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Nwako JG, McCauley HA. Enteroendocrine cells regulate intestinal homeostasis and epithelial function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 593:112339. [PMID: 39111616 PMCID: PMC11401774 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are well-known for their systemic hormonal effects, especially in the regulation of appetite and glycemia. Much less is known about how the products made by EECs regulate their local environment within the intestine. Here, we focus on paracrine interactions between EECs and other intestinal cells as they regulate three essential aspects of intestinal homeostasis and physiology: 1) intestinal stem cell function and proliferation; 2) nutrient absorption; and 3) mucosal barrier function. We also discuss the ability of EECs to express multiple hormones, describe in vitro and in vivo models to study EECs, and consider how EECs are altered in GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Nwako
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 111 Mason Farm Road, Molecular Biology Research Building 5341C, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Heather A McCauley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 111 Mason Farm Road, Molecular Biology Research Building 5341C, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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2
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Lin L, Clevers H. Decoding endocrine cell differentiation: insights from high-throughput CRISPR screening in human gut organoids. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1526. [PMID: 38279896 PMCID: PMC10819080 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht InstituteRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Pharma, Research and Early Development (pRED) of F. Hoffmann‐La Roche LtdBaselSwitzerland
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3
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Lin L, DeMartino J, Wang D, van Son GJF, van der Linden R, Begthel H, Korving J, Andersson-Rolf A, van den Brink S, Lopez-Iglesias C, van de Wetering WJ, Balwierz A, Margaritis T, van de Wetering M, Peters PJ, Drost J, van Es JH, Clevers H. Unbiased transcription factor CRISPR screen identifies ZNF800 as master repressor of enteroendocrine differentiation. Science 2023; 382:451-458. [PMID: 37883554 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are hormone-producing cells residing in the epithelium of stomach, small intestine (SI), and colon. EECs regulate aspects of metabolic activity, including insulin levels, satiety, gastrointestinal secretion, and motility. The generation of different EEC lineages is not completely understood. In this work, we report a CRISPR knockout screen of the entire repertoire of transcription factors (TFs) in adult human SI organoids to identify dominant TFs controlling EEC differentiation. We discovered ZNF800 as a master repressor for endocrine lineage commitment, which particularly restricts enterochromaffin cell differentiation by directly controlling an endocrine TF network centered on PAX4. Thus, organoid models allow unbiased functional CRISPR screens for genes that program cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeff DeMartino
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daisong Wang
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs J F van Son
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Reinier van der Linden
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Amanda Andersson-Rolf
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stieneke van den Brink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Lopez-Iglesias
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Willine J van de Wetering
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc van de Wetering
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Peters
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Nery Neto JADO, Yariwake VY, Câmara NOS, Andrade-Oliveira V. Enteroendocrine cells and gut hormones as potential targets in the crossroad of the gut-kidney axis communication. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1248757. [PMID: 37927592 PMCID: PMC10620747 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1248757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that disruptions in intestinal homeostasis, such as changes in gut microbiota composition, infection, and inflammatory-related gut diseases, can be associated with kidney diseases. For instance, genomic investigations highlight how susceptibility genes linked to IgA nephropathy are also correlated with the risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Conversely, investigations demonstrate that the use of short-chain fatty acids, produced through fermentation by intestinal bacteria, protects kidney function in models of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Thus, the dialogue between the gut and kidney seems to be crucial in maintaining their proper function, although the factors governing this crosstalk are still emerging as the field evolves. In recent years, a series of studies have highlighted the significance of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) which are part of the secretory lineage of the gut epithelial cells, as important components in gut-kidney crosstalk. EECs are distributed throughout the epithelial layer and release more than 20 hormones in response to microenvironment stimuli. Interestingly, some of these hormones and/or their pathways such as Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, gastrin, and somatostatin have been shown to exert renoprotective effects. Therefore, the present review explores the role of EECs and their hormones as regulators of gut-kidney crosstalk and their potential impact on kidney diseases. This comprehensive exploration underscores the substantial contribution of EEC hormones in mediating gut-kidney communication and their promising potential for the treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Arimatéa de Oliveira Nery Neto
- Bernardo’s Lab, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Yuji Yariwake
- Bernardo’s Lab, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Bernardo’s Lab, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zinina VV, Sauer M, Nigmatullina L, Kreim N, Soshnikova N. TCF7L1 Controls the Differentiation of Tuft Cells in Mouse Small Intestine. Cells 2023; 12:1452. [PMID: 37296573 PMCID: PMC10253002 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous and rapid renewal of the intestinal epithelium depends on intestinal stem cells (ISCs). A large repertoire of transcription factors mediates the correct maintenance and differentiation of ISCs along either absorptive or secretory lineages. In the present study, we addressed the role of TCF7L1, a negative regulator of WNT signalling, in embryonic and adult intestinal epithelium using conditional mouse mutants. We found that TCF7L1 prevents precocious differentiation of the embryonic intestinal epithelial progenitors towards enterocytes and ISCs. We show that Tcf7l1 deficiency leads to upregulation of the Notch effector Rbp-J, resulting in a subsequent loss of embryonic secretory progenitors. In the adult small intestine, TCF7L1 is required for the differentiation of secretory epithelial progenitors along the tuft cell lineage. Furthermore, we show that Tcf7l1 promotes the differentiation of enteroendocrine D- and L-cells in the anterior small intestine. We conclude that TCF7L1-mediated repression of both Notch and WNT pathways is essential for the correct differentiation of intestinal secretory progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya V. Zinina
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.V.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Melanie Sauer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.V.Z.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Nastasja Kreim
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany (N.K.)
| | - Natalia Soshnikova
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Atanga R, Singh V, In JG. Intestinal Enteroendocrine Cells: Present and Future Druggable Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108836. [PMID: 37240181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells are specialized secretory lineage cells in the small and large intestines that secrete hormones and peptides in response to luminal contents. The various hormones and peptides can act upon neighboring cells and as part of the endocrine system, circulate systemically via immune cells and the enteric nervous system. Locally, enteroendocrine cells have a major role in gastrointestinal motility, nutrient sensing, and glucose metabolism. Targeting the intestinal enteroendocrine cells or mimicking hormone secretion has been an important field of study in obesity and other metabolic diseases. Studies on the importance of these cells in inflammatory and auto-immune diseases have only recently been reported. The rapid global increase in metabolic and inflammatory diseases suggests that increased understanding and novel therapies are needed. This review will focus on the association between enteroendocrine changes and metabolic and inflammatory disease progression and conclude with the future of enteroendocrine cells as potential druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Atanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Sei Y, Feng J, Zhao X, Dagur P, McCoy JP, Merchant JL, Wank SA. Tissue- and cell-specific properties of enterochromaffin cells affect the fate of tumorigenesis toward nonendocrine adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G177-G189. [PMID: 36537709 PMCID: PMC9925174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00205.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) are serotonin-secreting well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of putative enterochromaffin (EC) cell origin. However, EC cell-derived tumorigenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we examined whether the gain of Myc and the loss of RB1 and Trp53 function in EC cells result in SI-NET using tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) Cre-ERT2-driven RB1fl Trp53fl MycLSL (RPM) mice. TPH1-Cre-induced gain of Myc and loss of RB1 and Trp53 function resulted in endocrine or neuronal tumors in pancreas, lung, enteric neurons, and brain. Lineage tracing indicated that the cellular origin for these tumors was TPH1-expressing neuroendocrine, neuronal, or their precursor cells in these organs. However, despite that TPH1 is most highly expressed in EC cells of the small intestine, we observed no incidence of EC cell tumors. Instead, the tumor of epithelial cell origin in the intestine was exclusively nonendocrine adenocarcinoma, suggesting dedifferentiation of EC cells into intestinal stem cells (ISCs) as a cellular mechanism. Furthermore, ex vivo organoid studies indicated that loss of functions of Rb1 and Trp53 accelerated dedifferentiation of EC cells that were susceptible to apoptosis with expression of activated MycT58A, suggesting that the rare dedifferentiating cells escaping cell death went on to develop adenocarcinomas. Lineage tracing demonstrated that EC cells in the small intestine were short-lived compared with neuroendocrine or neuronal cells in other organs. In contrast, EC cell-derived ISCs were long-lasting and actively cycling and thus susceptible to transformation. These results suggest that tissue- and cell-specific properties of EC cells such as rapid cell turnover and homeostatic dedifferentiation, affect the fate and rate of tumorigenesis induced by genetic alterations and provide important insights into EC cell-derived tumorigenesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors are of putative enterochromaffin (EC) cell origin and are the most common malignancy in the small intestine, followed by adenocarcinoma. However, the tumorigenesis of these tumor types remains poorly understood. The present lineage tracing studies showed that tissue- and cell-specific properties of EC cells such as rapid cell turnover and homeostatic dedifferentiation affect the fate and rate of tumorigenesis induced by genetic alterations toward a rare occurrence of adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianying Feng
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pradeep Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tuscan, Arizona
| | - Stephen A Wank
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Bonilla-Díaz A, Ordóñez-Morán P. Differentiated Epithelial Cells of the Gut. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2650:3-16. [PMID: 37310619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3076-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is a prime example of self-renewal where stem cells give rise to progenitor cells called transit-amplifying cells which differentiate into more specialized cells. There are two intestinal lineages: the absorptive (enterocytes and microfold cells) and the secretory (Paneth cells, enteroendocrine, goblet cells, and tuft cells). Each of these differentiated cell types has a role in creating an "ecosystem" to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Here, we summarize the main roles of each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonilla-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Ordóñez-Morán
- Translational Medical Sciences Unit, School of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute-3, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Ectopically Localized Epithelial Cell Clumps in Ulcers Are Derived from Reserved Crypt Stem Cells in a Mouse Model of Ulcerative Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4770-4779. [PMID: 35088188 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that clumps of a few epithelial cells were scattered in ulcer regions in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis (UC). AIMS To determine the ectopically localized epithelial clumps might be derived from stem cells or their daughter progenitor cells. METHODS Female BALB/c mice were administered DSS in drinking water for 6 days, followed by withdrawal of DSS for 6 days. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations were conducted in the distal region and proximal region of the colorectum to determine expression of stem cell markers in the epithelial clumps. RESULTS Similar to the characteristics of UC, the ulcers were more severe in the distal region close to the anus than in the proximal region of the colorectum. Quantitative analyses revealed that the epithelial clumps appeared in relation to the severity of the ulcer, and they expressed the cell adhesion molecules E-cadherin and β-catenin. Among stem cell markers, the epithelial clumps primarily expressed +5 cell marker Dll1 as reserved intestinal stem cells, followed by +4 cell marker Bmi1 and crypt stem cell marker Lgr5 in that order. Nuclear expression of Sox9, but not nuclear β-catenin, was identified in the clumps. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that most epithelial clumps comprised crypt-derived, reserved stem cells, which might have potential for mucosal healing.
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Chiu K, Bashir ST, Chiu J, Nowak RA, Flaws JA. The Impact of Di-Isononyl Phthalate Exposure on Specialized Epithelial Cells in the Colon. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:142-153. [PMID: 34453847 PMCID: PMC8677456 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) is a high-molecular-weight phthalate commonly used as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride and other end products, such as medical devices and construction materials. Most of our initial exposure to DiNP occurs by ingestion of DiNP-contaminated foods. However, little is known about the effects of DiNP on the colon. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that DiNP exposure alters immune responses and impacts specialized epithelial cells in the colon. To test this hypothesis, adult female mice were orally dosed with corn-oil vehicle control or doses of DiNP ranging from 20 µg/kg/d to 200 mg/kg/d for 10-14 days. After the dosing period, mice were euthanized in diestrus, and colon tissues and sera were collected for histological, genomic, and proteomic analysis of various immune factors and specialized epithelial cells. Subacute exposure to DiNP significantly increased protein levels of Ki67 and MUC2, expression of a Paneth cell marker (Lyz1), and estradiol levels in sera compared with control. Gene expression of mucins (Muc1, Muc2, Muc3a, and Muc4), Toll-like receptors (Tlr4 and Tlr5), and specialized epithelial cells (ChgA, Lgr5, Cd24a, and Vil1) were not significantly different between treatment groups and control. Cytokine levels of IL-1RA and CXCL12 were also not significantly different between DiNP treatment groups and control. These data reveal that DiNP exposure increases circulating estradiol levels and gene expression in specialized epithelial cells with immune response capabilities (eg, goblet and Paneth cells) in the mouse colon, which may initiate immune responses to prevent further damage in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3832, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802-6178, USA
| | - Shah Tauseef Bashir
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3732, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-4733, USA
| | - Justin Chiu
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802-6178, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-4733, USA
| | - Romana A Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-4733, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3832, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3832, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802-6178, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801-4733, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3832, USA
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Guo X, Lv J, Xi R. The specification and function of enteroendocrine cells in Drosophila and mammals: a comparative review. FEBS J 2021; 289:4773-4796. [PMID: 34115929 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates derive from intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and are scattered along the digestive tract, where they function in sensing various environmental stimuli and subsequently secrete neurotransmitters or neuropeptides to regulate diverse biological and physiological processes. To fulfill these functions, EECs are specified into multiple subtypes that occupy specific gut regions. With advances in single-cell technology, organoid culture experimental systems, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing, rapid progress has been made toward characterization of EEC subtypes in mammals. Additionally, studies of genetic model organisms-especially Drosophila melanogaster-have also provided insights about the molecular processes underlying EEC specification from ISCs and about the establishment of diverse EEC subtypes. In this review, we compare the regulation of EEC specification and function in mammals and Drosophila, with a focus on EEC subtype characterization, on how internal and external regulators mediate EEC subtype specification, and on how EEC-mediated intra- and interorgan communications affect gastrointestinal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Lv
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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12
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Devall MA, Casey G. Controlling for cellular heterogeneity using single-cell deconvolution of gene expression reveals novel markers of colorectal tumors exhibiting microsatellite instability. Oncotarget 2021; 12:767-782. [PMID: 33889300 PMCID: PMC8057268 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases present with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H). Bulk RNA-sequencing approaches have been employed to elucidate transcriptional differences between MSI-H and microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC tumors. These approaches are frequently confounded by the complex cellular heterogeneity of tumors. We performed single-cell deconvolution of bulk RNA-sequencing on The Cancer Genome Atlas colon adenocarcinoma (TCGA-COAD) dataset. Cell composition within each dataset was estimated using CIBERSORTx. Cell composition differences were analyzed using linear regression. Significant differences in abundance were observed for 13 of 19 cell types between MSI-H and MSS/MSI-L tumors in TCGA-COAD. This included a novel finding of increased enteroendocrine (q = 3.71E-06) and reduced colonocyte populations (q = 2.21E-03) in MSI-H versus MSS/MSI-L tumors. We were able to validate some of these differences in an independent biopsy dataset. By incorporating cell composition into our regression model, we identified 3,193 differentially expressed genes (q = 0.05), of which 556 were deemed novel. We subsequently validated many of these genes in an independent dataset of colon cancer cell lines. In summary, we show that some of the challenges associated with cellular heterogeneity can be overcome using single-cell deconvolution, and through our analysis we highlight several novel gene targets for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A.M. Devall
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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13
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Cheng K, Larabee SM, Tolaymat M, Hanscom M, Shang AC, Schledwitz A, Hu S, Drachenberg CB, Zhan M, Chahdi A, Raufman JP. Targeted intestinal deletion of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7, βPIX, impairs enterocyte proliferation, villus maturation, and mucosal defenses in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G627-G643. [PMID: 33566751 PMCID: PMC8238171 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00415.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) regulate Rho GTPase activity and cytoskeletal and cell adhesion dynamics. βPix, a CDC42/RAC family RhoGEF encoded by ARHGEF7, is reported to modulate human colon cancer cell proliferation and postwounding restitution of rat intestinal epithelial monolayers. We hypothesized that βPix plays a role in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis. To test this hypothesis, we examined βPix distribution in the human and murine intestine and created mice with intestinal epithelial-selective βPix deletion [βPixflox/flox/Tg(villin-Cre); Arhgef7 CKO mice]. Using Arhgef7 conditional knockout (CKO) and control mice, we investigated the consequences of βPix deficiency in vivo on intestinal epithelial and enteroid development, dextran sodium sulfate-induced mucosal injury, and gut permeability. In normal human and murine intestines, we observed diffuse cytoplasmic and moderate nuclear βPix immunostaining in enterocytes. Arhgef7 CKO mice were viable and fertile, with normal gross intestinal architecture but reduced small intestinal villus height, villus-to-crypt ratio, and goblet cells; small intestinal crypt cells had reduced Ki67 staining, compatible with impaired cell proliferation. Enteroids derived from control mouse small intestine were viable for more than 20 passages, but those from Arhgef7 CKO mice did not survive beyond 24 h despite addition of Wnt proteins or conditioned media from normal enteroids. Adding a Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor partially rescued CKO enteroid development. Compared with littermate control mice, dextran sodium sulfate-treated βPix-deficient mice lost more weight and had greater impairment of intestinal barrier function, and more severe colonic mucosal injury. These findings reveal βPix expression is important for enterocyte development, intestinal homeostasis, and resistance to toxic injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To explore the role of βPix, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor encoded by ARHGEF7, in intestinal development and physiology, we created mice with intestinal epithelial cell Arhgef7/βPix deficiency. We found βPix essential for normal small intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, villus development, and mucosal resistance to injury. Moreover, Rho kinase signaling mediated developmental arrest observed in enteroids derived from βPix-deficient small intestinal crypts. Our studies provide insights into the role Arhgef7/βPix plays in intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunrong Cheng
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shannon M Larabee
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mazen Tolaymat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marie Hanscom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aaron C Shang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alyssa Schledwitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shien Hu
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cinthia B Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Min Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ahmed Chahdi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Sphyris N, Hodder MC, Sansom OJ. Subversion of Niche-Signalling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer: What Makes and Breaks the Intestinal Stem Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1000. [PMID: 33673710 PMCID: PMC7957493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium fulfils pleiotropic functions in nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and immune surveillance while also forming a barrier against luminal toxins and gut-resident microbiota. Incessantly barraged by extraneous stresses, the intestine must continuously replenish its epithelial lining and regenerate the full gamut of specialized cell types that underpin its functions. Homeostatic remodelling is orchestrated by the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche: a convergence of epithelial- and stromal-derived cues, which maintains ISCs in a multipotent state. Following demise of homeostatic ISCs post injury, plasticity is pervasive among multiple populations of reserve stem-like cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and/or fully differentiated cell types, all of which can contribute to regeneration and repair. Failure to restore the epithelial barrier risks seepage of toxic luminal contents, resulting in inflammation and likely predisposing to tumour formation. Here, we explore how homeostatic niche-signalling pathways are subverted in tumorigenesis, enabling ISCs to gain autonomy from niche restraints ("ISC emancipation") and transform into cancer stem cells capable of driving tumour initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. We further consider the implications of the pervasive plasticity of the intestinal epithelium for the trajectory of colorectal cancer, the emergence of distinct molecular subtypes, the propensity to metastasize, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sphyris
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Michael C. Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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15
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Sheahan BJ, Freeman AN, Keeley TM, Samuelson LC, Roper J, Hasapis S, Lee CL, Dekaney CM. Epithelial Regeneration After Doxorubicin Arises Primarily From Early Progeny of Active Intestinal Stem Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:119-140. [PMID: 33571711 PMCID: PMC8082264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS aISCs (aISCs) are sensitive to acute insults including chemotherapy and irradiation. Regeneration after aISC depletion has primarily been explored in irradiation (IR). However, the cellular origin of epithelial regeneration after doxorubicin (DXR), a common chemotherapeutic, is poorly understood. METHODS We monitored DXR's effect on aISCs by enumerating Lgr5-eGFP+ and Olfm4+ crypts, cleaved caspase-3 (CASP3+) immunofluorescence, and time-lapse organoid imaging. Lineage tracing from previously identified regenerative cell populations (Bmi1+, Hopx+, Dll1+, and Defa6+) was performed with DXR damage. Lineage tracing from aISCs was compared with lineage tracing from early progeny cells (transit-amplifying cells arising from aISCs 1 day predamage) in the context of DXR and IR. We compared stem cell and DNA damage response (DDR) transcripts in isolated aISCs and early progeny cells 6 and 24 hours after DXR. RESULTS Epithelial regeneration after DXR primarily arose from early progeny cells generated by aISCs. Early progeny cells upregulated stem cell gene expression and lacked apoptosis induction (6 hours DXR: 2.5% of CASP3+ cells, p<0.0001). aISCs downregulated stem cell gene expression and underwent rapid apoptosis (6 hours DXR: 63.4% of CASP3+ cells). There was minimal regenerative contribution from Bmi1+, Hopx+, Dll1+, and Defa6+-expressing populations. In homeostasis, 48.4% of early progeny cells were BrdU+, and expressed low levels of DDR transcripts. CONCLUSIONS We show that DXR effectively depleted aISCs in the small intestine and subsequent epithelial regeneration depended on nonquiescent early progeny cells of aISCs. The chemoresistant phenotype of the early progeny cells may rely on a dampened DDR in contrast to aISCs' robust DDR, which facilitates expeditious apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna J. Sheahan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ally N. Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Theresa M. Keeley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jatin Roper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie Hasapis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher M. Dekaney
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,Correspondence Address requests for correspondence to: Christopher M. Dekaney, PhD, 1060 William Moore Drive, Campus Box 8401, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607.
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16
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Woischke C, Jung P, Jung A, Kumbrink J, Eisenlohr S, Auernhammer CJ, Vieth M, Kirchner T, Neumann J. Mixed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the colon: detailed molecular characterisation of two cases indicates a distinct colorectal cancer entity. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020; 7:75-85. [PMID: 33197299 PMCID: PMC7737761 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present two rare cases of mixed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the colon. A literature search revealed only three published cases with similar histology but none of these reports provided profound molecular and mutational analyses. Our two cases exhibited a distinct, colon-like immunophenotype with strong nuclear CDX2 and β-catenin expression in more than 90% of the tumour cells of both components. We analysed the two carcinomas regarding microsatellite stability, RAS, BRAF and PD-L1 status. In addition, next-generation panel sequencing with Ion AmpliSeq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 was performed. This approach revealed mutations in FBXW7, CTNNB1 and PIK3CA in the first case and FBXW7 and RB1 mutations in the second case. We looked for similar mutational patterns in three publicly available colorectal adenocarcinoma data sets, as well as in collections of colorectal mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) and colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas. This approach indicated that the FBXW7 point mutation, without being accompanied by classical adenoma-carcinoma sequence mutations, such as APC, KRAS and TP53, likely occurs at a relatively high frequency in mixed neuroendocrine and squamous cell carcinoma and therefore may be characteristic for this rare tumour type. FBXW7 codifies the substrate recognition element of an ubiquitin ligase, and inactivating FBXW7 mutations lead to an exceptional accumulation of its target β-catenin which results in overactivation of the Wnt-signalling pathway. In line with previously described hypotheses of de-differentiation of colon cells by enhanced Wnt-signalling, our data indicate a crucial role for mutant FBXW7 in the unusual morphological switch that determines these rare neoplasms. Therefore, mixed large cell neuroendocrine and a squamous cell carcinoma can be considered as a distinct carcinoma entity in the colon, defined by morphology, immunophenotype and distinct molecular genetic alteration(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Woischke
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Jung
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kumbrink
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Josef Auernhammer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Zhang T, Ahn K, Emerick B, Modarai SR, Opdenaker LM, Palazzo J, Schleiniger G, Fields JZ, Boman BM. APC mutations in human colon lead to decreased neuroendocrine maturation of ALDH+ stem cells that alters GLP-2 and SST feedback signaling: Clue to a link between WNT and retinoic acid signalling in colon cancer development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239601. [PMID: 33112876 PMCID: PMC7592776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
APC mutations drive human colorectal cancer (CRC) development. A major contributing factor is colonic stem cell (SC) overpopulation. But, the mechanism has not been fully identified. A possible mechanism is the dysregulation of neuroendocrine cell (NEC) maturation by APC mutations because SCs and NECs both reside together in the colonic crypt SC niche where SCs mature into NECs. So, we hypothesized that sequential inactivation of APC alleles in human colonic crypts leads to progressively delayed maturation of SCs into NECs and overpopulation of SCs. Accordingly, we used quantitative immunohistochemical mapping to measure indices and proportions of SCs and NECs in human colon tissues (normal, adenomatous, malignant), which have different APC-zygosity states. In normal crypts, many cells staining for the colonic SC marker ALDH1 co-stained for chromogranin-A (CGA) and other NEC markers. In contrast, in APC-mutant tissues from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, the proportion of ALDH+ SCs progressively increased while NECs markedly decreased. To explain how these cell populations change in FAP tissues, we used mathematical modelling to identify kinetic mechanisms. Computational analyses indicated that APC mutations lead to: 1) decreased maturation of ALDH+ SCs into progenitor NECs (not progenitor NECs into mature NECs); 2) diminished feedback signaling by mature NECs. Biological experiments using human CRC cell lines to test model predictions showed that mature GLP-2R+ and SSTR1+ NECs produce, via their signaling peptides, opposing effects on rates of NEC maturation via feedback regulation of progenitor NECs. However, decrease in this feedback signaling wouldn't explain the delayed maturation because both progenitor and mature NECs are depleted in CRCs. So the mechanism for delayed maturation must explain how APC mutation causes the ALDH+ SCs to remain immature. Given that ALDH is a key component of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway, that other components of the RA pathway are selectively expressed in ALDH+ SCs, and that exogenous RA ligands can induce ALDH+ cancer SCs to mature into NECs, RA signaling must be attenuated in ALDH+ SCs in CRC. Thus, attenuation of RA signaling explains why ALDH+ SCs remain immature in APC mutant tissues. Since APC mutation causes increased WNT signaling in FAP and we found that sequential inactivation of APC in FAP patient tissues leads to progressively delayed maturation of colonic ALDH+ SCs, the hypothesis is developed that human CRC evolves due to an imbalance between WNT and RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Koree Ahn
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Brooks Emerick
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Shirin R. Modarai
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Lynn M. Opdenaker
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Juan Palazzo
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gilberto Schleiniger
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | | | - Bruce M. Boman
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
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18
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Sei Y, Feng J, Zhao X, Wank SA. Role of an active reserve stem cell subset of enteroendocrine cells in intestinal stem cell dynamics and the genesis of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G494-G501. [PMID: 32845170 PMCID: PMC7654644 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00278.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NET) are serotonin-secreting well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of putative enterochromaffin (EC) cell origin. Recent studies recognize a subset of EC cells that is label-retaining at the +4 position in the crypt and functions as a reserve intestinal stem cell. Importantly, this +4 reserve EC cell subset not only contributes to regeneration of the intestinal epithelium during injury and inflammation but also to basal crypt homeostasis at a constant rate. The latter function suggests that the +4 EC cell subset serves as an active reserve stem cell via a constant rate of dedifferentiation. Characterization of early tumor formation of SI-NET, observed as crypt-based EC cell clusters in many cases of familial SI-NETs, suggests that the +4 active reserve EC cell subset is the cell of origin. This newly discovered active reserve stem cell property of EC cells can account for unique biological mechanisms and processes associated with the genesis and development of SI-NETs. The recognition of this property of the +4 active reserve EC cell subset may provide novel opportunities to explore NETs in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianying Feng
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen A. Wank
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Sei Y, Feng J, Chow CC, Wank SA. Asymmetric cell division-dominant neutral drift model for normal intestinal stem cell homeostasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G64-G74. [PMID: 30359083 PMCID: PMC6383375 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00242.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The normal intestinal epithelium is continuously regenerated at a rapid rate from actively cycling Lgr5-expressing intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that reside at the crypt base. Recent mathematical modeling based on several lineage-tracing studies in mice shows that the symmetric cell division-dominant neutral drift model fits well with the observed in vivo growth of ISC clones and suggests that symmetric divisions are central to ISC homeostasis. However, other studies suggest a critical role for asymmetric cell division in the maintenance of ISC homeostasis in vivo. Here, we show that the stochastic branching and Moran process models with both a symmetric and asymmetric division mode not only simulate the stochastic growth of the ISC clone in silico but also closely fit the in vivo stem cell dynamics observed in lineage-tracing studies. In addition, the proposed model with highest probability for asymmetric division is more consistent with in vivo observations reported here and by others. Our in vivo studies of mitotic spindle orientations and lineage-traced progeny pairs indicate that asymmetric cell division is a dominant mode used by ISCs under normal homeostasis. Therefore, we propose the asymmetric cell division-dominant neutral drift model for normal ISC homeostasis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The prevailing mathematical model suggests that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) divide symmetrically. The present study provides evidence that asymmetric cell division is the major contributor to ISC maintenance and thus proposes an asymmetric cell division-dominant neutral drift model. Consistent with this model, in vivo studies of mitotic spindle orientation and lineage-traced progeny pairs indicate that asymmetric cell division is the dominant mode used by ISCs under normal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianying Feng
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carson C. Chow
- 2Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen A. Wank
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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20
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Bankaitis ED, Ha A, Kuo CJ, Magness ST. Reserve Stem Cells in Intestinal Homeostasis and Injury. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1348-1361. [PMID: 30118745 PMCID: PMC7493459 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renewal of the intestinal epithelium occurs approximately every week and requires a careful balance between cell proliferation and differentiation to maintain proper lineage ratios and support absorptive, secretory, and barrier functions. We review models used to study the mechanisms by which intestinal stem cells (ISCs) fuel the rapid turnover of the epithelium during homeostasis and might support epithelial regeneration after injury. In anatomically defined zones of the crypt stem cell niche, phenotypically distinct active and reserve ISC populations are believed to support homeostatic epithelial renewal and injury-induced regeneration, respectively. However, other cell types previously thought to be committed to differentiated states might also have ISC activity and participate in regeneration. Efforts are underway to reconcile the proposed relatively strict hierarchical relationships between reserve and active ISC pools and their differentiated progeny; findings from models provide evidence for phenotypic plasticity that is common among many if not all crypt-resident intestinal epithelial cells. We discuss the challenges to consensus on ISC nomenclature, technical considerations, and limitations inherent to methodologies used to define reserve ISCs, and the need for standardized metrics to quantify and compare the relative contributions of different epithelial cell types to homeostatic turnover and post-injury regeneration. Increasing our understanding of the high-resolution genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate reserve ISC function and cell plasticity will help refine these models and could affect approaches to promote tissue regeneration after intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Bankaitis
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology & Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrew Ha
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Calvin J. Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Co-Corresponding Authors: Calvin J. Kuo: , Scott T. Magness: , Calvin J. Kuo: Stanford University School of Medicine, Lokey Stem Cell Research Building G2034A, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305; Scott T. Magness, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd. CB# 7032, MBRB Rm 4337, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Joint Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology & Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Co-Corresponding Authors: Calvin J. Kuo: , Scott T. Magness: , Calvin J. Kuo: Stanford University School of Medicine, Lokey Stem Cell Research Building G2034A, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305; Scott T. Magness, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd. CB# 7032, MBRB Rm 4337, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
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21
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Sei Y, Feng J, Samsel L, White A, Zhao X, Yun S, Citrin D, McCoy JP, Sundaresan S, Hayes MM, Merchant JL, Leiter A, Wank SA. Mature enteroendocrine cells contribute to basal and pathological stem cell dynamics in the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G495-G510. [PMID: 29848020 PMCID: PMC6230697 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00036.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lgr5-expressing intestinal stem cells (ISCs) maintain continuous and rapid generation of the intestinal epithelium. Here, we present evidence that dedifferentiation of committed enteroendocrine cells (EECs) contributes to maintenance of the epithelium under both basal conditions and in response to injury. Lineage-tracing studies identified a subset of EECs that reside at +4 position for more than 2 wk, most of which were BrdU-label-retaining cells. Under basal conditions, cells derived from these EECs grow from the bottom of the crypt to generate intestinal epithelium according to neutral drift kinetics that is consistent with dedifferentiation of mature EECs to ISCs. The lineage tracing of EECs demonstrated reserve stem cell properties in response to radiation-induced injury with the generation of reparative EEC-derived epithelial patches. Finally, the enterochromaffin (EC) cell was the predominant EEC type participating in these stem cell dynamics. These results provide novel insights into the +4 reserve ISC hypothesis, stem cell dynamics of the intestinal epithelium, and in the development of EC-derived small intestinal tumors. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current manuscript demonstrating that a subset of mature enteroendocrine cells (EECs), predominantly enterochromaffin cells, dedifferentiates to fully functional intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is novel, timely, and important. These cells dedifferentiate to ISCs not only in response to injury but also under basal homeostatic conditions. These novel findings provide a mechanism in which a specified cell can dedifferentiate and contribute to normal tissue plasticity as well as the development of EEC-derived intestinal tumors under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianying Feng
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leigh Samsel
- 2Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ayla White
- 3Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xilin Zhao
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sajung Yun
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah Citrin
- 3Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J. Philip McCoy
- 2Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sinju Sundaresan
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael M. Hayes
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- 5Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew Leiter
- 6Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen A. Wank
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Adriaenssens AE, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Distribution and Stimulus Secretion Coupling of Enteroendocrine Cells along the Intestinal Tract. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1603-1638. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Santos AJM, Lo YH, Mah AT, Kuo CJ. The Intestinal Stem Cell Niche: Homeostasis and Adaptations. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:1062-1078. [PMID: 30195922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a rapidly renewing cellular compartment. This constant regeneration is a hallmark of intestinal homeostasis and requires a tightly regulated balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation. Since intestinal epithelial cells directly contact pathogenic environmental factors that continuously challenge their integrity, ISCs must also actively divide to facilitate regeneration and repair. Understanding niche adaptations that maintain ISC activity during homeostatic renewal and injury-induced intestinal regeneration is therefore a major and ongoing focus for stem cell biology. Here, we review recent concepts and propose an active interconversion of the ISC niche between homeostasis and injury-adaptive states that is superimposed upon an equally dynamic equilibrium between active and reserve ISC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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24
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Expression of Bona Fide Epithelial Stem Cell Marker in Postmitotic Olfactory Bulb Neurons Suggest Novel Roles for Wnt Signaling in the Brain. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2920-2922. [PMID: 29563240 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3295-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Jezkova J, Williams JS, Pinto F, Sammut SJ, Williams GT, Gollins S, McFarlane RJ, Reis RM, Wakeman JA. Brachyury identifies a class of enteroendocrine cells in normal human intestinal crypts and colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11478-86. [PMID: 26862851 PMCID: PMC4905487 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal homeostasis of adult intestinal epithelium and repair following tissue damage is maintained by a balance of stem and differentiated cells, many of which are still only poorly characterised. Enteroendocrine cells of the gut are a small population of differentiated, secretory cells that are critical for integrating nutrient sensing with metabolic responses, dispersed amongst other epithelial cells. Recent evidence suggests that sub-sets of secretory enteroendocrine cells can act as reserve stem cells. Given the link between cells with stem-like properties and cancer, it is important that we identify factors that might provide a bridge between the two. Here, we identify a sub-set of chromogranin A-positive enteroendocrine cells that are positive for the developmental and cancer-associated transcription factor Brachyury in normal human small intestinal and colonic crypts. Whilst chromogranin A-positive enteroendocrine cells are also Brachyury-positive in colorectal tumours, expression of Brachyury becomes more diffuse in these samples, suggesting a more widespread function in cancer. The finding of the developmental transcription factor Brachyury in normal adult human intestinal crypts may extend the functional complexity of enteroendocrine cells and serves as a platform for assessment of the molecular processes of intestinal homeostasis that underpins our understanding of human health, cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jezkova
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Jason S Williams
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Filipe Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School Health Sciences, University Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Stephen J Sammut
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Geraint T Williams
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Gollins
- North Wales Cancer Treatment Centre, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bodelwyddan, UK
| | - Ramsay J McFarlane
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,NISCHR Cancer Genetics Biomedical Research Unit, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School Health Sciences, University Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jane A Wakeman
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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26
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Yan KS, Gevaert O, Zheng GXY, Anchang B, Probert CS, Larkin KA, Davies PS, Cheng ZF, Kaddis JS, Han A, Roelf K, Calderon RI, Cynn E, Hu X, Mandleywala K, Wilhelmy J, Grimes SM, Corney DC, Boutet SC, Terry JM, Belgrader P, Ziraldo SB, Mikkelsen TS, Wang F, von Furstenberg RJ, Smith NR, Chandrakesan P, May R, Chrissy MAS, Jain R, Cartwright CA, Niland JC, Hong YK, Carrington J, Breault DT, Epstein J, Houchen CW, Lynch JP, Martin MG, Plevritis SK, Curtis C, Ji HP, Li L, Henning SJ, Wong MH, Kuo CJ. Intestinal Enteroendocrine Lineage Cells Possess Homeostatic and Injury-Inducible Stem Cell Activity. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:78-90.e6. [PMID: 28686870 PMCID: PMC5642297 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several cell populations have been reported to possess intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity during homeostasis and injury-induced regeneration. Here, we explored inter-relationships between putative mouse ISC populations by comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The transcriptomes of multiple cycling ISC populations closely resembled Lgr5+ ISCs, the most well-defined ISC pool, but Bmi1-GFP+ cells were distinct and enriched for enteroendocrine (EE) markers, including Prox1. Prox1-GFP+ cells exhibited sustained clonogenic growth in vitro, and lineage-tracing of Prox1+ cells revealed long-lived clones during homeostasis and after radiation-induced injury in vivo. Single-cell mRNA-seq revealed two subsets of Prox1-GFP+ cells, one of which resembled mature EE cells while the other displayed low-level EE gene expression but co-expressed tuft cell markers, Lgr5 and Ascl2, reminiscent of label-retaining secretory progenitors. Our data suggest that the EE lineage, including mature EE cells, comprises a reservoir of homeostatic and injury-inducible ISCs, extending our understanding of cellular plasticity and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley S Yan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Olivier Gevaert
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Benedict Anchang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher S Probert
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathryn A Larkin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paige S Davies
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zhuan-Fen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John S Kaddis
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Arnold Han
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kelly Roelf
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruben I Calderon
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Esther Cynn
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Komal Mandleywala
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie Wilhelmy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sue M Grimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David C Corney
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengchao Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R Smith
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mary Ann S Chrissy
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Joyce C Niland
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Departments of Surgery and of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jill Carrington
- National Institutes of Health, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, NIDDK, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - John P Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sylvia K Plevritis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hanlee P Ji
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Susan J Henning
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melissa H Wong
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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27
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Modarai SR, Opdenaker LM, Viswanathan V, Fields JZ, Boman BM. Somatostatin signaling via SSTR1 contributes to the quiescence of colon cancer stem cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:941. [PMID: 27927191 PMCID: PMC5142402 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine cells (NECs) reside adjacent to colonic stem cells (SCs) in the crypt stem cell (SC) niche, but how NECs are involved in regulation of SCs is unclear. We investigated NECs expressing somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptor type 1 (SSTR1) because SST inhibits intestinal proliferation. HYPOTHESIS SSTR1 cells maintain SCs in a quiescent state, and aberrant SST signaling contributes to SC overpopulation in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS The proportion of SCs to NECs cells was quantified, by flow cytometry, in CRC cell lines and primary normal/tumor tissues based on cellular ALDH and SSTR1 levels, respectively. Doubling time and sphere-formation was used to evaluate cell proliferation and stemness. CRC cell lines were treated with exogenous SST and SST inhibitor cyclosomatostatin (cycloSST) and analyzed for changes in SCs and growth rate. Paracrine signaling between NECs and SCs was ascertained using transwell cultures of ALDH+ and SSTR1+ cells. RESULTS In CRC cell lines, the proportion of ALDH+ cells inversely correlates with proportion of SSTR1+ cells and with rate of proliferation and sphere-formation. While primary normal tissue shows SST and SSTR1 expression, CRC shows only SSTR1 expression. Moreover, ALDH+ cells did not show SST or SSTR1 expression. Exogenous SST suppressed proliferation but not ALDH+ population size or viability. Inhibition of SSTR1 signaling, via cycloSST treatment, decreased cell proliferation, ALDH+ cell population size and sphere-formation. When co-cultured with SSTR1+ cells, sphere-formation and cell proliferation of ALDH+ cells was inhibited. CONCLUSION That each CRC cell line has a unique ALDH+/SSTR1+ ratio which correlates with its growth dynamics, suggests feedback mechanisms exist between SCs and NECs that contribute to regulation of SCs. The growth suppression by both SST and cycloSST treatments suggests that SST signaling modulates this feedback mechanism. The ability of SSTR1+ cells to decrease sphere formation and proliferation of ALDH+ cells in transwell cultures indicates that the ALDH subpopulation is regulated by SSTR1 via a paracrine mechanism. Since ALDH+ cells lack SST and SSTR1 expression, we conjecture that SST signaling controls the rate of NEC maturation as SCs mature along the NEC lineage, which contributes to quiescence of SCs and inhibition of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin R Modarai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 118 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, 4701 Ogletown-Stanton Rd, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Lynn M Opdenaker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 118 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, 4701 Ogletown-Stanton Rd, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Vignesh Viswanathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 118 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | | | - Bruce M Boman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 118 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA. .,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, 4701 Ogletown-Stanton Rd, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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28
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Jones JC, Dempsey PJ. Enterocyte progenitors can dedifferentiate to replace lost Lgr5 + intestinal stem cells revealing that many different progenitor populations can regain stemness. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:61. [PMID: 27868043 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.09.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Jones
- Cell Biology, Stem Cell and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Cell Biology, Stem Cell and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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29
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The pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ/TNFα increase chromogranin A-positive neuroendocrine cells in the colonic epithelium. Biochem J 2016; 473:3805-3818. [PMID: 27538402 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest hormone-producing organ in the body due to a specialized cell population called enteroendocrine cells (EECs). The number of EECs increases in the mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients; however, the mechanisms responsible for these changes remain unknown. Here, we show that the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis increase the number of EECs producing chromogranin A (CgA) in the colonic mucosa of C57BL/6J mice. CgA-positive cells were non-proliferating cells enriched with inactive phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and autophagy markers. Moreover, inhibition of Akt and autophagy prevented the increase in CgA-positive cells after IFNγ/TNFα treatment. Similarly, we observed that CgA-positive cells in the colonic mucosa of patients with colitis expressed Akt and autophagy markers. These findings suggest that Akt signaling and autophagy control differentiation of the intestinal EEC lineage during inflammation.
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30
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Dempsey PJ. Are Facultative Reserve ISCs the Cellular Origin of Familial Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors? Gastroenterology 2016; 151:27-9. [PMID: 27237596 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado.
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31
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Sei Y, Feng J, Zhao X, Forbes J, Tang D, Nagashima K, Hanson J, Quezado MM, Hughes MS, Wank SA. Polyclonal Crypt Genesis and Development of Familial Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:140-51. [PMID: 27003604 PMCID: PMC5578471 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) are serotonin-secreting well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors believed to originate from enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Intestinal stem cell (ISC) are believed to contribute to the formation of SI-NETs, although little is known about tumor formation or development. We investigated the relationship between EC cells, ISCs, and SI-NETs. METHODS We analyzed jejuno-ileal tissue specimens from 14 patients with familial SI-NETs enrolled in the Natural History of Familial Carcinoid Tumor study at the National Institutes of Health from January 2009 to December 2014. Frozen and paraffin-embedded tumor tissues of different stages and isolated crypts were analyzed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Tumor clonality was assessed by analyses of mitochondrial DNA. RESULTS We identified multifocal aberrant crypt-containing endocrine cell clusters (ACECs) that contain crypt EC cell microtumors in patients with familial SI-NETs. RNA in situ hybridization revealed expression of the EC cell and reserve stem cell genes TPH1, BMI1, HOPX, and LGR5(low), in the ACECs and more advanced extraepithelial tumor nests. This expression pattern resembled that of reserve EC cells that express reserve ISC genes; most reside at the +4 position in normal crypts. The presence of multifocal ACECs from separate tumors and in the macroscopic tumor-free mucosa indicated widespread, independent, multifocal tumorigenesis. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA confirmed the independent origin of the ACECs. CONCLUSIONS Familial SI-NETs originate from a subset of EC cells (reserve EC cells that express reserve ISC genes) via multifocal and polyclonal processes. Increasing our understanding of the role of these reserve EC cells in the genesis of multifocal SI-NETs could improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this otherwise intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Jianying Feng
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Joanne Forbes
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Derek Tang
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Jeffrey Hanson
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Martha M. Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Marybeth S. Hughes
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Stephen A. Wank
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Stephen A. Wank, M.D., Address: DDB/NIDDK/NIH, 10/9C-101, Bethesda, MD 20892, , Phone: (301) 402-3704
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32
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Demitrack ES, Samuelson LC. Notch regulation of gastrointestinal stem cells. J Physiol 2016; 594:4791-803. [PMID: 26848053 DOI: 10.1113/jp271667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract epithelium is continuously replenished by actively cycling stem and progenitor cells. These cell compartments are regulated to balance proliferation and stem cell renewal with differentiation into the various mature cell types to maintain tissue homeostasis. In this topical review we focus on the role of the Notch signalling pathway to regulate GI stem cell function in adult small intestine and stomach. We first present the current view of stem and progenitor cell populations in these tissues and then summarize the studies that have established the Notch pathway as a key regulator of gastric and intestinal stem cell function. Notch signalling has been shown to be a niche factor required for maintenance of GI stem cells in both tissues. In addition, Notch has been described to regulate epithelial cell differentiation. Recent studies have revealed key similarities and differences in how Notch regulates stem cell function in the stomach compared to intestine. We summarize the literature regarding Notch regulation of GI stem cell proliferation and differentiation, highlighting tissue-specific functions to compare and contrast Notch in the stomach and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise S Demitrack
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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33
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Condie BG. The untapped potential of the GENSAT mice-A valuable resource for developmental biology. Genesis 2016; 54:245-56. [PMID: 27074373 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas (GENSAT) transgenic mice express EGFP, tdTomato, or Cre recombinase in a wide range of cell types. The mice and the bacterial artificial chromosome transgenes are available from repositories (MMRRC or CHORI), thereby making these resources readily available to the research community. This resource of 1,386 transgenic lines was developed and validated for neuroscience research. However, GENSAT mice have many potential applications in other contexts including studies of development outside of the CNS. The cell type-specific expression of fluorescent proteins in these mice has been used to identify cells in living embryos, in living embryo explants, and in stem or progenitor cell populations in postnatal tissues. The large number of fluorescent protein driver lines generated by GENSAT greatly expands the range of cell type markers that can be used for live cell sorting. In addition, the GENSAT project has generated 278 new Cre driver lines. This review provides an overview of the GENSAT lines and information for identifying lines that may be useful for a particular application. I also provide a review of the few published cases in which GENSAT mice have been used for studies of embryonic development or analysis of stem/progenitor cells in nonneural tissues. genesis 54:245-256, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Condie
- Department of Genetics, Developmental Biology Alliance, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Grunddal KV, Ratner CF, Svendsen B, Sommer F, Engelstoft MS, Madsen AN, Pedersen J, Nøhr MK, Egerod KL, Nawrocki AR, Kowalski T, Howard AD, Poulsen SS, Offermanns S, Bäckhed F, Holst JJ, Holst B, Schwartz TW. Neurotensin Is Coexpressed, Coreleased, and Acts Together With GLP-1 and PYY in Enteroendocrine Control of Metabolism. Endocrinology 2016; 157:176-94. [PMID: 26469136 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The 2 gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are well known to be coexpressed, costored, and released together to coact in the control of key metabolic target organs. However, recently, it became clear that several other gut hormones can be coexpressed in the intestinal-specific lineage of enteroendocrine cells. Here, we focus on the anatomical and functional consequences of the coexpression of neurotensin with GLP-1 and PYY in the distal small intestine. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, laser capture, and triple staining demonstrated that GLP-1 cells in the crypts become increasingly multihormonal, ie, coexpressing PYY and neurotensin as they move up the villus. Proglucagon promoter and pertussis toxin receptor-driven cell ablation and reappearance studies indicated that although all the cells die, the GLP-1 cells reappear more quickly than PYY- and neurotensin-positive cells. High-resolution confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that neurotensin is stored in secretory granules distinct from GLP-1 and PYY storing granules. Nevertheless, the 3 peptides were cosecreted from both perfused small intestines and colonic crypt cultures in response to a series of metabolite, neuropeptide, and hormonal stimuli. Importantly, neurotensin acts synergistically, ie, more than additively together with GLP-1 and PYY to decrease palatable food intake and inhibit gastric emptying, but affects glucose homeostasis in a more complex manner. Thus, neurotensin is a major gut hormone deeply integrated with GLP-1 and PYY, which should be taken into account when exploiting the enteroendocrine regulation of metabolism pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaare V Grunddal
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Cecilia F Ratner
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Berit Svendsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Felix Sommer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Maja S Engelstoft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas N Madsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mark K Nøhr
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kristoffer L Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andrea R Nawrocki
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Timothy Kowalski
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andrew D Howard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Steen Seier Poulsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (K.V.G., C.F.R., B.S., M.S.E., A.N.M., J.P., M.K.N., K.L.E., F.B., J.J.H., B.H., T.W.S.), Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (K.V.G., C.F.R., M.S.E., A.N.M., M.K.N., K.L.E., B.H., T.W.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.S., J.P., S.S.P., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (F.S., F.B.), Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Danish Diabetes Academy (M.S.E.), 5000 Odense, Denmark; Merck Research Laboratories (A.R.N., T.K., A.D.H.), Kenilworth, NJ 07033; and Department of Pharmacology (S.O.), Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Gross S, Balderes D, Liu J, Asfaha S, Gu G, Wang TC, Sussel L. Nkx2.2 is expressed in a subset of enteroendocrine cells with expanded lineage potential. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G975-87. [PMID: 26492922 PMCID: PMC4683302 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00244.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There are two major stem cell populations in the intestinal crypt region that express either Bmi1 or Lgr5; however, it has been shown that other populations in the crypt can regain stemness. In this study, we demonstrate that the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 2 (Nkx2.2) is expressed in enteroendocrine cells located in the villus and crypt of the intestinal epithelium and is coexpressed with the stem cell markers Bmi1 and Lgr5 in a subset of crypt cells. To determine whether Nkx2.2-expressing enteroendocrine cells display cellular plasticity and stem cell potential, we performed genetic lineage tracing of the Nkx2.2-expressing population using Nkx2.2(Cre/+);R26RTomato mice. These studies demonstrated that Nkx2.2+ cells are able to give rise to all intestinal epithelial cell types in basal conditions. The proliferative capacity of Nkx2.2-expressing cells was also demonstrated in vitro using crypt organoid cultures. Injuring the intestine with irradiation, systemic inflammation, and colitis did not enhance the lineage potential of Nkx2.2-expressing cells. These findings demonstrate that a rare mature enteroendocrine cell subpopulation that is demarcated by Nkx2.2 expression display stem cell properties during normal intestinal epithelial homeostasis, but is not easily activated upon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gross
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Dina Balderes
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Department of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lori Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York;
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Kleist B, Poetsch M. Neuroendocrine differentiation: The mysterious fellow of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11740-11747. [PMID: 26556999 PMCID: PMC4631973 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine differentiation in sporadic colorectal cancer has been recognized since decades, but its clinical impact is still controversially discussed. Detailed parameter analyses hint at the possibility that probably not neuroendocrine differentiation itself, but its association with poor grade of tumor differentiation, lymph node metastases, distant metastases and other unfavorable features contribute to worse clinical outcome. However, other studies deny a relationship between neuroendocrine differentiation and prognosis of colorectal cancer. This review elucidates, whether new insights into the origin of neuroendocrine differentiation in the intestinal epithelium, its regulation by mTOR pathway components and its possible link to the intestinal stem cell compartment could determine a role of neuroendocrine cells as prognostic marker and putative therapeutic target in sporadic colorectal cancer.
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Abstract
The enteroendocrine system orchestrates how the body responds to the ingestion of foods, employing a diversity of hormones to fine-tune a wide range of physiological responses both within and outside the gut. Recent interest in gut hormones has surged with the realization that they modulate glucose tolerance and food intake through a variety of mechanisms, and such hormones are therefore excellent therapeutic candidates for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Characterizing the roles and functions of different enteroendocrine cells is an essential step in understanding the physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics of the gut-brain-pancreas axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
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Tan CW, Hirokawa Y, Burgess AW. Analysis of Wnt signalling dynamics during colon crypt development in 3D culture. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11036. [PMID: 26087250 PMCID: PMC4471889 DOI: 10.1038/srep11036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many systems biology studies lack context-relevant data and as a consequence the predictive capabilities can be limited in developing targeted cancer therapeutics. Production of colon crypt in vitro is ideal for studying colon systems biology. This report presents the first production of, to our knowledge, physiologically-shaped, functional colon crypts in vitro (i.e. single crypts with cells expressing Mucin 2 and Chromogranin A). Time-lapsed monitoring of crypt formation revealed an increased frequency of single-crypt formation in the absence of noggin. Using quantitative 3D immunofluorescence of β-catenin and E-cadherin, spatial-temporal dynamics of these proteins in normal colon crypt cells stimulated with Wnt3A or inhibited by cycloheximide has been measured. Colon adenoma cultures established from APCmin/+ mouse have developmental differences and β-catenin spatial localization compared to normal crypts. Quantitative data describing the effects of signalling pathways and proteins dynamics for both normal and adenomatous colon crypts is now within reach to inform a systems approach to colon crypt biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wee Tan
- 1] Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Yumiko Hirokawa
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Antony W Burgess
- 1] Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia [3] Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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Beehler-Evans R, Micchelli CA. Generation of enteroendocrine cell diversity in midgut stem cell lineages. Development 2015; 142:654-64. [PMID: 25670792 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine system mediates long-range peptide hormone signaling to broadcast changes in metabolic status to distant target tissues via the circulatory system. In many animals, the diffuse endocrine system of the gut is the largest endocrine tissue, with the full spectrum of endocrine cell subtypes not yet fully characterized. Here, we combine molecular mapping, lineage tracing and genetic analysis in the adult fruit fly to gain new insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing enteroendocrine cell diversity. Neuropeptide hormone distribution was used as a basis to generate a high-resolution cellular map of the diffuse endocrine system. Our studies show that cell diversity is seen at two distinct levels: regional and local. We find that class I and class II enteroendocrine cells can be distinguished locally by combinatorial expression of secreted neuropeptide hormones. Cell lineage tracing studies demonstrate that class I and class II cells arise from a common stem cell lineage and that peptide profiles are a stable feature of enteroendocrine cell identity during homeostasis and following challenge with the enteric pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila. Genetic analysis shows that Notch signaling controls the establishment of class II cells in the lineage, but is insufficient to reprogram extant class I cells into class II enteroendocrine cells. Thus, one mechanism by which secretory cell diversity is achieved in the diffuse endocrine system is through cell-cell signaling interactions within individual adult stem cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Beehler-Evans
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig A Micchelli
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Sommer CA, Mostoslavsky G. RNA-Seq analysis of enteroendocrine cells reveals a role for FABP5 in the control of GIP secretion. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1855-65. [PMID: 25268051 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to fat intake, enteroendocrine K cells release the hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). GIP acts on adipocytes to increase lipid uptake and enhance adipokine secretion, promoting weight gain and insulin resistance. Modulation of intestinal GIP release could therefore represent a therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of obesity and diabetes. However, the prospects of using drugs to effectively target specific enteroendocrine cell types have been tempered by the realization that these cells share similar transcriptional programs and frequently employ common mechanisms of hormone secretion. To gain novel insights into the regulation of GIP release, we generated knock-in mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the endogenous GIP promoter that enable the isolation of a purified population of small intestine K cells. Using RNA sequencing, we comprehensively characterized the transcriptomes of GIP(GFP) cells as well as the entire enteroendocrine lineage derived from Neurogenin3-expressing progenitors. Among the genes differentially expressed in GIP(GFP) cells, we identified and validated fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) as a highly expressed marker of GIP-producing cells that is absent in other enteroendocrine cell types. FABP5 promotes intracellular transport and inactivation of endocannabinoids, including anandamide, which inhibits GIP release. Remarkably, we found that circulating levels of GIP were significantly decreased in FABP5-deficient mice in the fasting state and in response to acute, oral fat diet administration. Our findings highlight the power of RNA sequencing to uncover molecular signatures of specific enteroendocrine cell types that can potentially be exploited for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Sommer
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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Mah AT, Van Landeghem L, Gavin HE, Magness ST, Lund PK. Impact of diet-induced obesity on intestinal stem cells: hyperproliferation but impaired intrinsic function that requires insulin/IGF1. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3302-14. [PMID: 24914941 PMCID: PMC4138564 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient intake regulates intestinal epithelial mass and crypt proliferation. Recent findings in model organisms and rodents indicate nutrient restriction impacts intestinal stem cells (ISC). Little is known about the impact of diet-induced obesity (DIO), a model of excess nutrient intake on ISC. We used a Sox9-EGFP reporter mouse to test the hypothesis that an adaptive response to DIO or associated hyperinsulinemia involves expansion and hyperproliferation of ISC. The Sox9-EGFP reporter mouse allows study and isolation of ISC, progenitors, and differentiated lineages based on different Sox9-EGFP expression levels. Sox9-EGFP mice were fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks to induce DIO and compared with littermates fed low-fat rodent chow. Histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting, and mRNA analyses measured impact of DIO on jejunal crypt-villus morphometry, numbers, and proliferation of different Sox9-EGFP cell populations and gene expression. An in vitro culture assay directly assessed functional capacity of isolated ISC. DIO mice exhibited significant increases in body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels and intestinal Igf1 mRNA. DIO mice had increased villus height and crypt density but decreased intestinal length and decreased numbers of Paneth and goblet cells. In vivo, DIO resulted in a selective expansion of Sox9-EGFP(Low) ISC and percentage of ISC in S-phase. ISC expansion significantly correlated with plasma insulin levels. In vitro, isolated ISC from DIO mice formed fewer enteroids in standard 3D Matrigel culture compared to controls, indicating impaired ISC function. This decreased enteroid formation in isolated ISC from DIO mice was rescued by exogenous insulin, IGF1, or both. We conclude that DIO induces specific increases in ISC and ISC hyperproliferation in vivo. However, isolated ISC from DIO mice have impaired intrinsic survival and growth in vitro that can be rescued by exogenous insulin or IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda T Mah
- Departments of Nutrition (A.T.M.), Cell Biology and Physiology (L.V.L., S.T.M., P.K.L.), and Chemistry (H.E.G.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Sykaras AG, Demenis C, Cheng L, Pisitkun T, Mclaughlin JT, Fenton RA, Smith CP. Duodenal CCK cells from male mice express multiple hormones including ghrelin. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3339-51. [PMID: 25004095 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine (EEC) cells have a pivotal role in intestinal nutrient sensing and release hormones that orchestrate food digestion and regulate appetite. EEC cells are found scattered throughout the intestine and have typically been classified based on the primary hormone they contain. I cells represent a subset of EEC cells that secrete cholecystokinin (CCK) and are mainly localized to the duodenum. Recent studies have shown that I cells express mRNAs encoding several gut hormones. In this study, we investigated the hormonal profile of murine fluorescence-activated cell sorting-sorted duodenal I cells using semiquantitative RT-PCR, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and immunostaining methods. We report that I cells are enriched in mRNA transcripts encoding CCK and also other key gut hormones, including neurotensin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), secretin, peptide YY, proglucagon, and ghrelin (Ghrl). Furthermore, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified I cells and immunostaining confirmed the presence of these gut hormones in duodenal I cells. Immunostaining highlighted that subsets of I cells in both crypts and villi coexpress differential amounts of CCK, Ghrl, GIP, or peptide YY, indicating that a proportion of I cells contain several hormones during maturation and when fully differentiated. Our results reveal that although I cells express several key gut hormones, including GIP or proglucagon, and thus have a considerable overlap with classically defined K and L cells, approximately half express Ghrl, suggesting a potentially important subset of duodenal EEC cells that require further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Sykaras
- Faculty of Life Sciences (A.G.S., C.D., C.P.S.) and School of Medicine (J.T.M.), The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT United Kingdom; Department of Biomedicine (L.C., T.P., R.A.F.), InterPrET Center and Membranes, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK-800 Denmark; Faculty of Medicine (T.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand; and Graduate Program Molecular Basis of Human Diseases (A.G.S.), University of Crete Medical School, 71003 Iraklion, Crete, Greece
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Basak O, van de Born M, Korving J, Beumer J, van der Elst S, van Es JH, Clevers H. Mapping early fate determination in Lgr5+ crypt stem cells using a novel Ki67-RFP allele. EMBO J 2014; 33:2057-68. [PMID: 25092767 PMCID: PMC4195772 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycling Lgr5+ stem cells fuel the rapid turnover of the adult intestinal epithelium. The existence of quiescent Lgr5+ cells has been reported, while an alternative quiescent stem cell population is believed to reside at crypt position +4. Here, we generated a novel Ki67RFP knock-in allele that identifies dividing cells. Using Lgr5-GFP;Ki67RFP mice, we isolated crypt stem and progenitor cells with distinct Wnt signaling levels and cell cycle features and generated their molecular signature using microarrays. Stem cell potential of these populations was further characterized using the intestinal organoid culture. We found that Lgr5high stem cells are continuously in cell cycle, while a fraction of Lgr5low progenitors that reside predominantly at +4 position exit the cell cycle. Unlike fast dividing CBCs, Lgr5low Ki67− cells have lost their ability to initiate organoid cultures, are enriched in secretory differentiation factors, and resemble the Dll1 secretory precursors and the label-retaining cells of Winton and colleagues. Our findings support the cycling stem cell hypothesis and highlight the cell cycle heterogeneity of early progenitors during lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Basak
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike van de Born
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan van der Elst
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Carulli AJ, Samuelson LC, Schnell S. Unraveling intestinal stem cell behavior with models of crypt dynamics. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:243-57. [PMID: 24480852 PMCID: PMC4007491 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40163d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The definition, regulation and function of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) has been hotly debated. Recent discoveries have started to clarify the nature of ISCs, but many questions remain. This review discusses the current advances and controversies of ISC biology as well as theoretical compartmental models that have been coupled with in vivo experimentation to investigate the mechanisms of ISC dynamics during homeostasis, tumorigenesis, repair and development. We conclude our review by discussing the key lingering questions in the field and proposing how many of these questions can be addressed using both compartmental models and experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Carulli
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- Department for Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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von Furstenberg RJ, Buczacki SJA, Smith BJ, Seiler KM, Winton DJ, Henning SJ. Side population sorting separates subfractions of cycling and non-cycling intestinal stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:364-75. [PMID: 24365601 PMCID: PMC3951668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that side population (SP) sorting allows for the simultaneous isolation of two intestinal stem cell (ISC) subsets from wild-type (WT) mice which are phenotypically different and represent cycling and non-cycling pools of cells. Following 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) injection, in the upper side population (USP) the percentage of EdU+ was 36% showing this fraction to be highly proliferative. In the lower side population (LSP), only 0.4% of cells were EdU+, indicating this fraction to be predominantly non-cycling. Using Lgr5-EGFP mice, we show that Lgr5-EGFP(hi) cells, representing actively cycling ISCs, are essentially exclusive to the USP. In contrast, using histone 2B-YFP mice, SP analysis revealed YFP label retaining cells (LRCs) in both the USP and the LSP. Correspondingly, evaluation of the SP fractions for mRNA markers by qRT-PCR showed that the USP was enriched in transcripts associated with both quiescent and active ISCs. In contrast, the LSP expressed mRNA markers of quiescent ISCs while being de-enriched for those of the active ISC. Both the USP and LSP are capable of generating enteroids in culture which include the four intestinal lineages. We conclude that sorting of USP and LSP fractions represents a novel isolation of cycling and non-cycling ISCs from WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J von Furstenberg
- Department of Medicine, Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Medicine, Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristen M Seiler
- Department of Medicine, Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Douglas J Winton
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Susan J Henning
- Department of Medicine, Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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46
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Wnt signaling in adult intestinal stem cells and cancer. Cell Signal 2013; 26:570-9. [PMID: 24308963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling initiated by secreted glycoproteins of the Wnt family regulates many aspects of embryonic development and it is involved in homeostasis of adult tissues. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract the Wnt pathway maintains the self-renewal capacity of epithelial stem cells. The stem cell attributes are conferred by mutual interactions of the stem cell with its local microenvironment, the stem cell niche. The niche ensures that the threshold of Wnt signaling in the stem cell is kept in physiological range. In addition, the Wnt pathway involves various feedback loops that balance the opposing processes of cell proliferation and differentiation. Today, we have compelling evidence that mutations causing aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway promote expansion of undifferentiated progenitors and lead to cancer. The review summarizes recent advances in characterization of adult epithelial stem cells in the gut. We mainly focus on discoveries related to molecular mechanisms regulating the output of the Wnt pathway. Moreover, we present novel experimental approaches utilized to investigate the epithelial cell signaling circuitry in vivo and in vitro. Pivotal aspects of tissue homeostasis are often deduced from studies of tumor cells; therefore, we also discuss some latest results gleaned from the deep genome sequencing studies of human carcinomas of the colon and rectum.
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Enteroendocrine cell types revisited. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:912-21. [PMID: 24140256 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The GI-tract is profoundly involved in the control of metabolism through peptide hormones secreted from enteroendocrine cells scattered throughout the gut mucosa. A large number of recently generated transgenic reporter mice have allowed for direct characterization of biochemical and cell biological properties of these previously highly elusive enteroendocrine cells. In particular the surprisingly broad co-expression of six functionally related hormones in the intestinal enteroendocrine cells indicates that it should be possible to control not only the hormone secretion but also the type and number of enteroendocrine cells. However, this will require a more deep understanding of the factors controlling differentiation, gene expression and specification of the enteroendocrine cells during their weekly renewal from progenitor cells in the crypts of the mucosa.
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Egerod KL, Engelstoft MS, Grunddal KV, Nøhr MK, Secher A, Sakata I, Pedersen J, Windeløv JA, Füchtbauer EM, Olsen J, Sundler F, Christensen JP, Wierup N, Olsen JV, Holst JJ, Zigman JM, Poulsen SS, Schwartz TW. A major lineage of enteroendocrine cells coexpress CCK, secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and neurotensin but not somatostatin. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5782-95. [PMID: 23064014 PMCID: PMC7958714 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells such as duodenal cholecystokinin (CCK cells) are generally thought to be confined to certain segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to store and release peptides derived from only a single peptide precursor. In the current study, however, transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the CCK promoter demonstrated a distribution pattern of CCK-eGFP positive cells that extended throughout the intestine. Quantitative PCR and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomic analyses of isolated, FACS-purified CCK-eGFP-positive cells demonstrated expression of not only CCK but also glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), neurotensin, and secretin, but not somatostatin. Immunohistochemistry confirmed this expression pattern. The broad coexpression phenomenon was observed both in crypts and villi as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and FACS analysis of separated cell populations. Single-cell quantitative PCR indicated that approximately half of the duodenal CCK-eGFP cells express one peptide precursor in addition to CCK, whereas an additional smaller fraction expresses two peptide precursors in addition to CCK. The coexpression pattern was further confirmed through a cell ablation study based on expression of the human diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the proglucagon promoter, in which activation of the receptor resulted in a marked reduction not only in GLP-1 cells, but also PYY, neurotensin, GIP, CCK, and secretin cells, whereas somatostatin cells were spared. Key elements of the coexpression pattern were confirmed by immunohistochemical double staining in human small intestine. It is concluded that a lineage of mature enteroendocrine cells have the ability to coexpress members of a group of functionally related peptides: CCK, secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and neurotensin, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer L Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Denmark
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Gagliardi G, Moroz K, Bellows CF. Immunolocalization of DCAMKL-1, a putative intestinal stem cell marker, in normal colonic tissue. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:475-9. [PMID: 22749579 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 (DCAMKL-1) is a microtubule-associated protein kinase which has been recently proposed as a gastrointestinal stem cell marker. The aim of our study was to characterize DCAMKL-1 expression in normal human colon by immunohistochemistry. DCAMKL-1 immunostaining was performed on histologically normal colorectal biopsies from 14 patients. Immunoreactivity was found in over 60% of colonic crypts and was represented by strong cytoplasmic staining, anti-luminal in distribution, and was reminiscent of cytoplasmic orientation of neuroendocrine cells. The highest number (48.5%) of DCAMKL-1 positive cells was found in the first 4 cells from the crypt base. Seventy percent of DCAMKL-1 positive cells were located in the lower third of the crypt, 26% in the middle third and 4% in the upper third. Therefore, in normal colonic mucosa, expression of DCAMKL-1 is not confined to the stem cell compartment. When we compared DCAMKL-1 immunostaining with that of the leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), an intestinal stem cell marker, and chromogranin-A (CgA), an enteroendocrine cell marker, we found that DCAMKL-1 positive cells co-stained with Lgr5 only at the crypt base, but co-stained with CgA throughout the crypt. Our findings suggest that DCAMKL-1 marks a subset of colorectal stem cells, as well as a subset of enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gagliardi
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
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50
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Roth S, Franken P, Sacchetti A, Kremer A, Anderson K, Sansom O, Fodde R. Paneth cells in intestinal homeostasis and tissue injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38965. [PMID: 22745693 PMCID: PMC3380033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cell niches are often co-inhabited by cycling and quiescent stem cells. In the intestine, lineage tracing has identified Lgr5(+) cells as frequently cycling stem cells, whereas Bmi1(+), mTert(+), Hopx(+) and Lrig1(+) cells appear to be more quiescent. Here, we have applied a non-mutagenic and cell cycle independent approach to isolate and characterize small intestinal label-retaining cells (LRCs) persisting in the lower third of the crypt of Lieberkühn for up to 100 days. LRCs do not express markers of proliferation and of enterocyte, goblet or enteroendocrine differentiation, but are positive for Paneth cell markers. While during homeostasis, LR/Paneth cells appear to play a supportive role for Lgr5(+) stem cells as previously shown, upon tissue injury they switch to a proliferating state and in the process activate Bmi1 expression while silencing Paneth-specific genes. Hence, they are likely to contribute to the regenerative process following tissue insults such as chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Roth
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Franken
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sacchetti
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kurt Anderson
- Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Sansom
- Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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