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Holwerda AM, Atherton PJ, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips SM, van Loon LJC. Assessing muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans: the deuterated water ( 2H 2O) method. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)01029-0. [PMID: 39278410 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue is in a constant state of turnover, with muscle tissue protein synthesis and breakdown rates ranging between 1-2 % across the day in vivo in humans. Muscle tissue remodeling is largely controlled by the up- and down-regulation of muscle tissue protein synthesis rates. Research studies generally apply stable isotope labeled amino acids to assess muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. Following labeled amino acid administration in a laboratory setting, muscle tissue samples are collected over several hours to assess the incorporation rate of these labeled amino acids in muscle tissue protein. To allow quantification of bulk muscle protein synthesis rates over more prolonged periods, the use of deuterated water methodology has regained much interest. Ingestion of daily boluses of deuterium oxide (2H2O) results in 2H-enrichment of the body water pool. The available 2H-atoms become incorporated into endogenously synthesized alanine primarily through transamination of pyruvate in the liver. With 2H-alanine widely available to all tissues, it becomes incorporated into de novo synthesized tissue proteins. Assessing the increase in tissue protein-bound 2H-alanine enrichment in muscle biopsy samples over time allows for calculation of muscle protein synthesis rates over several days or even weeks. As the deuterated water method allows for assessment of muscle tissue protein synthesis rates under free living conditions in non-laboratory settings, there is an increasing interest in its application. This manuscript describes the theoretical background of the deuterated water method and offers a comprehensive tutorial to correctly apply the method to determine bulk muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Philip J Atherton
- University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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O'Reilly CL, Bodine SC, Miller BF. Current limitations and future opportunities of tracer studies of muscle ageing. J Physiol 2023:10.1113/JP285616. [PMID: 38051758 PMCID: PMC11150331 DOI: 10.1113/jp285616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L O'Reilly
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sue C Bodine
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Association, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Association, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Cabrera AR, Deaver JW, Lim S, Morena da Silva F, Schrems ER, Saling LW, Tsitkanou S, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Wiggs MP, Washington TA, Greene NP. Females display relatively preserved muscle quality compared with males during the onset and early stages of C26-induced cancer cachexia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:655-672. [PMID: 37535708 PMCID: PMC10642509 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00196.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is clinically defined by involuntary weight loss >5% in <6 mo, primarily affecting skeletal muscle. Here, we aimed to identify sex differences in the onset of colorectal cancer cachexia with specific consideration to skeletal muscle contractile and metabolic functions. Eight-weeks old BALB/c mice (69 males, 59 females) received subcutaneous C26 allografts or PBS vehicle. Tumors were developed for 10-, 15-, 20-, or 25 days. Muscles and organs were collected, in vivo muscle contractility, protein synthesis rate, mitochondrial function, and protein turnover markers were assessed. One-way ANOVA within sex and trend analysis between sexes were performed, P < 0.05. Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles became atrophic in male mice at 25 days, whereas female mice exhibited no significant differences in muscle weights at endpoints despite presenting hallmarks of cancer cachexia (fat loss, hepatosplenomegaly). We observed lowered muscle contractility and protein synthesis concomitantly to muscle mass decay in males, with higher proteolytic markers in muscles of both sexes. mRNA of Opa1 was lower in TA, whereas Bnip3 was higher in gastrocnemius after 25 days in male mice, with no significant effect in female mice. Our data suggest relative protections to skeletal muscle in females compared with males despite other canonical signs of cancer cachexia and increased protein degradation markers; suggesting we should place onus upon nonmuscle tissues during early stages of cancer cachexia in females. We noted potential protective mechanisms relating to skeletal muscle contractile and mitochondrial functions. Our findings underline possible heterogeneity in onset of cancer cachexia between biological sexes, suggesting the need for sex-specific approaches to treat cancer cachexia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrates biological-sex differences in phenotypic characteristics of cancer cachexia between male and female mice, whereby females display many common characteristics of cachexia (gonadal fat loss and hepatosplenomegaly), protein synthesis markers alterations, and common catabolic markers in skeletal muscle despite relatively preserved muscle mass in early-stage cachexia compared with males. Mechanisms of cancer cachexia appear to differ between sexes. Data suggest need to place onus of early cancer cachexia detection and treatment on nonmuscle tissues in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Regina Cabrera
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - J William Deaver
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Francielly Morena da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Eleanor R Schrems
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Landen W Saling
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Stavroula Tsitkanou
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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Smith MA, Sexton CL, Smith KA, Osburn SC, Godwin JS, Beausejour JP, Ruple BA, Goodlett MD, Edison JL, Fruge AD, Robinson AT, Gladden LB, Young KC, Roberts MD. Molecular predictors of resistance training outcomes in young untrained female adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:491-507. [PMID: 36633866 PMCID: PMC10190845 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00605.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine if the myofibrillar protein synthetic (MyoPS) response to a naïve resistance exercise (RE) bout, or chronic changes in satellite cell number and muscle ribosome content, were associated with hypertrophic outcomes in females or differed in those who classified as higher (HR) or lower (LR) responders to resistance training (RT). Thirty-four untrained college-aged females (23.4 ± 3.4 kg/m2) completed a 10-wk RT protocol (twice weekly). Body composition and leg imaging assessments, a right leg vastus lateralis biopsy, and strength testing occurred before and following the intervention. A composite score, which included changes in whole body lean/soft tissue mass (LSTM), vastus lateralis (VL) muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), midthigh mCSA, and deadlift strength, was used to delineate upper and lower HR (n = 8) and LR (n = 8) quartiles. In all participants, training significantly (P < 0.05) increased LSTM, VL mCSA, midthigh mCSA, deadlift strength, mean muscle fiber cross-sectional area, satellite cell abundance, and myonuclear number. Increases in LSTM (P < 0.001), VL mCSA (P < 0.001), midthigh mCSA (P < 0.001), and deadlift strength (P = 0.001) were greater in HR vs. LR. The first-bout 24-hour MyoPS response was similar between HR and LR (P = 0.367). While no significant responder × time interaction existed for muscle total RNA concentrations (i.e., ribosome content) (P = 0.888), satellite cell abundance increased in HR (P = 0.026) but not LR (P = 0.628). Pretraining LSTM (P = 0.010), VL mCSA (P = 0.028), and midthigh mCSA (P < 0.001) were also greater in HR vs. LR. Female participants with an enhanced satellite cell response to RT, and more muscle mass before RT, exhibited favorable resistance training adaptations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study continues to delineate muscle biology differences between lower and higher responders to resistance training and is unique in that a female population was interrogated. As has been reported in prior studies, increases in satellite cell numbers are related to positive responses to resistance training. Satellite cell responsivity, rather than changes in muscle ribosome content per milligrams of tissue, may be a more important factor in delineating resistance-training responses in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kristen A Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael D Goodlett
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Joseph L Edison
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Andrew D Fruge
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
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Lim S, Deaver JW, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Lee DE, Morena da Silva F, Cabrera AR, Schrems ER, Saling LW, Washington TA, Fluckey JD, Greene NP. Muscle miR-16 deletion results in impaired insulin sensitivity and contractile function in a sex-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E278-E292. [PMID: 35068192 PMCID: PMC8897019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00333.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRs) are linked to various human diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and emerging evidence suggests that miRs may serve as potential therapeutic targets. Lower miR-16 content is consistent across different models of T2DM; however, the role of miR-16 in muscle metabolic health is still elusive. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how deletion of miR-16 in mice affects skeletal muscle metabolic health and contractile function in both sexes. This study was conducted using both 1) in vitro and 2) in vivo experiments. In in vitro experiments, we used C2C12 myoblasts to test if inhibition or overexpression of miR-16 affected insulin-mediated glucose handling. In in vivo experiments, we generated muscle-specific miR-16 knockout (KO) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to assess how miR-16 content impacts metabolic and contractile properties including glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, muscle contractile function, protein anabolism, and mitochondrial network health. In in vitro experiments, although inhibition of miR-16 induced impaired insulin signaling (P = 0.002) and glucose uptake (P = 0.014), overexpression of miR-16 did not attenuate lipid overload-induced insulin resistance using the diacylglycerol analog 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol. In in vivo experiments, miR-16 deletion induced both impaired muscle contractility (P = 0.031-0.033), and mitochondrial network health (P = 0.008-0.018) in both sexes. However, although males specifically exhibited impaired insulin sensitivity following miR-16 deletion (P = 0.030), female KO mice showed pronounced glucose intolerance (P = 0.046), corresponding with lower muscle weights (P = 0.015), and protein hyperanabolism (P = 0.023). Our findings suggest distinct sex differences in muscle adaptation in response to miR-16 deletion and miR-16 may serve as a key regulator for metabolic dysregulation in T2DM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We set to investigate the role of miR-16 in skeletal muscle during diet-induced insulin resistance. Our data provide novel evidence that the lack of miR-16 induced multiple aberrations in insulin sensitivity, muscle contractility, mitochondrial network health, and protein turnover in a sex-dependent manner. Interestingly, miR-16 deletion leads to insulin resistance in males and exacerbated glucose intolerance in females, suggesting different mechanisms of metabolic dysregulation with a lack of miR-16 between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - J William Deaver
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - David E Lee
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Francielly Morena da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Ana Regina Cabrera
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Eleanor R Schrems
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Landen W Saling
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - James D Fluckey
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Lim S, Deaver JW, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Haynie WS, Morena da Silva F, Cabrera AR, Schrems ER, Saling LW, Jansen LT, Dunlap KR, Wiggs MP, Washington TA, Greene NP. Development of metabolic and contractile alterations in development of cancer cachexia in female tumor-bearing mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:58-72. [PMID: 34762526 PMCID: PMC8747017 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00660.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) results in impaired muscle function and quality of life and is the primary cause of death for ∼20%-30% of patients with cancer. We demonstrated mitochondrial degeneration as a precursor to CC in male mice; however, whether such alterations occur in females is currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to elucidate muscle alterations in CC development in female tumor-bearing mice. Sixty female C57BL/6J mice were injected with PBS or Lewis lung carcinoma at 8 wk of age, and tumors developed for 1, 2, 3, or 4 wk to assess the time course of cachectic development. In vivo muscle contractile function, protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR), protein turnover, and mitochondrial health were assessed. Three- and four-week tumor-bearing mice displayed a dichotomy in tumor growth and were reassigned to high tumor (HT) and low tumor (LT) groups. HT mice exhibited lower soleus, tibialis anterior, and fat weights than PBS mice. HT mice showed lower peak isometric torque and slower one-half relaxation time than PBS mice. HT mice had lower FSR than PBS mice, whereas E3 ubiquitin ligases were greater in HT than in other groups. Bnip3 (mitophagy) and pMitoTimer red puncta (mitochondrial degeneration) were greater in HT mice, whereas Pgc1α1 and Tfam (mitochondrial biogenesis) were lower in HT mice than in PBS mice. We demonstrate alterations in female tumor-bearing mice where HT exhibited greater protein degradation, impaired muscle contractility, and mitochondrial degeneration compared with other groups. Our data provide novel evidence for a distinct cachectic development in tumor-bearing female mice compared with previous male studies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrates divergent tumor development and tissue wasting within 3- and 4-wk mice, where approximately half the mice developed large tumors and subsequent cachexia. Unlike previous male studies, where metabolic perturbations precede the onset of cachexia, females appear to exhibit protections from the metabolic perturbations and cachexia development. Our data provide novel evidence for divergent cachectic development in tumor-bearing female mice compared with previous male CC studies, suggesting different mechanisms of CC between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - J William Deaver
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Wesley S Haynie
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Francielly Morena da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Ana Regina Cabrera
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Eleanor R Schrems
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Landen W Saling
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Lisa T Jansen
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Kirsten R Dunlap
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Mooney Laboratory for Exercise, Nutrition, and Biochemistry, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Cegielski J, Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Boereboom C, Phillips BE, Gladman JFR, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Combined in vivo muscle mass, muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown measurement: a 'Combined Oral Stable Isotope Assessment of Muscle (COSIAM)' approach. GeroScience 2021; 43:2653-2665. [PMID: 34046811 PMCID: PMC8602438 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimising approaches for measuring skeletal muscle mass and turnover that are widely applicable, minimally invasive and cost effective is crucial in furthering research into sarcopenia and cachexia. Traditional approaches for measurement of muscle protein turnover require infusion of expensive, sterile, isotopically labelled tracers which limits the applicability of these approaches in certain populations (e.g. clinical, frail elderly). To concurrently quantify skeletal muscle mass and muscle protein turnover i.e. muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB), in elderly human volunteers using stable-isotope labelled tracers i.e. Methyl-[D3]-creatine (D3-Cr), deuterium oxide (D2O), and Methyl-[D3]-3-methylhistidine (D3-3MH), to measure muscle mass, MPS and MPB, respectively. We recruited 10 older males (71 ± 4 y, BMI: 25 ± 4 kg.m2, mean ± SD) into a 4-day study, with DXA and consumption of D2O and D3-Cr tracers on day 1. D3-3MH was consumed on day 3, 24 h prior to returning to the lab. From urine, saliva and blood samples, and a single muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis), we determined muscle mass, MPS and MPB. D3-Cr derived muscle mass was positively correlated to appendicular fat-free mass (AFFM) estimated by DXA (r = 0.69, P = 0.027). Rates of cumulative myofibrillar MPS over 3 days were 0.072%/h (95% CI, 0.064 to 0.081%/h). Whole-body MPB over 6 h was 0.052 (95% CI, 0.038 to 0.067). These rates were similar to previous literature. We demonstrate the potential for D3-Cr to be used alongside D2O and D3-3MH for concurrent measurement of muscle mass, MPS, and MPB using a minimally invasive design, applicable for clinical and frail populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cegielski
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Catherine Boereboom
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - John F R Gladman
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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Use of deuterium oxide ( 2H 2O) to assess muscle protein synthesis in juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fed complete, and valine-deficient diets. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1431-1439. [PMID: 34232398 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of 2H2O in tank water to assess protein synthesis rates in fish is a relatively novel methodology that could allow for a better understanding of the effects of particular nutritional and environmental variables on rates of protein accretion. As such, this study involved an assessment and comparison of protein synthesis rates in the muscle of juvenile red drum fed a control diet (nutritionally complete) versus a valine (Val)-deficient diet. Six groups of 12 juvenile red drum, initially weighing ~ 4.5 g/fish, were stocked in six separate 38-L aquaria operating as a recirculating system. Fish were acclimatized to experimental conditions for 2 weeks while being fed the control diet. Just prior to initiating the protein synthesis assay, one aquarium of fish was fed the control diet while a second aquarium of fish was fed the Val-deficient diet. Immediately after consuming the experimental diets, each group of fish was moved to an independent aquarium containing 2H2O, and the fractional synthetic rate (FSR) of protein synthesis was obtained at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after feeding by collecting two fish per treatment at each time point. This protein synthesis assay procedure was performed in three separate sessions, and considered as replicates over time (n = 3) for fish fed the control or Val-deficient diets immediately before initiating the session. Results indicated that a one-time feeding of a diet deficient in Val significantly reduced protein synthesis rates in the muscle of red drum. In addition, a significant effect of time after feeding was found, where observed FSR values peaked at 12 h after feeding and decreased as time progressed. In conclusion, deuterium methodologies were applicable to red drum, and this approach had the sensitivity to assess differences in protein synthesis rates when dietary perturbations were introduced.
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Liegnell R, Wessman F, Shalabi A, Harringe M. Validity of ultrasonography-derived predictions for estimating skeletal muscle volume: a systematic literature review. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:106. [PMID: 34229618 PMCID: PMC8258927 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The amount of muscle volume (MV) varies between individuals and is important for health, well-being and performance. Therefore, the monitoring of MV using different imaging modalities is important. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the gold standard, but is not always easily accessible, and the examinations are expensive. Ultrasonography (US) is a much less expensive imaging method widely used to measure changes in muscle thickness (MT). Whether MT may translate into MV needs further investigation. Purpose The aim of this review is to clarify whether US-derived equations based on MT predict MV based on MRI. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement, searching the electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science, for currently published equations to estimate MV with US. Results The literature search resulted in 363 citations. Twelve articles met the eligibility criteria. Ten articles scored eight out of eleven on QUADAS and two scored nine. Thirty-six prediction equations were identified. R values ranged between 0.53 and 0.961 and the standard error of the estimate (SEE) ranged between 6 and 12% for healthy adult populations, and up to 25.6% for children with cerebral palsy. Eight studies evaluated the results with a Bland–Altman plot and found no systematic errors. The overall strength and quality of the evidence was rated “low quality” as defined by the GRADE system. Conclusions The validity of US-derived equations based on MT is specific to the populations from which it is developed. The agreement with MV based on MRI is moderate with the SEE ranging between 6 and 12% in healthy adult populations. Suggestions for future research include investigations as to whether testing positions or increasing the number of measuring sites could improve the validity for prediction equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Liegnell
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Wessman
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adel Shalabi
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marita Harringe
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Lim S, Haynie WA, Brown JL, Deaver JW, Morena Da Silva F, Jansen LT, Lee DE, Wiggs MP, Washington TA, Greene NP. Female mice may have exacerbated catabolic signalling response compared to male mice during development and progression of disuse atrophy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:717-730. [PMID: 33675163 PMCID: PMC8200438 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle atrophy is a common pathology associated with disuse, such as prolonged bed rest or spaceflight, and is associated with detrimental health outcomes. There is emerging evidence that disuse atrophy may differentially affect males and females. Cellular mechanisms contributing to the development and progression of disuse remain elusive, particularly protein turnover cascades. The purpose of this study was to investigate the initial development and progression of disuse muscle atrophy in male and female mice using the well-established model of hindlimb unloading (HU). METHODS One hundred C57BL/6J mice (50 male and 50 female) were hindlimb suspended for 0 (control), 24, 48, 72, or 168 h to induce disuse atrophy (10 animals per group). At designated time points, animals were euthanized, and tissues (extensor digitorum longus, gastrocnemius, and soleus for mRNA analysis, gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus for protein synthesis rates, and tibialis anterior for histology) were collected for analysis of protein turnover mechanisms (protein anabolism and catabolism). RESULTS Both males and females lost ~30% of tibialis anterior cross-sectional area after 168 h of disuse. Males had no statistical difference in MHCIIB fibre area, whereas unloaded females had ~33% lower MHCIIB cross-sectional area by 168 h of unloading. Both males and females had lower fractional protein synthesis rates (FSRs) within 24-48 h of HU, and females appeared to have a greater reduction compared with males within 24 h of HU (~23% lower FSRs in males vs. 40% lower FSRs in females). Males and females exhibited differential patterns and responses in multiple markers of protein anabolism, catabolism, and myogenic capacity during the development and progression of disuse atrophy. Specifically, females had greater mRNA inductions of catabolic factors Ubc and Gadd45a (~4-fold greater content in females compared with ~2-fold greater content in males) and greater inductions of anabolic inhibitors Redd1 and Deptor with disuse across multiple muscle tissues exhibiting different fibre phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the aetiology of disuse muscle atrophy is more complicated and nuanced than previously thought, with different responses based on muscle phenotypes and between males and females, with females having greater inductions of atrophic markers early in the development of disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Wesley A Haynie
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jacob L Brown
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - John William Deaver
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Francielly Morena Da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Lisa T Jansen
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - David E Lee
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Integrative Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory Name, Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.,Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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11
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Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Smith K. Principles of stable isotope research - with special reference to protein metabolism. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 36:111-125. [PMID: 33969338 PMCID: PMC8083121 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The key to understanding the mechanisms regulating disease stems from the ability to accurately quantify the dynamic nature of the metabolism underlying the physiological and pathological changes occurring as a result of the disease. Stable isotope tracer technologies have been at the forefront of this for almost 80 years now, and through a combination of both intense theoretical and technological development over these decades, it is now possible to utilise stable isotope tracers to investigate the complexities of in vivo human metabolism from a whole body perspective, down to the regulation of sub-nanometer cellular components (i.e organelles, nucleotides and individual proteins). This review therefore aims to highlight; 1) the advances made in these stable isotope tracer approaches - with special reference given to their role in understanding the nutritional regulation of protein metabolism, 2) some considerations required for the appropriate application of these stable isotope techniques to study protein metabolism, 3) and finally how new stable isotopes approaches and instrument/technical developments will help to deliver greater clinical insight in the near future.
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Key Words
- A-V, Arterial Venous
- AA, Amino Acids
- AP(E), Atom percent (excess)
- FBR, Fractional Breakdown Rate
- FSR, Fractional Synthesis Rate
- GC-MS, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
- LC-MS, Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
- MPS, Muscle Protein Synthesis
- Muscle
- Protein turnover
- Ra, Rate of Appearance
- Rd, Rate of Disappearance
- Stable isotope tracers
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, NIHR Nottingham BRC, UK
- Division of Health Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Matthew S. Brook
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, NIHR Nottingham BRC, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ken Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, NIHR Nottingham BRC, UK
- Division of Health Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
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12
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Kim IY, Park S, Kim Y, Chang Y, Choi CS, Suh SH, Wolfe RR. In Vivo and In Vitro Quantification of Glucose Kinetics: From Bedside to Bench. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:733-749. [PMID: 33397035 PMCID: PMC7803595 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other substrates, plasma glucose is in a dynamic state of constant turnover (i.e., rates of glucose appearance [Ra glucose] into and disappearance [Rd glucose] from the plasma) while staying within a narrow range of normal concentrations, a physiological priority. Persistent imbalance of glucose turnover leads to elevations (i.e., hyperglycemia, Ra>Rd) or falls (i.e., hypoglycemia, Ra
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yewon Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Suh
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, the Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR,
USA
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13
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Daurio NA, Zhou H, Chen Y, Sheth PR, Imbriglio JE, McLaren DG, Tawa P, Rachdaoui N, Previs MJ, Kasumov T, O’Neil J, Previs SF. Examining Targeted Protein Degradation from Physiological and Analytical Perspectives: Enabling Translation between Cells and Subjects. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2623-2635. [PMID: 32930572 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to target specific proteins for degradation may open a new door toward developing therapeutics. Although effort in chemistry is essential for advancing this modality, i.e., one needs to generate proteolysis targeting chimeras (bifunctional molecules, also referred to as PROTACS) or "molecular glues" to accelerate protein degradation, we suspect that investigations could also benefit by directing attention toward physiological regulation surrounding protein homeostasis, including the methods that can be used to examine changes in protein kinetics. This perspective will first consider some metabolic scenarios that might be of importance when one aims to change protein abundance by increasing protein degradation. Specifically, could protein turnover impact the apparent outcome? We will then outline how to study protein dynamics by coupling stable isotope tracer methods with mass spectrometry-based detection; since the experimental conditions could have a dramatic effect on protein turnover, special attention is directed toward the application of methods for quantifying protein kinetics using in vitro and in vivo models. Our goal is to present key concepts that should enable mechanistically informed studies which test targeted protein degradation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Daurio
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Haihong Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Payal R. Sheth
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jason E. Imbriglio
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David G. McLaren
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Paul Tawa
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nadia Rachdaoui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Michael J. Previs
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05454, United States
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, United States
| | - Jennifer O’Neil
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephen F. Previs
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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14
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Miller BF, Reid JJ, Price JC, Lin HJL, Atherton PJ, Smith K. CORP: The use of deuterated water for the measurement of protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1163-1176. [PMID: 32213116 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00855.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of deuterium oxide (D2O) has greatly expanded the scope of what is possible for the measurement of protein synthesis. The greatest asset of D2O labeling is that it facilitates the measurement of synthesis rates over prolonged periods of time from single proteins through integrated tissue-based measurements. Because the ease of administration, the method is amenable for use in a variety of models and conditions. Although the method adheres to the same rules as other isotope methods, the flexibility can create conditions that are not the same as other approaches and thus requires careful execution to maintain validity and reliability. For this CORP article, we provide a history that gave rise to the method and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the method, the critical assumptions, guidelines, and best practices based on instrumentation, models, and experimental design. The goal of this CORP article is to propagate additional use of D2O in a manner that produces reliable and valid data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Justin J Reid
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - John C Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Hsien-Jung L Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Center for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Center for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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15
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McCullough A, Previs SF, Dasarathy J, Lee K, Osme A, Kim C, Ilchenko S, Lorkowski SW, Smith JD, Dasarathy S, Kasumov T. HDL flux is higher in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E852-E862. [PMID: 31503515 PMCID: PMC6879863 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00193.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of both nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Even though high-density lipoprotein (HDL), a CVD protective marker, is decreased, whether HDL metabolism and function are perturbed in NAFLD are currently unknown. We examined the effect of NAFLD and disease severity on HDL metabolism and function in patients with biopsy-proven simple steatosis (SS), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and healthy controls. HDL turnover and HDL protein dynamics in SS (n = 7), NASH (n = 8), and healthy controls (n = 9) were studied in vivo. HDL maturation and remodeling, antioxidant, cholesterol efflux properties, and activities of lecithin-cholesterol ester acyltransferase and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) were quantified using in vitro assays. All patients with NAFLD had increased turnover of both HDL cholesterol (HDLc; 0.16 ± 0.09 vs. 0.34 ± 0.18 days, P < 0.05) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoAI) (0.26 ± 0.04 vs. 0.34 ± 0.06 days, P < 0.005) compared with healthy controls. The fractional catabolic rates of other HDL proteins, including ApoAII (and ApoAIV) were higher (P < 0.05) in patients with NAFLD who also had higher CETP activity, ApoAI/HDLc ratio (P < 0.05). NAFLD-induced alterations were associated with lower antioxidant (114.2 ± 46.6 vs. 220.5 ± 48.2 nmol·mL-1·min-1) but higher total efflux properties of HDL (23.4 ± 1.3% vs. 25.5 ± 2.3%) (both P < 0.05), which was more pronounced in individuals with NASH. However, no differences were observed in either HDL turnover, antioxidant, and cholesterol efflux functions of HDL or HDL proteins' turnover between subjects with SS and subjects with NASH. Thus, HDL metabolism and function are altered in NAFLD without any significant differences between SS and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kwangwon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Abdullah Osme
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Chunki Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Serguei Ilchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Shuhui W Lorkowski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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16
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Lee TV, Lee CW, Chen VCW, Bui S, Fluckey JD, Riechman SE. The effects of hindlimb unloading versus dietary cholesterol and resistance training on rat skeletal muscle responses. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:3. [PMID: 30611265 PMCID: PMC6320614 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The loss of muscle mass and concomitantly strength, poses a serious risk to the elderly and to astronauts. Dietary cholesterol (CL), in conjunction with resistance training (RT), has been strongly associated with improvements in lean mass. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two opposing environments on rat skeletal muscle: (1) hindlimb unloading and (2) CL and RT. Methods In protocol 1, 13 male Sprague-Dawley rats were unloaded for 28 days (HU; n = 6) or served as cage controls (CC; n = 7). In protocol 2, 42 rats were assigned to 1 of 6 groups: CC (n = 7), CC + CL (n = 4), RT controls (RTC; n = 7), RTC + CL (n = 8), RT (n = 8) and RT + CL (n = 8). RT/RTC consisted of squat-like exercise. RT had weights added progressively from 80 to 410 g over 5 weeks. CL was supplemented in the chow with either 180 ppm (controls) or 1800 ppm (CL). Lower limb muscles were harvested at the end of both protocols and analyzed by Western Blotting for sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) and low-density lipoprotein-receptor (LDL-R) and protein synthesis. Results Gastrocnemius and plantaris masses and their body mass ratios were significantly lower in the HU rats than control rats. The RT rats gained significantly less body and lean mass than the RTC groups, but the plantar flexor muscles did not show any significant differences among groups. Moreover, RT groups had significantly higher plantaris mixed muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR) than the RTC and CC animals, with the CL groups showing greater FSR than control rats. No significant differences among groups in SREBP-2 or LDL-R were observed in either protocol. Conclusions These studies provide evidence for a relationship between skeletal muscle and cholesterol metabolism, but the exact nature of that association remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teak V Lee
- Life Sciences Department, Pierce College, 6201 Winnetka Avenue, Woodland Hills, CA, 91371, USA.
| | - Chang Woock Lee
- School of Education, Health Professions, and Human Development, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, USA
| | - Vincent C W Chen
- Exercise Science, Wellness and Sports Department, Georgian Court University, Lakewood, NJ, USA
| | - Steve Bui
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Dixie State University, St. George, UT, USA
| | - James D Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven E Riechman
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
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17
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Brown JL, Lee DE, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Brown LA, Perry RA, Haynie WS, Huseman K, Sataranatarajan K, Van Remmen H, Washington TA, Wiggs MP, Greene NP. Protein imbalance in the development of skeletal muscle wasting in tumour-bearing mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:987-1002. [PMID: 30328290 PMCID: PMC6204589 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia occurs in approximately 80% of cancer patients and is a key contributor to cancer-related death. The mechanisms controlling development of tumour-induced muscle wasting are not fully elucidated. Specifically, the progression and development of cancer cachexia are underexplored. Therefore, we examined skeletal muscle protein turnover throughout the development of cancer cachexia in tumour-bearing mice. METHODS Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) was injected into the hind flank of C57BL6/J mice at 8 weeks age with tumour allowed to develop for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks and compared with PBS injected control. Muscle size was measured by cross-sectional area analysis of haematoxylin and eosin stained tibialis anterior muscle. 2 H2 O was used to assess protein synthesis throughout the development of cancer cachexia. Immunoblot and RT-qPCR were used to measure regulators of protein turnover. TUNEL staining was utilized to measure apoptotic nuclei. LLC conditioned media (LCM) treatment of C2C12 myotubes was used to analyse cancer cachexia in vitro. RESULTS Muscle cross-sectional area decreased ~40% 4 weeks following tumour implantation. Myogenic signalling was suppressed in tumour-bearing mice as soon as 1 week following tumour implantation, including lower mRNA contents of Pax7, MyoD, CyclinD1, and Myogenin, when compared with control animals. AchRδ and AchRε mRNA contents were down-regulated by ~50% 3 weeks following tumour implantation. Mixed fractional synthesis rate protein synthesis was ~40% lower in 4 week tumour-bearing mice when compared with PBS controls. Protein ubiquitination was elevated by ~50% 4 weeks after tumour implantation. Moreover, there was an increase in autophagy machinery after 4 weeks of tumour growth. Finally, ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylations were fourfold and threefold greater than control muscle 4 weeks following tumour implantation, respectively. Inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not ERK MAPK, in vitro partially rescued LCM-induced loss of myotube diameter. CONCLUSIONS Our findings work towards understanding the pathophysiological signalling in skeletal muscle in the initial development of cancer cachexia. Shortly following the onset of the tumour-bearing state alterations in myogenic regulatory factors are apparent, suggesting early onset alterations in the capacity for myogenic induction. Cancer cachexia presents with a combination of a loss of protein synthesis and increased markers of protein breakdown, specifically in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Also, p38 MAPK may be a potential therapeutic target to combat cancer cachexia via a p38-FOX01-atrogene-ubiquitin-proteasome mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Brown
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - David E Lee
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Lemuel A Brown
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Richard A Perry
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Wesley S Haynie
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kendra Huseman
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Kavithalakshmi Sataranatarajan
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Integrated Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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18
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The fractional synthesis rates of plasma proteins as determined using deuterated water are sensitive to dietary intake of lysine in rats. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1719-1727. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Langer HT, Senden JMG, Gijsen AP, Kempa S, van Loon LJC, Spuler S. Muscle Atrophy Due to Nerve Damage Is Accompanied by Elevated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1220. [PMID: 30233398 PMCID: PMC6127268 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle loss is a severe complication of many medical conditions such as cancer, cardiac failure, muscular dystrophies, and nerve damage. The contribution of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) to the loss of muscle mass after nerve damage is not clear. Using deuterium oxide (D2O) labeling, we demonstrate that MPS is significantly increased in rat m.tibialis anterior (TA) compared to control (3.23 ± 0.72 [damaged] to 2.09 ± 0.26%∗day−1 [control]) after 4 weeks of nerve constriction injury. This is the case despite substantial loss of mass of the TA (350 ± 96 mg [damaged] to 946 ± 361 mg [control]). We also show that expression of regulatory proteins involved with MPS (p70s6k1: 2.4 ± 0.3 AU [damaged] to 1.8 ± 0.2 AU [control]) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) (MAFbx: 5.3 ± 1.2 AU [damaged] to 1.4 ± 0.4 AU [control]) are increased in nerve damaged muscle. Furthermore, the expression of p70s6k1 correlates with MPS rates (r2 = 0.57). In conclusion, this study shows that severe muscle wasting following nerve damage is accompanied by increased as opposed to decreased MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning T Langer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Joint Cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joan M G Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Simone Spuler
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Joint Cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Shimkus KL, Shirazi-Fard Y, Wiggs MP, Ullah ST, Pohlenz C, Gatlin DM, Carroll CC, Hogan HA, Fluckey JD. Responses of skeletal muscle size and anabolism are reproducible with multiple periods of unloading/reloading. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1456-1467. [PMID: 30091665 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00736.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical unloading has long been understood to contribute to rapid and substantial adaptations within skeletal muscle, most notably, muscle atrophy. Studies have often demonstrated that many of the alterations resulting from disuse are reversed with a reintroduction of load and have supported the concept of muscle plasticity. We hypothesized that adaptations during disuse and recovery were a repeatable/reproducible phenomenon, which we tested with repeated changes in mechanical load. Rats were assigned to one of the following five groups: animals undergoing one or two bouts of hindlimb unloading (28 days), with or without recovery (56 day), or control. Following the completion of their final time point, posterior crural muscles were studied. Muscle sizes were lower following 28 days of disuse but fully recovered with a 56-day reloading period, regardless of the number of disuse/recovery cycles. Mixed protein fractional synthesis rates consistently reflected mass and loading conditions (supported by anabolic signaling), whereas the myofibrillar protein synthesis response varied among muscles. Amino acid concentrations were assessed in the gastrocnemius free pool and did not correlate with muscle atrophy associated with mechanical unloading. Muscle collagen concentrations were higher following the second unloading period and remained elevated following 56 days of recovery. Anabolic responses to alterations in load are preserved throughout multiple perturbations, but repeated periods of unloading may cause additive strain to muscle structure (collagen). This study suggests that whereas mass and anabolism are reproducibly reflective of the loading environment, repeated exposure to unloading and/or reloading may impact the overall structural integrity of muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Repeatability should be considered a component of skeletal muscle plasticity during atrophy and recovery. Muscle anabolism is equally affected during a first or second disuse bout and returns equally with adequate recovery. Elevated muscle collagen concentrations observed after the second unloading period suggest altered structural integrity with repeated disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Shimkus
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Yasaman Shirazi-Fard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Shaik T Ullah
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Delbert M Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Harry A Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - James D Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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21
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Katsma MS, Patel SH, Eldon E, Corbell KA, Shimkus KL, Fluckey JD, Carroll CC. The influence of chronic IL-6 exposure, in vivo, on rat Achilles tendon extracellular matrix. Cytokine 2017; 93:10-14. [PMID: 28412025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When compared to placebo, acetaminophen (APAP) reduces tendon stiffness and collagen cross-linking. APAP also enhances the exercise-induced increase in peritendinous levels of IL-6. Elevated levels of IL-6 are associated with tendinopathy, thus we hypothesized that chronic, elevated peritendinous IL-6 would alter tendon extracellular matrix (ECM). IL-6 (∼3000pgml-1) was injected (3dwk-1 for 8-wks) into the Achilles peritendinous region of male Wistar rats (n=16) with the opposite leg serving as a sham. Fractional synthesis rates (FSR) were determined using deuterium oxide. Collagen (hydroxyproline) and hydroxylysl pyridinoline (HP) cross-linking were analyzed by HPLC. ECM and IL-6 related genes were evaluated using qRT-PCR. Relative to sham, collagen (Col) 1a1 but not Col3a1 expression was suppressed (47%) in tendons exposed to IL-6 (p<0.05). Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and MMP-1 expression were also reduced (37%) in IL-6 treated tendons (p<0.05). Relative to sham the expression of MMP-2, -3, -9, and TIMP-1 were not altered by IL-6 treatment (p>0.05). Interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta precursor (IL6st) was lower (16%) in IL-6 treated tendons when compared to sham (p<0.05). Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (Pias1) were not altered by IL-6 exposure (p>0.05). Neither collagen nor cross-linking content were altered by IL-6 (p>0.05). Additionally, IL-6 treatment did not alter tendon FSR. Chronic treatment with physiologically relevant levels of IL-6 suppresses expression of Col1a1 and LOX while also altering expression of select MMPs but does not alter Achilles tendon collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Katsma
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Shivam H Patel
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Erica Eldon
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Kathryn A Corbell
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Chad C Carroll
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA; Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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22
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Simmons E, Fluckey JD, Riechman SE. Cumulative Muscle Protein Synthesis and Protein Intake Requirements. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:17-43. [PMID: 27215586 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) fluctuates widely over the course of a day and is influenced by many factors. The time course of MPS responses to exercise and the influence of training and nutrition can only be pieced together from several different investigations and methods, many of which create unnatural experimental conditions. Measurements of cumulative MPS, the sum synthesis over an extended period, using deuterium oxide have been shown to accurately reflect muscle responses and may allow investigations of the response to exercise, total protein intake requirements, and interaction with protein timing in free-living experimental conditions; these factors have yet to be carefully integrated. Such studies could include clinical and athletic populations to integrate nutritional and exercise recommendations and help guide their revisions to optimize the skeletal muscle function that is so important to overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Simmons
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; ,
| | - James D Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
| | - Steven E Riechman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; , .,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
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23
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Hesketh S, Srisawat K, Sutherland H, Jarvis J, Burniston J. On the Rate of Synthesis of Individual Proteins within and between Different Striated Muscles of the Rat. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010012. [PMID: 28248222 PMCID: PMC5217367 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The turnover of muscle protein is responsive to different (patho)-physiological conditions but little is known about the rate of synthesis at the level of individual proteins or whether this varies between different muscles. We investigated the synthesis rate of eight proteins (actin, albumin, ATP synthase alpha, beta enolase, creatine kinase, myosin essential light chain, myosin regulatory light chain and tropomyosin) in the extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm, heart and soleus of male Wistar rats (352 ± 30 g body weight). Animals were assigned to four groups (n = 3, in each), including a control and groups that received deuterium oxide (2H2O) for 4 days, 7 days or 14 days. Deuterium labelling was initiated by an intraperitoneal injection of 10 μL/g body weight of 99.9% 2H2O-saline, and was maintained by administration of 5% (v/v) 2H2O in drinking water provided ad libitum. Homogenates of the isolated muscles were analysed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry. Proteins were identified against the SwissProt database using peptide mass fingerprinting. For each of the eight proteins investigated, the molar percent enrichment (MPE) of 2H and rate constant (k) of protein synthesis was calculated from the mass isotopomer distribution of peptides based on the amino acid sequence and predicted number of exchangeable C–H bonds. The average MPE (2.14% ± 0.2%) was as expected and was consistent across muscles harvested at different times (i.e., steady state enrichment was achieved). The synthesis rate of individual proteins differed markedly within each muscle and the rank-order of synthesis rates differed among the muscles studied. After 14 days the fraction of albumin synthesised (23% ± 5%) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than for other muscle proteins. These data represent the first attempt to study the synthesis rates of individual proteins across a number of different striated muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Hesketh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Kanchana Srisawat
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Hazel Sutherland
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Jonathan Jarvis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Jatin Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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24
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Wilkinson DJ, Cegielski J, Phillips BE, Boereboom C, Lund JN, Atherton PJ, Smith K. Internal comparison between deuterium oxide (D2O) and L-[ring-13C6] phenylalanine for acute measurement of muscle protein synthesis in humans. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/7/e12433. [PMID: 26149278 PMCID: PMC4552519 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope tracer methodologies are becoming increasingly widespread in metabolic research; yet a number of factors restrict their implementation, such as, i.v infusions, multiple cannulae, tissue samples, and significant cost. We recently validated the sensitivity of the orally administered stable isotope tracer deuterium oxide (D2O) for quantifying day-to-day changes in muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This method is less invasive, restrictive, and more cost-effective than traditional amino acid (AA) tracer techniques. In the present study, we hypothesized the sensitivity of our analytical techniques (GC-Pyrolysis-IRMS) would permit D2O-derived measurements of MPS over much shorter periods (i.e., hours) usually only possible using AA-tracer techniques. We recruited nine males (24 ± 3 year, BMI: 25 ± 3 kg·m−²) into an internally controlled comparison of D2O versus 13C AA-tracers. The day before the acute study subjects consumed 400 mL D2O, and on the study day, received a primed (0.3 mg·kg−1) continuous (0.6 mg·kg·h−1) i.v infusion of L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine to quantify MPS under both: (1) basal [postabsorptive] and; (2) stimulated [postprandial] that is, consumption of 20 g EAA, conditions. Measures of MPS yielded indistinguishable technique differences with respect to EAA, 13C: 0.065 ± 0.004 to 0.089 ± 0.006%·h−1 (P < 0.05) and D2O: 0.050 ± 0.007 to 0.088 ± 0.008%·h−1 (P < 0.05) with qualitatively similar increases. Our findings reveal that acute measurement of MPS, usually only possible using AA-tracers, are feasible over shorter periods with orally administered D2O when used in tandem with GC-Pyrolysis-IRMS. We conclude that this D2O approach provides a less invasive, cost-effective, and flexible means by which to quantify MPS acutely over several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Jessica Cegielski
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Catherine Boereboom
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Jonathan N Lund
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
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25
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Walker DK, Thaden JJ, Deutz NEP. Application of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) for the analysis of deuterium enrichment of water. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:838-843. [PMID: 26169138 PMCID: PMC4503389 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of deuterium from deuterium oxide ((2) H2 O) into biological components is a commonly used approach in metabolic studies. Determining the dilution of deuterium in the body water (BW) pool can be used to estimate body composition. We describe three sensitive GC/MS/MS methods to measure water enrichment in BW. Samples were reacted with NaOH and U-(13) C3 -acetone in an autosampler vial to promote deuterium exchange with U-(13) C3 -acetone hydrogens. Headspace injections were made of U-(13) C3 -acetone-saturated air onto a 30-m DB-1MS column in electron impact-mode. Subjects ingested 30 ml (2) H2 O, and plasma samples were collected. BW was determined by standard equation. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans were performed to calculate body mass, body volume and bone mineral content. A four-compartmental model was used to estimate body composition (fat and fat free mass). Full-scan experiments generated an m/z 45 peak and to a lesser extent an m/z 61 peak. Product fragment ions further monitored included 45 and 46 using selected ion monitoring (Method1), the 61 > 45 and 62 > 46 transition using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM; Method2) and the neutral loss, 62 > 45, transition (Method3). MRM methods were optimized for collision energy (CE) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) argon gas pressure with 6 eV CE and 1.5 mTorr CID gas being optimal. Method2 was used for final determination of (2) H2 O enrichment of subjects because of lower natural background. We have developed a sensitive method to determine (2) H2 O enrichment in BW to enable measurement of FM and FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon K Walker
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - John J Thaden
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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26
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Fluckey JD, Lambert BS, Greene NP, Shimkus KL, Cardin JM, Riechman SE, Crouse SF. Reply to letter to the editor: to D2O or not to D2O? What are the reasons we D2O it at all? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E928-31. [PMID: 25980015 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00136.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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Lambert BS, Shimkus KL, Fluckey JD, Riechman SE, Greene NP, Cardin JM, Crouse SF. Anabolic responses to acute and chronic resistance exercise are enhanced when combined with aquatic treadmill exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E192-200. [PMID: 25425002 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00689.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic treadmill (ATM) running may simultaneously promote aerobic fitness and enhance muscle growth when combined with resistance training (RT) compared with land-treadmill (LTM) running. Therefore, we examined acute and chronic physiological responses to RT, concurrent RT-LTM, and concurrent RT-ATM. Forty-seven untrained volunteers (men: n = 23, 37 ± 11 yr, 29.6 ± 4.6 kg/m(2); women: n = 24, 38 ± 12 yr, 27.53 ± 6.4 kg/m(2)) from the general population were tested for V̇o2max, body composition, and strength before and after training. All groups performed 12 wk of RT (2 wk, 3 × 8-12 sets at 60 to approximately 80% 1-repetition maximum). The RT-LTM and RT-ATM groups also performed 12 wk of LTM or ATM training (2 wk immediately post-RT and 1 wk in isolation, 60-85% V̇o2max, 250-500 kcal/session). Additionally, 25 subjects volunteered for muscle biopsy prior to and 24 h post-acute exercise before and after training. Stable isotope labeling (70% (2)H2O, 3 ml/kg) was utilized to quantify 24 h post-exercise myofibrillar fractional synthesis rates (myoFSR). Mixed-model ANOVA revealed that RT-ATM but not RT-LTM training produced greater chronic increases in lean mass than RT alone (P < 0.05). RT-LTM training was found to elicit the greatest decreases in percent body fat (-2.79%, P < 0.05). In the untrained state, acute RT-ATM exercise elicited higher 24-h myoFSRs compared with RT (+5.68%/day, P < 0.01) and RT-LTM (+4.08%/day, P < 0.05). Concurrent RT-ATM exercise and training elicit greater skeletal muscle anabolism than RT alone or RT-LTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Lambert
- Applied Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas;
| | - Kevin L Shimkus
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
| | - James D Fluckey
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Steven E Riechman
- Human Countermeasures Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Jessica M Cardin
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Stephen F Crouse
- Applied Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
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28
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Miller BF, Ehrlicher SE, Drake JC, Peelor FF, Biela LM, Pratt-Phillips S, Davis M, Hamilton KL. Assessment of protein synthesis in highly aerobic canine species at the onset and during exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:811-7. [PMID: 25614602 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00982.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canis lupus familiaris, the domesticated dog, is capable of extreme endurance performance. The ability to perform sustained aerobic exercise is dependent on a well-developed mitochondrial reticulum. In this study we examined the cumulative muscle protein and DNA synthesis in groups of athletic dogs at the onset of an exercise training program and following a strenuous exercise training program. We hypothesized that both at the onset and during an exercise training program there would be greater mitochondrial protein synthesis rates compared with sedentary control with no difference in mixed or cytoplasmic protein synthesis rates. Protein synthetic rates of three protein fractions and DNA synthesis were determined over 1 wk using (2)H2O in competitive Alaskan Huskies and Labrador Retrievers trained for explosive device detection. Both groups of dogs had very high rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in the sedentary state [Alaskan Huskies: Mixed = 2.28 ± 0.12, cytoplasmic (Cyto) = 2.91 ± 0.10, and mitochondrial (Mito) = 2.62 ± 0.07; Labrador Retrievers: Mixed = 3.88 ± 0.37, Cyto = 3.85 ± 0.06, and Mito = 2.92 ± 0.20%/day]. Mitochondrial (Mito) protein synthesis rates did not increase at the onset of an exercise training program. Exercise-trained dogs maintained Mito protein synthesis during exercise training when mixed (Mixed) and cytosolic (Cyto) fractions decreased, and this coincided with a decrease in p-RpS6 but also a decrease in p-ACC signaling. Contrary to our hypothesis, canines did not have large increases in mitochondrial protein synthesis at the onset or during an exercise training program. However, dogs have a high rate of protein synthesis compared with humans that perhaps does not necessitate an extra increase in protein synthesis at the onset of aerobic exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado;
| | - Sarah E Ehrlicher
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Frederick F Peelor
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Laurie M Biela
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Shannon Pratt-Phillips
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
| | - Michael Davis
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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29
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MacDonald AJ, Johns N, Stephens N, Greig C, Ross JA, Small AC, Husi H, Fearon KCH, Preston T. Habitual Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Is Normal in Patients with Upper GI Cancer Cachexia. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1734-40. [PMID: 25370466 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skeletal muscle wasting and weight loss are characteristic features of cancer cachexia and contribute to impaired function, increased morbidity, and poor tolerance of chemotherapy. This study used a novel technique to measure habitual myofibrillar protein synthesis in patients with cancer compared with healthy controls. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An oral heavy water (87.5 g deuterium oxide) tracer was administered as a single dose. Serum samples were taken over the subsequent week followed by a quadriceps muscle biopsy. Deuterium enrichment was measured in body water, serum alanine, and alanine in the myofibrillar component of muscle using gas chromatography-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and the protein synthesis rate calculated from the rate of tracer incorporation. Net change in muscle mass over the preceding 3 months was calculated from serial CT scans and allowed estimation of protein breakdown. RESULTS Seven healthy volunteers, 6 weight-stable, and 7 weight-losing (≥5% weight loss) patients undergoing surgery for upper gastrointestinal cancer were recruited. Serial CT scans were available in 10 patients, who lost skeletal muscle mass preoperatively at a rate of 5.6%/100 days. Myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rate was 0.058%, 0.061%, and 0.073%/hour in controls, weight-stable, and weight-losing patients, respectively. Weight-losing patients had higher synthetic rates than controls (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Contrary to previous studies, there was no evidence of suppression of myofibrillar protein synthesis in patients with cancer cachexia. Our finding implies a small increase in muscle breakdown may account for muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair J MacDonald
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Johns
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Stephens
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James A Ross
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra C Small
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Research Centre, East Kilbride, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Husi
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth C H Fearon
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Research Centre, East Kilbride, United Kingdom.
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The measurement of protein synthesis for assessing proteostasis in studies of slowed aging. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:106-11. [PMID: 25283966 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Slowing the aging process can reduce the risk for multiple chronic diseases simultaneously. It is increasingly recognized that maintaining protein homeostasis (or proteostasis) is important for slowing the aging process. Since proteostasis is a dynamic process, monitoring it is not a simple task and requires use of appropriate methods. This review will introduce methods to assess protein and DNA synthesis using deuterium oxide (D2O), and how protein and DNA synthesis outcomes provide insight into proteostatic mechanisms. Finally, we provide a discussion on how these assessments of protein and DNA synthesis are "mechanistic" investigations and provide an appropriate framework for the further development of slowed aging treatments.
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Holm L, O'Rourke B, Ebenstein D, Toth MJ, Bechshoeft R, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Kjaer M, Matthews DE. Determination of steady-state protein breakdown rate in vivo by the disappearance of protein-bound tracer-labeled amino acids: a method applicable in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E895-907. [PMID: 23423170 PMCID: PMC3625778 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00579.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method to determine the rate of protein breakdown in individual proteins was developed and tested in rats and confirmed in humans, using administration of deuterium oxide and incorporation of the deuterium into alanine that was subsequently incorporated into body proteins. Measurement of the fractional breakdown rate of proteins was determined from the rate of disappearance of deuterated alanine from the proteins. The rate of disappearance of deuterated alanine from the proteins was calculated using an exponential decay, giving the fractional breakdown rate (FBR) of the proteins. The applicability of this protein-specific FBR approach is suitable for human in vivo experimentation. The labeling period of deuterium oxide administration is dependent on the turnover rate of the protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Feeding a DHA-enriched diet increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis in growing pigs: association with increased skeletal muscle insulin action and local mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor 1. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:671-80. [PMID: 23433177 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary n-3 PUFA have been demonstrated to promote muscle growth in growing animals. In the present study, fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR) in the skeletal muscle of growing pigs fed a DHA-enriched (DE) diet (DE treatment) or a soyabean oil (SO) diet (SO treatment) were evaluated in the fed and feed-deprived states. Feeding-induced increases in muscle FSR, as well as the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin and protein kinase B, were higher in the DE treatment as indicated by the positive interaction between diet and feeding. In the fed state, the activation of eIF4E-binding protein 1 in the skeletal muscle of pigs on the DE diet was higher than that in pigs on the SO diet (P<0·05). Feeding the DE diet increased muscle insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression (P<0·05) and insulin action (as demonstrated by increased insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylation, P<0·05), resulting in increased IR substrate 1 activation in the fed state. However, no difference in plasma IGF-1 concentration or hepatic IGF-1 expression between the two treatments was associated. The increased IGF-1 expression in the DE treatment was associated with increased mRNA expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A and decreased mRNA expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 3 in skeletal muscle. Moreover, mRNA expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 (PTPN1), the activation of PTPN1 and the activation of NF-κB in muscle were significantly lower in the DE treatment (P<0·05). The results of the present study suggest that feeding a DE diet increased feeding-induced muscle protein synthesis in growing pigs, and muscle IGF-1 expression and insulin action were involved in this action.
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Poupin N, Huneau JF, Mariotti F, Tomé D, Bos C, Fouillet H. Isotopic and modeling investigation of long-term protein turnover in rat tissues. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 304:R218-31. [PMID: 23135789 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00310.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of tissue proteins (P) are usually measured using labeled amino acid (AA) tracer methods over short periods of time under acute, particular conditions. By combining the long-term and non-steady-state (15)N labeling of AA and P tissue fractions with compartmental modeling, we have developed a new isotopic approach to investigate the degree of compartmentation of P turnover in tissues and to estimate long-term FSR values under sustained and averaged nutritional and physiological conditions. We measured the rise-to-plateau kinetics of nitrogen isotopic enrichments (δ(15)N) in the AA and P fractions of various tissues in rats for 2 mo following a slight increase in diet δ(15)N. Using these δ(15)N kinetics and a numerical method based on a two-compartment model, we determined reliable FSR estimates for tissues in which P turnover is adequately represented by such a simple precursor-product model. This was the case for kidney, liver, plasma, and muscle, where FSR estimates were 103, 101, 58, and 11%/day, respectively. Conversely, we identified tissues, namely, skin and small intestine, where P turnover proved to be too complex to be represented by a simple two-compartment model, evidencing the higher level of subcompartmentation of the P and/or AA metabolism in these tissues. The present results support the value of this new approach in gaining cognitive and practical insights into tissue P turnover and propose new and integrated FSR values over all individual precursor AA and all diurnal variations in P kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Poupin
- 1INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), CRNH-IdF (Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d’Ile de France), UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
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Miller BF, Robinson MM, Reuland DJ, Drake JC, Peelor FF, Bruss MD, Hellerstein MK, Hamilton KL. Calorie restriction does not increase short-term or long-term protein synthesis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 68:530-8. [PMID: 23105041 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased protein synthesis is proposed as a mechanism of life-span extension during caloric restriction (CR). We hypothesized that CR does not increase protein synthesis in all tissues and protein fractions and that any increased protein synthesis with CR would be due to an increased anabolic effect of feeding. We used short- (4 hours) and long-term (6 weeks) methods to measure in vivo protein synthesis in lifelong ad libitum (AL) and CR mice. We did not detect an acute effect of feeding on protein synthesis while liver mitochondrial protein synthesis was lower in CR mice versus AL mice. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was repressed in liver and heart from CR mice indicative of energetic stress and suppression of growth. Our main findings were that CR did not increase rates of mixed protein synthesis over the long term or in response to acute feeding, and protein synthesis was maintained despite decreased mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523-1582, USA.
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Gasier HG, Fluckey JD, Previs SF, Wiggs MP, Riechman SE. Acute resistance exercise augments integrative myofibrillar protein synthesis. Metabolism 2012; 61:153-6. [PMID: 21864869 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether an acute bout of high-intensity resistance exercise (RE) would augment integrative mixed muscle and myofibrillar protein fractional synthesis rates (FSRs) when total energy and macronutrient intake was controlled. Twelve healthy young men were studied over 24 hours and performed an acute bout of exhaustive (5 sets until volitional failure of their 85% 1-repetition maximum) unilateral leg press and knee extension exercise, such that one leg was exercised (EX) and the other served as a control (CON). (2)H(2)O (70%) was provided to measure mixed muscle and myofibrillar FSR, and muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were collected from the EX and CON legs 16 hours following the RE session. (2)H-labeling of body water over the course of the experiment was 0.32 ± 0.01 mole percent excess. Interestingly, integrative mixed muscle FSR (percent per hour) was similar between the CON (0.76% ± 0.08%) and EX (0.69% ± 0.06%) legs. In contrast, upon determination of myofibrillar FSR, there was an RE effect (EX, 0.94% ± 0.16% vs CON, 0.75% ± 0.08%; P < .05). High-intensity RE without prior training impacts integrative myofibrillar 24-hour FSR, perhaps without altering total responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath G Gasier
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Gasier HG, Riechman SE, Wiggs MP, Buentello A, Previs SF, Fluckey JD. Cumulative responses of muscle protein synthesis are augmented with chronic resistance exercise training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 201:381-9. [PMID: 20804462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to determine the anabolic response of a single bout of high intensity resistance exercise (RE) following 5 weeks of RE training. METHODS To complete these studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned by body mass to RE, exercise control (EC), or sedentary cage control (CC) groups and studied over 36 h after 5 weeks of RE (squat-like) training. Cumulative (final 36 h) fractional rates of muscle protein synthesis (FSR) were determined by ²H₂O, and acute (16 h post-RE) rates of muscle protein synthesis (RPS) were determined by flooding with l-[2,3,4,5,6-³H]phenylalanine. Regulators of peptide-chain initiation, 4E-BP1, eIF4E and the association of the two were determined by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation respectively. RESULTS No differences were observed with acute measures of RPS obtained 16 h following the final exercise bout in the plantaris or soleus muscles (P > 0.05). Consistent with this observation, 4E-BP1 was similarly phosphorylated and bound to eIF4E among all groups. However, upon determination of the cumulative response, FSR was significantly increased in the plantaris of RE vs. EC and CC (0.929±0.094, 0.384±0.039, 0.300±0.022% h(-1) respectively; P<0.001), but not the soleus. CONCLUSION With the advantage of determining cumulative FSR, the present study demonstrates that anabolic responses to RE are still evident after chronic RE training, primarily in muscle composed of fast-twitch fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Gasier
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Nilsson MI, Greene NP, Dobson JP, Wiggs MP, Gasier HG, Macias BR, Shimkus KL, Fluckey JD. Insulin resistance syndrome blunts the mitochondrial anabolic response following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E466-74. [PMID: 20606077 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00118.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic risk factors associated with insulin resistance syndrome may attenuate augmentations in skeletal muscle protein anabolism following contractile activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the anabolic response, as defined by an increase in cumulative fractional protein synthesis rates (24-h FSR) following resistance exercise (RE), is blunted in skeletal muscle of a well-established rodent model of insulin resistance syndrome. Four-month-old lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats engaged in four lower body RE sessions over 8 days, with the last bout occurring 16 h prior to muscle harvest. A priming dose of deuterium oxide ((2)H(2)O) and (2)H(2)O-enriched drinking water were administered 24 h prior to euthanization for assessment of cumulative FSR. Fractional synthesis rates of mixed (-5%), mitochondrial (-1%), and cytosolic (+15%), but not myofibrillar, proteins (-16%, P = 0.012) were normal or elevated in gastrocnemius muscle of unexercised obese rats. No statistical differences were found in the anabolic response of cytosolic and myofibrillar subfractions between phenotypes, but obese rats were not able to augment 24-h FSR of mitochondria to the same extent as lean rats following RE (+14% vs. +28%, respectively). We conclude that the mature obese Zucker rat exhibits a mild, myofibrillar-specific suppression in basal FSR and a blunted mitochondrial response to contractile activity in mixed gastrocnemius muscle. These findings underscore the importance of assessing synthesis rates of specific myocellular subfractions to fully elucidate perturbations in basal protein turnover rates and differential adaptations to exercise stimuli in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats I Nilsson
- Dept. of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, 77843-4243, USA
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Gasier HG, Fluckey JD, Previs SF. The application of 2H2O to measure skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:31. [PMID: 20409307 PMCID: PMC2873296 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle protein synthesis has generally been determined by the precursor:product labeling approach using labeled amino acids (e.g., [13C]leucine or [13C]-, [15N]-, or [2H]phenylalanine) as the tracers. Although reliable for determining rates of protein synthesis, this methodological approach requires experiments to be conducted in a controlled environment, and as a result, has limited our understanding of muscle protein renewal under free-living conditions over extended periods of time (i.e., integrative/cumulative assessments). An alternative tracer, 2H2O, has been successfully used to measure rates of muscle protein synthesis in mice, rats, fish and humans. Moreover, perturbations such as feeding and exercise have been included in these measurements without exclusion of common environmental and biological factors. In this review, we discuss the principle behind using 2H2O to measure muscle protein synthesis and highlight recent investigations that have examined the effects of feeding and exercise. The framework provided in this review should assist muscle biologists in designing experiments that advance our understanding of conditions in which anabolism is altered (e.g., exercise, feeding, growth, debilitating and metabolic pathologies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath G Gasier
- Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton, CT, USA.
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