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Zhu D, Shi C, Sun S, Chen X, Xu Y, Wang B, Xu Z, Zhang P, Sun M. The SIRT3/GSK-3β/GLUT4 axis might be involved in maternal hypoxia-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance in old male rat offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 489:117019. [PMID: 38950736 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.117019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Maternal hypoxia is strongly linked to insulin resistance (IR) in adult offspring, and altered insulin signaling for muscle glucose uptake is thought to play a central role. However, whether the SIRT3/GSK-3β/GLUT4 axis is involved in maternal hypoxia-induced skeletal muscle IR in old male rat offspring has not been investigated. Maternal hypoxia was established from Days 5 to 21 of pregnancy by continuous infusion of nitrogen and air. The biochemical parameters and levels of key insulin signaling molecules of old male rat offspring were determined through a series of experiments. Compared to the control (Ctrl) old male rat offspring group, the hypoxic (HY) group exhibited elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) (∼30%), fasting blood insulin (FBI) (∼35%), total triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as results showing impairment in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT). In addition, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed impaired cellular structures and mitochondria in the longitudinal sections of skeletal muscle from HY group mice, which might be associated with decreased SIRT3 expression. Furthermore, the expression of insulin signaling molecules, such as GSK-3β and GLUT4, was also altered. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the SIRT3/GSK-3β/GLUT4 axis might be involved in maternal hypoxia-induced skeletal muscle IR in old male rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Cuicui Shi
- Health Department of Soochow University Hospital, Soochow, China
| | - Shikun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Xionghui Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Yinkai Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Pengjie Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China.
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China.
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2
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Fetal programming in sheep: Effects on pre- and postnatal organs and glands development in lambs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:100-109. [PMID: 35878535 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review and meta-analysis aim to summarize the effects of maternal undernutrition or overnutrition during pregnancy on the absolute weight and relative weight of the organs (liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, and lung) and glands (adrenal, pancreas, and thyroid) measured during gestation, birth and the postnatal period in lambs. After completing the search, selection, and data extraction steps, the measure of effect was generated by the individual comparison of each variable response compared with the average of the control and treated group (undernutrition or overnutrition) using the DerSimonian and Laird method for random effects. The liver was the organ most affected by maternal undernutrition, as the absolute weight of the liver was reduced during pregnancy, birth, and the postnatal period. The extent of this effect is related to the duration of the intervention. Reductions in the absolute fetal weight of the lungs and spleen have also been observed. No change in organs weight were observed when the results were expressed as relative weight. For overnutrition, the fetal weight of the liver was reduced to both absolute and relative values. In contrast, the relative weight of the kidneys has been increased. For the glands analyzed, no changes in weight were observed in either scenario (absolute or relative weight). Thus, the organs are more likely to suffer weight changes, especially during pregnancy, as a result of maternal nutrition. However, this change in organ weight seems to be closely related to the reduction in body weight of the progeny as a whole.
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3
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Sanjeevi N, Freeland-Graves JH. Birth weight and prediabetes in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Clin Obes 2022; 12:e12504. [PMID: 34951120 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prediabetes affects about 20% of adolescents in the United States. Previous studies have shown that low and high birth weight impairs glucose homeostasis in adults; however, limited research has examined this relationship in adolescents. To investigate association of birthweight with prediabetes in US adolescents using data from NHANES 2005-2016 and examine whether sex and obesity moderate this relationship. Adolescents, aged 12-15 years without diagnosed/undiagnosed diabetes and extreme birthweight (n = 1396), were classified as low birth weight (LBW), normal birthweight (NBW) and high birth weight (HBW). Logistic regression examined relationship of birthweight with odds of prediabetes. Likelihood ratio test tested interactions of birthweight with sex and obesity measures. In this nationally representative cross-sectional study, LBW adolescents had significantly higher odds of prediabetes compared to NBW counterparts (Odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.93 (1.10, 3.38); p < .05). Sex and obesity moderated the association, such that the strength of the relationship of LBW with increased prediabetes odds was greater among male adolescents (Odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 2.40 (1.02, 5.67); p < .05) and those with overweight/obesity (Odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 2.13 (1.01, 4.49); p < .05). Findings imply that the adverse effects of LBW on glucose homeostasis could be manifested early in life. Further, the higher odds of prediabetes among LBW adolescents who are male or have overweight/obesity underscore the heightened need for prediabetes screening of these subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Sanjeevi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jeanne H Freeland-Graves
- Bess Heflin Centennial Professor in Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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4
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Wiese MD, Meakin AS, Varcoe TJ, Darby JRT, Sarr O, Kiser P, Bradshaw EL, Regnault TRH, Morrison JL. Hepatic cytochrome P450 function is reduced by life-long Western diet consumption in guinea pig independent of birth weight. Life Sci 2021; 287:120133. [PMID: 34774623 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterised by accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol within the liver and dysregulation of specific hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYPs) activity. CYPs are involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Hepatic CYP activity is dysregulated in human studies and animal models of a Western diet (WD) or low birth weight (LBW) independently, but the additive effects of LBW and postnatal WD consumption are unknown. As such, the aim of this study was to determine the independent and combined effect of birthweight and postnatal diet on hepatic CYP activity in a guinea pig model. METHODS LBW was generated via uterine artery ablation at mid gestation (term = 70 days gestation). Normal birthweight (NBW) and LBW pups were allocated either a control diet (CD) or WD at weaning. After 4 months of dietary intervention, guinea pigs were humanely killed, and liver tissue collected for biochemical and functional hepatic CYP activity analyses. RESULTS Independent of birthweight, functional activity of CYP3A was significantly reduced in female and male WD compared to CD animals (female, P < 0.0001; male, P = 0.004). Likewise, CYP1A2 activity was significantly reduced in male WD compared to CD animals (P = 0.020) but this same reduction was not observed in females. CONCLUSION Diet, but not birthweight, significantly altered hepatic CYP activity in both sexes, and the effect of diet appeared to be greater in males. These findings may have clinical implications for the management of NAFLD and associated co-morbidities between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wiese
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Ashley S Meakin
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Tamara J Varcoe
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jack R T Darby
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Ousseynou Sarr
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Patti Kiser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Emma L Bradshaw
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Timothy R H Regnault
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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5
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Christians JK. The Placenta's Role in Sexually Dimorphic Fetal Growth Strategies. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1895-1907. [PMID: 34699045 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fetal sex affects the risk of pregnancy complications and the long-term effects of prenatal environment on health. Some have hypothesized that growth strategies differ between the sexes, whereby males prioritize growth whereas females are more responsive to their environment. This review evaluates the role of the placenta in such strategies, focusing on (1) mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in gene expression, (2) the nature and extent of sexual dimorphism in placental gene expression, (3) sexually dimorphic responses to nutrient supply, and (4) sexual dimorphism in morphology and histopathology. The sex chromosomes contribute to sex differences in placental gene expression, and fetal hormones may play a role later in development. Sexually dimorphic placental gene expression may contribute to differences in the prevalence of complications such as preeclampsia, although this link is not clear. Placental responses to nutrient supply frequently show sexual dimorphism, but there is no consistent pattern where one sex is more responsive. There are sex differences in the prevalence of placental histopathologies, and placental changes in pregnancy complications, but also many similarities. Overall, no clear patterns support the hypothesis that females are more responsive to the maternal environment, or that males prioritize growth. While male fetuses are at greater risk of a variety of complications, total prenatal mortality is higher in females, such that males exposed to early insults may be more likely to survive and be observed in studies of adverse outcomes. Going forward, robust statistical approaches to test for sex-dependent effects must be more widely adopted to reduce the incidence of spurious results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. .,Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. .,British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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6
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Spiroski AM, Oliver MH, Jaquiery AL, Gunn TD, Harding JE, Bloomfield FH. Effects of intrauterine insulin-like growth factor-1 therapy for fetal growth restriction on adult metabolism and body composition are sex specific. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E568-E578. [PMID: 32101029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00481.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with compromised growth and metabolic function throughout life. Intrauterine therapy of FGR with intra-amniotic insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) enhances fetal growth and alters perinatal metabolism and growth in a sex-specific manner, but the adult effects are unknown. We investigated the effects of intra-amniotic IGF1 treatment of FGR on adult growth and body composition, adrenergic sensitivity, and glucose-insulin axis regulation. Placental embolization-induced FGR was treated with four weekly doses of 360 µg intra-amniotic IGF1 (FGRI) or saline (FGRS). Offspring were raised to adulthood (18 mo: FGRI, n = 12 females, 12 males; FGRS, n = 13 females, 10 males) alongside offspring from unembolized and untreated sheep (CON; n = 12 females, 21 males). FGRI females had increased relative lean mass compared with CON but not FGRS (P < 0.05; 70.6 ± 8.2% vs. 61.4 ± 8.2% vs. 67.6 ± 8.2%), decreased abdominal adipose compared with CON and FGRS (P < 0.05; 43.7 ± 1.2% vs. 49.3 ± 0.9% vs. 48.5 ± 1.0%), increased glucose utilization compared with FGRS but not CON (P < 0.05; 9.6 ± 1.0 vs. 6.0 ± 0.9 vs. 7.6 ± 0.9 mg·kg-1·min-1), and increased β-hydroxybutyric acid:nonesterified fatty acid ratio in response to adrenaline compared with CON and FGRS (P < 0.05; 3.9 ± 1.4 vs. 1.1 ± 1.4 vs. 1.8 ± 1.4). FGRS males were smaller and lighter compared with CON but not FGRI (P < 0.05; 86.8 ± 6.3 vs. 93.5 ± 6.1 vs. 90.7 ± 6.3 kg), with increased peak glucose concentration (10%) in response to a glucose load but few other differences. These effects of intra-amniotic IGF1 therapy on adult body composition, glucose-insulin axis function, and adrenergic sensitivity could indicate improved metabolic regulation during young adulthood in female FGR sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Hope Oliver
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Travis Dane Gunn
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Joseph S, Alava B, Antolic A, Richards EM, Wood CE, Keller-Wood M. Fetal ovine skeletal and cardiac muscle transcriptomics are differentially altered by increased maternal cortisol during gestation. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:178-190. [PMID: 32116114 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00096.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously found that in utero exposure to excess maternal cortisol (1 mg/kg/day) in late gestation increases the incidence of stillbirth during labor and produces fetal bradycardia at birth. In the interventricular septum, mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) was decreased, and transcriptomics and metabolomics were consistent with altered mitochondrial metabolism. The present study uses transcriptomics to model effects of increased maternal cortisol on fetal biceps femoris. Transcriptomic modeling revealed that pathways related to mitochondrial metabolism were downregulated, whereas pathways for regulation of reactive oxygen species and activation of the apoptotic cascade were upregulated. Mt-DNA and the protein levels of cytochrome C were significantly decreased in the biceps femoris. RT-PCR validation of the pathways confirmed a significant decrease in SLC2A4 mRNA levels and a significant increase in PDK4, TXNIP, ANGPTL4 mRNA levels, suggesting that insulin sensitivity of the biceps femoris muscle may be reduced in cortisol offspring. We also tested for changes in gene expression in diaphragm by rt-PCR. PDK4, TXNIP, and ANGPTL4 mRNA were also increased in the diaphragm, but SLC2A4, cytochrome C protein, and mt-DNA were unchanged. Comparison of the change in gene expression in biceps femoris to that in cardiac interventricular septum and left ventricle showed few common genes and little overlap in specific metabolic or signaling pathways, despite reduction in mt-DNA in both heart and biceps femoris. Our results suggest that glucocorticoid exposure alters expression of nuclear genes important to mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress in both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues, but that these effects are tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene Joseph
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bryan Alava
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Andrew Antolic
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Charles E Wood
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Donald H Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maureen Keller-Wood
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Donald H Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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8
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Darby JRT, Varcoe TJ, Orgeig S, Morrison JL. Cardiorespiratory consequences of intrauterine growth restriction: Influence of timing, severity and duration of hypoxaemia. Theriogenology 2020; 150:84-95. [PMID: 32088029 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
At birth, weight of the neonate is used as a marker of the 9-month journey as a fetus. Those neonates born less than the 10th centile for their gestational age are at risk of being intrauterine growth restricted. However, this depends on their genetic potential for growth and the intrauterine environment in which they grew. Alterations in the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus will decrease fetal growth, but these alterations occur due to a range of causes that are maternal, placental or fetal in nature. Consequently, IUGR neonates are a heterogeneous population. For this reason, it is likely that these neonates will respond differently to interventions compared not only to normally grown fetuses, but also to other neonates that are IUGR but have travelled a different path to get there. Thus, a range of models of IUGR should be studied to determine the effects of IUGR on the development and function of the heart and lung and subsequently the impact of interventions to improve development of these organs. Here we focus on a range of models of IUGR caused by manipulation of the maternal, placental or fetal environment on cardiorespiratory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack R T Darby
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tamara J Varcoe
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sandra Orgeig
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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9
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Yates DT, Camacho LE, Kelly AC, Steyn LV, Davis MA, Antolic AT, Anderson MJ, Goyal R, Allen RE, Papas KK, Hay WW, Limesand SW. Postnatal β2 adrenergic treatment improves insulin sensitivity in lambs with IUGR but not persistent defects in pancreatic islets or skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2019; 597:5835-5858. [PMID: 31665811 PMCID: PMC6911010 DOI: 10.1113/jp278726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Previous studies in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have shown that adrenergic dysregulation was associated with low insulin concentrations and greater insulin sensitivity. Although whole‐body glucose clearance is normal, 1‐month‐old lambs with IUGR at birth have higher rates of hindlimb glucose uptake, which may compensate for myocyte deficiencies in glucose oxidation. Impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in IUGR lambs is due to lower intra‐islet insulin availability and not from glucose sensing. We investigated adrenergic receptor (ADR) β2 desensitization by administering oral ADRβ modifiers for the first month after birth to activate ADRβ2 and antagonize ADRβ1/3. In IUGR lambs ADRβ2 activation increased whole‐body glucose utilization rates and insulin sensitivity but had no effect on isolated islet or myocyte deficiencies. IUGR establishes risk for developing diabetes. In IUGR lambs we identified disparities in key aspects of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, providing new insights into potential mechanisms for this risk.
Abstract Placental insufficiency causes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and disturbances in glucose homeostasis with associated β adrenergic receptor (ADRβ) desensitization. Our objectives were to measure insulin‐sensitive glucose metabolism in neonatal lambs with IUGR and to determine whether daily treatment with ADRβ2 agonist and ADRβ1/β3 antagonists for 1 month normalizes their glucose metabolism. Growth, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose utilization rates (GURs) were measured in control lambs, IUGR lambs and IUGR lambs treated with adrenergic receptor modifiers: clenbuterol atenolol and SR59230A (IUGR‐AR). In IUGR lambs, islet insulin content and GSIS were less than in controls; however, insulin sensitivity and whole‐body GUR were not different from controls. Of importance, ADRβ2 stimulation with β1/β3 inhibition increases both insulin sensitivity and whole‐body glucose utilization in IUGR lambs. In IUGR and IUGR‐AR lambs, hindlimb GURs were greater but fractional glucose oxidation rates and ex vivo skeletal muscle glucose oxidation rates were lower than controls. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was lower in IUGR and IUGR‐AR skeletal muscle than in controls but GLUT1 was greater in IUGR‐AR. ADRβ2, insulin receptor, glycogen content and citrate synthase activity were similar among groups. In IUGR and IUGR‐AR lambs heart rates were greater, which was independent of cardiac ADRβ1 activation. We conclude that targeted ADRβ2 stimulation improved whole‐body insulin sensitivity but minimally affected defects in GSIS and skeletal muscle glucose oxidation. We show that risk factors for developing diabetes are independent of postnatal catch‐up growth in IUGR lambs as early as 1 month of age and are inherent to the islets and myocytes. Previous studies in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have shown that adrenergic dysregulation was associated with low insulin concentrations and greater insulin sensitivity. Although whole‐body glucose clearance is normal, 1‐month‐old lambs with IUGR at birth have higher rates of hindlimb glucose uptake, which may compensate for myocyte deficiencies in glucose oxidation. Impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in IUGR lambs is due to lower intra‐islet insulin availability and not from glucose sensing. We investigated adrenergic receptor (ADR) β2 desensitization by administering oral ADRβ modifiers for the first month after birth to activate ADRβ2 and antagonize ADRβ1/3. In IUGR lambs ADRβ2 activation increased whole‐body glucose utilization rates and insulin sensitivity but had no effect on isolated islet or myocyte deficiencies. IUGR establishes risk for developing diabetes. In IUGR lambs we identified disparities in key aspects of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, providing new insights into potential mechanisms for this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leah V Steyn
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew T Antolic
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ravi Goyal
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald E Allen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Klearchos K Papas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - William W Hay
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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10
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Horton DM, Saint DA, Gatford KL, Kind KL, Owens JA. Sex-specific programming of adult insulin resistance in guinea pigs by variable perinatal growth induced by spontaneous variation in litter size. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R352-R361. [PMID: 30735437 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00341.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and subsequent neonatal catch-up growth are implicated in programming of insulin resistance later in life. Spontaneous IUGR in the guinea pig, due to natural variation in litter size, produces offspring with asymmetric IUGR and neonatal catch-up growth. We hypothesized that spontaneous IUGR and/or accelerated neonatal growth would impair insulin sensitivity in adult guinea pigs. Insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism was determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) in 38 (21 male, 17 female) young adult guinea pigs from litters of two-to-four pups. A subset (10 male, 8 female) were infused with d-[3-3H]glucose before and during the HEC to determine rates of basal and insulin-stimulated glucose utilization, storage, glycolysis, and endogenous glucose production. n males, the insulin sensitivity of whole body glucose uptake ( r = 0.657, P = 0.002) and glucose utilization ( r = 0.884, P = 0.004) correlated positively and independently with birth weight, but not with neonatal fractional growth rate (FGR10-28). In females, the insulin sensitivity of whole body and partitioned glucose metabolism was not related to birth weight, but that of endogenous glucose production correlated negatively and independently with FGR10-28 ( r = -0.815, P = 0.025). Thus, perinatal growth programs insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism in the young adult guinea pig and in a sex-specific manner; impaired insulin sensitivity, including glucose utilization, occurs after IUGR in males and impaired hepatic insulin sensitivity after rapid neonatal growth in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane M Horton
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - David A Saint
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Karen L Kind
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - Julie A Owens
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria , Australia
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11
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Chadio S, Kotsampasi B, Taka S, Liandris E, Papadopoulos N, Plakokefalos E. Epigenetic changes of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor in sheep male offspring undernourished in utero. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1995-2004. [PMID: 28076749 DOI: 10.1071/rd16276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise the effects of maternal undernutrition during gestation on hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression and to determine whether such effects are mediated through epigenetic changes in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Pregnant ewes were fed a 50% nutrient-restricted diet from Day 0 to 30 (R1) or from Day 31 to 100 of gestation (R2) or a 100% diet throughout gestation (Control). After parturition lambs were fed to appetite. At 10 months of age offspring were euthanised and livers were removed. Maternal undernutrition did not affect offspring bodyweight at birth or at 10 months of age. However, liver weight of males of the R2 group was lower (P<0.05) in relation to other groups. A significant (P<0.05) hypomethylation of the hepatic GR promoter was revealed in males of the R2 group and a tendency towards the same in the R1 group, along with increased (P<0.001) GR gene expression in both restricted groups. A significant increase (P<0.05) in hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression was found in male lambs of both undernourished groups, accompanied by increased (P<0.01) protein levels, while no differences were detected for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) mRNA abundance and protein levels. In female lambs, no differences between groups were observed for any parameter studied. These data represent potential mechanisms by which insults in early life may lead to persistent physiological changes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Chadio
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, PO Box 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Basiliki Kotsampasi
- Research Institute of Animal Science, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation 'DEMETER', Paralimni, PO Box 58100, Giannitsa, Greece
| | - Stylliani Taka
- Allergy Department, Second Paediatric Clinic, University of Athens, 41 Fidippidou, PO Box 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Liandris
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, PO Box 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department, Second Paediatric Clinic, University of Athens, 41 Fidippidou, PO Box 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Plakokefalos
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, PO Box 11855, Athens, Greece
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12
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Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken RP, Horgan GW, Adam CL. Ovine prenatal growth restriction impacts glucose metabolism and body composition throughout life in both sexes. Reproduction 2018; 156:103-119. [PMID: 29789442 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Low birthweight is a risk factor for later adverse health. Here the impact of placentally mediated prenatal growth restriction followed by postnatal nutrient abundance on growth, glucose metabolism and body composition was assessed in both sexes at key stages from birth to mid-adult life. Singleton-bearing adolescent dams were fed control or high nutrient intakes to induce normal or growth-restricted pregnancies respectively. Restricted lambs had ~40% reduced birthweight. Fractional growth rates were higher in restricted lambs of both sexes predominantly during suckling/juvenile phases. Thereafter, rates and patterns of growth differed by sex. Absolute catch-up was not achieved and restricted offspring had modestly reduced weight and stature at mid-adulthood necropsy (~109 weeks). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry revealed lower bone mineral density in restricted vs normal lambs at 11, 41, 64 and 107 weeks, with males > females from 41 weeks onwards. Body fat percentage was higher in females vs males throughout, in restricted vs normal lambs at weaning (both sexes) and in restricted vs normal females at mid-adulthood. Insulin secretion after glucose challenge was greater in restricted vs normal of both sexes at 7 weeks and in restricted males at 32 weeks. In both sexes, fasting glucose concentrations were greater in restricted offspring across the life course, while glucose area under the curve after challenge was higher in restricted offspring at 32, 60, 85 and 106 weeks, indicative of persistent glucose intolerance. Therefore, prenatal growth restriction has negative consequences for body composition and metabolism throughout the life course with the effects modulated by sex differences in postnatal growth rates, fat deposition and bone mass accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S Milne
- Rowett InstituteUniversity of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Clare L Adam
- Rowett InstituteUniversity of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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13
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Intapad S, Dasinger JH, Fahling JM, Backstrom MA, Alexander BT. Testosterone is protective against impaired glucose metabolism in male intrauterine growth-restricted offspring. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187843. [PMID: 29145418 PMCID: PMC5690651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental insufficiency alters the intrauterine environment leading to increased risk for chronic disease including impaired glucose metabolism in low birth weight infants. Using a rat model of low birth weight, we previously reported that placental insufficiency induces a significant increase in circulating testosterone in male intrauterine growth-restricted offspring (mIUGR) in early adulthood that is lost by 12 months of age. Numerous studies indicate testosterone has a positive effect on glucose metabolism in men. Female growth-restricted littermates exhibit glucose intolerance at 6 months of age. Thus, the aim of this paper was to determine whether mIUGR develop impaired glucose metabolism, and whether a decrease in elevated testosterone levels plays a role in its onset. Male growth-restricted offspring were studied at 6 and 12 months of age. No impairment in glucose tolerance was observed at 6 months of age when mIUGR exhibited a 2-fold higher testosterone level compared to age-matched control. Fasting blood glucose was significantly higher and glucose tolerance was impaired with a significant decrease in circulating testosterone in mIUGR at 12 compared with 6 months of age. Castration did not additionally impair fasting blood glucose or glucose tolerance in mIUGR at 12 months of age, but fasting blood glucose was significantly elevated in castrated controls. Restoration of elevated testosterone levels significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance in mIUGR. Thus, our findings suggest that the endogenous increase in circulating testosterone in mIUGR is protective against impaired glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttira Intapad
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Fahling
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Miles A. Backstrom
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Barbara T. Alexander
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
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14
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Limesand SW, Rozance PJ. Fetal adaptations in insulin secretion result from high catecholamines during placental insufficiency. J Physiol 2017; 595:5103-5113. [PMID: 28194805 DOI: 10.1113/jp273324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) of the fetus affects approximately 8% of all pregnancies and is associated with short- and long-term disturbances in metabolism. In pregnant sheep, experimental models with a small, defective placenta that restricts delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus result in IUGR. Low blood oxygen concentrations increase fetal plasma catecholamine concentrations, which lower fetal insulin concentrations. All of these observations in sheep models with placental insufficiency are consistent with cases of human IUGR. We propose that sustained high catecholamine concentrations observed in the IUGR fetus produce developmental adaptations in pancreatic β-cells that impair fetal insulin secretion. Experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis shows that chronic elevation in circulating catecholamines in IUGR fetuses persistently inhibits insulin concentrations and secretion. Elevated catecholamines also allow for maintenance of a normal fetal basal metabolic rate despite low fetal insulin and glucose concentrations while suppressing fetal growth. Importantly, a compensatory augmentation in insulin secretion occurs following inhibition or cessation of catecholamine signalling in IUGR fetuses. This finding has been replicated in normally grown sheep fetuses following a 7-day noradrenaline (norepinephrine) infusion. Together, these programmed effects will potentially create an imbalance between insulin secretion and insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in the neonate which probably explains the transient hyperinsulinism and hypoglycaemia in some IUGR infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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15
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Camacho LE, Chen X, Hay WW, Limesand SW. Enhanced insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in young lambs with placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R101-R109. [PMID: 28490449 PMCID: PMC5582953 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00068.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with persistent metabolic complications, but information is limited for IUGR infants. We determined glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and insulin sensitivity in young lambs with placental insufficiency-induced IUGR. Lambs with hyperthermia-induced IUGR (n = 7) were compared with control lambs (n = 8). GSIS was measured at 8 ± 1 days of age, and at 15 ± 1 days, body weight-specific glucose utilization rates were measured with radiolabeled d-glucose during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC). IUGR lambs weighed 23% less (P < 0.05) than controls at birth. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not different between IUGR and controls for either study. First-phase insulin secretion was enhanced 2.3-fold in IUGR lambs compared with controls. However, second-phase insulin concentrations, glucose-potentiated arginine-stimulated insulin secretion, and β-cell mass were not different, indicating that IUGR β-cells have an intrinsic enhancement in acute GSIS. Compared with controls, IUGR lambs had higher body weight-specific glucose utilization rates and greater insulin sensitivity at fasting (1.6-fold) and hyperinsulinemic periods (2.4-fold). Improved insulin sensitivity for glucose utilization was not due to differences in skeletal muscle insulin receptor and glucose transporters 1 and 4 concentrations. Plasma lactate concentrations during HEC were elevated in IUGR lambs compared with controls, but no differences were found for glycogen content or citrate synthase activity in liver and muscle. Greater insulin sensitivity for glucose utilization and enhanced acute GSIS in young lambs are predicted from fetal studies but may promote conditions that exaggerate glucose disposal and lead to episodes of hypoglycemia in IUGR infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - William W Hay
- Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;
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16
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Enhanced or Reduced Fetal Growth Induced by Embryo Transfer Into Smaller or Larger Breeds Alters Postnatal Growth and Metabolism in Weaned Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Effects of birth weight, sex and neonatal glucocorticoid overexposure on glucose–insulin dynamics in young adult horses. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 8:206-215. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In several species, adult metabolic phenotype is influenced by the intrauterine environment, often in a sex-linked manner. In horses, there is also a window of susceptibility to programming immediately after birth but whether adult glucose–insulin dynamics are altered by neonatal conditions remains unknown. Thus, this study investigated the effects of birth weight, sex and neonatal glucocorticoid overexposure on glucose–insulin dynamics of young adult horses. For the first 5 days after birth, term foals were treated with saline as a control or ACTH to raise cortisol levels to those of stressed neonates. At 1 and 2 years of age, insulin secretion and sensitivity were measured by exogenous glucose administration and hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp, respectively. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was less in males than females at both ages, although there were no sex-linked differences in glucose tolerance. Insulin sensitivity was greater in females than males at 1 year but not 2 years of age. Birth weight was inversely related to the area under the glucose curve and positively correlated to insulin sensitivity at 2 years but not 1 year of age. In contrast, neonatal glucocorticoid overexposure induced by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment had no effect on whole body glucose tolerance, insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity at either age, although this treatment altered insulin receptor abundance in specific skeletal muscles of the 2-year-old horses. These findings show that glucose–insulin dynamics in young adult horses are sexually dimorphic and determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors acting during early life.
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18
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Hunter DS, Hazel SJ, Kind KL, Liu H, Marini D, Giles LC, De Blasio MJ, Owens JA, Pitcher JB, Gatford KL. Effects of induced placental and fetal growth restriction, size at birth and early neonatal growth on behavioural and brain structural lateralization in sheep. Laterality 2016; 22:560-589. [PMID: 27759494 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2016.1243552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor perinatal growth in humans results in asymmetrical grey matter loss in fetuses and infants and increased functional and behavioural asymmetry, but specific contributions of pre- and postnatal growth are unclear. We therefore compared strength and direction of lateralization in obstacle avoidance and maze exit preference tasks in offspring of placentally restricted (PR: 10M, 13F) and control (CON: 23M, 17F) sheep pregnancies at 18 and 40 weeks of age, and examined gross brain structure of the prefrontal cortex at 52 weeks of age (PR: 14M, 18F; CON: 23M, 25F). PR did not affect lateralization direction, but 40-week-old PR females had greater lateralization strength than CON (P = .021). Behavioural lateralization measures were not correlated with perinatal growth. PR did not alter brain morphology. In males, cross-sectional areas of the prefrontal cortex and left hemisphere correlated positively with skull width at birth, and white matter area correlated positively with neonatal growth rate of the skull (all P < .05). These studies reinforce the need to include progeny of both sexes in future studies of neurodevelopmental programming, and suggest that restricting in utero growth has relatively mild effects on gross brain structural or behavioural lateralization in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Seth Hunter
- a Robinson Research Institute , North Adelaide , Australia.,b Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School , Adelaide , Australia.,c School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Susan J Hazel
- c School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Karen L Kind
- a Robinson Research Institute , North Adelaide , Australia.,c School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Hong Liu
- a Robinson Research Institute , North Adelaide , Australia.,b Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Danila Marini
- c School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Lynne C Giles
- a Robinson Research Institute , North Adelaide , Australia.,d School of Population Health , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Miles J De Blasio
- a Robinson Research Institute , North Adelaide , Australia.,b Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Julie A Owens
- a Robinson Research Institute , North Adelaide , Australia.,b Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Julia B Pitcher
- a Robinson Research Institute , North Adelaide , Australia.,b Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- a Robinson Research Institute , North Adelaide , Australia.,b Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School , Adelaide , Australia
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19
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A review of fundamental principles for animal models of DOHaD research: an Australian perspective. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 7:449-472. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology formed the basis of ‘the Barker hypothesis’, the concept of ‘developmental programming’ and today’s discipline of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Animal experimentation provided proof of the underlying concepts, and continues to generate knowledge of underlying mechanisms. Interventions in humans, based on DOHaD principles, will be informed by experiments in animals. As knowledge in this discipline has accumulated, from studies of humans and other animals, the complexity of interactions between genome, environment and epigenetics, has been revealed. The vast nature of programming stimuli and breadth of effects is becoming known. As a result of our accumulating knowledge we now appreciate the impact of many variables that contribute to programmed outcomes. To guide further animal research in this field, the Australia and New Zealand DOHaD society (ANZ DOHaD) Animals Models of DOHaD Research Working Group convened at the 2nd Annual ANZ DOHaD Congress in Melbourne, Australia in April 2015. This review summarizes the contributions of animal research to the understanding of DOHaD, and makes recommendations for the design and conduct of animal experiments to maximize relevance, reproducibility and translation of knowledge into improving health and well-being.
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20
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Bell AW, Greenwood PL. Prenatal origins of postnatal variation in growth, development and productivity of ruminants. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent research into the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal biology and the growth, development and productivity of progeny in postnatal life of ruminant livestock. Evidence is summarised for effects on postnatal growth and body composition, feed intake and efficiency, carcass characteristics and meat quality, wool production, reproduction and lactation performance. In general, these demonstrated effects are not large in relation to the effects of postnatal nutrition and other environmental influences. The mechanisms underpinning the above production outcomes are briefly discussed in terms of systemic endocrine and metabolic responses, and cellular and molecular effects in skeletal muscle, bone, adipose tissue, wool follicles and brain of fetal, neonatal and adult progeny. Treatments observed to elicit tissue responses include maternal under- and overnutrition at various stages of pregnancy and placental insufficiency caused by increased litter size, chronic maternal heat stress and premating carunclectomy in sheep. The as yet meagre evidence for epigenetic mediation of intergenerational effects in ruminants is considered, as is the likelihood that other, more conventional explanations may suffice in some cases. Finally, evidence is summarised for the proposition that the placenta is not merely a passive conduit for nutrient transfer from dam to fetus, but plays an active role in buffering the effects of variations in maternal nutrition on fetal growth and development, and thence, postnatal outcomes.
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21
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Placental and fetal growth restriction, size at birth and neonatal growth alter cognitive function and behaviour in sheep in an age- and sex-specific manner. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Liu H, Schultz CG, De Blasio MJ, Peura AM, Heinemann GK, Harryanto H, Hunter DS, Wooldridge AL, Kind KL, Giles LC, Simmons RA, Owens JA, Gatford KL. Effect of placental restriction and neonatal exendin-4 treatment on postnatal growth, adult body composition, and in vivo glucose metabolism in the sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015. [PMID: 26219868 PMCID: PMC4631533 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00487.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases the risk of adult type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Neonatal exendin-4 treatment can prevent diabetes in the IUGR rat, but whether this will be effective in a species where the pancreas is more mature at birth is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of neonatal exendin-4 administration after experimental restriction of placental and fetal growth on growth and adult metabolic outcomes in sheep. Body composition, glucose tolerance, and insulin secretion and sensitivity were assessed in singleton-born adult sheep from control (CON; n = 6 females and 4 males) and placentally restricted pregnancies (PR; n = 13 females and 7 males) and in sheep from PR pregnancies that were treated with exendin-4 as neonates (daily sc injections of 1 nmol/kg exendin-4; PR + exendin-4; n = 11 females and 7 males). Placental restriction reduced birth weight (by 29%) and impaired glucose tolerance in the adult but did not affect adult adiposity, insulin secretion, or insulin sensitivity. Neonatal exendin-4 suppressed growth during treatment, followed by delayed catchup growth and unchanged adult adiposity. Neonatal exendin-4 partially restored glucose tolerance in PR progeny but did not affect insulin secretion or sensitivity. Although the effects on glucose tolerance are promising, the lack of effects on adult body composition, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity suggest that the neonatal period may be too late to fully reprogram the metabolic consequences of IUGR in species that are more mature at birth than rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health
| | - Christopher G Schultz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET and Bone Densitometry, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Miles J De Blasio
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health
| | - Anita M Peura
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health
| | - Gary K Heinemann
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health
| | - Himawan Harryanto
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health
| | - Damien S Hunter
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, and
| | - Amy L Wooldridge
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health
| | - Karen L Kind
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, and
| | - Lynne C Giles
- School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie A Owens
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health,
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23
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Clifton VL, Moss TJM, Wooldridge AL, Gatford KL, Liravi B, Kim D, Muhlhausler BS, Morrison JL, Davies A, De Matteo R, Wallace MJ, Bischof RJ. Development of an experimental model of maternal allergic asthma during pregnancy. J Physiol 2015; 594:1311-25. [PMID: 26235954 DOI: 10.1113/jp270752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal asthma during pregnancy adversely affects pregnancy outcomes but identification of the cause/s, and the ability to evaluate interventions, is limited by the lack of an appropriate animal model. We therefore aimed to characterise maternal lung and cardiovascular responses and fetal-placental growth and lung surfactant levels in a sheep model of allergic asthma. Immune and airway functions were studied in singleton-bearing ewes, either sensitised before pregnancy to house dust mite (HDM, allergic, n = 7) or non-allergic (control, n = 5), and subjected to repeated airway challenges with HDM (allergic group) or saline (control group) throughout gestation. Maternal lung, fetal and placental phenotypes were characterised at 140 ± 1 days gestational age (term, ∼147 days). The eosinophil influx into lungs was greater after HDM challenge in allergic ewes than after saline challenge in control ewes before mating and in late gestation. Airway resistance increased throughout pregnancy in allergic but not control ewes, consistent with increased airway smooth muscle in allergic ewes. Maternal allergic asthma decreased relative fetal weight (-12%) and altered placental phenotype to a more mature form. Expression of surfactant protein B mRNA was 48% lower in fetuses from allergic ewes than controls, with a similar trend for surfactant protein D. Thus, allergic asthma in pregnant sheep modifies placental phenotype, and inhibits fetal growth and lung development consistent with observations from human pregnancies. Preconceptional allergen sensitisation and repeated airway challenges in pregnant sheep therefore provides an animal model to identify mechanisms of altered fetal development and adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by maternal asthma in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Clifton
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4101, Australia
| | - Timothy J M Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Amy L Wooldridge
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Bahar Liravi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Dasom Kim
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Andrew Davies
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Peninsula Campus, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Megan J Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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24
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Zander-Fox DL, Fullston T, McPherson NO, Sandeman L, Kang WX, Good SB, Spillane M, Lane M. Reduction of Mitochondrial Function by FCCP During Mouse Cleavage Stage Embryo Culture Reduces Birth Weight and Impairs the Metabolic Health of Offspring. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:124. [PMID: 25715796 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.123489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The periconceptual environment represents a critical window for programming fetal growth trajectories and susceptibility to disease; however, the underlying mechanism responsible for programming remains elusive. This study demonstrates a causal link between reduction of precompaction embryonic mitochondrial function and perturbed offspring growth trajectories and subsequent metabolic dysfunction. Incubation of embryos with carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), which uncouples mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production in 8-cell embryos and the number of inner cell mass cells within blastocysts; however, blastocyst development was unchanged. This perturbed embryonic mitochondrial function was concomitant with reduced birth weight in female offspring following embryo transfer, which persisted until weaning. FCCP-treated females also exhibited increased adiposity at 4 wk, increased adiposity gain between 4 and 14 wk, glucose intolerance at 8 wk, and insulin resistance at 14 wk. Although FCCP-treated males also exhibited reduced glucose tolerance, but their insulin sensitivity and adiposity gain between 4 and 14 wk was unchanged. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to demonstrate that reducing mitochondrial function and, thus, decreasing ATP output in the precompacting embryo can influence offspring phenotype. This is of great significance as a large proportion of patients requiring assisted reproductive technologies are of advanced maternal age or have a high body mass index, both of which have been independently linked with perturbed early embryonic mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre L Zander-Fox
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Repromed, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tod Fullston
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole O McPherson
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren Sandeman
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wan Xian Kang
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne B Good
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marni Spillane
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle Lane
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Repromed, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia
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Dunlop K, Cedrone M, Staples JF, Regnault TRH. Altered fetal skeletal muscle nutrient metabolism following an adverse in utero environment and the modulation of later life insulin sensitivity. Nutrients 2015; 7:1202-16. [PMID: 25685986 PMCID: PMC4344584 DOI: 10.3390/nu7021202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the in utero environment as a contributor to later life metabolic disease has been demonstrated in both human and animal studies. In this review, we consider how disruption of normal fetal growth may impact skeletal muscle metabolic development, ultimately leading to insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity, a key precursor to later life metabolic disease. In cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associated with hypoxia, where the fetus fails to reach its full growth potential, low birth weight (LBW) is often the outcome, and early in postnatal life, LBW individuals display modifications in the insulin-signaling pathway, a critical precursor to insulin resistance. In this review, we will present literature detailing the classical development of insulin resistance in IUGR, but also discuss how this impaired development, when challenged with a postnatal Western diet, may potentially contribute to the development of later life insulin resistance. Considering the important role of the skeletal muscle in insulin resistance pathogenesis, understanding the in utero programmed origins of skeletal muscle deficiencies in insulin sensitivity and how they may interact with an adverse postnatal environment, is an important step in highlighting potential therapeutic options for LBW offspring born of pregnancies characterized by placental insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn Dunlop
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A-5C1, Canada.
| | - Megan Cedrone
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - James F Staples
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Timothy R H Regnault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A-5C1, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, ON N6H-5W9, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C-2R5, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C-2V5, Canada.
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Wang KCW, Brooks DA, Summers-Pearce B, Bobrovskaya L, Tosh DN, Duffield JA, Botting KJ, Zhang S, Caroline McMillen I, Morrison JL. Low birth weight activates the renin-angiotensin system, but limits cardiac angiogenesis in early postnatal life. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12270. [PMID: 25649246 PMCID: PMC4393187 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease and this association may be partly a consequence of early programming of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We investigated the effects of LBW on expression of molecules in the RAS and cardiac tissue remodeling. Left ventricular samples were collected from the hearts of 21 days old lambs that were born average birth weight (ABW) and LBW. Cardiac mRNA expression was quantified using real-time RT-PCR and protein expression was quantified using Western blotting. DNA methylation and histone acetylation were assessed by combined bisulfite restriction analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation, respectively. There were increased plasma renin activity, angiotensin I (ANGI), and ANGII concentrations in LBW compared to ABW lambs at day 20. In LBW lambs, there was increased expression of cardiac ACE2 mRNA, decreased ANGII receptor type 1 (AT1R) protein, and acetylation of histone H3K9 of the AT1R promoter but no changes in AT1R mRNA expression and AT1R promoter DNA methylation. There was no difference in the abundance of proteins involved in autophagy or fibrosis. BIRC5 and VEGF mRNA expression was increased; however, the total length of the capillaries was decreased in the hearts of LBW lambs. Activation of the circulating and local cardiac RAS in neonatal LBW lambs may be expected to increase cardiac fibrosis, autophagy, and capillary length. However, we observed only a decrease in total capillary length, suggesting a dysregulation of the RAS in the heart of LBW lambs and this may have significant implications for heart health in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley C W Wang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Brooke Summers-Pearce
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Darran N Tosh
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jaime A Duffield
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kimberley J Botting
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Song Zhang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - I Caroline McMillen
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Do I turn left or right? Effects of sex, age, experience and exit route on maze test performance in sheep. Physiol Behav 2015; 139:244-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Liu XJ, Wang BW, Zhao M, Zhang C, Chen YH, Hu CQ, Zhao H, Wang H, Chen X, Tao FB, Xu DX. Effects of maternal LPS exposure during pregnancy on metabolic phenotypes in female offspring. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114780. [PMID: 25479255 PMCID: PMC4257726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with an increased risk of metabolic disorders in late life. Previous studies showed that mice exposed to LPS in late gestation induced fetal IUGR. The present study investigated the effects of maternal LPS exposure during pregnancy on metabolic phenotypes in female adult offspring. Pregnant mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (50 µg/kg) daily from gestational day (GD)15 to GD17. After lactation, female pups were fed with standard-chow diets (SD) or high-fat diets (HFD). Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were assessed 8 and 12 weeks after diet intervention. Hepatic triglyceride content was examined 12 weeks after diet intervention. As expected, maternal LPS exposure during pregnancy resulted in fetal IUGR. Although there was an increasing trend on fat mass in female offspring whose dams were exposed to LPS during pregnancy, maternal LPS exposure during pregnancy did not elevate the levels of fasting blood glucose and serum insulin and hepatic triglyceride content in female adult offspring. Moreover, maternal LPS exposure during pregnancy did not alter insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and liver in female adult offspring. Further analysis showed that maternal LPS exposure during pregnancy did not exacerbate HFD-induced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in female adult offspring. In addition, maternal LPS exposure during pregnancy did not aggravate HFD-induced elevation of hepatic triglyceride content in female adult offspring. In conclusion, LPS-induced IUGR does not alter metabolic phenotypes in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bi-Wei Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Chen
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chun-Qiu Hu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xi Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- * E-mail: (FBT); (DXX)
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- * E-mail: (FBT); (DXX)
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Peugnet P, Wimel L, Duchamp G, Sandersen C, Camous S, Guillaume D, Dahirel M, Dubois C, Jouneau L, Reigner F, Berthelot V, Chaffaux S, Tarrade A, Serteyn D, Chavatte-Palmer P. Enhanced or reduced fetal growth induced by embryo transfer into smaller or larger breeds alters post-natal growth and metabolism in pre-weaning horses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102044. [PMID: 25006665 PMCID: PMC4090198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In equids, placentation is diffuse and nutrient supply to the fetus is determined by uterine size. This correlates with maternal size and affects intra-uterine development and subsequent post-natal growth, as well as insulin sensitivity in the newborn. Long-term effects remain to be described. In this study, fetal growth was enhanced or restricted through ET using pony (P), saddlebred (S) and draft (D) horses. Control P-P (n = 21) and S-S (n = 28) pregnancies were obtained by AI. Enhanced and restricted pregnancies were obtained by transferring P or S embryos into D mares (P-D, n = 6 and S-D, n = 8) or S embryos into P mares (S-P, n = 6), respectively. Control and experimental foals were raised by their dams and recipient mothers, respectively. Weight gain, growth hormones and glucose homeostasis were investigated in the foals from birth to weaning. Fetal growth was enhanced in P-D and these foals remained consistently heavier, with reduced T3 concentrations until weaning compared to P-P. P-D had lower fasting glucose from days 30 to 200 and higher insulin secretion than P-P after IVGTT on day 3. Euglycemic clamps in the immediate post-weaning period revealed no difference in insulin sensitivity between P-D and P-P. Fetal growth was restricted in S-P and these foals remained consistently lighter until weaning compared to S-D, with elevated T3 concentrations in the newborn compared to S-S. S-P exhibited higher fasting glycemia than S-S and S-D from days 30 to 200. They had higher maximum increment in plasma glucose than S-D after IVGTT on day 3 and clamps on day 200 demonstrated higher insulin sensitivity compared to S-D. Neither the restricted nor the enhanced fetal environment affected IGF-1 concentrations. Thus, enhanced and restricted fetal and post-natal environments had combined effects that persisted until weaning. They induced different adaptive responses in post-natal glucose metabolism: an early insulin-resistance was induced in enhanced P-D, while S-P developed increased insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Peugnet
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Laurence Wimel
- IFCE, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, Chamberet, France
| | | | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Clinique équine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, CORD, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Sylvaine Camous
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Daniel Guillaume
- INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Michèle Dahirel
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Cédric Dubois
- IFCE, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, Chamberet, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | | | - Valérie Berthelot
- INRA, UMR791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, Paris, France
- AgroParis Tech, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Chaffaux
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Anne Tarrade
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Clinique équine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, CORD, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
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Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs insulin secretion in humans and in animal models of IUGR. Several underlying mechanisms have been implicated, including decreased expression of molecular regulators of β-cell mass and function, in some cases shown to be due to epigenetic changes initiated by an adverse fetal environment. Alterations in cell cycle progression contribute to loss of β-cell mass, whereas decreased islet vascularity and mitochondrial dysfunction impair β-cell function in IUGR rodents. Animal models of IUGR sharing similar insulin secretion outcomes as the IUGR human are allowing underlying mechanisms to be identified. This review will focus on models of uteroplacental insufficiency.
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Wooldridge AL, Bischof RJ, Meeusen EN, Liu H, Heinemann GK, Hunter DS, Giles LC, Kind KL, Owens JA, Clifton VL, Gatford KL. Placental restriction of fetal growth reduces cutaneous responses to antigen after sensitization in sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R441-6. [PMID: 24500430 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00432.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early childhood exposures are implicated as causes of allergy, but the effects of intrauterine growth restriction on immune function and allergy are poorly defined. We therefore evaluated effects of experimental restriction of fetal growth on immune function and allergic sensitization in adolescent sheep. Immune function (circulating total red and white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, and the antibody response to Clostridial vaccination) and responses to house dust mite (HDM) allergen and ovalbumin (OVA) antigen sensitization (specific total Ig, IgG1, and IgE antibodies, and cutaneous hypersensitivity) were investigated in adolescent sheep from placentally restricted (PR, n = 23) and control (n = 40) pregnancies. Increases in circulating HDM-specific IgE (P = 0.007) and OVA-specific IgE (P = 0.038) were greater in PR than control progeny. PR did not alter total Ig, IgG1, or IgM responses to either antigen. PR increased OVA-specific but not HDM-specific IgA responses in females only (P = 0.023). Multiple birth increased Ig responses to OVA in a sex-specific manner. PR decreased the proportion of positive cutaneous hypersensitivity responders to OVA at 24 h (P = 0.030) but had no effect on cutaneous responses to HDM. Acute wheal responses to intradermal histamine correlated positively with birth weight in singletons (P = 0.023). Intrauterine growth restriction may suppress inflammatory responses in skin downstream of IgE induction, without impairment in antibody responses to a nonpolysaccharide vaccine. Discord between cutaneous and IgE responses following sensitization suggests new mechanisms for prenatal allergy programming.
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Effects of parity and periconceptional metabolic state of Holstein–Friesian dams on the glucose metabolism and conformation in their newborn calves. Animal 2014; 8:975-81. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Moser M, García-Ródenas C, Raymond F, Mansourian R, Rubio-Aliaga I, Viguet-Carrin S, Metairon S, Ammon-Zufferey C, Avanti-Nigro O, Macé K, Silva-Zolezzi I. Effect of a mixture of bovine milk oligosaccharides, Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007 and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on catch-up growth of intra-uterine growth-restricted rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:161-73. [PMID: 23834457 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of a nutritional mixture (bovine milk oligosaccharides, Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid) on growth of intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) rats. METHODS IUGR was induced by maternal food restriction. The offspring (males and females) were assigned to: REF (non-IUGR, no mixture), IUGRc (IUGR, no mixture), or IUGRmx (IUGR, mixture). The mixture was given from day 7 to day 58, when tissues and plasma from half of the animals were collected for hormones, metabolites and microarray analysis. The rest received a high-fat diet (HFD) until day 100. Glucose tolerance was measured at 56 and 98 days, and body fat content at 21, 52 and 97 days. RESULTS IUGRmx had the greatest growth during lactation, but from day 22 to day 54, both IUGR groups gained less body weight than the REF (P < 0.05). In the short-term (58 days), IUGRmx tended to be longer (P = 0.06) and had less body fat (P = 0.03) than IUGRc. These differences were not seen after HFD. Microarray analysis of hepatic mRNA expression at 58 and 100 days revealed a gender-dependent treatment effect, and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism was the most affected. Twelve of these genes were selected for studying differences in DNA methylation in the promoter region, for some, we observed age- and gender-related differences but none because of treatment. CONCLUSION The nutritional intervention promoted catch-up growth and normalized excessive adiposity in IUGR animals at short-term. The benefits did not extend after a period of HFD. IUGR and early diet had gender-dependent effects on hepatic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Moser
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - C. García-Ródenas
- Department of Nutrition and Health; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - F. Raymond
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - R. Mansourian
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - I. Rubio-Aliaga
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - S. Viguet-Carrin
- Department of Nutrition and Health; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - S. Metairon
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - C. Ammon-Zufferey
- Department of Nutrition and Health; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - O. Avanti-Nigro
- Department of Nutrition and Health; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - K. Macé
- Department of Nutrition and Health; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - I. Silva-Zolezzi
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
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Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken RP, Adam CL. Impact of embryo donor adiposity, birthweight and gender on early postnatal growth, glucose metabolism and body composition in the young lamb. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 26:665-81. [DOI: 10.1071/rd13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, notably when associated with rapid postnatal catch-up growth. A sheep paradigm was used to assess relationships between prenatal and early postnatal growth trajectories, metabolism and body composition. Singletons (single-sire embryo transfer from obese and control donors) were gestated and suckled by overnourished adolescent dams and categorised by birthweight as IUGR or normal (N). Gestation length was equivalent in both categories and all lambs were delivered spontaneously preterm (PT; mean (± s.e.m.) 139.8 ± 1.7 days; term = 145–147 days). The IUGR lambs were smaller at birth, but fractional growth rates (FGR) for eight anthropometry parameters were higher and independent of gender (except thorax girth; males (M) < females (F)). At Day 48, fasting glucose (IUGR > N; M > F) and first-phase insulin response (to 20 min; IUGR < N; M < F) after glucose were influenced by prenatal growth and gender. Embryo donor adiposity influenced glucose tolerance only. Plasma insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (M > F) and leptin (M < F) were influenced by gender but not prenatal growth. At necropsy (Day 77), IUGR plus PT lambs had decreased carcass and visceral organ weights, but carcass composition was not different from N plus PT. In contrast, M were heavier, with lower internal fat mass, carcass fat percentage and perirenal fat leptin mRNA than F. Therefore, IUGR was associated with increased postnatal FGR and altered glucose handling, but, without absolute catch-up growth, gender had the predominant influence on postnatal leptinaemia and adiposity.
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35
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Fowden AL, Jellyman JK, Valenzuela OA, Forhead AJ. Nutritional Programming of Intrauterine Development: A Concept Applicable to the Horse? J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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36
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Impact of low dose prenatal ethanol exposure on glucose homeostasis in Sprague-Dawley rats aged up to eight months. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59718. [PMID: 23533642 PMCID: PMC3606130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to alcohol prenatally has a myriad of detrimental effects on the health and well-being of the offspring. It is unknown whether chronic low-moderate exposure of alcohol prenatally has similar and lasting effects on the adult offspring’s health. Using our recently developed Sprague-Dawley rat model of 6% chronic prenatal ethanol exposure, this study aimed to determine if this modest level of exposure adversely affects glucose homeostasis in male and female offspring aged up to eight months. Plasma glucose concentrations were measured in late fetal and postnatal life. The pancreas of 30 day old offspring was analysed for β-cell mass. Glucose handling and insulin action was measured at four months using an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and insulin challenge, respectively. Body composition and metabolic gene expression were measured at eight months. Despite normoglycaemia in ethanol consuming dams, ethanol-exposed fetuses were hypoglycaemic at embryonic day 20. Ethanol-exposed offspring were normoglycaemic and normoinsulinaemic under basal fasting conditions and had normal pancreatic β-cell mass at postnatal day 30. However, during a glucose tolerance test, male ethanol-exposed offspring were hyperinsulinaemic with increased first phase insulin secretion. Female ethanol-exposed offspring displayed enhanced glucose clearance during an insulin challenge. Body composition and hepatic, muscle and adipose tissue metabolic gene expression levels at eight months were not altered by prenatal ethanol exposure. Low-moderate chronic prenatal ethanol exposure has subtle, sex specific effects on glucose homeostasis in the young adult rat. As aging is associated with glucose dysregulation, further studies will clarify the long lasting effects of prenatal ethanol exposure.
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37
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Gabory A, Roseboom TJ, Moore T, Moore LG, Junien C. Placental contribution to the origins of sexual dimorphism in health and diseases: sex chromosomes and epigenetics. Biol Sex Differ 2013; 4:5. [PMID: 23514128 PMCID: PMC3618244 DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences occur in most non-communicable diseases, including metabolic diseases, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric and neurological disorders and cancer. In many cases, the susceptibility to these diseases begins early in development. The observed differences between the sexes may result from genetic and hormonal differences and from differences in responses to and interactions with environmental factors, including infection, diet, drugs and stress. The placenta plays a key role in fetal growth and development and, as such, affects the fetal programming underlying subsequent adult health and accounts, in part for the developmental origin of health and disease (DOHaD). There is accumulating evidence to demonstrate the sex-specific relationships between diverse environmental influences on placental functions and the risk of disease later in life. As one of the few tissues easily collectable in humans, this organ may therefore be seen as an ideal system for studying how male and female placenta sense nutritional and other stresses, such as endocrine disruptors. Sex-specific regulatory pathways controlling sexually dimorphic characteristics in the various organs and the consequences of lifelong differences in sex hormone expression largely account for such responses. However, sex-specific changes in epigenetic marks are generated early after fertilization, thus before adrenal and gonad differentiation in the absence of sex hormones and in response to environmental conditions. Given the abundance of X-linked genes involved in placentogenesis, and the early unequal gene expression by the sex chromosomes between males and females, the role of X- and Y-chromosome-linked genes, and especially those involved in the peculiar placenta-specific epigenetics processes, giving rise to the unusual placenta epigenetic landscapes deserve particular attention. However, even with recent developments in this field, we still know little about the mechanisms underlying the early sex-specific epigenetic marks resulting in sex-biased gene expression of pathways and networks. As a critical messenger between the maternal environment and the fetus, the placenta may play a key role not only in buffering environmental effects transmitted by the mother but also in expressing and modulating effects due to preconceptional exposure of both the mother and the father to stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gabory
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78352, France.
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Gatford KL, Sulaiman SA, Mohammad SNB, De Blasio MJ, Harland ML, Simmons RA, Owens JA. Neonatal exendin-4 reduces growth, fat deposition and glucose tolerance during treatment in the intrauterine growth-restricted lamb. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56553. [PMID: 23424667 PMCID: PMC3570470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IUGR increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in later life, due to reduced insulin sensitivity and impaired adaptation of insulin secretion. In IUGR rats, development of T2DM can be prevented by neonatal administration of the GLP-1 analogue exendin-4. We therefore investigated effects of neonatal exendin-4 administration on insulin action and β-cell mass and function in the IUGR neonate in the sheep, a species with a more developed pancreas at birth. Methods Twin IUGR lambs were injected s.c. daily with vehicle (IUGR+Veh, n = 8) or exendin-4 (1 nmol.kg-1, IUGR+Ex-4, n = 8), and singleton control lambs were injected with vehicle (CON, n = 7), from d 1 to 16 of age. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were measured in vivo during treatment (d 12–14). Body composition, β-cell mass and in vitro insulin secretion of isolated pancreatic islets were measured at d 16. Principal Findings IUGR+Veh did not alter in vivo insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity or β-cell mass, but increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro. Exendin-4 treatment of the IUGR lamb impaired glucose tolerance in vivo, reflecting reduced insulin sensitivity, and normalised glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro. Exendin-4 also reduced neonatal growth and visceral fat accumulation in IUGR lambs, known risk factors for later T2DM. Conclusions Neonatal exendin-4 induces changes in IUGR lambs that might improve later insulin action. Whether these effects of exendin-4 lead to improved insulin action in adult life after IUGR in the sheep, as in the PR rat, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Bagley HN, Wang Y, Campbell MS, Yu X, Lane RH, Joss-Moore LA. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid increases adiponectin and normalizes IUGR-induced changes in rat adipose deposition. J Obes 2013; 2013:312153. [PMID: 23533720 PMCID: PMC3606778 DOI: 10.1155/2013/312153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes to obesity and adipose dysfunction. We previously demonstrated IUGR-induced increased visceral adipose deposition and dysregulated expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- γ 2 (PPAR γ 2) in male adolescent rats, prior to the onset of obesity. In other studies, activation of PPAR γ increases subcutaneous adiponectin expression and normalizes visceral adipose deposition. We hypothesized that maternal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a PPAR γ agonist, would normalize IUGR adipose deposition in association with increased PPAR γ , adiponectin, and adiponectin receptor expression in subcutaneous adipose. To test these hypotheses, we used a well-characterized model of uteroplacental-insufficiency-(UPI-) induced IUGR in the rat with maternal DHA supplementation. Our primary findings were that maternal DHA supplementation during rat pregnancy and lactation (1) normalizes IUGR-induced changes in adipose deposition and visceral PPAR γ expression in male rats and (2) increases serum adiponectin, as well as adipose expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in former IUGR rats. Our novel findings suggest that maternal DHA supplementation may normalize adipose dysfunction and promote adiponectin-induced improvements in metabolic function in IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N. Bagley
- Division of Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | | | - Xing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Robert H. Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Lisa A. Joss-Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
- Division of Neonatology, University of Utah, P.O. Box 581289, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
- *Lisa A. Joss-Moore:
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Gatford KL, De Blasio MJ, How TA, Harland ML, Summers-Pearce BL, Owens JA. Testing the plasticity of insulin secretion and β-cell functionin vivo: responses to chronic hyperglycaemia in the sheep. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:663-75. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.063560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Torres VE, Chapman AB, Perrone RD, Bae KT, Abebe KZ, Bost JE, Miskulin DC, Steinman TI, Braun WE, Winklhofer FT, Hogan MC, Oskoui FR, Kelleher C, Masoumi A, Glockner J, Halin NJ, Martin DR, Remer E, Patel N, Pedrosa I, Wetzel LH, Thompson PA, Miller JP, Meyers CM, Schrier RW. Analysis of baseline parameters in the HALT polycystic kidney disease trials. Kidney Int 2011; 81:577-85. [PMID: 22205355 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HALT PKD consists of two ongoing randomized trials with the largest cohort of systematically studied patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease to date. Study A will compare combined treatment with an angiotensin-converting inhibitor and receptor blocker to inhibitor alone and standard compared with low blood pressure targets in 558 early-stage disease patients with an eGFR over 60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). Study B will compare inhibitor-blocker treatment to the inhibitor alone in 486 late-stage patients with eGFR 25-60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). We used correlation and multiple regression cross-sectional analyses to determine associations of baseline parameters with total kidney, liver, or liver cyst volumes measured by MRI in Study A and eGFR in both studies. Lower eGFR and higher natural log-transformed urine albumin excretion were independently associated with a larger natural log-transformed total kidney volume adjusted for height (ln(HtTKV)). Higher body surface area was independently associated with a higher ln(HtTKV) and lower eGFR. Men had larger height-adjusted total kidney volume and smaller liver cyst volumes than women. A weak correlation was found between the ln(HtTKV) and natural log-transformed total liver volume adjusted for height or natural log liver cyst volume in women only. Women had higher urine aldosterone excretion and lower plasma potassium. Thus, our analysis (1) confirms a strong association between renal volume and functional parameters, (2) shows that gender and other factors differentially affect the development of polycystic disease in the kidney and liver, and (3) suggests an association between anthropomorphic measures reflecting prenatal and/or postnatal growth and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente E Torres
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55901, USA.
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Abstract
The ways in which epigenetic modifications fix the effects of early environmental events, ensuring sustained responses to transient stimuli that result in modified gene expression patterns and phenotypes later in life, are a topic of considerable interest. This article focuses on recently discovered mechanisms and calls into question prevailing views about the dynamics, positions, and functions of epigenetic marks. Most epigenetic studies have addressed the long-term effects of environmental stressors on a small number of epigenetic marks, at the global or individual gene level, in humans and in animal models. In parallel, increasing numbers of studies based on high-throughput technologies are revealing additional complexity in epigenetic processes by highlighting the importance of crosstalk between different epigenetic marks in humans and mice. A number of studies focusing on metabolic programming and the developmental origin of health and disease have identified links between early nutrition, epigenetic processes, and long-term illness. The existence of a self-propagating epigenetic cycle has been shown. Moreover, recent studies have shown an obvious sexual dimorphism both for programming trajectories and in response to the same environmental insult. Despite recent progress, however, we are still far from understanding how, when, and where environmental stressors disturb key epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, the need to identify original key marks and monitor the changes they undergo throughout development, during an individual's lifetime, or over several generations remains a challenging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gabory
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Laker RC, Gallo LA, Wlodek ME, Siebel AL, Wadley GD, McConell GK. Short-term exercise training early in life restores deficits in pancreatic β-cell mass associated with growth restriction in adult male rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E931-40. [PMID: 21810930 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00114.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction is associated with reduced pancreatic β-cell mass, contributing to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Exercise training increases β-cell mass in animals with diabetes and has long-lasting metabolic benefits in rodents and humans. We studied the effect of exercise training on islet and β-cell morphology and plasma insulin and glucose, following an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in juvenile and adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats born small. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation performed on day 18 of pregnancy resulted in Restricted offspring born small compared with sham-operated Controls and also sham-operated Reduced litter offspring that had their litter size reduced to five pups at birth. Restricted, Control, and Reduced litter offspring remained sedentary or underwent treadmill running from 5 to 9 or 20 to 24 wk of age. Early life exercise increased relative islet surface area and β-cell mass across all groups at 9 wk, partially restoring the 60-68% deficit (P < 0.05) in Restricted offspring. Remarkably, despite no further exercise training after 9 wk, β-cell mass was restored in Restricted at 24 wk, while sedentary littermates retained a 45% deficit (P = 0.05) in relative β-cell mass. Later exercise training also restored Restricted β-cell mass to Control levels. In conclusion, early life exercise training in rats born small restored β-cell mass in adulthood and may have beneficial consequences for later metabolic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna C Laker
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Gabory A, Attig L, Junien C. Epigenetic mechanisms involved in developmental nutritional programming. World J Diabetes 2011; 2:164-75. [PMID: 22010058 PMCID: PMC3196195 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i10.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ways in which epigenetic modifications fix the effects of early environmental events, ensuring sustained responses to transient stimuli, which result in modified gene expression patterns and phenotypes later in life, is a topic of considerable interest. This review focuses on recently discovered mechanisms and calls into question prevailing views about the dynamics, position and functions of epigenetic marks. Most epigenetic studies have addressed the long-term effects on a small number of epigenetic marks, at the global or individual gene level, of environmental stressors in humans and animal models. In parallel, increasing numbers of studies based on high-throughput technologies and focusing on humans and mice have revealed additional complexity in epigenetic processes, by highlighting the importance of crosstalk between the different epigenetic marks. A number of studies focusing on the developmental origin of health and disease and metabolic programming have identified links between early nutrition, epigenetic processes and long-term illness. The existence of a self-propagating epigenetic cycle has been demonstrated. Moreover, recent studies demonstrate an obvious sexual dimorphism both for programming trajectories and in response to the same environmental insult. Despite recent progress, we are still far from understanding how, when and where environmental stressors disturb key epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, identifying the original key marks and their changes throughout development during an individual’s lifetime or over several generations remains a challenging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gabory
- Anne Gabory, Linda Attig, Claudine Junien, Developmental Biology and Reproduction, National Institute for Agronomic Research, National Veterinary school, National Center For Scientific Research, Jouy en Josas, France
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Muhlhausler BS, Gibson RA, Makrides M. The effect of maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on body fat mass in the offspring: a systematic review of animal studies. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:83-8. [PMID: 21601438 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) reduce adipogenesis and lipogenesis in adult rodents, but it is not clear whether an increased n-3 LCPUFA supply during the perinatal period influences body fat mass in the offspring. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the existing evidence from animal studies, which have addressed this question. Medline was searched for relevant articles. Studies were included if they involved maternal n-3 PUFA or LCPUFA supplementation and measured fat mass in the offspring. The design and quality of each study was assessed. Only four animal studies met our inclusion criteria. Three studies reported a lower fat mass in offspring of n-3 LCPUFA supplemented dams, however only one of these studies confined the intervention to the perinatal period. The dose of n-3 PUFA, the nature of the control treatment, the approaches used and outcomes assessed differed between studies. This review highlights the paucity of robust animal data as to the effect of increased n-3 LCPUFA exposure during the perinatal period alone, on body fat mass in the offspring and calls for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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46
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Adverse metabolic phenotype in low-birth-weight lambs and its modification by postnatal nutrition. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:510-22. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511003175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Both high and low maternal dietary intakes adversely affect fetal nutrient supply in adolescent sheep pregnancies. Aims were: (a) to assess the impact of prenatal nutrition on pregnancy outcome, offspring growth and offspring glucose metabolism and (b) to determine whether the offspring metabolic phenotype could then be altered by modifying postnatal nutrition. Dams carrying a single fetus were offered either an optimal control (C) intake to maintain adiposity throughout pregnancy, undernourished to maintain weight at conception but deplete maternal reserves (UN), or overnourished to promote rapid maternal growth and adiposity (ON). Placental weight and gestation length were reduced in ON dams and lamb birth weights were C>UN>ON (P < 0·001). All offspring were fed ad libitum from weaning to 6 months of age. ON offspring exhibited rapid catch-up growth and had increased fasting glucose and relative glucose intolerance compared with C offspring (P < 0·05). Irrespective of prenatal diet and sex, birth weight correlated negatively with these indices of glucose metabolism. From 7 to 12 months offspring either had continued ad libitum diet (ADLIB; to induce an obesogenic state) or a decreased ration appropriate for normal growth (NORM). At 12 months, the negative relationship between birth weight and indices of glucose metabolism persisted in ADLIB females (for example, fasting glucose, r − 0·632; P < 0·03) but was absent in NORM females and in both male groups. Therefore, low-birth-weight offspring from differentially achieved prenatal malnutrition exhibit an early adverse metabolic phenotype, and this can apparently be ameliorated by postnatal nutrition in females but not in males.
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47
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Jammes H, Junien C, Chavatte-Palmer P. Epigenetic control of development and expression of quantitative traits. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:64-74. [PMID: 21366982 DOI: 10.1071/rd10259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that epigenetic regulation of gene expression is critical during embryo development and subsequently during pre- and post-natal life. The phenotype of an individual is the result of complex interactions between genotype and current, past and ancestral environment leading to a lifelong remodelling of its epigenome. Practically, if the genome was compared with the hardware in a computer, the epigenome would be the software that directs the computer's operation. This review points to the importance of epigenetic processes for genome function in various biological processes, such as embryo development and the expression of quantitative traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Jammes
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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48
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Hochberg Z, Feil R, Constancia M, Fraga M, Junien C, Carel JC, Boileau P, Le Bouc Y, Deal CL, Lillycrop K, Scharfmann R, Sheppard A, Skinner M, Szyf M, Waterland RA, Waxman DJ, Whitelaw E, Ong K, Albertsson-Wikland K. Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:159-224. [PMID: 20971919 PMCID: PMC3365792 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity in developmental programming has evolved in order to provide the best chances of survival and reproductive success to the organism under changing environments. Environmental conditions that are experienced in early life can profoundly influence human biology and long-term health. Developmental origins of health and disease and life-history transitions are purported to use placental, nutritional, and endocrine cues for setting long-term biological, mental, and behavioral strategies in response to local ecological and/or social conditions. The window of developmental plasticity extends from preconception to early childhood and involves epigenetic responses to environmental changes, which exert their effects during life-history phase transitions. These epigenetic responses influence development, cell- and tissue-specific gene expression, and sexual dimorphism, and, in exceptional cases, could be transmitted transgenerationally. Translational epigenetic research in child health is a reiterative process that ranges from research in the basic sciences, preclinical research, and pediatric clinical research. Identifying the epigenetic consequences of fetal programming creates potential applications in clinical practice: the development of epigenetic biomarkers for early diagnosis of disease, the ability to identify susceptible individuals at risk for adult diseases, and the development of novel preventive and curative measures that are based on diet and/or novel epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hochberg
- Rambam Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Ellis-Hutchings RG, Zucker RM, Grey BE, Norwood J, Richards JH, Lau C, Rogers JM. Altered health outcomes in adult offspring of Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats undernourished during early or late pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 89:396-407. [PMID: 20973054 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth weight in humans has been inversely associated with adult disease risk. Results of animal studies have varied depending on species, strain, and treatment. METHODS We compared birth weight and adult health in offspring following 50% maternal undernutrition on gestation days (GD) 1-15 (UN1-15) or GD 10-21 (UN10-21) in Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats. Offspring from food-deprived dams were weighed and cross-fostered to control dams. Litters were weighed during lactation and initiating at weaning males were fed either control or a high-fat diet. Young and mature adult offspring were evaluated for obesity, blood pressure (BP), insulin response to oral glucose, and serum lipids. Nephron endowment, renal glucocorticoid receptor, and renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system components were measured. RESULTS The UN10-21 groups had birth weights lower than controls and transient catch up growth by weaning. Neither strain demonstrated obesity or dyslipidemia following prenatal undernutrition, but long-term body weight deficits occurred in the UN groups of both strains. High-fat diet fed offspring gained more weight than control offspring without an effect of prenatal nutrition. Sprague Dawley were slightly more susceptible than Wistar rats to altered insulin response and increased BP following gestational undernutrition. Nephron endowment in Sprague Dawley but not Wistar offspring was lower in the UN10-21 groups. Glucocorticoid and renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system pathways were not altered. CONCLUSIONS The most consistent effect of maternal undernutrition was elevated BP in offspring. Long-term health effects occurred with undernutrition during either window, but the UN10-21 period resulted in lower birth weight and more severe adult health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ellis-Hutchings
- Toxicology Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Long NM, Prado-Cooper MJ, Krehbiel CR, Wettemann RP. Effects of nutrient restriction of bovine dams during early gestation on postnatal growth and regulation of plasma glucose1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3262-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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