, with 26 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). StringDB KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of these DEGs with pro-inflammatory pathways including TNF/TNFα and IL-17. Furthermore, inflammatory responses remained inhibited in conjunction with predicted activated states of anti-inflammatory regulators like PPARγ and NFE2L2 upon Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Subglottic T-cell levels remained significantly inhibited as corroborated by IPA predictions. Overall, our key findings are consistent with HD exposures being anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. Furthermore, the identification of important regulatory genes and enriched pathways may help improve clinical interventions for CS-induced laryngeal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Easwaran
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Martinez
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Maqsood M, Khan MI, Sharif MK, Faisal MN. Phytochemical characterization of Morus nigra fruit ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extract for its cardioprotective potential. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14335. [PMID: 35848720 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current work investigated the phytochemical profile of ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extract of Morus nigra (M. nigra) fruit. FTIR analysis of M. nigra fruit extract revealed the presence of alcohols (O-H), alkanes (C-H stretch), alkenes (C=C), and alkynes (C≡C). The HPLC analysis quantified the quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, sinapic acid, and kaempferol. Furthermore, the cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of M. nigra fruit was investigated. Cholesterol supplementation (2%) in the daily diet and exposure to cigarette smoke (2 cigarettes twice a day) were to induce hypertension in rats. The experimental animals were categorized into four groups: G0 (negative control), G1 (positive control), G2 (standard drug), and G3 (M. nigra fruit). The fruit extract administration at 300 mg/kg BW/day orally for 2 months significantly (p < .001) enhanced the activities of serum and cardiac tissue antioxidants in hypertensive rats. Meanwhile, the fruit extract reduced the elevated serum lipid profile while significantly increasing the high-density lipoproteins in G3 than G1 and G2. The increase in blood pressure, liver transaminases, and serum lactate dehydrogenase also reduced significantly in M. nigra fruit extract-treated rats. Histopathological findings revealed mild normalization of cardiac myocytes with central nuclei, branching, and cross-striations. Consequently, the M. nigra fruit extract exerted the cardioprotective potential via increasing the antioxidant enzymes and reducing the lipids, lactate dehydrogenase, liver transaminases, and blood pressure. The therapeutic potential of M. nigra fruit can be due to flavonols and phenolic acids. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The present work quantified the Morus nigra fruit phytochemicals and its significant role in reducing lipid markers and blood pressure and improving antioxidant status in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and exposed to cigarette smoke. Conclusively, the inclusion of M. nigra fruit in daily diet could improve the cardiac health of the individuals. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of M. nigra fruit and its isolated constituents in modulating the gene expression against cardiac problems can explore after clinical trials and standardization in higher animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maqsood
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Issa Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mian Kamran Sharif
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem Faisal
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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3
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Crawford DL, Phillips AR, Williams TR. Evaluation of secondary electronic cigarette inhalation on lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice using indirect calorimetry. Metabol Open 2021; 12:100150. [PMID: 34888517 PMCID: PMC8636804 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of glucose homeostasis associated with the use of nicotine delivery systems may be due to a shift to lipid metabolism. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in female (N = 21) and male (N = 21) C57BL/6J mice exposed to room air (control) or e-cigarette vapor in a 1L chamber to test the hypothesis that lipid metabolism predominates in vaped mice. Metabolism was quantified via RER using a GA-200 gas analyzer (iWorx, Inc) and LabScribe v.4 (iWorx, Inc.) software. Blood glucose levels were assessed from a subset of the population using an Accu-Check glucometer (Roche Diagnostics, Inc.). Statistical analyses were conducted using R v.4.0.3. Median RER for controls was lower in females. Older females showed a reduction in RER when exposure occurred in the afternoon (p < 0.001), and in males when exposure occurred in the morning (p = 0.007). Glucose concentrations (mg/dL) were higher after e-cigarette inhalation compared with controls, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.464). The reduction in the respiratory exchange ratio supports the hypothesis that e-cigarette inhalation promotes lipid metabolism, and the magnitude of the effect is influenced by gender, age and time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly L. Crawford
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, 401 College Avenue, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, 44905, USA
| | - Alexis R. Phillips
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, 401 College Avenue, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, 44905, USA
| | - Taylor R. Williams
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, 401 College Avenue, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, 44905, USA
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4
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Chen H, Li G, Chan YL, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD, Pollock CA, Saad S, Oliver BG. Differential Effects of 'Vaping' on Lipid and Glucose Profiles and Liver Metabolic Markers in Obese Versus Non-obese Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:755124. [PMID: 34803738 PMCID: PMC8599937 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.755124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking increases the risk of metabolic disorders due to the combination of harmful chemicals, whereas pure nicotine can improve glucose tolerance. E-cigarette vapour contains nicotine and some of the harmful chemicals found in cigarette smoke at lower levels. To investigate how e-vapour affects metabolic profiles, male Balb/c mice were exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD, 43% fat, 20kJ/g) for 16weeks, and e-vapour in the last 6weeks. HFD alone doubled fat mass and caused dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance. E-vapour reduced fat mass in HFD-fed mice; only nicotine-containing e-vapour improved glucose tolerance. In chow-fed mice, e-vapour increased lipid content in both blood and liver. Changes in liver metabolic markers may be adaptive responses rather than causal. Future studies can investigate how e-vapour differentially affects metabolic profiles with different diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerard Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Dobric A, De Luca SN, Spencer SJ, Bozinovski S, Saling MM, McDonald CF, Vlahos R. Novel pharmacological strategies to treat cognitive dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108017. [PMID: 34626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and currently the 3rd largest cause of death in the world, with approximately 3.23 million deaths per year. Globally, the financial burden of COPD is approximately €82 billion per year and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Importantly, much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities and viral and bacterial-induced acute exacerbations (AECOPD). Recent clinical studies have shown that cognitive dysfunction is present in up to 60% of people with COPD, with impairments in executive function, memory, and attention, impacting on important outcomes such as quality of life, hospitalisation and survival. The high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in COPD may also help explain the insufficient adherence to therapeutic plans and strategies, thus worsening disease progression in people with COPD. However, the mechanisms underlying the impaired neuropathology and cognition in COPD remain largely unknown. In this review, we propose that the observed pulmonary oxidative burden and inflammatory response of people with COPD 'spills over' into the systemic circulation, resulting in damage to the brain and leading to cognitive dysfunction. As such, drugs targeting the lungs and comorbidities concurrently represent an exciting and unique therapeutic opportunity to treat COPD and cognitive impairments, which may lead to the production of novel targets to prevent and reverse the debilitating and life-threatening effects of cognitive dysfunction in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dobric
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone N De Luca
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael M Saling
- Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine F McDonald
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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6
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Fouda S, Khan A, Chan S, Mahzari A, Zhou X, Qin C, Vlahos R, Ye JM. Exposure to cigarette smoke precipitates simple hepatosteatosis to NASH in high-fat diet fed mice by inducing oxidative stress. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2103-2119. [PMID: 34427662 PMCID: PMC8436265 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of diet rich in fat and cigarette smoking (CS) are independent risk factors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and they often occur together in some populations. The present study investigated the mechanisms of high-fat diet (HFD) and CS, individually and in combination, on the pathogenesis of NASH in mice. C57BL/6 male mice were subjected to either a low-fat chow (CH) or HFD with or without mainstream CS-exposure (4 cigarettes/day, 5 days/ week for 14 weeks). HFD alone caused hepatosteatosis (2.5-fold increase in TG content) and a significant increase in 3-nitrotyrisine (by ∼40-fold) but without an indication of liver injury, inflammation or fibrosis. CS alone in CH-fed mice increased in Tnfα expression and macrophage infiltration by 2-fold and relatively less increase in 3-nitrotyrosine (18-fold). Combination of HFD and CS precipitated hepatosteatosis to NASH reflected by exacerbated makers of liver inflammation and fibrosis which were associated with much severe liver oxidative stress (90-fold increase in 3-nitrotyrisine along with 6-fold increase in carbonylated proteins and 56% increase in lipid oxidations). Further studies were performed to administer the antioxidant tempol to CS exposed HFD mice and the results showed that the inhibition of liver oxidative stress prevented inflammatory and fibrotic changes in liver despite persisting hepatosteatosis. Our findings suggest that oxidative stress is a key mechanism underlying CS-promoted progression of simple hepatosteatosis to NASH. Targeting hepatic oxidative stress may be a viable strategy in halting the progression of metabolic associated fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherouk Fouda
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anwar Khan
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley M.H. Chan
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ali Mahzari
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha 65527, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiu Zhou
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ji-Ming Ye
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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7
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Vlahos R. E-vaping and high-fat diet consumption: It's all a hazy memory. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:23-24. [PMID: 33872706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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8
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Zupo R, Castellana F, Panza F, Castellana M, Lampignano L, Cincione RI, Triggiani V, Giannelli G, Dibello V, Sardone R, De Pergola G. Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Positively Associated with Increased Glycated Haemoglobin Levels in Subjects without Diabetes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1695. [PMID: 33920792 PMCID: PMC8071132 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is key step for primary management of fatty liver in the clinical setting. Excess weight subjects carry a greater metabolic risk even before exhibiting pathological patterns, including diabetes. We characterized the cross-sectional relationship between routine circulating biomarkers and NAFLD in a large sample of diabetes-free subjects with overweight or obesity, to elucidate any independent relationship. A population sample of 1232 consecutive subjects with a body mass index of at least 25 kg/m2, not receiving any drug or supplemental therapy, was studied. Clinical data and routine biochemistry were analyzed. NAFLD was defined using the validated fatty liver index (FLI), classifying subjects with a score ≥ 60% as at high risk. Due to extreme skewing of variables of interest, resampling matching for age and sex was performed. Our study population was characterized by a majority of females (69.90%) and a prevalence of NAFLD in males (88.90%). As a first step, propensity score matching was explicitly performed to balance the two groups according to the FLI cut-off. Based on the resulting statistical trajectories, corroborated even after data matching, we built two logistic regression models on the matched population (N = 732) to verify any independent association. We found that each unit increase of FT3 implicated a 50% increased risk of NAFLD (OR 1.506, 95%CI 1.064 to 2.131). When including glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the model, free-triiodothyronine (FT3) lost significance (OR 1.557, 95%CI 0.784 to 3.089) while each unit increase in HbA1c (%) indicated a significantly greater NAFLD risk, by almost two-fold (OR 2.32, 95%CI 1.193 to 4.512). Glucose metabolism dominates a key pathway along the hazard trajectories of NAFLD, turned out to be key biomarker in monitoring the risk of fatty liver in diabetes-free overweight subjects. Each unit increase in HbA1c (%) indicated a significantly greater NAFLD risk, by almost two-fold, in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zupo
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (G.D.P.)
| | - Fabio Castellana
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (G.D.P.)
| | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (G.D.P.)
| | - Marco Castellana
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (G.D.P.)
| | - Luisa Lampignano
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (G.D.P.)
| | - Raffaele Ivan Cincione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Disease, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Dibello
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (G.D.P.)
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (L.L.); (R.S.); (G.D.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Policlinico, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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9
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Ebselen prevents cigarette smoke-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2943-2957. [PMID: 33125061 PMCID: PMC7676466 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is a common comorbidity of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) for which a major cause is cigarette smoking (CS). The
underlying mechanisms and precise effects of CS on gut contractility, however,
are not fully characterised. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to
investigate whether CS impacts GI function and structure in a mouse model of
CS-induced COPD. We also aimed to investigate GI function in the presence of
ebselen, an antioxidant that has shown beneficial effects on lung inflammation
resulting from CS exposure. Mice were exposed to CS for 2 or 6 months. GI
structure was analysed by histology and immunofluorescence. After 2 months of CS
exposure, ex vivo gut motility was analysed using video-imaging
techniques to examine changes in colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs). CS
decreased colon length in mice. Mice exposed to CS for 2 months had a higher
frequency of CMMCs and a reduced resting colonic diameter but no change in
enteric neuron numbers. Ten days cessation after 2 months CS reversed CMMC
frequency changes but not the reduced colonic diameter phenotype. Ebselen
treatment reversed the CS-induced reduction in colonic diameter. After 6 months
CS, the number of myenteric nitric-oxide producing neurons was significantly
reduced. This is the first evidence of colonic dysmotility in a mouse model of
CS-induced COPD. Dysmotility after 2 months CS is not due to altered neuron
numbers; however, prolonged CS-exposure significantly reduced enteric neuron
numbers in mice. Further research is needed to assess potential therapeutic
applications of ebselen in GI dysfunction in COPD.
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10
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Huang T, Yang M, Zeng Y, Huang X, Wang N, Chen Y, Li P, Yuan J, Chen C, Oliver BG, Yi C. Maternal High Fat Diet Consumption Exaggerates Metabolic Disorders in Mice With Cigarette-Smoking Induced Intrauterine Undernutrition. Front Nutr 2021; 8:638576. [PMID: 33796546 PMCID: PMC8007928 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.638576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Maternal smoking causes fetal underdevelopment and results in births which are small for gestation age due to intrauterine undernutrition, leading to various metabolic disorders in adulthood. Furthermore, postnatal high fat diet (HFD) consumption is also a potent obesogenic factor, which can interact with maternal smoking. In this study, we aimed to determine whether maternal HFD consumption during pregnancy can reverse the adverse impact of maternal smoking and change the response to postnatal HFD consumption. Methods: Female mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (SE, 2 cigarettes/day) or sham exposed for 5 weeks before mating, with half of the SE dams fed HFD (43% fat, SE+HFD). The same treatment continued throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring from each maternal group were fed the same HFD or chow after weaning and sacrificed at 13 weeks. Results: Maternal SE alone increased body weight and fat mass in HFD-fed offspring, while SE+HFD offspring showed the highest energy intake and glucose metabolic disorder in adulthood. In addition, postnatal HFD increased the body weight and aggravated the metabolic disorder caused by maternal SE and SE+HFD. Conclusions: Maternal HFD consumption could not ameliorate the adverse effect of maternal SE but exaggerate metabolic disorders in adult offspring. Smoking cessation and a healthy diet are needed during pregnancy to optimize the health outcome in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taida Huang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mo Yang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxin Zeng
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Li
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinqiu Yuan
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Chen H, Wang B, Li G, Steele JR, Stayte S, Vissel B, Chan YL, Yi C, Saad S, Machaalani R, Oliver BG. Brain health is independently impaired by E-vaping and high-fat diet. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:57-66. [PMID: 33221488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and high-fat diet (HFD) independently impair short-term memory. E-cigarettes produce e-vapour containing flavourings and nicotine. Here, we investigated whether e-vapour inhalation interacts with HFD to affect short-term memory and neural integrity. Balb/c mice (7 weeks, male) were fed a HFD (43% fat, 20 kJ/g) for 16 weeks. In the last 6 weeks, half of the mice were exposed to tobacco-flavoured e-vapour from nicotine-containing (18 mg/L) or nicotine-free (0 mg/L) e-fluids twice daily. Short-term memory function was measured in week 15. HFD alone did not impair memory function, but increased brain phosphorylated (p)-Tau and astrogliosis marker, while neuron and microglia levels were decreased. E-vapour exposure significantly impaired short-term memory function independent of diet and nicotine. Nicotine free e-vapour induced greater changes compared to the nicotine e-vapour and included, increased systemic cytokines, increased brain p-Tau and decreased postsynaptic density protein (PSD)-95 levels in chow-fed mice, and decreased astrogliosis marker, increased microglia and increased glycogen synthase kinase levels in HFD-fed mice. Increased hippocampal apoptosis was also differentially observed in chow and HFD mice. In conclusion, E-vapour exposure impaired short-term memory independent of diet and nicotine, and was correlated to increased systemic inflammation, reduced PSD-95 level and increased astrogliosis in chow-fed mice, but decreased gliosis and increased microglia in HFD-fed mice, indicating the inflammatory nature of e-vapour leading to short term memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Baoming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Gerard Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Joel R Steele
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sandy Stayte
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Health Network Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Health Network Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Chenju Yi
- Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Sonia Saad
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- SIDS and Sleep Apnea Laboratory, Sydney Medical School (Central), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, NSW 2037, Australia.
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12
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Cigarette smoking blocks the benefit from reduced weight gain for insulin action by shifting lipids deposition to muscle. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:1659-1673. [PMID: 32573727 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) is known to reduce body weight and this often masks its real effect on insulin action. The present study tested the hypothesis that CS can divert lipid deposition to muscles to offset the supposed benefit of reduced body weight gain on insulin signalling in this major site for glucose tolerance (or insulin action). The study was conducted in mice exposed to chronic CS followed by either a chow (CH) diet or a high-fat (HF) diet. CS increased triglyceride (TG) levels in both plasma and muscle despite a reduced body weight gain and adiposity. CS led to glucose intolerance in CH-fed mice and they retained the glucose intolerance that was induced by the HF diet. In adipose tissue, CS increased macrophage infiltration and the mRNA expression of TNFα but suppressed the protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase and PPARγ. While CS increased hormone-sensitive lipase and suppressed the mRNA expression of leptin, these effects were blunted in HF-fed mice. These results imply that CS impairs insulin signalling in skeletal muscle via accumulated intramuscular lipids from lipolysis and lipodystrophy of adipose tissues. This may explain why smokers may not benefit from insulin sensitising effects of reduced body weight gain.
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Reyes-Caballero H, Park B, Loube J, Sanchez I, Vinayachandran V, Choi Y, Woo J, Edwards J, Brinkman MC, Sussan T, Mitzner W, Biswal S. Immune modulation by chronic exposure to waterpipe smoke and immediate-early gene regulation in murine lungs. Tob Control 2019; 29:s80-s89. [PMID: 31852817 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of chronic waterpipe (WP) smoke on pulmonary function and immune response in a murine model using a research-grade WP and the effects of acute exposure on the regulation of immediate-early genes (IEGs). METHODS WP smoke was generated using three WP smoke puffing regimens based on the Beirut regimen. WP smoke samples generated under these puffing regimens were quantified for nicotine concentration. Mice were chronically exposed for 6 months followed by assessment of pulmonary function and airway inflammation. Transcriptomic analysis using RNAseq was conducted after acute exposure to characterise the IEG response. These biomarkers were then compared with those generated after exposure to dry smoke (without water added to the WP bowl). RESULTS We determined that nicotine composition in WP smoke ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 mg per puffing session. The lung immune response was sensitive to the incremental severity of chronic exposure, with modest decreases in airway inflammatory cells and chemokine levels compared with air-exposed controls. Pulmonary function was unmodified by chronic WP exposure. Acute WP exposure was found to activate the immune response and identified known and novel IEG as potential biomarkers of WP exposure. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to WP smoke leads to immune suppression without significant changes to pulmonary function. Transcriptomic analysis of the lung after acute exposure to WP smoke showed activation of the immune response and revealed IEGs that are common to WP and dry smoke, as well as pools of IEGs unique to each exposure, identifying potential biomarkers specific to WP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermes Reyes-Caballero
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bongsoo Park
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Loube
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Sanchez
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vinesh Vinayachandran
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Youngshim Choi
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juhyung Woo
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Edwards
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Thomas Sussan
- Toxicology Directorate, US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Losartan does not inhibit cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15053. [PMID: 31636311 PMCID: PMC6803700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease largely caused by cigarette smoking (CS) and is characterized by lung inflammation and airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Approximately 50% of people with COPD die of a cardiovascular comorbidity and current pharmacological strategies provide little benefit. Therefore, drugs that target the lung and the cardiovascular system concurrently may be an advantageous therapeutic strategy. The aim of this study was to see whether losartan, an angiotensin-II AT1a receptor antagonist widely used to treat hypertension associated with cardiovascular disease, protects against CS-induced lung inflammation in mice. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to CS for 8 weeks and treated with either losartan (30 mg/kg) or vehicle daily. Mice were euthanized and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) inflammation, and whole lung cytokine, chemokine and protease mRNA expression assessed. CS caused significant increases in BALF total cells, macrophages, neutrophils and whole lung IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL-1, IL-17A and MMP12 mRNA expression compared to sham-exposed mice. However, losartan only reduced CS-induced increases in IL-6 mRNA expression. Angiotensin-II receptor expression was reduced in lung tissue from CS-exposed mice. In conclusion, losartan did not inhibit CS-induced BALF cellularity despite reducing whole lung IL-6 mRNA and Ang-II receptor expression.
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15
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Sedler AR, Mitchell CS. SemNet: Using Local Features to Navigate the Biomedical Concept Graph. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:156. [PMID: 31334227 PMCID: PMC6616276 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Literature-Based Discovery (LBD) aims to connect scientists across silos by assembling models of the literature to reveal previously hidden connections. Unfortunately, LBD systems have been unable to achieve user adoption on a large scale. This work develops opens source software in Python to convert a database of semantic predications of all of PubMed's 27.9 million indexed abstracts into a semantic inference network and biomedical concept graph in Neo4j. The developed software, called SemNet, queries a modified version of the publicly available SemMedDB and computes feature vectors on source-target pairs. Each unique United Medical Language System (UMLS) concept is represented as a node and each predication as an edge. Each node is assigned one of 132 node labels (e.g., Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (AAPP); Gene or Genome (GG); etc.) and each edge is labeled with one of 58 predications (e.g. treats, causes, inhibits, etc.). SemNet computes a single feature value for each metapath, or sequence of node types, between a source node and user-specified target node(s). Several different types of metapath-based features (count, degree weighted path count, and HeteSim metric) are computed and vectorized. SemNet employs an unsupervised learning algorithm for rank aggregation (ULARA) to rank identified source nodes that are most relevant to the user-specified target nodes(s). Statistical analysis of correlation among identified source nodes or resultant literature network features are used to identify patterns that can guide future research. Analysis of high residual nodes is used to compare and contrast SemNet rankings between different targets of interest. An example SemNet use case is presented to assess “the differential impact of smoking on cognition in males and females” using the following target nodes: nicotine, learning, memory, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cigarette smoke, X chromosome, and Y chromosome. Detailed rankings are discussed. Overall results suggest a hypothesis where smoking negatively impacts cognition to a greater extent in females, but smoking has stronger cardiovascular impacts in males. In summary, SemNet provides an adoptable method for efficient LBD of PubMed that extends beyond omics-only relationships to true multi-scalar connections that can provide actionable insight for predictive medicine, research prioritization, and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Sedler
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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16
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Jung HS, Chang Y, Kwon MJ, Sung E, Yun KE, Cho YK, Shin H, Ryu S. Smoking and the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114:453-463. [PMID: 30353055 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of smoking in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains controversial. We assessed the risk of incident NAFLD according to smoking status and urinary cotinine levels. METHODS We performed a cohort study of 199,468 Korean adults without NAFLD at baseline who were followed annually or biennially for a median of 4.1 years. The presence of fatty liver was determined using ultrasound. NAFLD severity was assessed using NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), a non-invasive fibrosis marker. RESULTS During 1,070,991 person-years of follow-up, 45,409 participants developed NAFLD. Self-reported current smoking, pack-years, and urinary cotinine level were significantly associated with increased risk for NAFLD. For men, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) for incident NAFLD comparing 10-19.9, and ≥20 pack-years to 0 pack-years were 1.25 (1.21- 1.29), and 1.36 (1.30-1.42), respectively; for women, aHR (95% CI) for NAFLD comparing 5-9.9, and ≥10 pack-years to 0 pack-years were 1.25 (1.04-1.50), and 1.46 (1.17-1.81), respectively. Smoking pack-years were also associated with increased risk for NAFLD plus intermediate or high fibrosis score. For men, the aHR (95% CI) for NAFLD plus intermediate or high NFS comparing ≥20 pack-years to 0 pack-years was 1.29 (1.18-1.42); for women, the aHR (95% CI) comparing ≥10 pack-years to 0 pack-years was 1.75 (1.12-2.73). CONCLUSIONS In a large cohort of young and middle-aged men and women, current smoking, pack-years, and urinary cotinine levels were positively associated with the risk of incident NAFLD, suggesting that smoking contributes to the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Suk Jung
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoosoo Chang
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunju Sung
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Yun
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hocheol Shin
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Chen H, Li G, Chan YL, Nguyen T, van Reyk D, Saad S, Oliver BG. Modulation of neural regulators of energy homeostasis, and of inflammation, in the pups of mice exposed to e-cigarettes. Neurosci Lett 2018; 684:61-66. [PMID: 29981356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking can lead to perturbations in central metabolic regulators such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) signalling components in offspring. With the growing interest in e-cigarettes as a tobacco replacement, this short report assessed central metabolic regulation in offspring of mouse dams exposed to e-cigarettes. We examined the impact of continuous use of e-cigarettes, and e-cigarette replacement of tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy. Supplementation of an antioxidant l-carnitine was also co-used with tobacco cigarette in the mother to determine whether the impact of maternal tobacco smoking was oxidative stress driven. METHODS Balb/c mice were exposed to either nicotine-containing (E-cig18) or nicotine-free (E-cig0) e-cigarette aerosols or tobacco smoke (SE) prior to mating and until their pups were weaned. After mating, two SE sub-groups were changed to E-cig18 exposure (Replacement), or supplementation l-carnitine while SE was continued. Male offspring were studied at weaning age. RESULTS The offspring of E-cig0 dams were the heaviest with the most body fat. Replacing SE with E-cig18 during pregnancy resulted in offspring with significantly less body fat. E-cig0 offspring had significantly increased mRNA expression of brain NPY and iNOS. Maternal SE upregulated mRNA expression of NPY, NPY Y1 receptor, POMC downstream components, and iNOS expression, which were normalised in Replacement offspring, but only partially normalised with maternal L-carnitine supplementation during gestation and lactation. CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to either tobacco and nicotine-free e-cigarettes lead to disturbances in the level of central homeostatic control markers in offspring, suggesting that maternal exposure to e-cigarettes is not without risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences & Centre for Health Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Gerard Li
- School of Life Sciences & Centre for Health Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | - Tara Nguyen
- School of Life Sciences & Centre for Health Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David van Reyk
- School of Life Sciences & Centre for Health Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- School of Life Sciences & Centre for Health Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Renal Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences & Centre for Health Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2037, Australia.
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18
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Chronic cigarette smoking-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress in human erythrocytes and platelets. Mol Cell Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-018-0004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Vlahos R, Bozinovski S. Protocols to Evaluate Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Inflammation and Pathology in Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1725:53-63. [PMID: 29322408 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7568-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inhalation of cigarette smoke causes inflammation of the airways, airway wall remodelling, mucus hypersecretion and progressive airflow limitation. Much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities and infectious (viral and bacterial) exacerbations (AECOPD). Comorbidities, in particular skeletal muscle wasting, cardiovascular disease and lung cancer markedly impact on disease morbidity, progression and mortality. The mechanisms and mediators underlying COPD and its comorbidities are poorly understood and current COPD therapy is relatively ineffective. Many researchers have used animal modelling systems to explore the mechanisms underlying COPD, AECOPD and comorbidities of COPD with the goal of identifying novel therapeutic targets. Here we describe a mouse model that we have developed to define the cellular, molecular and pathological consequences of cigarette smoke exposure and the development of comorbidities of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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20
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Jiang Z, Knudsen NH, Wang G, Qiu W, Naing ZZC, Bai Y, Ai X, Lee CH, Zhou X. Genetic Control of Fatty Acid β-Oxidation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:738-748. [PMID: 28199134 PMCID: PMC5516290 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0282oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioenergetics homeostasis is important for cells to sustain normal functions and defend against injury. The genetic controls of bioenergetics homeostasis, especially lipid metabolism, remain poorly understood in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death in the world. Additionally, the biological function of most of the susceptibility genes identified from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in COPD remains unclear. Here, we aimed to address (1) how fatty acid oxidation (FAO), specifically β-oxidation, a key lipid metabolism pathway that provides energy to cells, contributes to cigarette smoke (CS)-induced COPD; and (2) whether-and if so, how-FAM13A (family with sequence similarity 13 member A), a well-replicated COPD GWAS gene, modulates the FAO pathway. We demonstrated that CS induced expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), a key mitochondrial enzyme for the FAO pathway, thereby enhancing FAO. Pharmacological inhibition of FAO by etomoxir blunted CS-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death in lung epithelial cells. FAM13A promoted FAO, possibly by interacting with and activating sirutin 1, and increasing expression of CPT1A. Furthermore, CS-induced cell death was reduced in lungs from Fam13a-/- mice. Our results suggest that FAM13A, the COPD GWAS gene, shapes the cellular metabolic response to CS exposure by promoting the FAO pathway, which may contribute to COPD development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson H. Knudsen
- Departments of Genetics and Complex Diseases, and
- Nutrition, Division of Biological Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, and
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Yan Bai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Xingbin Ai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Departments of Genetics and Complex Diseases, and
- Nutrition, Division of Biological Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, and
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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21
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Examining the effects of cigarette smoking on food cravings and intake, depressive symptoms, and stress. Eat Behav 2017; 24:61-65. [PMID: 28038436 PMCID: PMC5269575 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the relationships among smoking status and total and specific types of food cravings (i.e., high-fats, sweets, fast-food fats, and complex carbohydrates/starches) and the influence of demographic, clinical, and psychological factors on this relationship. METHODS Seven-hundred and twelve adults completed measures of food cravings, dietary intake, and smoking history. Heights and weights were measured. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses while adjusting for demographic, clinical, and psychological covariates. RESULTS Compared to never smokers, current smokers reported more frequent cravings for high-fat foods and fast-food fats, after controlling for depression, stress, BMI and demographic factors. Current smokers also reported consuming more high-fat foods and fast-food fats. The association between cigarette smoking and total food craving was no longer significant after accounting for depression and stress, suggesting that depression and stress may account for the relationship between smoking and total food craving. Smoking did not moderate the relationship between food cravings and food intake. Nicotine dependence was positively correlated with the frequency of general food cravings and cravings for high fats, sweets, and carbohydrates/starches. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smokers, and especially those with higher nicotine dependence, may have greater difficulties in addressing food craving and changing eating habits, particularly in the context of depression and stress.
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22
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Neal RE, Jagadapillai R, Chen J, Webb CL, Stocke K, Gambrell C, Greene RM, Pisano MM. Developmental cigarette smoke exposure II: Kidney proteome profile alterations in 6 month old adult offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:425-435. [PMID: 27208485 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) during gestation and early development suppresses the growth trajectory in offspring. In prior studies utilizing a mouse model of 'active' developmental CSE (GD1-PD21), low birth weight induced by CSE persisted throughout the neonatal period and was present at the cessation of exposure at weaning with proportionally smaller kidney mass that was accompanied by impairment of carbohydrate metabolism. In the present study, littermates of those characterized in the prior study were maintained until 6 months of age at which time the impact of developmental CSE on the abundance of proteins associated with cellular metabolism in the kidney was examined. Kidney protein abundances were examined by 2D-SDS-PAGE based proteome profiling with statistical analysis by Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis. Key findings of this study include a persistence of impact of developmental CSE past the original exposure period on the nucleic acid and carbohydrate metabolism networks and oxidant scavenging pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Neal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Cynthia L Webb
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kendall Stocke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Cailtin Gambrell
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Robert M Greene
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - M Michele Pisano
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Park S, Kim JW, Yun H, Choi SJ, Lee SH, Choi KC, Lim CW, Lee K, Kim B. Mainstream cigarette smoke accelerates the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating Kupffer cell-mediated hepatocellular apoptosis in adolescent mice. Toxicol Lett 2016; 256:53-63. [PMID: 27180087 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking in adolescents is considered to be a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of mainstream cigarette smoke (MSCS) on the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in adolescents. Three-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed either a methionine and choline-deficient plus high fat (MCDHF) diet for 6 weeks. Each group was exposed to MSCS (300, 600 ug/L) or fresh air for 2h per day during the first 3 weeks of MCDHF diet feeding. MSCS increased MCDHF diet-induced NASH by increasing serum ALT/AST levels, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Furthermore, MSCS was associated with the degree of oxidative stress and hepatocellular apoptosis in NASH mice, but not prominent in controls. In vitro, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) activated Kupffer cells (KCs) to release inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, which induced hepatocellular apoptosis. In conclusion, MSCS exposure accelerates the progression and severity of NASH by modulating KC-mediated hepatocellular apoptosis. Our results support the regulation of CS in adolescents with steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surim Park
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Yun
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Choi
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyub Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
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Bathina S, Srinivas N, Das UN. BDNF protects pancreatic β cells (RIN5F) against cytotoxic action of alloxan, streptozotocin, doxorubicin and benzo(a)pyrene in vitro. Metabolism 2016; 65:667-684. [PMID: 27085775 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to observe whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has cytoprotective actions against alloxan (AL), streptozotocin (STZ), doxorubicin (DB) and benzo(a)pyrene (BP) compounds in vitro that may account for its beneficial action in diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS This in vitro study was performed using rat insulinoma (RIN5F) cells. Possible cytoprotective action of BDNF (using pre-treatment, simultaneous and post-treatment schedules of RIN5F cells with BDNF) against the four chemicals tested was evaluated using MTT and apoptosis assays. Possible mechanism of cytoprotective action of BDNF was assessed by measuring BCl2/IKB-β/Pdx mRNA transcripts and anti-oxidant levels in RIN5F cells. Effect of alloxan, STZ, doxorubicin and BP on the production of BDNF by RIN5F cells was also studied. RESULTS Results of the present study revealed that BDNF in the doses (100ng>50ng>10ng/ml) has significant cytoprotection (P<0.001, P<0.01) on cytotoxic action of AL, STZ, DB and BP against rat insulinoma RIN5F (5×10(4) cells/100μl) cells in vitro. It was observed that AL, STZ, DB and BP inhibited BDNF production significantly (P<0.001) in a dose-dependent manner by RIN5F cells (0.5×10(6) cells/500μl) in vitro, while BDNF not only prevented apoptosis induced by these four chemicals but also significantly increased (P<0.001) BCl2/IKB-β/Pdx mRNA transcripts and restored anti-oxidant levels (P<0.01) in RIN5F cells to normal. DISCUSSION These results suggest that BDNF has potent cytoprotective actions, restores anti-oxidant defenses to normal and thus, prevents apoptosis and preserves insulin secreting capacity of β cells. In addition, BDNF enhanced viability of RIN 5F in vitro. Thus, BDNF not only has anti-diabetic actions but also preserves pancreatic β cells integrity and enhances their viability. These results imply that BDNF functions as an endogenous cytoprotective molecule that may explain its beneficial actions in some neurological conditions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siresha Bathina
- BioScience Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Hospital, GVP College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam 530048, India
| | - Nanduri Srinivas
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Undurti N Das
- BioScience Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Hospital, GVP College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam 530048, India; UND Life Sciences, 2020 S 360th St, #K-202, Federal Way, WA 98003, USA
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Khedoe PPSJ, Rensen PCN, Berbée JFP, Hiemstra PS. Murine models of cardiovascular comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1011-27. [PMID: 26993520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, COPD patients with atherosclerosis (i.e., the most important underlying cause of CVD) receive COPD therapy complemented with standard CVD therapy. This may, however, not be the most optimal treatment. To investigate the link between COPD and atherosclerosis and to develop specific therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with atherosclerosis, a substantial number of preclinical studies using murine models have been performed. In this review, we summarize the currently used murine models of COPD and atherosclerosis, both individually and combined, and discuss the relevance of these models for studying the pathogenesis and development of new treatments for COPD patients with atherosclerosis. Murine and clinical studies have provided complementary information showing a prominent role for systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the link between COPD and atherosclerosis. These and other studies showed that murine models for COPD and atherosclerosis are useful tools and can provide important insights relevant to understanding the link between COPD and CVD. More importantly, murine studies provide good platforms for studying the potential of promising (new) therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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26
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Phillips B, Veljkovic E, Boué S, Schlage WK, Vuillaume G, Martin F, Titz B, Leroy P, Buettner A, Elamin A, Oviedo A, Cabanski M, De León H, Guedj E, Schneider T, Talikka M, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. An 8-Month Systems Toxicology Inhalation/Cessation Study in Apoe-/- Mice to Investigate Cardiovascular and Respiratory Exposure Effects of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product, THS 2.2, Compared With Conventional Cigarettes. Toxicol Sci 2016; 149:411-32. [PMID: 26609137 PMCID: PMC4725610 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking cigarettes is a major risk factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) are being developed to reduce smoking-related health risks. The goal of this study was to investigate hallmarks of COPD and CVD over an 8-month period in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice exposed to conventional cigarette smoke (CS) or to the aerosol of a candidate MRTP, tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2. In addition to chronic exposure, cessation or switching to THS2.2 after 2 months of CS exposure was assessed. Engaging a systems toxicology approach, exposure effects were investigated using physiology and histology combined with transcriptomics, lipidomics, and proteomics. CS induced nasal epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, lung inflammation, and emphysematous changes (impaired pulmonary function and alveolar damage). Atherogenic effects of CS exposure included altered lipid profiles and aortic plaque formation. Exposure to THS2.2 aerosol (nicotine concentration matched to CS, 29.9 mg/m(3)) neither induced lung inflammation or emphysema nor did it consistently change the lipid profile or enhance the plaque area. Cessation or switching to THS2.2 reversed the inflammatory responses and halted progression of initial emphysematous changes and the aortic plaque area. Biological processes, including senescence, inflammation, and proliferation, were significantly impacted by CS but not by THS2.2 aerosol. Both, cessation and switching to THS2.2 reduced these perturbations to almost sham exposure levels. In conclusion, in this mouse model cessation or switching to THS2.2 retarded the progression of CS-induced atherosclerotic and emphysematous changes, while THS2.2 aerosol alone had minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Phillips
- *Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd, The Kendall #02-07, Science Park II, Singapore 117406
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- WK Schlage Biology Consulting, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; and
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Oviedo
- *Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd, The Kendall #02-07, Science Park II, Singapore 117406
| | - Maciej Cabanski
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Héctor De León
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
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Vlahos R, Bozinovski S. Preclinical murine models of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:265-71. [PMID: 25818750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and is the 4th leading cause of death worldwide. It is believed that an exaggerated inflammatory response to cigarette smoke causes progressive airflow limitation. This inflammation, where macrophages, neutrophils and T lymphocytes are prominent, leads to oxidative stress, emphysema, small airway fibrosis and mucus hypersecretion. Much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities and infectious (viral and bacterial) exacerbations (AECOPD). Comorbidities, defined as other chronic medical conditions, in particular skeletal muscle wasting and cardiovascular disease markedly impact on disease morbidity, progression and mortality. The mechanisms and mediators underlying COPD and its comorbidities are poorly understood and current COPD therapy is relatively ineffective. Thus, there is an obvious need for new therapies that can prevent the induction and progression of COPD and effectively treat AECOPD and comorbidities of COPD. Given that access to COPD patients can be difficult and that clinical samples often represent a "snapshot" at a particular time in the disease process, many researchers have used animal modelling systems to explore the mechanisms underlying COPD, AECOPD and comorbidities of COPD with the goal of identifying novel therapeutic targets. This review highlights the mouse models used to define the cellular, molecular and pathological consequences of cigarette smoke exposure and the recent advances in modelling infectious exacerbations and comorbidities of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- School of Health Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Tsuji T, Kelly NJ, Takahashi S, Leme AS, Houghton AM, Shapiro SD. Macrophage elastase suppresses white adipose tissue expansion with cigarette smoking. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:822-9. [PMID: 24914890 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0083oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage elastase (MMP12) is a key mediator of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced emphysema, yet its role in other smoking related pathologies remains unclear. The weight suppressing effects of smoking are a major hindrance to cessation efforts, and MMP12 is known to suppress the vascularization on which adipose tissue growth depends by catalyzing the formation of antiangiogenic peptides endostatin and angiostatin. The goal of this study was to determine the role of MMP12 in adipose tissue growth and smoking-related suppression of weight gain. Whole body weights and white adipose depots from wild-type and Mmp12-deficient mice were collected during early postnatal development and after chronic CS exposure. Adipose tissue specimens were analyzed for angiogenic and adipocytic markers and for content of the antiangiogenic peptides endostatin and angiostatin. Cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with adipose tissue homogenate to examine its effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and secretion. MMP12 content and activity were increased in the adipose tissue of wild-type mice at 2 weeks of age, leading to elevated endostatin production, inhibition of VEGF secretion, and decreased adipose tissue vascularity. By 8 weeks of age, adipose MMP12 levels subsided, and the protein was no longer detectable. However, chronic CS exposure led to macrophage accumulation and restored adipose MMP12 activity, thereby suppressing adipose tissue mass and vascularity. Our results reveal a novel systemic role for MMP12 in postnatal adipose tissue expansion and smoking-associated weight loss by suppressing vascularity within the white adipose tissue depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Tsuji
- 1 Department of Medicine, UPMC and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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Ichimura M, Minami A, Nakano N, Kitagishi Y, Murai T, Matsuda S. Cigarette smoke may be an exacerbation factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Al-Odat I, Chen H, Chan YL, Amgad S, Wong MG, Gill A, Pollock C, Saad S. The impact of maternal cigarette smoke exposure in a rodent model on renal development in the offspring. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103443. [PMID: 25058584 PMCID: PMC4110029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether maternal cigarette smoke exposure can disrupt fetal kidney development by changing the expression of growth and transcription factors essential for renal development, and thereafter predispose the offspring to chronic kidney disease later in life. Female Balb/c mice (6 weeks) were exposed either to cigarette smoke or air under identical conditions, 6 weeks prior to mating, during gestation and during lactation. Male offspring were sacrificed at three time points, postnatal day (P)1, P20 (weaning age), and 13 weeks (mature age). Blood, urine, and kidneys were collected for analysis. At P1, the developmental genes fibroblast growth factor 2, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor and paired box 2 were upregulated at mRNA and protein levels; whilst fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 7 and FGF10 were downregulated. At P20, mRNA expression of FGF2, FGF10 and Wingless-type 4 was upregulated by maternal smoke exposure. These changes were normalised in adulthood. Nephron development was delayed, with fewer nephron numbers from P1 persisted to adulthood; while glomerular volume was increased at P20 but reduced in adulthood. Pro-inflammatory marker monocyte chemoatractant protein 1 (MCP1) was increased in the kidney by maternal smoke exposure. These changes were accompanied by an increased albumin/creatinine ratio in adulthood, suggesting reduced renal dysfunction. In conclusion maternal cigarette smoke exposure prior to and during pregnancy, as well as lactation leads to significant renal underdevelopment and functional abnormalities in adulthood. This study confirms the hypothesis that maternal smoking predisposes offspring to chronic kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Al-Odat
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Sawiris Amgad
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Muh Geot Wong
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Gill
- Anatomical pathology, Northern Clinical School, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol Pollock
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Sundar IK, Yao H, Huang Y, Lyda E, Sime PJ, Sellix MT, Rahman I. Serotonin and corticosterone rhythms in mice exposed to cigarette smoke and in patients with COPD: implication for COPD-associated neuropathogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87999. [PMID: 24520342 PMCID: PMC3919731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian timing system controls daily rhythms of physiology and behavior, and disruption of clock function can trigger stressful life events. Daily exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) can lead to alteration in diverse biological and physiological processes. Smoking is associated with mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have abnormal circadian rhythms, reflected by daily changes in respiratory symptoms and lung function. Corticosterone (CORT) is an adrenal steroid that plays a considerable role in stress and anti-inflammatory responses. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) is a neurohormone, which plays a role in sleep/wake regulation and affective disorders. Secretion of stress hormones (CORT and 5HT) is under the control of the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Since smoking is a contributing factor in the development of COPD, we hypothesize that CS can affect circadian rhythms of CORT and 5HT secretion leading to sleep and mood disorders in smokers and patients with COPD. We measured the daily rhythms of plasma CORT and 5HT in mice following acute (3 d), sub-chronic (10 d) or chronic (6 mo) CS exposure and in plasma from non-smokers, smokers and patients with COPD. Acute and chronic CS exposure affected both the timing (peak phase) and amplitude of the daily rhythm of plasma CORT and 5HT in mice. Acute CS appeared to have subtle time-dependent effects on CORT levels but more pronounced effects on 5HT. As compared with CORT, plasma 5HT was slightly elevated in smokers but was reduced in patients with COPD. Thus, the effects of CS on plasma 5HT were consistent between mice and patients with COPD. Together, these data reveal a significant impact of CS exposure on rhythms of stress hormone secretion and subsequent detrimental effects on cognitive function, depression-like behavior, mood/anxiety and sleep quality in smokers and patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K. Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yadi Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Lyda
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia J. Sime
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Sellix
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Vlahos R, Bozinovski S. Recent advances in pre-clinical mouse models of COPD. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:253-65. [PMID: 24144354 PMCID: PMC3878607 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a major incurable global health burden and will become the third largest cause of death in the world by 2020. It is currently believed that an exaggerated inflammatory response to inhaled irritants, in particular cigarette smoke, causes progressive airflow limitation. This inflammation, where macrophages, neutrophils and T-cells are prominent, leads to oxidative stress, emphysema, small airways fibrosis and mucus hypersecretion. The mechanisms and mediators that drive the induction and progression of chronic inflammation, emphysema and altered lung function are poorly understood. Current treatments have limited efficacy in inhibiting chronic inflammation, do not reverse the pathology of disease and fail to modify the factors that initiate and drive the long-term progression of disease. Therefore there is a clear need for new therapies that can prevent the induction and progression of COPD. Animal modelling systems that accurately reflect disease pathophysiology continue to be essential to the development of new therapies. The present review highlights some of the mouse models used to define the cellular, molecular and pathological consequences of cigarette smoke exposure and whether they can be used to predict the efficacy of new therapeutics for COPD.
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Key Words
- acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd)
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)
- emphysema
- inflammation
- skeletal muscle wasting
- smoking
- aecopd, acute exacerbations of copd
- bal, bronchoalveolar lavage
- balf, bal fluid
- copd, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- gm-csf, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- gold, global initiative on chronic obstructive lung disease
- gpx, glutathione peroxidase
- hdac, histone deacetylation
- il, interleukin
- ltb4, leukotriene b4
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mcp-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- ne, neutrophil elastase
- nf-κb, nuclear factor κb
- nrf2, nuclear erythroid-related factor 2
- o2•−, superoxide radical
- onoo−, peroxynitrite
- pde, phosphodiesterase
- pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- rv, rhinovirus
- slpi, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor
- sod, superoxide dismutase
- tgf-β, transforming growth factor-β
- timp, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- tnf-α, tumour necrosis factor-α
- v/q, ventilation/perfusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- *Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- *Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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The lung inflammation and skeletal muscle wasting induced by subchronic cigarette smoke exposure are not altered by a high-fat diet in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80471. [PMID: 24260397 PMCID: PMC3834033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and cigarette smoking independently constitute major preventable causes of morbidity and mortality and obesity is known to worsen lung inflammation in asthma. Paradoxically, higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with reduced mortality in smoking induced COPD whereas low BMI increases mortality risk. To date, no study has investigated the effect of a dietary-induced obesity and cigarette smoke exposure on the lung inflammation and loss of skeletal muscle mass in mice. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to 4 cigarettes/day, 6 days/week for 7 weeks, or sham handled. Mice consumed either standard laboratory chow (3.5 kcal/g, 12% fat) or a high fat diet (HFD, 4.3 kcal/g, 32% fat). Mice exposed to cigarette smoke for 7 weeks had significantly more inflammatory cells in the BALF (P<0.05) and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was significantly increased (P<0.05); HFD had no effect on these parameters. Sham- and smoke-exposed mice consuming the HFD were significantly heavier than chow fed animals (12 and 13%, respectively; P<0.05). Conversely, chow and HFD fed mice exposed to cigarette smoke weighed 16 and 15% less, respectively, compared to sham animals (P<0.05). The skeletal muscles (soleus, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius) of cigarette smoke-exposed mice weighed significantly less than sham-exposed mice (P<0.05) and the HFD had no protective effect. For the first time we report that cigarette smoke exposure significantly decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior and IGF-1 protein in the gastrocnemius (P<0.05). We have also shown that cigarette smoke exposure reduced circulating IGF-1 levels. IL-6 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in all three skeletal muscles of chow fed smoke-exposed mice (P<0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that a down-regulation in local IGF-1 may be responsible for the loss of skeletal muscle mass following cigarette smoke exposure in mice.
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Santos-Silva AP, Oliveira E, Pinheiro CR, Santana AC, Nascimento-Saba CC, Abreu-Villaça Y, Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Endocrine effects of tobacco smoke exposure during lactation in weaned and adult male offspring. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:13-24. [PMID: 23606750 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Children from pregnant smokers show more susceptibility to develop obesity in adult life. Previously, we failed to demonstrate a program for obesity in rat offspring only when the mothers were exposed to tobacco smoke during lactation. Here, we studied the short- and long-term effects of smoke exposure (SE) to both dams and their pups during lactation on endocrine and metabolic parameters. For this, we designed an experimental model where nursing rats and their pups were divided into two groups: SE group, exposed to smoke in a cigarette smoking machine (four times/day, from the third to the 21st day of lactation), and group, exposed to filtered air. Pups were killed at 21 and 180 days. At weaning, SE pups showed lower body weight (7%), length (5%), retroperitoneal fat mass (59%), visceral adipocyte area (60%), and higher subcutaneous adipocyte area (95%) with hypoinsulinemia (-29%), hyperthyroxinemia (59%), hypercorticosteronemia (60%), and higher adrenal catecholamine content (+58%). In adulthood, SE offspring showed higher food intake (+10%), body total fat mass (+50%), visceral fat mass (retroperitoneal: 55%; mesenteric: 67%; and epididymal: 55%), and lower subcutaneous adipocyte area (24%) with higher serum glucose (11%), leptin (85%), adiponectin (1.4-fold increase), total triiodothyronine (71%), free thyroxine (57%), TSH (36%), triglycerides (65%), VLDL cholesterol (+66%), and HDL cholesterol (91%) levels and lower corticosteronemia (41%) and adrenal catecholamine content (57%). Our present findings suggest that tobacco SE to both dams and their pups during lactation causes malnutrition in early life that programs for obesity and hormonal and metabolic disturbances in adulthood, only if the pups are submitted to the same smoke environment as the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Santos-Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil
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Selemidis S, Seow HJ, Broughton BRS, Vinh A, Bozinovski S, Sobey CG, Drummond GR, Vlahos R. Nox1 oxidase suppresses influenza a virus-induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60792. [PMID: 23577160 PMCID: PMC3620107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection is an ongoing clinical problem and thus, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms that regulate the lung inflammation in order to unravel novel generic pharmacological strategies. Evidence indicates that the Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase enzyme promotes influenza A virus-induced lung oxidative stress, inflammation and dysfunction via ROS generation. In addition, lung epithelial and endothelial cells express the Nox1 isoform of NADPH oxidase, placing this enzyme at key sites to regulate influenza A virus-induced lung inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Nox1 oxidase regulates the inflammatory response and the oxidative stress to influenza infection in vivo in mice. Male WT and Nox1-deficient (Nox1−/y) mice were infected with the moderately pathogenic HkX-31 (H3N2, 1×104 PFU) influenza A virus for analysis of bodyweight, airways inflammation, oxidative stress, viral titre, lung histopathology, and cytokine/chemokine expression at 3 and 7 days post infection. HkX-31 virus infection of Nox1−/y mice resulted in significantly greater: loss of bodyweight (Day 3); BALF neutrophilia, peri-bronchial, peri-vascular and alveolar inflammation; Nox2-dependent inflammatory cell ROS production and peri-bronchial, epithelial and endothelial oxidative stress. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including CCL2, CCL3, CXCL2, IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF and TNF-α was higher in Nox1−/y lungs compared to WT mice at Day 3, however, the expression of CCL2, CCL3, CXCL2, IFN-γ and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were lower in lungs of Nox1−/y mice vs. WT mice at Day 7. Lung viral titre, and airways infiltration of active CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and of Tregs were similar between WT and Nox1−/y mice. In conclusion, Nox1 oxidase suppresses influenza A virus induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice particularly at the early phases of the infection. Nox1 and Nox2 oxidases appear to have opposing roles in the regulation of inflammation caused by influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Selemidis
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (SS); (RV)
| | - Huei Jiunn Seow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Grant R. Drummond
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (SS); (RV)
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Chen H, Saad S, Sandow SL, Bertrand PP. Cigarette smoking and brain regulation of energy homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:147. [PMID: 22848202 PMCID: PMC3404499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an addictive behavior, and is the primary cause of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, and cancer (among other diseases). Cigarette smoke contains thousands of components that may affect caloric intake and energy expenditure, although nicotine is the major addictive substance present, and has the best described actions. Nicotine exposure from cigarette smoke can change brain feeding regulation to reduce appetite via both energy homeostatic and reward mechanisms, causing a negative energy state which is characterized by reduced energy intake and increased energy expenditure that are linked to low body weight. These findings have led to the public perception that smoking is associated with weight loss. However, its effects at reducing abdominal fat mass (a predisposing factor for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance) are marginal, and its promotion of lean body mass loss in animal studies suggests a limited potential for treatment in obesity. Smoking during pregnancy puts pressure on the mother's metabolic system and is a significant contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Smoking is a predictor of future risk for respiratory dysfunction, social behavioral problems, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type-2 diabetes. Catch-up growth is normally observed in children exposed to intrauterine smoke, which has been linked to subsequent childhood obesity. Nicotine can have a profound impact on the developing fetal brain, via its ability to rapidly and fully pass the placenta. In animal studies this has been linked with abnormal hypothalamic gene expression of appetite regulators such as downregulation of NPY and POMC in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Maternal smoking or nicotine replacement leads to unhealthy eating habits (such as junk food addiction) and other behavioral disorders in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Faculty of Science, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of TechnologySydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Group, Kolling Institute, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaun L. Sandow
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul P. Bertrand
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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Tweed JO, Hsia SH, Lutfy K, Friedman TC. The endocrine effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:334-42. [PMID: 22561025 PMCID: PMC3389568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With a current prevalence of approximately 20%, smoking continues to impact negatively upon health. Tobacco or nicotine use influences the endocrine system, with important clinical implications. In this review we critically evaluate the literature concerning the impact of nicotine as well as tobacco use on several parameters of the endocrine system and on glucose and lipid homeostasis. Emphasis is on the effect of smoking on diabetes mellitus and obesity and the consequences of smoking cessation on these disorders. Understanding the effects of nicotine and cigarettes on the endocrine system and how these changes contribute to the pathogenesis of various endocrine diseases will allow for targeted therapies and more effective approaches for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Oliver Tweed
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
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38
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Han SG, Howatt DA, Daugherty A, Gairola CG. Atherogenic and pulmonary responses of ApoE- and LDL receptor-deficient mice to sidestream cigarette smoke. Toxicology 2012; 299:133-8. [PMID: 22659316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasma lipoproteins play important roles in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Two widely used mouse models of experimental atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE -/-) and LDL receptor-deficient (LDLr -/-) mice, have major differences in lipoprotein characteristics. These include differences in lipoprotein cholesterol distribution, lipoprotein compositions, apoliporoteins distribution, and susceptibility to oxidation. In the present study, we compared pulmonary and cardiovascular responses of ApoE -/- and LDLr -/- mice to sidestream cigarette smoke (SSCS) exposure to determine if strain differences influence their predisposition to SSCS-mediated promotion of atherosclerosis. Female ApoE -/- and LDLr -/- mice were maintained on a saturated fat enriched diet and exposed to SSCS in whole body exposure chambers for 15 weeks (4h/day, 5 days/week). At terminations, the levels of pulmonary injury markers in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from 6 mice per group and atherosclerotic lesion formation in 14 mice per group were analyzed. Total BAL cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were not significantly altered by SSCS exposure in both mouse models. Total protein, LDH, and cytokine concentrations in cell-free BAL fluids were also not significantly affected by chronic SSCS exposure in either mouse strain. SSCS significantly reduced surfactant protein D levels in both strains to a similar extent. However, SSCS exposure increased significantly the percent atherosclerotic lesion areas covering aortic intimal surfaces of ApoE -/- (control-25.3±1.52 vs. SSCS-31.9±2.02, p=0.012) as well as in LDLr -/- (control-30.97±1.1 vs. SSCS-36.61±1.7, p=0.028) mice. In contrast, the serum cholesterol concentrations of SSCS-exposed ApoE -/- mice were similar to that of controls (control-1255±85 vs. SSCS-1190±61mg/dl, p=0.552) but increased significantly in SSCS-exposed LDLr -/- mice (control-998±114 vs. SSCS-1577±142mg/dl, p=0.008). These results showing different effects of identical SSCS exposure on plasma cholesterol concentrations in these two mouse models suggest a role of multiple mechanisms in SSCS-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gu Han
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Mangubat M, Lutfy K, Lee ML, Pulido L, Stout D, Davis R, Shin CS, Shahbazian M, Seasholtz S, Sinha-Hikim A, Sinha-Hikim I, O'Dell LE, Lyzlov A, Liu Y, Friedman TC. Effect of nicotine on body composition in mice. J Endocrinol 2012; 212:317-26. [PMID: 22138237 PMCID: PMC3444240 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine induces weight loss in both humans and rodents consuming a regular diet; however, the effect of nicotine on body weight and fat composition in rodents consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) has not been well studied. Thus, this study examined the effect of nicotine vs saline on body weight and fat composition in mice fed with either an HFD (62% of kcal from fat) or a standard normal chow diet (NCD) for 7 weeks. Nicotine dose dependently reduced body weight gain in mice that consumed both diets, but this effect was significantly greater in mice on the HFD. Caloric intake was decreased in nicotine-treated mice. Estimates of energy intake suggested that decreased caloric intake accounted for all the reduced weight gain in mice on an NCD and 66% of the reduced weight gain on an HFD. Computed tomography analysis for fat distribution demonstrated that nicotine was effective in reducing abdominal fat in mice that consumed the HFD, with nicotine treatment leading to lower visceral fat. The effect of nicotine on weight loss in mice on an HFD was completely blocked by mecamylamine, a nonselective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, but only partially blocked by the α4β2 nAChR partial agonist/antagonist, varenicline. We conclude that nicotine is effective in preventing HFD-induced weight gain and abdominal fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mangubat
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Sciences-UCLA School of Medicine, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
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Chen H, Iglesias MA, Caruso V, Morris MJ. Maternal cigarette smoke exposure contributes to glucose intolerance and decreased brain insulin action in mice offspring independent of maternal diet. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27260. [PMID: 22076142 PMCID: PMC3208635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking leads to intrauterine undernutrition and is associated with low birthweight and higher risk of offspring obesity. Intrauterine smoke exposure (SE) may alter neuroendocrine mediators regulating energy homeostasis as chemicals in cigarette smoke can reach the fetus. Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption causes fetal overnutrition; however, combined effects of HFD and SE are unknown. Thus we investigated the impact of combined maternal HFD and SE on adiposity and energy metabolism in offspring. METHOD Female Balb/c mice had SE (2 cigarettes/day, 5 days/week) or were sham exposed for 5 weeks before mating. Half of each group was fed HFD (33% fat) versus chow as control. The same treatment continued throughout gestation and lactation. Female offspring were fed chow after weaning and sacrificed at 12 weeks. RESULTS Birthweights were similar across maternal groups. Faster growth was evident in pups from SE and/or HFD dams before weaning. At 12 weeks, offspring from HFD-fed dams were significantly heavier than those from chow-fed dams (chow-sham 17.6±0.3 g; chow-SE 17.8±0.2 g; HFD-sham 18.7±0.3 g; HFD-SE 18.8±0.4 g, P<0.05 maternal diet effect); fat mass was significantly greater in offspring from chow+SE, HFD+SE and HFD+sham dams. Both maternal HFD and SE affected brain lactate transport. Glucose intolerance and impaired brain response to insulin were observed in SE offspring, and this was aggravated by maternal HFD consumption. CONCLUSION While maternal HFD led to increased body weight in offspring, maternal SE independently programmed adverse health outcomes in offspring. A smoke free environment and healthy diet during pregnancy is desirable to optimize offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Medical and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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La Merrill M, Stein CR, Landrigan P, Engel SM, Savitz DA. Prepregnancy body mass index, smoking during pregnancy, and infant birth weight. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21:413-20. [PMID: 21421328 PMCID: PMC3090467 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smoking during pregnancy is strongly associated with increased risk of small for gestational age (SGA) and low birth weight, whereas elevated prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with a decreased risk of SGA and greater birth weight. We investigated the combined effect of prenatal smoking and prepregnancy BMI on risk of SGA and on birth weight. METHODS A total of 34,928 singleton, term pregnancies in residents of New York City between 1995 and 2003 were evaluated in multivariable regression models of birth weight and risk of SGA. RESULTS Increasing prepregnancy BMI reduced the risk of SGA and increased birth weight. The effect of prenatal smoking on birth weight and SGA diminished in women as their prepregnancy BMI increased, such that prenatal smoking did not significantly impact the risk of SGA among women who were overweight or obese before pregnancy. Prenatal smoking decreased mean birth weight by 187 g (95% confidence interval [CI] -337, -37) among underweight women, by 129 g(95% CI -170, -87) among normal weight women, by 46 g (95% CI -113, +20) among overweight women, and by 75 g (95% CI -162, +11) among obese women. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the effect of smoking during pregnancy on SGA and birth weight is present in underweight and normal weight women but markedly reduced among obese and overweight women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele La Merrill
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
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Zein CO, Unalp A, Colvin R, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Smoking and severity of hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011; 54:753-9. [PMID: 21126792 PMCID: PMC3060962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although many predictors of disease severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been proposed, studies of the potential effects of specific environmental exposures on human NAFLD are lacking. Smoking increases insulin resistance. Given the pathophysiological role of insulin resistance in NAFLD, characterization of the influence of smoking in NAFLD is warranted. The aim of this paper was to study the potential association between cigarette smoking and advanced fibrosis in NAFLD. METHODS All adults enrolled in the NASH CRN studies, between October 2004 and February 2008, who had liver biopsies, were included (n=1091). Advanced fibrosis was defined as stages 3-4. Analyses were performed. RESULTS Significant bivariate associations were demonstrated between advanced fibrosis and age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes, and smoking history. History of smoking ≥ 10 pack-years was more common (p <0.0001) among patients with advanced fibrosis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated an association between smoking history of ≥ 10 pack-years and advanced fibrosis (OR=1.63). Among non-diabetics, history of ≥ 10 pack-years was associated with an OR of 2.48 for advanced fibrosis. High frequencies of advanced fibrosis were observed among diabetics (with or without ≥ 10 pack-years history) and non-diabetics with ≥ 10 pack-years history as compared to non-diabetics without significant smoking history. CONCLUSIONS Smoking history was associated with advanced liver fibrosis in this large multicenter cohort of NAFLD patients. The results indicate that smoking may enhance the progression of NAFLD partly through its effect on insulin resistance. Our results are consistent with recent animal studies suggesting that cigarette smoke may aggravate fatty liver. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that cigarette smoking is associated with increased fibrosis severity in human NALFD, suggesting it may accelerate disease progression. These results may support a formal recommendation of smoking cessation in patients with NAFLD.
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Vernooy JHJ, Bracke KR, Drummen NEA, Pauwels NSA, Zabeau L, van Suylen RJ, Tavernier J, Joos GF, Wouters EFM, Brusselle GG. Leptin modulates innate and adaptive immune cell recruitment after cigarette smoke exposure in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:7169-77. [PMID: 20488786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leptin, a pleiotropic type I cytokine, was recently demonstrated to be expressed by resident lung cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and asymptomatic smokers. To elucidate the functional role of leptin in the onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, we tested leptin-deficient ob/ob mice (C57BL/6), leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice (C57BKS), and littermates in a model of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced pulmonary inflammation. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were exposed for 4 or 24 wk to control air or CS. Pulmonary leptin expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Pulmonary inflammation upon 4 wk CS exposure was evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue of WT, ob/ob, and db/db mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed leptin expression in bronchial epithelial cells, pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, and bronchial/vascular smooth muscle cells. The 4 and 24 wk CS exposure increased leptin expression in bronchial epithelial cells and pneumocytes versus air-exposed WT mice (p<0.05). The 4 wk CS exposure resulted in increased accumulation of neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes in BALF and lung tissue of WT, ob/ob, and db/db mice. CS-exposed ob/ob and db/db mice showed in general higher numbers of neutrophils and lower numbers of CD4+, CD8+, and dendritic cells versus CS-exposed WT mice. Consistently, CXCL1 levels were enhanced in BALF of CS-exposed ob/ob and db/db mice versus WT mice (p<0.05). Exogenous leptin administration completely restored the skewed inflammatory profile in ob/ob mice. These data reveal an important role of leptin in modulating innate and adaptive immunity after CS inhalation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita H J Vernooy
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Horn, The Netherlands.
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Wang P, Bai C, Xu QY, Xu TY, Su DF, Sassard J, Miao CY. Visfatin is associated with lipid metabolic abnormalities in Lyon hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:894-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kajiwara M, Terada T, Asaka JI, Aoki M, Katsura T, Ikai I, Inui KI. Regulation of basal core promoter activity of human organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1/SLC22A1). Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1211-6. [PMID: 18845576 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90360.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1/SLC22A1) plays important roles in the hepatic uptake of cationic drugs. The functional characteristics of this transporter have been well evaluated, but molecular information regarding transcriptional regulation is limited. In the present study, therefore, we examined the gene regulation of OCT1 gene focusing on basal core expression. An approximately 2.5-kb fragment of the OCT1 promoter region was isolated, and promoter activity was measured by luciferase assay in the human liver cell lines Huh7 and HepG2. Deletion analysis suggested that the region spanning -141/-69 was essential for the basal core transcriptional activity and that this region contained the sequence of a cognate E-box (CACGTG). The E-box is known to be bound by the basal transcription factors, upstream stimulating factors (USFs), and the functional involvements of USF1 and USF2 were confirmed by a transactivation effect, a mutational analysis of the E-box, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The transactivation effect of USFs on the OCT1 promoter was further stimulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, a liver-enriched transcription factor. There were no polymorphisms in the proximal promoter region (about 400 bp) of OCT1 gene (n = 109). These findings indicated that both USF1 and USF2 bind to an E-box sequence located in the OCT1 core promoter region and are required for the basal gene expression of this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moto Kajiwara
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyoto University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Chen H, Hansen MJ, Jones JE, Vlahos R, Anderson GP, Morris MJ. Long-term cigarette smoke exposure increases uncoupling protein expression but reduces energy intake. Brain Res 2008; 1228:81-8. [PMID: 18619427 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The appetite suppressing effect of tobacco is a major driver of smoking behaviour; however few studies have addressed the effects of chronic cigarette smoke exposure (SE) on appetite, body weight and metabolic markers. We compared the effects of SE to equivalent food restriction (pair-fed, PF), against sham-exposure, on body weight, adiposity, cytokines, and levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP) and brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) in male Balb/C mice. SE rapidly induced anorexia, and after 12 weeks, SE and PF groups were lighter than control animals (23.9+/-0.2, 25.5+/-0.5, 26.8+/-0.4 g respectively, P<0.05). White fat (WAT) masses were reduced by both SE and PF. Plasma leptin and insulin were reduced in SE mice; insulin was further reduced by PF. Brown fat UCP1 and 3 mRNA were increased in SE animals relative to PF animals, possibly promoting thermogenesis. WAT mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokine, TNFalpha was doubled by SE, while IL-6 was reduced by both PF and SE. Hypothalamic NPY content was increased by SE (89.3+/-2.8 vs. 75.9+/-2.4 ng control, P<0.05), and more by PF (100.7+/-3.4 ng, P<0.05 compared to both groups), suggesting disinhibition due to reduced adipose derived leptin. In contrast to equivalent food restriction, cigarette smoke exposure reduced body weight and total hypothalamic NPY, and increased thermogenesis and markers of inflammation. The suppressed hypothalamic NPY and increased UCPs may contribute to the spontaneous hypophagia and extra weight loss in SE animals. These findings contribute to our understanding of weight loss in smoking-related lung disease, suggesting a greater impact than that due to anorexia alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
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Prior LJ, Velkoska E, Watts R, Cameron-Smith D, Morris MJ. Undernutrition during suckling in rats elevates plasma adiponectin and its receptor in skeletal muscle regardless of diet composition: a protective effect? Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32:1585-94. [PMID: 18725894 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nutrition during critical periods in early life may increase the subsequent risk of obesity, hypertension and metabolic diseases in adulthood. Few studies have focused on the long-term consequences of poor nutrition during the suckling period on the susceptibility to developing obesity when exposed to a palatable cafeteria-style high-fat diet (CD) after weaning. DESIGN This study examined the impact of early undernutrition, followed by CD exposure, on blood pressure, hormones and genes important for insulin sensitivity and metabolism and skeletal muscle mRNA expression of adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I (CPT-1), cytochrome c oxidase 4 (COX4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). Following normal gestation, Sprague-Dawley rat litters were adjusted to 18 (undernourished) or 12 (control) pups. Rats were weaned (day 21) onto either palatable CD or standard chow. RESULTS Early undernourished rats were significantly lighter than control by 17 days, persisting into adulthood only when animals were fed chow after weaning. Regardless of litter size, rats fed CD had doubled fat mass at 15 weeks of age, and significant elevations in plasma leptin, insulin and adiponectin. Importantly, undernutrition confined to the suckling period, elevated circulating adiponectin regardless of post-weaning diet. Blood pressure was reduced in early undernourished rats fed chow, and increased by CD. Early undernutrition was associated with long-term elevations in the expression of AdipoR1, CPT-1, COX4 and PPARalpha in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the important role of early nutrition on body weight and metabolism, suggesting early undernourishment enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty-acid oxidation. The long-term potential benefit of limiting nutrition in the early postnatal period warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Prior
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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