1
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Schrenk S, Bischoff LJ, Boscolo E. Protocol for three-dimensional whole-mount imaging of the vascular network in the intestinal muscle. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103170. [PMID: 38968077 PMCID: PMC11269289 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of vascular networks is essential for the investigation of vascular patterning and organization. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for the 3D visualization of the vasculature within whole-mount preparations of the mouse intestinal muscularis propria layer. We then detail the quantitative analysis of the resulting images for parameters such as vessel density, vessel diameter, the number of endothelial cells, and proliferation. The protocol can be easily extended to study cell-cell interactions such as neuro-vascular or immune-vascular interactions. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Schrenk et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schrenk
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Lindsay J Bischoff
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elisa Boscolo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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2
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Lin HB, Hong P, Yin MY, Yao ZJ, Zhang JY, Jiang YP, Huang XX, Xu SY, Li FX, Zhang HF. Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Aggravate Cardiac Dysfunction After Ischemic Stroke in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e034731. [PMID: 38700011 PMCID: PMC11179859 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.034731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac damage induced by ischemic stroke, such as arrhythmia, cardiac dysfunction, and even cardiac arrest, is referred to as cerebral-cardiac syndrome (CCS). Cardiac macrophages are reported to be closely associated with stroke-induced cardiac damage. However, the role of macrophage subsets in CCS is still unclear due to their heterogeneity. Sympathetic nerves play a significant role in regulating macrophages in cardiovascular disease. However, the role of macrophage subsets and sympathetic nerves in CCS is still unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, a middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model was used to simulate ischemic stroke. ECG and echocardiography were used to assess cardiac function. We used Cx3cr1GFPCcr2RFP mice and NLRP3-deficient mice in combination with Smart-seq2 RNA sequencing to confirm the role of macrophage subsets in CCS. We demonstrated that ischemic stroke-induced cardiac damage is characterized by severe cardiac dysfunction and robust infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages into the heart. Subsequently, we identified that cardiac monocyte-derived macrophages displayed a proinflammatory profile. We also observed that cardiac dysfunction was rescued in ischemic stroke mice by blocking macrophage infiltration using a CCR2 antagonist and NLRP3-deficient mice. In addition, a cardiac sympathetic nerve retrograde tracer and a sympathectomy method were used to explore the relationship between sympathetic nerves and cardiac macrophages. We found that cardiac sympathetic nerves are significantly activated after ischemic stroke, which contributes to the infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages and subsequent cardiac dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a potential pathogenesis of CCS involving the cardiac sympathetic nerve-monocyte-derived macrophage axis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/deficiency
- Ischemic Stroke/physiopathology
- Ischemic Stroke/metabolism
- Ischemic Stroke/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Sympathetic Nervous System/physiopathology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Heart Diseases/etiology
- Heart Diseases/physiopathology
- Heart Diseases/pathology
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/genetics
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/deficiency
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Pu Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Meng-Yu Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Zhi-Jun Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Jin-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yan-Pin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xuan-Xuan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Shi-Yuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Feng-Xian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Hong-Fei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
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3
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Chen CC, Peng SJ, Chou YH, Lee CY, Lee PH, Hu RH, Ho MC, Chung MH, Hsiao FT, Tien YW, Tang SC. Human liver afferent and efferent nerves revealed by 3-D/Airyscan super-resolution imaging. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E107-E123. [PMID: 38170164 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00205.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Neural regulation of hepatic metabolism has long been recognized. However, the detailed afferent and efferent innervation of the human liver has not been systematically characterized. This is largely due to the liver's high lipid and pigment contents, causing false-negative (light scattering and absorption) and false-positive (autofluorescence) results in in-depth fluorescence imaging. Here, to avoid the artifacts in three-dimensional (3-D) liver neurohistology, we embed the bleached human liver in the high-refractive-index polymer for tissue clearing and antifade 3-D/Airyscan super-resolution imaging. Importantly, using the paired substance P (SP, sensory marker) and PGP9.5 (pan-neuronal marker) labeling, we detect the sensory nerves in the portal space, featuring the SP+ varicosities in the PGP9.5+ nerve bundles/fibers, confirming the afferent liver innervation. Also, using the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, sympathetic marker) labeling, we identify 1) condensed TH+ sympathetic nerves in the portal space, 2) extension of sympathetic nerves from the portal to the intralobular space, in which the TH+ nerve density is 2.6 ± 0.7-fold higher than that of the intralobular space in the human pancreas, and 3) the TH+ nerve fibers and varicosities contacting the ballooning cells, implicating potential sympathetic influence on hepatocytes with macrovesicular fatty change. Finally, using the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT, parasympathetic marker), PGP9.5, and CK19 (epithelial marker) labeling with panoramic-to-Airyscan super-resolution imaging, we detect and confirm the parasympathetic innervation of the septal bile duct. Overall, our labeling and 3-D/Airyscan imaging approach reveal the hepatic sensory (afferent) and sympathetic and parasympathetic (efferent) innervation, establishing a clinically related setting for high-resolution 3-D liver neurohistology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We embed the human liver (vs. pancreas, positive control) in the high-refractive-index polymer for tissue clearing and antifade 3-D/Airyscan super-resolution neurohistology. The pancreas-liver comparison reveals: 1) sensory nerves in the hepatoportal space; 2) intralobular sympathetic innervation, including the nerve fibers and varicosities contacting the ballooning hepatocytes; and 3) parasympathetic innervation of the septal bile duct. Our results highlight the sensitivity and resolving power of 3-D/Airyscan super-resolution imaging in human liver neurohistology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Peng
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsien Chou
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Heng Hu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital-Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Ho
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital-Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsin Chung
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital-Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ting Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Tien
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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4
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Ten Hove AS, Mallesh S, Zafeiropoulou K, de Kleer JWM, van Hamersveld PHP, Welting O, Hakvoort TBM, Wehner S, Seppen J, de Jonge WJ. Sympathetic activity regulates epithelial proliferation and wound healing via adrenergic receptor α 2A. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17990. [PMID: 37863979 PMCID: PMC10589335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Innervation of the intestinal mucosa by the sympathetic nervous system is well described but the effects of adrenergic receptor stimulation on the intestinal epithelium remain equivocal. We therefore investigated the effect of sympathetic neuronal activation on intestinal cells in mouse models and organoid cultures, to identify the molecular routes involved. Using publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing datasets we show that the α2A isoform is the most abundant adrenergic receptor in small intestinal epithelial cells. Stimulation of this receptor with norepinephrine or a synthetic specific α2A receptor agonist promotes epithelial proliferation and stem cell function, while reducing differentiation in vivo and in intestinal organoids. In an anastomotic healing mouse model, adrenergic receptor α2A stimulation resulted in improved anastomotic healing, while surgical sympathectomy augmented anastomotic leak. Furthermore, stimulation of this receptor led to profound changes in the microbial composition, likely because of altered epithelial antimicrobial peptide secretion. Thus, we established that adrenergic receptor α2A is the molecular delegate of intestinal epithelial sympathetic activity controlling epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and host defense. Therefore, this receptor could serve as a newly identified molecular target to improve mucosal healing in intestinal inflammation and wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Ten Hove
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Shilpashree Mallesh
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konstantina Zafeiropoulou
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janna W M de Kleer
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia H P van Hamersveld
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Welting
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus B M Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jurgen Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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5
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Xie H, Zeng X, Wang W, Wang W, Han B, Tan Q, Hu Q, Liu X, Chen S, Chen J, Sun L, Chen Y, Xiao W. Enteric glial cells aggravate the intestinal epithelial barrier damage by secreting S100β under high-altitude conditions. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:31. [PMID: 37779161 PMCID: PMC10542628 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) has been reported under high-altitude (HA) conditions and may be responsible for HA-associated gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. However, this pathogenetic mechanism does not fully explain the GI stress symptoms, such as flatulence and motility diarrhea, which accompany the IEB damage under HA conditions, especially for the people exposed to HA acutely. In the present study, we collected the blood samples from the people who lived at HA and found the concentration of enteric glial cells (EGCs)-associated biomarkers increased significantly. HA mouse model was then established and the results revealed that EGCs were involved in IEB damage. Zona occludens (ZO)-1, occludin, and claudin-1 expression was negatively correlated with that of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100β under HA conditions. In order to learn more about how EGCs influence IEB, the in vitro EGC and MODE-K hypoxia experiments that used hypoxic stimulation for simulating in vivo exposure to HA was performed. We found that hypoxia increased S100β secretion in EGCs. And MODE-K cells cultured in medium conditioned by hypoxic EGCs showed low ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 levels of expression. Furthermore, treatment of MODE-K cells with recombinant mouse S100β resulted in diminished levels of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 expression. Thus, HA exposure induces greater S100β secretion by EGCs, which aggravates the damage to the IEB. This study has revealed a novel mechanism of IEB damage under HA conditions, and suggest that EGCs may constitute a fresh avenue for the avoidance of GI disorders at HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiong Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ben Han
- Department of Nutrition, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - QianShan Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qiu Hu
- Institute of Medicine and Equipment for High Altitude Region, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shuaishuai Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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6
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Wang P, Kljavin N, Nguyen TTT, Storm EE, Marsh B, Jiang J, Lin W, Menon H, Piskol R, de Sauvage FJ. Adrenergic nerves regulate intestinal regeneration through IL-22 signaling from type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1166-1178.e8. [PMID: 37597516 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has high intrinsic turnover rate, and the precise renewal of the epithelium is dependent on the microenvironment. The intestine is innervated by a dense network of peripheral nerves that controls various aspects of intestinal physiology. However, the role of neurons in regulating epithelial cell regeneration remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of gut-innervating adrenergic nerves on epithelial cell repair following irradiation (IR)-induced injury. We observed that adrenergic nerve density in the small intestine increased post IR, while chemical adrenergic denervation impaired epithelial regeneration. Single-cell RNA sequencing experiments revealed a decrease in IL-22 signaling post IR in denervated animals. Combining pharmacologic and genetic tools, we demonstrate that β-adrenergic receptor signaling drives IL-22 production from type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) post IR, which in turn promotes epithelial regeneration. These results define an adrenergic-ILC3 axis important for intestinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putianqi Wang
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn Kljavin
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thi Thu Thao Nguyen
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Elaine E Storm
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bryan Marsh
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jian Jiang
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - William Lin
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hari Menon
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert Piskol
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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7
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Tian M, Wang Y, Pei X, Jiang J, He Y, Gong Y. Recent advances in the study of sepsis-induced depression. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2023; 3:239-243. [PMID: 37533814 PMCID: PMC10391568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Progress in medicine such as the use of anti-infective drugs and development of the advanced life support equipment has greatly improved the survival rate of patients with sepsis. However, the incidence of sepsis-related diseases is increasing. These include severe neurologic and psychologic disorders, cognitive decline, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Cerebral dysfunction occurs via multiple interacting mechanisms, with different causative pathogens having distinct effects. Because sepsis-related diseases place a substantial burden on patients and their families, it is important to elucidate the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms to develop effective treatments.
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8
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Wang L, Yuan PQ, Taché Y. Vasculature in the mouse colon and spatial relationships with the enteric nervous system, glia, and immune cells. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1130169. [PMID: 37332321 PMCID: PMC10272736 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1130169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution, morphology, and innervation of vasculature in different mouse colonic segments and layers, as well as spatial relationships of the vasculature with the enteric plexuses, glia, and macrophages are far from being complete. The vessels in the adult mouse colon were stained by the cardiovascular perfusion of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-Alexa Fluor 448 and by CD31 immunoreactivity. Nerve fibers, enteric glia, and macrophages were immunostained in the WGA-perfused colon. The blood vessels entered from the mesentery to the submucosa and branched into the capillary networks in the mucosa and muscularis externa. The capillary net formed anastomosed rings at the orifices of mucosa crypts, and the capillary rings surrounded the crypts individually in the proximal colon and more than two crypts in the distal colon. Microvessels in the muscularis externa with myenteric plexus were less dense than in the mucosa and formed loops. In the circular smooth muscle layer, microvessels were distributed in the proximal, but not the distal colon. Capillaries did not enter the enteric ganglia. There were no significant differences in microvascular volume per tissue volume between the proximal and distal colon either in the mucosa or muscularis externa containing the myenteric plexus. PGP9.5-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed along the vessels in the submucosa. In the mucosa, PGP9.5-, CGRP-, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive nerves terminated close to the capillary rings, while cells and processes labeled by S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein were distributed mainly in the lamina propria and lower portion of the mucosa. Dense Iba1 immunoreactive macrophages were closely adjacent to the mucosal capillary rings. There were a few macrophages, but no glia in apposition to microvessels in the submucosa and muscularis externa. In conclusion, in the mouse colon, (1) the differences in vasculature between the proximal and distal colon were associated with the morphology, but not the microvascular amount per tissue volume in the mucosa and muscle layers; (2) the colonic mucosa contained significantly more microvessels than the muscularis externa; and (3) there were more CGRP and VIP nerve fibers found close to microvessels in the mucosa and submucosa than in the muscle layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yvette Taché
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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9
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Sharkey KA, Mawe GM. The enteric nervous system. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1487-1564. [PMID: 36521049 PMCID: PMC9970663 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in terms of the numbers of structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers and types of signaling molecules utilized. The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water occurs in a hostile luminal environment that contains a large and diverse microbiota. At the core of regulatory control of the digestive and defensive functions of the gastrointestinal tract is the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex system of neurons and glia in the gut wall. In this review, we discuss 1) the intrinsic neural control of gut functions involved in digestion and 2) how the ENS interacts with the immune system, gut microbiota, and epithelium to maintain mucosal defense and barrier function. We highlight developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of enteric neural control. These include a new understanding of the molecular architecture of the ENS, the organization and function of enteric motor circuits, and the roles of enteric glia. We explore the transduction of luminal stimuli by enteroendocrine cells, the regulation of intestinal barrier function by enteric neurons and glia, local immune control by the ENS, and the role of the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the ENS. Multifunctional enteric neurons work together with enteric glial cells, macrophages, interstitial cells, and enteroendocrine cells integrating an array of signals to initiate outputs that are precisely regulated in space and time to control digestion and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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10
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Planchette AL, Schmidt C, Burri O, Gomez de Agüero M, Radenovic A, Mylonas A, Extermann J. Optical imaging of the small intestine immune compartment across scales. Commun Biol 2023; 6:352. [PMID: 37002381 PMCID: PMC10066397 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The limitations of 2D microscopy constrain our ability to observe and understand tissue-wide networks that are, by nature, 3-dimensional. Optical projection tomography (OPT) enables the acquisition of large volumes (ranging from micrometres to centimetres) in various tissues. We present a multi-modal workflow for the characterization of both structural and quantitative parameters of the mouse small intestine. As proof of principle, we evidence its applicability for imaging the mouse intestinal immune compartment and surrounding mucosal structures. We quantify the volumetric size and spatial distribution of Isolated Lymphoid Follicles (ILFs) and quantify the density of villi throughout centimetre-long segments of intestine. Furthermore, we exhibit the age and microbiota dependence for ILF development, and leverage a technique that we call reverse-OPT for identifying and homing in on regions of interest. Several quantification capabilities are displayed, including villous density in the autofluorescent channel and the size and spatial distribution of the signal of interest at millimetre-scale volumes. The concatenation of 3D imaging with reverse-OPT and high-resolution 2D imaging allows accurate localisation of ROIs and adds value to interpretations made in 3D. Importantly, OPT may be used to identify sparsely-distributed regions of interest in large volumes whilst retaining compatibility with high-resolution microscopy modalities, including confocal microscopy. We believe this pipeline to be approachable for a wide-range of specialties, and to provide a new method for characterisation of the mouse intestinal immune compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Louise Planchette
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Cédric Schmidt
- HEPIA/HES-SO, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue de la Prairie 4, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Burri
- BioImaging & Optics Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Host-microbial interactions group, Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck research group, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alessio Mylonas
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Extermann
- HEPIA/HES-SO, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue de la Prairie 4, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Klein Wolterink RGJ, Wu GS, Chiu IM, Veiga-Fernandes H. Neuroimmune Interactions in Peripheral Organs. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:339-360. [PMID: 35363534 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the nervous and immune systems were recognized long ago, but recent studies show that this crosstalk occurs more frequently than was previously appreciated. Moreover, technological advances have enabled the identification of the molecular mediators and receptors that enable the interaction between these two complex systems and provide new insights on the role of neuroimmune crosstalk in organismal physiology. Most neuroimmune interaction occurs at discrete anatomical locations in which neurons and immune cells colocalize. Here, we describe the interactions of the different branches of the peripheral nervous system with immune cells in various organs, including the skin, intestine, lung, and adipose tissue. We highlight how neuroimmune crosstalk orchestrates physiological processes such as host defense, tissue repair, metabolism, and thermogenesis. Unraveling these intricate relationships is invaluable to explore the therapeutic potential of neuroimmune interaction. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glendon S Wu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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12
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El-Nachef WN, Hu C, Bronner ME. Whole gut imaging allows quantification of all enteric neurons in the adult zebrafish intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14292. [PMID: 34865280 PMCID: PMC8799505 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fundamental understanding of the enteric nervous system in normal and diseased states is limited by the lack of standard measures of total enteric neuron number. The adult zebrafish is a useful model in this context as it is amenable to in toto imaging of the intestine. We leveraged this to develop a technique to image and quantify all enteric neurons within the adult zebrafish intestine and applied this method to assess the relationship between intestinal length and total enteric neuron number. METHODS Dissected adult zebrafish intestines were immunostained in wholemount, optically cleared with refractive index-matched solution, and then imaged in tiles using light-sheet microscopy. Imaging software was used to stitch the tiles, and the full image underwent automated cell counting. Total enteric neuron number was assessed in relation to intestinal length using linear regression modeling. KEY RESULTS Whole gut imaging of the adult zebrafish intestine permits the visualization of endogenous and immunohistochemistry-derived fluorescence throughout the intestine. While enteric neuron distribution is heterogeneous between intestinal segments, total enteric neuron number positively correlates with intestinal length. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Imaging of all enteric neurons within the adult vertebrate intestine is possible in models such as the zebrafish. In this study, we apply this to demonstrate a positive correlation between enteric neuron number and intestinal length. Quantifying total enteric numbers will facilitate future studies of enteric neuropathies and ENS structure in animal models and potentially in biopsied tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael N. El-Nachef
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology
| | - Claire Hu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology
| | - Marianne E. Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology
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13
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Battistella R, Kritsilis M, Matuskova H, Haswell D, Cheng AX, Meissner A, Nedergaard M, Lundgaard I. Not All Lectins Are Equally Suitable for Labeling Rodent Vasculature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111554. [PMID: 34768985 PMCID: PMC8584019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular system is vital for all tissues and the interest in its visualization spans many fields. A number of different plant-derived lectins are used for detection of vasculature; however, studies performing direct comparison of the labeling efficacy of different lectins and techniques are lacking. In this study, we compared the labeling efficacy of three lectins: Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (IB4); wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and Lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin (LEA). The LEA lectin was identified as being far superior to the IB4 and WGA lectins in histological labeling of blood vessels in brain sections. A similar signal-to-noise ratio was achieved with high concentrations of the WGA lectin injected during intracardial perfusion. Lectins were also suitable for labeling vasculature in other tissues, including spinal cord, dura mater, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and liver tissues. In uninjured tissues, the LEA lectin was as accurate as the Tie2–eGFP reporter mice and GLUT-1 immunohistochemistry for labeling the cerebral vasculature, validating its specificity and sensitivity. However, in pathological situations, e.g., in stroke, the sensitivity of the LEA lectin decreases dramatically, limiting its applicability in such studies. This work can be used for selecting the type of lectin and labeling method for various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Battistella
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (R.B.); (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
- WCMM Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marios Kritsilis
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (R.B.); (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
- WCMM Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hana Matuskova
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (R.B.); (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
- WCMM Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Division of Vascular Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Douglas Haswell
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (D.H.); (A.X.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Anne Xiaoan Cheng
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (D.H.); (A.X.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (R.B.); (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
- WCMM Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (D.H.); (A.X.C.); (M.N.)
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Neurology Department, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (R.B.); (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
- WCMM Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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14
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Nestor-Kalinoski A, Smith-Edwards KM, Meerschaert K, Margiotta JF, Rajwa B, Davis BM, Howard MJ. Unique Neural Circuit Connectivity of Mouse Proximal, Middle, and Distal Colon Defines Regional Colonic Motor Patterns. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:309-337.e3. [PMID: 34509687 PMCID: PMC8703201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Colonic motor patterns have been described by a number of different groups, but the neural connectivity and ganglion architecture supporting patterned motor activity have not been elucidated. Our goals were to describe quantitatively, by region, the structural architecture of the mouse enteric nervous system and use functional calcium imaging, pharmacology, and electrical stimulation to show regional underpinnings of different motor patterns. METHODS Excised colon segments from mice expressing the calcium indicator GCaMP6f or GCaMP6s were used to examine spontaneous and evoked (pharmacologic or electrical) changes in GCaMP-mediated fluorescence and coupled with assessment of colonic motor activity, immunohistochemistry, and confocal imaging. Three-dimensional image reconstruction and statistical methods were used to describe quantitatively mouse colon myenteric ganglion structure, neural and vascular network patterning, and neural connectivity. RESULTS In intact colon, regionally specific myenteric ganglion size, architecture, and neural circuit connectivity patterns along with neurotransmitter-receptor expression underlie colonic motor patterns that define functional differences along the colon. Region-specific effects on spontaneous, evoked, and chemically induced neural activity contribute to regional motor patterns, as does intraganglionic functional connectivity. We provide direct evidence of neural circuit structural and functional regional differences that have only been inferred in previous investigations. We include regional comparisons between quantitative measures in mouse and human colon that represent an important advance in showing the usefulness and relevance of the mouse system for translation to the human colon. CONCLUSIONS There are several neural mechanisms dependent on myenteric ganglion architecture and functional connectivity that underlie neurogenic control of patterned motor function in the mouse colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nestor-Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Kristen M Smith-Edwards
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly Meerschaert
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph F Margiotta
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Brian M Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marthe J Howard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.
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15
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Ten Hove AS, Seppen J, de Jonge WJ. Neuronal innervation of the intestinal crypt. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G193-G205. [PMID: 33296267 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00239.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal damage is a key feature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and healing of the mucosa is an endpoint of IBD treatment that is often difficult to achieve. Autonomic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system may influence intestinal epithelial cell growth and modulating epithelial innervation could for that reason serve as an interesting therapeutic option to improve mucosal healing. Understanding of the biological processes triggered by nonspecific and specific epithelial adrenergic and cholinergic receptor activation is of key importance. At present, with rising technological advances, bioelectronic neuromodulation as treatment modality has gained momentum. We discuss the current view on state-of-the-art innervation of the intestinal crypt and its impact on epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Furthermore, we outline bioelectronic technology and review its relevance to wound healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Ten Hove
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Zhao J, Lai HM, Qi Y, He D, Sun H. Current Status of Tissue Clearing and the Path Forward in Neuroscience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:5-29. [PMID: 33326739 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complexity and limited availability of human brain tissues, for decades, pathologists have sought to maximize information gained from individual samples, based on which (patho)physiological processes could be inferred. Recently, new understandings of chemical and physical properties of biological tissues and multiple chemical profiling have given rise to the development of scalable tissue clearing methods allowing superior optical clearing of across-the-scale samples. In the past decade, tissue clearing techniques, molecular labeling methods, advanced laser scanning microscopes, and data visualization and analysis have become commonplace. Combined, they have made 3D visualization of brain tissues with unprecedented resolution and depth widely accessible. To facilitate further advancements and applications, here we provide a critical appraisal of these techniques. We propose a classification system of current tissue clearing and expansion methods that allows users to judge the applicability of individual ones to their questions, followed by a review of the current progress in molecular labeling, optical imaging, and data processing to demonstrate the whole 3D imaging pipeline based on tissue clearing and downstream techniques for visualizing the brain. We also raise the path forward of tissue-clearing-based imaging technology, that is, integrating with state-of-the-art techniques, such as multiplexing protein imaging, in situ signal amplification, RNA detection and sequencing, super-resolution imaging techniques, multiomics studies, and deep learning, for drawing the complete atlas of the human brain and building a 3D pathology platform for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hei Ming Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dian He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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17
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Han Y, Wang X, Cheng X, Zhao M, Zhao T, Guo L, Liu D, Wu K, Fan M, Shi M, Zhu L. Close Homolog of L1 Deficiency Exacerbated Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function in Mouse Model of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:584508. [PMID: 33240104 PMCID: PMC7677258 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.584508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule CHL1, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, functions in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including neural development, tissue injury, and repair. We previously found that the loss of CHL1 exacerbated the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In the present study, we further addressed the role of CHL1 in mouse model of DSS-induced colitis and its’ potential mechanism. Colon tissues were collected from CHL1+/+, CHL1+/−, and CHL1−/− mice after DSS induction to investigate the effects of CHL1 on the development of colitis. The data showed that CHL1 was expressed in intestine tissue, and expression of CHL1 was increased by DSS-induced inflammation. CHL1 deficiency induced more pronounced colitis features, exacerbated inflammation, and damage to colonic tissues in DSS-induced mice. Moreover, colonic tissues of CHL1−/− mice showed a marked increase in neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, be accompanied by more severe damage to intestinal epithelial cells and higher fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) leakage. Our results revealed deficiency of CHL1 exacerbated DSS-induced colitis, and this pathogenesis was potentially mediated by disruption of intestinal barrier integrity, indicating that CHL1 may be an attractive therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kuiwu Wu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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18
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Mitsui R, Hashitani H. Synchrony of spontaneous Ca 2+ activity in microvascular mural cells. J Smooth Muscle Res 2020; 56:1-18. [PMID: 32249242 PMCID: PMC7132055 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.56.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous rhythmic constrictions known as vasomotion are developed in several microvascular beds in vivo. Vasomotion in arterioles is considered to facilitate blood flow, while venular vasomotion would facilitate tissue metabolite drainage. Mechanisms underlying vasomotion periodically generate synchronous Ca2+ transients in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In visceral organs, mural cells (pericytes and VSMCs) in arterioles, capillaries and venules exhibit synchronous spontaneous Ca2+ transients. Since sympathetic regulation is rather limited in the intra-organ microvessels, spontaneous activity of mural cells may play an essential role in maintaining tissue perfusion. Synchronous spontaneous Ca2+ transients in precapillary arterioles (PCAs)/capillaries appear to propagate to upstream arterioles to drive their vasomotion, while venules develop their own synchronous Ca2+ transients and associated vasomotion. Spontaneous Ca2+ transients of mural cells primarily arise from IP3 and/or ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) Ca2+ stores. The resultant opening of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs) causes a membrane depolarisation that triggers Ca2+ influx via T-type and/or L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs). Mural cells are electrically coupled with each other via gap junctions, and thus allow the sequential spread of CaCC or VDCC-dependent depolarisations to develop the synchrony of Ca2+ transients within their network. Importantly, the synchrony of spontaneous Ca2+ transients also requires a certain range of the resting membrane potential that is maintained by the opening of Kv7 voltage-dependent K+ (Kv7) and inward rectifier K+ (Kir) channels. Thus, a depolarised membrane would evoke asynchronous, 'premature' spontaneous Ca2+ transients, while a hyperpolarised membrane prevents any spontaneous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retsu Mitsui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hashitani
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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19
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Takashima S, Martin ML, Jansen SA, Fu Y, Bos J, Chandra D, O'Connor MH, Mertelsmann AM, Vinci P, Kuttiyara J, Devlin SM, Middendorp S, Calafiore M, Egorova A, Kleppe M, Lo Y, Shroyer NF, Cheng EH, Levine RL, Liu C, Kolesnick R, Lindemans CA, Hanash AM. T cell-derived interferon-γ programs stem cell death in immune-mediated intestinal damage. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/42/eaay8556. [PMID: 31811055 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay8556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) for epithelial maintenance, there is limited understanding of how immune-mediated damage affects ISCs and their niche. We found that stem cell compartment injury is a shared feature of both alloreactive and autoreactive intestinal immunopathology, reducing ISCs and impairing their recovery in T cell-mediated injury models. Although imaging revealed few T cells near the stem cell compartment in healthy mice, donor T cells infiltrating the intestinal mucosa after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) primarily localized to the crypt region lamina propria. Further modeling with ex vivo epithelial cultures indicated ISC depletion and impaired human as well as murine organoid survival upon coculture with activated T cells, and screening of effector pathways identified interferon-γ (IFNγ) as a principal mediator of ISC compartment damage. IFNγ induced JAK1- and STAT1-dependent toxicity, initiating a proapoptotic gene expression program and stem cell death. BMT with IFNγ-deficient donor T cells, with recipients lacking the IFNγ receptor (IFNγR) specifically in the intestinal epithelium, and with pharmacologic inhibition of JAK signaling all resulted in protection of the stem cell compartment. In addition, epithelial cultures with Paneth cell-deficient organoids, IFNγR-deficient Paneth cells, IFNγR-deficient ISCs, and purified stem cell colonies all indicated direct targeting of the ISCs that was not dependent on injury to the Paneth cell niche. Dysregulated T cell activation and IFNγ production are thus potent mediators of ISC injury, and blockade of JAK/STAT signaling within target tissue stem cells can prevent this T cell-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takashima
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M L Martin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S A Jansen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Y Fu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - J Bos
- Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - D Chandra
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M H O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - A M Mertelsmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - P Vinci
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - J Kuttiyara
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S M Devlin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S Middendorp
- Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M Calafiore
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - A Egorova
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M Kleppe
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Y Lo
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - N F Shroyer
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - R L Levine
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - R Kolesnick
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C A Lindemans
- Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB Utrecht, Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A M Hanash
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Liu CY, Polk DB. Cellular maps of gastrointestinal organs: getting the most from tissue clearing. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G1-G10. [PMID: 32421359 PMCID: PMC7468759 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00075.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of modern methods to induce optical transparency ("clearing") in biological tissues has enabled the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of intact organs at cellular resolution. New capabilities in visualization of rare cellular events, long-range interactions, and irregular structures will facilitate novel studies in the alimentary tract and gastrointestinal systems. The tubular geometry of the alimentary tract facilitates large-scale cellular reconstruction of cleared tissue without specialized microscopy setups. However, with the rapid pace of development of clearing agents and current relative paucity of research groups in the gastrointestinal field using these techniques, it can be daunting to incorporate tissue clearing into experimental workflows. Here, we give some advice and describe our own experience bringing tissue clearing and whole mount reconstruction into our laboratory's investigations. We present a brief overview of the chemical concepts that underpin tissue clearing, what sorts of questions whole mount imaging can answer, how to choose a clearing agent, an example of how to clear and image alimentary tissue, and what to do after obtaining the image. This short review will encourage other gastrointestinal researchers to consider how utilizing tissue clearing and creating 3D "maps" of tissue might deepen the impact of their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cambrian Y. Liu
- 1Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Saban Research Institute Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - D. Brent Polk
- 1Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Saban Research Institute Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,2Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California
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21
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Graham KD, López SH, Sengupta R, Shenoy A, Schneider S, Wright CM, Feldman M, Furth E, Valdivieso F, Lemke A, Wilkins BJ, Naji A, Doolin E, Howard MJ, Heuckeroth RO. Robust, 3-Dimensional Visualization of Human Colon Enteric Nervous System Without Tissue Sectioning. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:2221-2235.e5. [PMID: 32113825 PMCID: PMC7392351 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Small, 2-dimensional sections routinely used for human pathology analysis provide limited information about bowel innervation. We developed a technique to image human enteric nervous system (ENS) and other intramural cells in 3 dimensions. METHODS Using mouse and human colon tissues, we developed a method that combines tissue clearing, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and quantitative analysis of full-thickness bowel without sectioning to quantify ENS and other intramural cells in 3 dimensions. RESULTS We provided 280 adult human colon confocal Z-stacks from persons without known bowel motility disorders. Most of our images were of myenteric ganglia, captured using a 20× objective lens. Full-thickness colon images, viewed with a 10× objective lens, were as large as 4 × 5 mm2. Colon from 2 pediatric patients with Hirschsprung disease was used to show distal colon without enteric ganglia, as well as a transition zone and proximal pull-through resection margin where ENS was present. After testing a panel of antibodies with our method, we identified 16 antibodies that bind to molecules in neurons, glia, interstitial cells of Cajal, and muscularis macrophages. Quantitative analyses demonstrated myenteric plexus in 24.5% ± 2.4% of flattened colon Z-stack area. Myenteric ganglia occupied 34% ± 4% of myenteric plexus. Single myenteric ganglion volume averaged 3,527,678 ± 573,832 mm3 with 38,706 ± 5763 neuron/mm3 and 129,321 ± 25,356 glia/mm3. Images of large areas provided insight into why published values of ENS density vary up to 150-fold-ENS density varies greatly, across millimeters, so analyses of small numbers of thin sections from the same bowel region can produce varying results. Neuron subtype analysis revealed that approximately 56% of myenteric neurons stained with neuronal nitric oxide synthase antibody and approximately 33% of neurons produce and store acetylcholine. Transition zone regions from colon tissues of patients with Hirschsprung disease had ganglia in multiple layers and thick nerve fiber bundles without neurons. Submucosal neuron distribution varied among imaged colon regions. CONCLUSIONS We developed a 3-dimensional imaging method for colon that provides more information about ENS structure than tissue sectioning. This approach could improve diagnosis for human bowel motility disorders and may be useful for other bowel diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahleb D. Graham
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center – Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4318,Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics at University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Silvia Huerta López
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center – Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4318
| | - Rajarshi Sengupta
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center – Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4318,American Association for Cancer Research, 615 Chestnut Street, 17th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19106-4404
| | - Archana Shenoy
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4318
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center – Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4318,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318
| | - Christina M. Wright
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center – Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4318,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318
| | - Michael Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4238
| | - Emma Furth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4238
| | - Federico Valdivieso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4238
| | - Amanda Lemke
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center – Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4318
| | - Benjamin J. Wilkins
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4318
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318
| | - Edward Doolin
- Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. 19104-4318
| | - Marthe J. Howard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Mail Stop # 1007, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, U.S.A, 43614-2598
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center – Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19104-4318,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318
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22
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Chien HJ, Chiang TC, Peng SJ, Chung MH, Chou YH, Lee CY, Jeng YM, Tien YW, Tang SC. Human pancreatic afferent and efferent nerves: mapping and 3-D illustration of exocrine, endocrine, and adipose innervation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G694-G706. [PMID: 31509431 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00116.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas consists of both the exocrine (acini and ducts) and endocrine (islets) compartments to participate in and regulate the body's digestive and metabolic activities. These activities are subjected to neural modulation, but characterization of the human pancreatic afferent and efferent nerves remains difficult because of the lack of three-dimensional (3-D) image data. Here we prepare transparent human donor pancreases for 3-D histology to reveal the pancreatic microstructure, vasculature, and innervation in a global and integrated fashion. The pancreatic neural network consists of the substance P (SP)-positive sensory (afferent) nerves, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)-positive parasympathetic (efferent) nerves, and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive sympathetic (efferent) nerves. The SP+ afferent nerves were found residing along the basal domain of the interlobular ducts. The VAChT+ and TH+ efferent nerves were identified at the peri-acinar and perivascular spaces, which follow the blood vessels to the islets. In the intrapancreatic ganglia, the SP+ (scattered minority, ~7%) and VAChT+ neurons co-localize, suggesting a local afferent-efferent interaction. Compared with the mouse pancreas, the human pancreas differs in 1) the lack of SP+ afferent nerves in the islet, 2) the lower ganglionic density, and 3) the obvious presence of VAChT+ and TH+ nerves around the intralobular adipocytes. The latter implicates the neural influence on the pancreatic steatosis. Overall, our 3-D image data reveal the human pancreatic afferent and efferent innervation patterns and provide the anatomical foundation for future high-definition analyses of neural remodeling in human pancreatic diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Modern three-dimensional (3-D) histology with multiplex optical signals identifies the afferent and efferent innervation patterns of human pancreas, which otherwise cannot be defined with standard histology. Our 3-D image data reveal the unexpected association of sensory and parasympathetic nerves/neurons in the intrapancreatic ganglia and identify the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve contacts with the infiltrated adipocytes. The multiplex approach offers a new way to characterize the human pancreas in remodeling (e.g., fatty infiltration and duct lesion progression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jen Chien
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chen Chiang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsin Chung
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital-Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsien Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Tien
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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23
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Role of Pericytes in the Initiation and Propagation of Spontaneous Activity in the Microvasculature. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:329-356. [PMID: 31183834 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The microvasculature is composed of arterioles, capillaries and venules. Spontaneous arteriolar constrictions reduce effective vascular resistance to enhance tissue perfusion, while spontaneous venular constrictions facilitate the drainage of tissue metabolites by pumping blood. In the venules of visceral organs, mural cells, i.e. smooth muscle cells (SMCs) or pericytes, periodically generate spontaneous phasic constrictions, Ca2+ transients and transient depolarisations. These events arise from spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) and the subsequent opening of Ca2+-activated chloride channels (CaCCs). CaCC-dependent depolarisation further activates L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (LVDCCs) that play a critical role in maintaining the synchrony amongst mural cells. Mural cells in arterioles or capillaries are also capable of developing spontaneous activity. Non-contractile capillary pericytes generate spontaneous Ca2+ transients primarily relying on SR/ER Ca2+ release. Synchrony amongst capillary pericytes depends on gap junction-mediated spread of depolarisations resulting from the opening of either CaCCs or T-type VDCCs (TVDCCs) in a microvascular bed-dependent manner. The propagation of capillary Ca2+ transients into arterioles requires the opening of either L- or TVDCCs again depending on the microvascular bed. Since the blockade of gap junctions or CaCCs prevents spontaneous Ca2+ transients in arterioles and venules but not capillaries, capillary pericytes appear to play a primary role in generating spontaneous activity of the microvasculature unit. Pericytes in capillaries where the interchange of substances between tissues and the circulation takes place may provide the fundamental drive for upstream arterioles and downstream venules so that the microvasculature network functions as an integrated unit.
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24
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T Cell Recruitment to the Intestinal Stem Cell Compartment Drives Immune-Mediated Intestinal Damage after Allogeneic Transplantation. Immunity 2019; 51:90-103.e3. [PMID: 31278057 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The key sites within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where T cells mediate effector responses and the impact of these responses on intestinal stem cells (ISCs) remain unclear. Using experimental bone marrow transplantation to model immune-mediated GI damage and 3D imaging to analyze T cell localization, we found that the ISC compartment is the primary intestinal site targeted by T cells after transplantation. Recruitment to the crypt base region resulted in direct T cell engagement with the stem cell compartment and loss of crypt base columnar ISCs, which expressed both MHC classes I and II. Vasculature expressing the adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1 clustered near the crypt base, preferentially regulating crypt compartment invasion and ISC reduction without affecting T cell migration to villi. These findings indicate that allogeneic T cells rapidly access the stem cell niche after transplantation, and this targeted recruitment to the stem cell compartment results in ISC loss during immune-mediated GI damage.
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25
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Bossolani GDP, Pintelon I, Detrez JD, Buckinx R, Thys S, Zanoni JN, De Vos WH, Timmermans JP. Comparative analysis reveals Ce3D as optimal clearing method for in toto imaging of the mouse intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13560. [PMID: 30761698 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal wall has a complex topographical architecture. The multi-layered network of the enteric nervous system and its intercellular interactions are difficult to map using traditional section-based or whole-mount histology. With the advent of optical clearing techniques, it has become feasible to visualize intact tissue and organs in 3D. However, as yet, a gap still needs to be filled in that no in-depth analysis has been performed yet on the potential of different clearing techniques for the small intestine. AIM The goal of this study was to identify an optimal clearing protocol for in toto imaging of mouse intestinal tissue. METHODS Five aqueous-based clearing protocols (SeeDB2, CUBIC, ScaleS, Ce3D, and UbasM) and four organic reagent-based clearing protocols (3DISCO, iDISCO+, uDISCO, and Visikol® ) were assessed in segments of small intestine from CX3CR1GFP/GFP and wild-type mice. Following clearing, optical transparency, tissue morphology, green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence retention, and compatibility with (immuno-)labeling were analyzed. KEY RESULTS All organic reagent-based clearing protocols-except for Visikol-rendered tissue highly transparent but led to substantial tissue shrinkage and deformation. Of the aqueous-based protocols, only Ce3D yielded full-thickness tissue transparency. In addition, Ce3D displayed excellent GFP retention and preservation of tissue morphology. CONCLUSIONS Ce3D emerged as a most efficient protocol for enabling rapid full-thickness 3D mapping of the mouse intestinal wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleison D P Bossolani
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brasil
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan D Detrez
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Buckinx
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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26
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Ford MJ, Yeyati PL, Mali GR, Keighren MA, Waddell SH, Mjoseng HK, Douglas AT, Hall EA, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Meehan RR, Boulter L, Jackson IJ, Mill P, Mort RL. A Cell/Cilia Cycle Biosensor for Single-Cell Kinetics Reveals Persistence of Cilia after G1/S Transition Is a General Property in Cells and Mice. Dev Cell 2019; 47:509-523.e5. [PMID: 30458140 PMCID: PMC6251972 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cilia and cell cycles are inextricably linked. Centrioles in the basal body of cilia nucleate the ciliary axoneme and sequester pericentriolar matrix (PCM) at the centrosome to organize the mitotic spindle. Cilia themselves respond to growth signals, prompting cilia resorption and cell cycle re-entry. We describe a fluorescent cilia and cell cycle biosensor allowing live imaging of cell cycle progression and cilia assembly and disassembly kinetics in cells and inducible mice. We define assembly and disassembly in relation to cell cycle stage with single-cell resolution and explore the intercellular heterogeneity in cilia kinetics. In all cells and tissues analyzed, we observed cilia that persist through the G1/S transition and into S/G2/M-phase. We conclude that persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition is a general property. This resource will shed light at an individual cell level on the interplay between the cilia and cell cycles in development, regeneration, and disease. Arl13bCerulean-Fucci2a biosensor labels the cell and cilia cycles Analysis of cells and mice reveals persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition Inducible mouse line allows lineage tracing and ex vivo live imaging Organisms can tolerate artificially lengthened cilia without overt phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ford
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Patricia L Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Girish R Mali
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaret A Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Scott H Waddell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Heidi K Mjoseng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Adam T Douglas
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Emma A Hall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian J Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Richard L Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
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27
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Castro PR, Barbosa AS, Pereira JM, Ranfley H, Felipetto M, Gonçalves CAX, Paiva IR, Berg BB, Barcelos LS. Cellular and Molecular Heterogeneity Associated with Vessel Formation Processes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6740408. [PMID: 30406137 PMCID: PMC6199857 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6740408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The microvasculature heterogeneity is a complex subject in vascular biology. The difficulty of building a dynamic and interactive view among the microenvironments, the cellular and molecular heterogeneities, and the basic aspects of the vessel formation processes make the available knowledge largely fragmented. The neovascularisation processes, termed vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis, are important to the formation and proper functioning of organs and tissues both in the embryo and the postnatal period. These processes are intrinsically related to microvascular cells, such as endothelial and mural cells. These cells are able to adjust their activities in response to the metabolic and physiological requirements of the tissues, by displaying a broad plasticity that results in a significant cellular and molecular heterogeneity. In this review, we intend to approach the microvasculature heterogeneity in an integrated view considering the diversity of neovascularisation processes and the cellular and molecular heterogeneity that contribute to microcirculatory homeostasis. For that, we will cover their interactions in the different blood-organ barriers and discuss how they cooperate in an integrated regulatory network that is controlled by specific molecular signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana Ribeiro Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Alan Sales Barbosa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Jousie Michel Pereira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Hedden Ranfley
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Mariane Felipetto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Xavier Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Isabela Ribeiro Paiva
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Bárbara Betônico Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Luciola Silva Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
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28
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Reardon C, Murray K, Lomax AE. Neuroimmune Communication in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2287-2316. [PMID: 30109819 PMCID: PMC6170975 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems are tightly integrated, with each system capable of influencing the other to respond to infectious or inflammatory perturbations of homeostasis. Recent studies demonstrating the ability of neural stimulation to significantly reduce the severity of immunopathology and consequently reduce mortality have led to a resurgence in the field of neuroimmunology. Highlighting the tight integration of the nervous and immune systems, afferent neurons can be activated by a diverse range of substances from bacterial-derived products to cytokines released by host cells. While activation of vagal afferents by these substances dominates the literature, additional sensory neurons are responsive as well. It is becoming increasingly clear that although the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has become the predominant model, a multitude of functional circuits exist through which neuronal messengers can influence immunological outcomes. These include pathways whereby efferent signaling occurs independent of the vagus nerve through sympathetic neurons. To receive input from the nervous system, immune cells including B and T cells, macrophages, and professional antigen presenting cells express specific neurotransmitter receptors that affect immune cell function. Specialized immune cell populations not only express neurotransmitter receptors, but express the enzymatic machinery required to produce neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, allowing them to act as signaling intermediaries. Although elegant experiments have begun to decipher some of these interactions, integration of these molecules, cells, and anatomy into defined neuroimmune circuits in health and disease is in its infancy. This review describes these circuits and highlights continued challenges and opportunities for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California ; and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California ; and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Alan E Lomax
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California ; and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
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Pochard C, Coquenlorge S, Freyssinet M, Naveilhan P, Bourreille A, Neunlist M, Rolli-Derkinderen M. The multiple faces of inflammatory enteric glial cells: is Crohn's disease a gliopathy? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29517926 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00016.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gone are the days when enteric glial cells (EGC) were considered merely satellites of enteric neurons. Like their brain counterpart astrocytes, EGC express an impressive number of receptors for neurotransmitters and intercellular messengers, thereby contributing to neuroprotection and to the regulation of neuronal activity. EGC also produce different soluble factors that regulate neighboring cells, among which are intestinal epithelial cells. A better understanding of EGC response to an inflammatory environment, often referred to as enteric glial reactivity, could help define the physiological role of EGC and the importance of this reactivity in maintaining gut functions. In chronic inflammatory disorders of the gut such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, EGC exhibit abnormal phenotypes, and their neighboring cells are dysfunctional; however, it remains unclear whether EGC are only passive bystanders or active players in the pathophysiology of both disorders. The aim of the present study is to review the physiological roles and properties of EGC, their response to inflammation, and their role in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier and to discuss the emerging concept of CD as an enteric gliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Pochard
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Sabrina Coquenlorge
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Marie Freyssinet
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- Inserm, UMR1235 TENS, Nantes , France.,Nantes University , Nantes , France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes , France
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30
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Tang SC, Shen CN, Lin PY, Peng SJ, Chien HJ, Chou YH, Chamberlain CE, Pasricha PJ. Pancreatic neuro-insular network in young mice revealed by 3D panoramic histology. Diabetologia 2018; 61:158-167. [PMID: 28864913 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS It has been proposed that the neuro-insular network enables rapid, synchronised insulin secretion. However, to date, acquiring the pancreatic tissue map to study the neural network remains a challenging task as there is a lack of feasible approaches for large-scale tissue analysis at the organ level. Here, we have developed 3-dimensional (3D) panoramic histology to characterise the pancreatic neuro-insular network in young mice. METHODS Pancreases harvested from young wild-type B6 mice (3 and 8 weeks old) and db/db mice (3 weeks old; db/db vs db/+) were used to develop 3D panoramic histology. Transparent pancreases were prepared by optical clearing to enable deep-tissue, tile-scanning microscopy for qualitative and quantitative analyses of islets and the pancreatic tissue network in space. RESULTS 3D panoramic histology reveals the pancreatic neurovascular network and the coupling of ganglionic and islet populations via the network. This integration is identified in both 3- and 8-week-old mice, featuring the peri-arteriolar neuro-insular network and islet-ganglionic aggregation. In weaning hyperphagic db/db mice, the 3D image data identifies the associated increases in weight, adipose tissue attached to the pancreas, density of large islets (major axis > 150 μm) and pancreatic sympathetic innervation compared with db/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our work provides insight into the neuro-insular integration at the organ level and demonstrates a new approach for investigating previously unknown details of the pancreatic tissue network in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yu Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Peng
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Chien
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsien Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Kaufman JA, Castro MJ, Sandoval-Skeet N, Al-Nakkash L. Optical clearing of small intestine for three-dimensional visualization of cellular proliferation within crypts. J Anat 2017; 232:152-157. [PMID: 28967147 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New methods on optical clearing provide a valuable alternative to traditional physical section histology. Optical clearing allows investigation of relatively large tissue samples at histological resolution while maintaining the three-dimensional architecture of the intact system. There is significant potential for applying optical clearing to gastrointestinal tissues. In particular, intestinal crypts contain high concentrations of stem cells, making these structures especially important for research on cellular proliferation in the intestinal epithelium. The objective of our study is to demonstrate an optical clearing method that is easy to implement and is compatible with mitotic fluorescent labeling. The optical clearing method we present utilizes a Triton/DMSO delipidization step followed by refractive index matching, rendering the tissue nearly transparent. We use EdU click chemistry to fluorescently label mitotic cell nuclei. Our results demonstrate successful clearing of jejunal samples with readily visible EdU staining by means of confocal microscopy. Three-dimensional reconstruction of labeled samples reveals preservation of intestinal cytoarchitecture including muscular, submucosal, and mucosal layers. Additionally, the morphology of intestinal crypts and individual EdU-positive mitotic nuclei are visible in sharp detail within their intact three-dimensional organization. In summary, we present an optical clearing method that is easy to implement and has the potential to provide more accurate assessment of cellular proliferation within the gastrointestinal tract in both healthy and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Kaufman
- Department of Anatomy, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Monica J Castro
- Department of Anatomy, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Noemy Sandoval-Skeet
- Masters of Biomedical Science Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Layla Al-Nakkash
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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32
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Rao M, Rastelli D, Dong L, Chiu S, Setlik W, Gershon MD, Corfas G. Enteric Glia Regulate Gastrointestinal Motility but Are Not Required for Maintenance of the Epithelium in Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1068-1081.e7. [PMID: 28711628 PMCID: PMC5623141 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS When the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter is used to express cellular toxins that eliminate glia in mice, intestinal epithelial permeability and proliferation increase; this led to the concept that glia are required for maintenance of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Many enteric glia, however, particularly in the mucosa, do not express GFAP. In contrast, virtually all enteric glia express proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1). We investigated whether elimination of PLP1-expressing cells compromises epithelial maintenance or gastrointestinal motility. METHODS We generated mice that express tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under control of the Plp1 promoter and carry the diptheria toxin subunit A (DTA) transgene in the Rosa26 locus (Plp1CreER;Rosa26DTA mice). In these mice, PLP1-expressing glia are selectively eliminated without affecting neighboring cells. We measured epithelial barrier function and gastrointestinal motility in these mice and littermate controls, and analyzed epithelial cell proliferation and ultrastructure from their intestinal tissues. To compare our findings with those from previous studies, we also eliminated glia with ganciclovir in GfapHSV-TK mice. RESULTS Expression of DTA in PLP1-expressing cells selectively eliminated enteric glia from the small and large intestines, but caused no defects in epithelial proliferation, barrier integrity, or ultrastructure. In contrast, administration of ganciclovir to GfapHSV-TK mice eliminated fewer glia but caused considerable non-glial toxicity and epithelial cell death. Elimination of PLP1-expressing cells did not reduce survival of neurons in the intestine, but altered gastrointestinal motility in female, but not male, mice. CONCLUSIONS Using the Plp1 promoter to selectively eliminate glia in mice, we found that enteric glia are not required for maintenance of the intestinal epithelium, but are required for regulation of intestinal motility in females. Previous observations supporting the concept that maintenance of the intestinal epithelium requires enteric glia can be attributed to non-glial toxicity in GfapHSV-TK mice and epithelial-cell expression of GFAP. Contrary to widespread notions, enteric glia are therefore not required for epithelial homeostasis. However, they regulate intestinal motility in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Daniella Rastelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophia Chiu
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University
| | - Wanda Setlik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University
| | | | - Gabriel Corfas
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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33
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Bernier-Latmani J, Petrova TV. Intestinal lymphatic vasculature: structure, mechanisms and functions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:510-526. [PMID: 28655884 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is richly supplied with lymphatic vasculature, which has functions ranging from maintenance of interstitial fluid balance to transport of antigens, antigen-presenting cells, dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. In this Review, we provide in-depth information concerning the organization and structure of intestinal lymphatics, the current view of their developmental origins, as well as molecular mechanisms of intestinal lymphatic patterning and maintenance. We will also discuss physiological aspects of intestinal lymph flow regulation and the known and emerging roles of intestinal lymphatic vessels in human diseases, such as IBD, infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Route Cantonale 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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Kulkarni S, Micci MA, Leser J, Shin C, Tang SC, Fu YY, Liu L, Li Q, Saha M, Li C, Enikolopov G, Becker L, Rakhilin N, Anderson M, Shen X, Dong X, Butte MJ, Song H, Southard-Smith EM, Kapur RP, Bogunovic M, Pasricha PJ. Adult enteric nervous system in health is maintained by a dynamic balance between neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3709-E3718. [PMID: 28420791 PMCID: PMC5422809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619406114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to current dogma, there is little or no ongoing neurogenesis in the fully developed adult enteric nervous system. This lack of neurogenesis leaves unanswered the question of how enteric neuronal populations are maintained in adult guts, given previous reports of ongoing neuronal death. Here, we confirm that despite ongoing neuronal cell loss because of apoptosis in the myenteric ganglia of the adult small intestine, total myenteric neuronal numbers remain constant. This observed neuronal homeostasis is maintained by new neurons formed in vivo from dividing precursor cells that are located within myenteric ganglia and express both Nestin and p75NTR, but not the pan-glial marker Sox10. Mutation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene in this pool of adult precursors leads to an increase in enteric neuronal number, resulting in ganglioneuromatosis, modeling the corresponding disorder in humans. Taken together, our results show significant turnover and neurogenesis of adult enteric neurons and provide a paradigm for understanding the enteric nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jenna Leser
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Changsik Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | | | - Ya-Yuan Fu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Liansheng Liu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Monalee Saha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Cuiping Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Laren Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nikolai Rakhilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Michael Anderson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hongjun Song
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Institute for Cellular Engineering, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
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35
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Ohtsu M, Kurihara D, Sato Y, Suzaki T, Kawaguchi M, Maruyama D, Higashiyama T. Fluorescent Labeling of the Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines in Deep-Tissue Live Imaging. CYTOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.82.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
- JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | | | - Daisuke Maruyama
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
- JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University
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36
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Neckel PH, Mattheus U, Hirt B, Just L, Mack AF. Large-scale tissue clearing (PACT): Technical evaluation and new perspectives in immunofluorescence, histology, and ultrastructure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34331. [PMID: 27680942 PMCID: PMC5041186 DOI: 10.1038/srep34331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel techniques, like CLARITY and PACT, render large tissue specimens transparent and thereby suitable for microscopic analysis. We used these techniques to evaluate their potential in the intestine as an exemplary organ with a complex tissue composition. Immunohistochemistry, light sheet-, and confocal scanning-microscopy enabled us to follow complex three-dimensional structures, like nerve fibers, vessels, and epithelial barriers throughout the entire organ. Moreover, in a systematic electron microscopic study, we analyzed the morphology and preservation of tissue on ultrastructural level during the clearing process. We also connect tissue clearing with classical histology and demonstrate that cleared tissues can be stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Heidenhain's Azan stain, suggesting potential use in histopathology. These experiments showed that a neutral pH during the clearing process results in much better preservation of tissue ultrastructure and standard stainability. Volume changes of specimens were monitored and quantified during the course of the protocol. Additionally, we employed the technique to visualize the enteric nervous system and the epithelial barrier in post mortem human gut preparations. Our data show the high potential of tissue clearing throughout different tissue types supporting its usefulness in research and diagnosis, and contribute to the technical discussion of ultrastructural tissue-retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Neckel
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mattheus
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hirt
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lothar Just
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas F. Mack
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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37
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Bernier-Latmani J, Petrova TV. High-resolution 3D analysis of mouse small-intestinal stroma. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1617-29. [PMID: 27560169 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we detail a protocol for whole-mount immunostaining of mouse small-intestinal villi that can be used to generate high-resolution 3D images of all gut cell types, including blood and lymphatic vessel cells, neurons, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and immune cells. The procedure describes perfusion, fixation, dissection, immunostaining, mounting, clearing, confocal imaging and quantification, using intestinal vasculature as an example. As intestinal epithelial cells prevent visualization with some antibodies, we also provide an optional protocol to remove these cells before fixation. In contrast to alternative current techniques, our protocol enables the entire villus to be visualized with increased spatial resolution of cell location, morphology and cell-cell interactions, thus allowing for easy quantification of phenotypes. The technique, which takes 7 d from mouse dissection to microscopic examination, will be useful for researchers who are interested in most aspects of intestinal biology, including mucosal immunology, infection, nutrition, cancer biology and intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. The Histochemistry and Cell Biology omnium-gatherum: the year 2015 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:239-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Hashitani H, Lang RJ. Spontaneous activity in the microvasculature of visceral organs: role of pericytes and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. J Physiol 2016; 594:555-65. [PMID: 26607499 DOI: 10.1113/jp271438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microvasculature plays a primary role in the interchange of substances between tissues and the circulation. In visceral organs that undergo considerable distension upon filling, the microvasculature appears to display intrinsic contractile properties to maintain their flow. Submucosal venules in the bladder or gastrointestinal tract generate rhythmic spontaneous phasic constrictions and associated Ca(2+) transients. These events are initiated within either venular pericytes or smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arising from spontaneous Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the opening of Ca(2+) -activated chloride channels (CaCCs) that trigger Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (VDCCs). L-type VDCCs also play a critical role in maintaining synchrony within the contractile mural cells. In the stomach myenteric layer, spontaneous Ca(2+) transients originating in capillary pericytes appear to spread to their neighbouring arteriolar SMCs. Capillary Ca(2+) transients primarily rely on SR Ca(2+) release, but also require Ca(2+) influx through T-type VDCCs for their synchrony. The opening of T-type VDCCs also contribute to the propagation of Ca(2+) transients into SMCs. In visceral microvasculature, pericytes act as either spontaneously active contractile machinery of the venules or as pacemaker cells generating synchronous Ca(2+) transients that drive spontaneous contractions in upstream arterioles. Thus pericytes play different roles in different vascular beds in a manner that may well depend on the selective expression of T-type and L-type Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Hashitani
- Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Richard J Lang
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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40
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Jin HY, Baek HS, Park TS. Morphologic Changes in Autonomic Nerves in Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy. Diabetes Metab J 2015; 39:461-7. [PMID: 26706915 PMCID: PMC4696981 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2015.39.6.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes, and it increases morbidity and mortality in patients with both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Because the autonomic nervous system, for example, parasympathetic axons, has a diffuse and wide distribution, we do not know the morphological changes that occur in autonomic neural control and their exact mechanisms in diabetic patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN). Although the prevalence of sympathetic and parasympathetic neuropathy is similar in T1DM versus T2DM patients, sympathetic nerve function correlates with parasympathetic neuropathy only in T1DM patients. The explanation for these discrepancies might be that parasympathetic nerve function was more severely affected among T2DM patients. As parasympathetic nerve damage seems to be more advanced than sympathetic nerve damage, it might be that parasympathetic neuropathy precedes sympathetic neuropathy in T2DM, which was Ewing's concept. This could be explained by the intrinsic morphologic difference. Therefore, the morphological changes in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of involved organs in T1DM and T2DM patients who have DAN should be evaluated. In this review, evaluation methods for morphological changes in the epidermal nerves of skin, and the intrinsic nerves of the stomach will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Yong Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hong Sun Baek
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae Sun Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.
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3-D imaging of islets in obesity: formation of the islet-duct complex and neurovascular remodeling in young hyperphagic mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:685-97. [PMID: 26499436 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and insulin resistance lead to islet hyperplasia. However, how the islet remodeling influences the pancreatic environment and the associated neurovascular networks is largely unknown. The lack of information is primarily due to the difficulty of global visualization of the hyperplasic islet (>200 μm) and the neurovascular environment with high definition. METHODS We modulated the pancreatic optical property to achieve 3-dimensional (3-D) whole-islet histology and to integrate transmitted light microscopy (which provides the ground-truth tissue information) with confocal fluorescence imaging. The new optical and imaging conditions were used to globally examine the hyperplastic islets of the young (2 months) obese db/db and ob/ob mice, which otherwise cannot be easily portrayed by the standard microtome-based histology. The voxel-based islet micrographs were digitally processed for stereo projection and qualitative and quantitative analyses of the islet tissue networks. RESULTS Paired staining and imaging of the pancreatic islets, ducts and neurovascular networks reveal the unexpected formation of the 'neuro-insular-ductal complex' in the young obese mice. The complex consists of the peri- and/or intra-islet ducts and prominent peri-ductal sympathetic nerves; the latter contributes to a marked increase in islet sympathetic innervation. In vascular characterization, we identify a decreased perivascular density of the ob/ob islet pericytes, which adapt to ensheathing the dilated microvessels with hypertrophic processes. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of pancreatic optical property enables 3-D panoramic examination of islets in the young hyperphagic mice to reveal the formation of the islet-duct complex and neurovascular remodeling. On the basis of the morphological proximity of the remodeled tissue networks, we propose a reactive islet microenvironment consisting of the endocrine cells, ductal epithelium and neurovascular tissues in response to the metabolic challenge that is experienced early in life.
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Grubišić V, Parpura V. The second brain in autism spectrum disorder: could connexin 43 expressed in enteric glial cells play a role? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:242. [PMID: 26190971 PMCID: PMC4490256 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Grubišić
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA ; Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
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Boesmans W, Hao MM, Vanden Berghe P. Optical Tools to Investigate Cellular Activity in the Intestinal Wall. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:337-51. [PMID: 26130630 PMCID: PMC4496899 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live imaging has become an essential tool to investigate the coordinated activity and output of cellular networks. Within the last decade, 2 Nobel prizes have been awarded to recognize innovations in the field of imaging: one for the discovery, use, and optimization of the green fluorescent protein (2008) and the second for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy (2014). New advances in both optogenetics and microscopy now enable researchers to record and manipulate activity from specific populations of cells with better contrast and resolution, at higher speeds, and deeper into live tissues. In this review, we will discuss some of the recent developments in microscope technology and in the synthesis of fluorescent probes, both synthetic and genetically encoded. We focus on how live imaging of cellular physiology has progressed our understanding of the control of gastrointestinal motility, and we discuss the hurdles to overcome in order to apply the novel tools in the field of neurogastroenterology and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlene M Hao
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Hashitani H, Mitsui R, Masaki S, Van Helden DF. Pacemaker role of pericytes in generating synchronized spontaneous Ca2+ transients in the myenteric microvasculature of the guinea-pig gastric antrum. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:442-56. [PMID: 26153078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Properties of spontaneous Ca(2+) transients in the myenteric microvasculature of the guinea-pig stomach were investigated. Specifically, we explored the spatio-temporal origin of Ca(2+) transients and the role of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (VDCCs) in their intercellular synchrony using fluorescence Ca(2+) imaging and immunohistochemistry. The microvasculature generated spontaneous Ca(2+) transients that were independent of both Ca(2+) transients in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and neural activity. Spontaneous Ca(2+) transients were highly synchronous along the length of microvasculature, and appeared to be initiated in pericytes and spread to arteriolar smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In most cases, the generation or synchrony of Ca(2+) transients was not affected by blockers of L-type VDCCs. In nifedipine-treated preparations, synchronous spontaneous Ca(2+) transients were readily blocked by Ni(2+), mibefradil or ML216, blockers for T-type VDCCs. These blockers also suppressed the known T-type VDCC dependent component of ICC Ca(2+) transients or slow waves. Spontaneous Ca(2+) transients were also suppressed by caffeine, tetracaine or cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). After the blockade of both L- and T-type VDCCs, asynchronous Ca(2+) transients were generated in pericytes on precapillary arterioles and/or capillaries but not in arteriolar SMCs, and were abolished by CPA or nominally Ca(2+) free solution. Together these data indicate that pericytes in the myenteric microvasculature may act as the origin of synchronous spontaneous Ca(2+) transients. Pericyte Ca(2+) transients arise from Ca(2+) release from the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum and the opening of T-type Ca(2+) VDCCs is required for their synchrony and propagation to arteriolar SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Hashitani
- Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Retsu Mitsui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shota Masaki
- Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dirk F Van Helden
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Avetisyan M, Schill EM, Heuckeroth RO. Building a second brain in the bowel. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:899-907. [PMID: 25664848 DOI: 10.1172/jci76307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is sometimes called the "second brain" because of the diversity of neuronal cell types and complex, integrated circuits that permit the ENS to autonomously regulate many processes in the bowel. Mechanisms supporting ENS development are intricate, with numerous proteins, small molecules, and nutrients that affect ENS morphogenesis and mature function. Damage to the ENS or developmental defects cause vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, growth failure, and early death. Here, we review molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that govern ENS development, identify areas in which more investigation is needed, and discuss the clinical implications of new basic research.
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Calve S, Ready A, Huppenbauer C, Main R, Neu CP. Optical clearing in dense connective tissues to visualize cellular connectivity in situ. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116662. [PMID: 25581165 PMCID: PMC4291226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualizing the three-dimensional morphology and spatial patterning of cells embedded deep within dense connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system has been possible only by utilizing destructive techniques. Here we utilize fructose-based clearing solutions to image cell connectivity and deep tissue-scale patterning in situ by standard confocal microscopy. Optical clearing takes advantage of refractive index matching of tissue and the embedding medium to visualize light transmission through a broad range of bovine and whole mount murine tissues, including cartilage, bone, and ligament, of the head and hindlimb. Using non-destructive methods, we show for the first time intercellular chondrocyte connections throughout the bulk of cartilage, and we reveal in situ patterns of osteocyte processes and the lacunar-canalicular system deep within mineralized cortical bone. Optical clearing of connective tissues is expected to find broad application for the study of cell responses in normal physiology and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Calve
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (CPN)
| | - Andrew Ready
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Russell Main
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Corey P. Neu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (CPN)
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Liu YA, Chung YC, Shen MY, Pan ST, Kuo CW, Peng SJ, Pasricha PJ, Tang SC. Perivascular Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Human Colon. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 1:102-119. [PMID: 28247865 PMCID: PMC5301165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) closely associate with nerves and smooth muscles to modulate gut motility. In the ICC microenvironment, although the circulating hormones/factors have been shown to influence ICC activities, the association between ICC and microvessels in the gut wall has not been described. We applied three-dimensional (3D) vascular histology with c-kit staining to identify the perivascular ICC and characterize their morphologic and population features in the human colon wall. METHODS Full-thickness colons were obtained from colectomies performed for colorectal cancer. We targeted the colon wall away from the tumor site. Confocal microscopy with optical clearing (use of immersion solution to reduce scattering in optical imaging) was performed to simultaneously reveal the ICC and vascular networks in space. 3D image rendering and projection were digitally conducted to illustrate the ICC-vessel contact patterns. RESULTS Perivascular ICC were identified in the submucosal border, myenteric plexus, and circular and longitudinal muscles via high-definition 3D microscopy. Through in-depth image projection, we specified two contact patterns-the intimate cell body-to-vessel contact (type I, 18% of ICC in circular muscle) and the long-distance process-to-vessel contact (type II, 16%)-to classify perivascular ICC. Particularly, type I perivascular ICC were detected with elevated c-kit staining levels and were routinely found in clusters, making them readily distinguishable from other ICC in the network. CONCLUSIONS We propose a new subclass of ICC that closely associates with microvessels in the human colon. Our finding suggests a functional relationship between these mural ICC and microvessels based on the morphologic proximity.
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Key Words
- 3D Histology
- 3D, three-dimensional
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ICC
- ICC, interstitial cells of Cajal
- ICC-CM, ICC in the circular muscle
- ICC-LM, ICC in the longitudinal muscle
- ICC-MY, ICC around the myenteric plexus
- ICC-SM, ICC at the submucosal border
- Mural Cells
- NA, numerical aperture
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SCF, stem cell factor
- c-kit
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-An Liu
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chiang Chung
- Department of Surgery, Cheng Ching General Hospital, Chung Kang Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yin Shen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shien-Tung Pan
- Department of Pathology, Miaoli General Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Kuo
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Peng
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pankaj J. Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Shiue-Cheng Tang, PhD, National Tsing Hua University, Department of Medical Science, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. fax: (886) 3-571-5934.
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Schrenk S, Schuster A, Klotz M, Schleser F, Lake J, Heuckeroth RO, Kim YJ, Laschke MW, Menger MD, Schäfer KH. Vascular and neural stem cells in the gut: do they need each other? Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:397-410. [PMID: 25371326 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enteric neurons and blood vessels form intricate networks throughout the gastrointestinal tract. To support the hypothesis of a possible interaction of both networks, we investigated whether primary mesenteric vascular cells (MVCs) and enteric nervous system (ENS)-derived cells (ENSc) depend on each other using two- and three-dimensional in vitro assays. In a confrontation assay, both cell types migrated in a target-oriented manner towards each other. The migration of MVCs was significantly increased when cultured in ENSc-conditioned medium. Co-cultures of ENSc with MVCs resulted in an improved ENSc proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, we analysed the formation of the vascular and nervous system in developing mice guts. It was found that the patterning of newly formed microvessels and neural stem cells, as confirmed by nestin and SOX2 stainings, is highly correlated in all parts of the developing gut. In particular in the distal colon, nestin/SOX2-positive cells were found in the tissues adjacent to the capillaries and in the capillaries themselves. Finally, in order to provide evidences for a mutual interaction between endothelial and neural cells, the vascular patterns of a RET((-/-)) knockout mouse model as well as human Hirschsprung's cases were analysed. In the distal colon of postnatal RET((-/-)) knockout mice, the vascular and neural networks were similarly disrupted. In aganglionic zones of Hirschsprung's patients, the microvascular density was significantly increased compared with the ganglionic zone within the submucosa. Taken together, these findings indicate a strong interaction between the enteric nervous and vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schrenk
- Department of Computer Sciences and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
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Tang SC, Peng SJ, Chien HJ. Imaging of the islet neural network. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16 Suppl 1:77-86. [PMID: 25200300 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans receive signals from the circulation and nerves to modulate hormone secretion in response to physiological cues. Although the rich islet innervation has been documented in the literature dating as far back as Paul Langerhans' discovery of islets in the pancreas, it remains a challenging task for researchers to acquire detailed islet innervation patterns in health and disease due to the dispersed nature of the islet neurovascular network. In this article, we discuss the recent development of 3-dimensional (3D) islet neurohistology, in which transparent pancreatic specimens were prepared by optical clearing to visualize the islet microstructure, vasculature and innervation with deep-tissue microscopy. Mouse islets were used as an example to illustrate how to apply this 3D imaging approach to characterize (i) the islet parasympathetic innervation, (ii) the islet sympathetic innervation and its reinnervation after transplantation under the kidney capsule and (iii) the reactive cellular response of the Schwann cell network in islet injury. While presenting and characterizing the innervation patterns, we also discuss how to apply the signals derived from transmitted light microscopy, vessel painting and immunostaining of neural markers to verify the location and source of tissue information. In summary, the systematic development of tissue labelling, clearing and imaging methods to reveal the islet neuroanatomy offers insights to help study the neural-islet regulatory mechanisms and the role of neural tissue remodelling in the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-C Tang
- Connectomics Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Garcia SB, Stopper H, Kannen V. The contribution of neuronal-glial-endothelial-epithelial interactions to colon carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3191-7. [PMID: 24848584 PMCID: PMC11113209 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several different cell types constitute the intestinal wall and interact in different manners to maintain tissue homeostasis. Elegant reports have explored these physiological cellular interactions revealing that glial cells and neurons not only modulate peristalsis and mechanical stimulus in the intestines but also control epithelial proliferation and sub-epithelial angiogenesis. Although colon carcinoma arises from epithelial cells, different sub-epithelial cell phenotypes are known to support the manifestation and development of tumors from their early steps on. Therefore, new perspectives in cancer research have been proposed, in which neurons and glial cells not only lead to higher cancer cell proliferation at the tumor invasion front but also further enhance angiogenesis and neurogenesis in tumors. Transformation of physiological neural activity into a pro-cancer event is thus discussed for colon carcinogenesis herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Britto Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14, Ribeirão Preto, 049-900 Brazil
| | - Helga Stopper
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Vinicius Kannen
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14, Ribeirão Preto, 049-900 Brazil
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