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Hartmann JP, Lassen ML, Mohammad M, Iepsen UW, Mortensen J, Hasbak P, Berg RMG. Pulmonary blood volume measured by 82Rb-PET in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective cohort study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1276-1283. [PMID: 38602000 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary vascular dysfunction and destruction are observable before the onset of detectable emphysema, but it is unknown whether this is associated with central hypovolemia. We investigated if patients with COPD have reduced pulmonary blood volume (PBV) evaluated by 82Rb-positron emission tomography (PET) at rest and during adenosine-induced hyperemia. This single-center retrospective cohort study assessed 6,301 82Rb-PET myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) examinations performed over a 6-yr period. We compared 77 patients with COPD with 44 healthy kidney donors (controls). Cardiac output ([Formula: see text]) and mean 82Rb bolus transit time (MBTT) were used to calculate PBV. [Formula: see text] was similar at rest (COPD: 3,649 ± 120 mL vs. control: 3,891 ± 160 mL, P = 0.368) but lower in patients with COPD compared with controls during adenosine infusion (COPD: 5,432 ± 124 mL vs. control: 6,185 ± 161 mL, P < 0.050). MBTT was shorter in patients with COPD compared with controls at rest (COPD: 8.7 ± 0.28 s vs. control: 11.4 ± 0.37 s, P < 0.001) and during adenosine infusion (COPD: 9.2 ± 0.28 s vs. control: 10.2 ± 0.37 s, P < 0.014). PBV was lower in patients with COPD, even after adjustment for body surface area, sex, and age at rest [COPD: 530 (29) mL vs. 708 (38) mL, P < 0.001] and during adenosine infusion [COPD: 826 (29) mL vs. 1,044 (38) mL, P < 0.001]. In conclusion, patients with COPD show evidence of central hypovolemia, but it remains to be determined whether this has any diagnostic or prognostic impact.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit central hypovolemia compared with healthy controls. Pulmonary blood volume may thus be a relevant physiological and/or clinical outcome measure in future COPD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Peter Hartmann
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Lyngby Lassen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Milan Mohammad
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Winning Iepsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jann Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Hasbak
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronan M G Berg
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
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Nørskov MP, Mønsted T, Kimer N, Damgaard M, Møller S. Can Plasma Volume Determination in Cirrhosis Be Replaced by an Algorithm Using Body Weight and Hematocrit? Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:835. [PMID: 38667480 PMCID: PMC11049127 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14080835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cirrhosis often develop hyperdynamic circulation with increased cardiac output, heart rate, and redistribution of the circulating volume with expanded plasma volume (PV). PV determination is part of the evaluation of patients with cirrhosis, but gold-standard methods are invasive, expensive, and time-consuming. Therefore, other estimations of PV would be preferable, and the aim of this study was therefore to study if PV, as assessed by a simplified algorithm based on hematocrit and weight, can replace the gold-standard method. METHODS We included 328 patients with cirrhosis who had their PV assessed by the indicator dilution technique as the gold-standard method (PVI-125). Actual PV was estimated as PVa = (1 - hematocrit)·(a + (b·body weight)). Ideal PV was estimated as PVi = c · body weight, where a, b, and c are constants. RESULTS PVI-125, PVa, and PVi were 3.99 ± 1.01, 3.09 ± 0.54, and 3.01 ± 0.65 (Mean ± SD), respectively. Although PVI-125 correlated significantly with PVa (r = 0.72, p < 0.001), a Bland-Altman plot revealed wide limits of confidence. CONCLUSIONS The use of simplified algorithms does not sufficiently estimate PV and cannot replace the indicator dilution technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Prütz Nørskov
- Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine 260, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (T.M.); (M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Thormod Mønsted
- Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine 260, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (T.M.); (M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Nina Kimer
- Gastro Unit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark;
| | - Morten Damgaard
- Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine 260, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (T.M.); (M.D.); (S.M.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine 260, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (T.M.); (M.D.); (S.M.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pashayee-Khamene F, Hatami B, Cheraghpour M, Yari Z. Keeping an eye on the nutrition: The importance of nutrition management on cardiometabolic risk factors in cirrhotic patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 58:186-192. [PMID: 38057004 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.09.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases, especially cirrhosis, are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Besides predisposing to chronic liver disease per se, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia worsen the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis induced by other causes. There is no standard of care in the management of these factors in patients with cirrhosis. Also, in particular, it is not known whether nutritional interventions in the modification of cardiometabolic factors can improve the course of cirrhosis or not. This narrative review aimed to investigate the clinical significance of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia and appropriate nutritional interventions in cirrhotic patients. A comprehensive literature search of the published data was performed in regard to the association of cirrhosis with cardiometabolic factors and the management of cirrhosis and its complications. There is limited evidence on the association of cirrhosis with cardiometabolic risk factors. Cirrhotic cardiometabolic abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of complications, such that the coexistence of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia increases the risk of clinical decompensation in cirrhosis. Dietary management of cirrhotic patients with risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia does not seem to be considerably different from non-cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Pashayee-Khamene
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Hatami
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Makan Cheraghpour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Yari
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lassen ML, Byrne C, Hartmann JP, Kjaer A, Berg RMG, Hasbak P. Pulmonary blood volume assessment from a standard cardiac rubidium-82 imaging protocol: impact of adenosine-induced hyperemia. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:2504-2513. [PMID: 37349559 PMCID: PMC10682170 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-023-03308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the feasibility of estimating the pulmonary blood volume noninvasively using standard Rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and characterize the changes during adenosine-induced hyperemia. METHODS This study comprised 33 healthy volunteers (15 female, median age = 23 years), of which 25 underwent serial rest/adenosine stress Rubidium-82 MPI sessions. Mean bolus transit times (MBTT) were obtained by calculating the time delay from the Rubidium-82 bolus arrival in the pulmonary trunk to the arrival in the left myocardial atrium. Using the MBTT, in combination with stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR), we estimated pulmonary blood volume (PBV = (SV × HR) × MBTT). We report the empirically measured MBTT, HR, SV, and PBV, all stratified by sex [male (M) vs female (F)] as mean (SD). In addition, we report grouped repeatability measures using the within-subject repeatability coefficient. RESULTS Mean bolus transit times was shortened during adenosine stressing with sex-specific differences [(seconds); Rest: Female (F) = 12.4 (1.5), Male (M) = 14.8 (2.8); stress: F = 8.8 (1.7), M = 11.2 (3.0), all P ≤ 0.01]. HR and SV increased during stress MPI, with a concomitant increase in the PBV [mL]; Rest: F = 544 (98), M = 926 (105); Stress: F = 914 (182), M = 1458 (338), all P < 0.001. The following test-retest repeatability measures were observed for MBTT (Rest = 17.2%, Stress = 17.9%), HR (Rest = 9.1%, Stress = 7.5%), SV (Rest = 8.9%, Stress = 5.6%), and for PBV measures (Rest = 20.7%, Stress = 19.5%) CONCLUSION: Pulmonary blood volume can be extracted by cardiac rubidium-82 MPI with excellent test-retest reliability, both at rest and during adenosine-induced hyperemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lyngby Lassen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christina Byrne
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Peter Hartmann
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Renal, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronan M G Berg
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Renal, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Philip Hasbak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Zhao DT, Yan HP, Han Y, Zhang WM, Zhao Y, Liao HY. Prevalence and prognostic significance of main metabolic risk factors in primary biliary cholangitis: a retrospective cohort study of 789 patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1142177. [PMID: 38027142 PMCID: PMC10663935 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1142177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic risk factors in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) have not been well described in China. Additionally, it is unclear whether these factors have an impact on the prognosis of PBC patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of main metabolic risk factors in PBC, and to evaluate their prognostic values for liver-related outcomes. Methods A cohort of 789 PBC patients was retrospectively studied between July 2008 and September 2019 by investigating the main metabolic risk factors and analyzing liver-related outcomes. Results At presentation, 271 (34.3%) patients had concomitant hyperlipidemia, 126 (16.0%) had hypertension, 94 (11.9%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and 17 (2.2%) had nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hyperlipidemia was found to be associated with the lower risk of liver-related death [P<0.0001, hazard ratio (HR): 0.397, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.268-0.588] and adverse outcomes (P<0.0001, HR: 0.487, 95% CI:0.367-0.646), while hypertension was noted as a risk factor for liver-related death (P=0.001, HR: 1.788, 95% CI:1.268-2.521) and adverse outcomes (P=0.014, HR: 1.417, 95% CI:1.074-1.869). Moreover, age ≥ 55 years old (P=0.005) and cirrhosis (P<0.0001) had superimposition effects on hypertension as a risk factor for liver-related death, while only cirrhosis (P<0.0001) had an effect on hypertension as a risk factor for adverse outcomes. Additionally, anti-sp100 was associated with adverse outcomes (P=0.013) in PBC patients with hypertension in univariate Cox regression analysis. Conclusion Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and T2DM were found as main metabolic risk factors in PBC in China. Hyperlipidemia indicated a benign clinical outcome of PBC, while hypertension indicated a poor outcome of PBC. Older age and cirrhosis had superimposition effects on hypertension for liver-related poor outcomes. Anti-sp100 might be associated with adverse outcomes, especially in PBC patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Tong Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Ping Yan
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Ming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Yu Liao
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Eriksen CS, Kimer N, Suetta C, Møller S. Arm lean mass determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is superior to characterize skeletal muscle and predict sarcopenia-related mortality in cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G729-G740. [PMID: 33729006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00478.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia worsens survival in patients with advanced liver disease including cirrhosis. In this study, we aimed to characterize skeletal muscle status by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in patients with cirrhosis and examine the association between different skeletal muscle compartments and mortality. We included 231 men and 84 women (Child A, B, and C) with cirrhosis and 315 healthy matched controls (231 men and 84 women). Body composition was assessed with DXA. Appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), arms index (AI), and legs index (LI) were calculated by normalizing lean mass to height squared. Low ASMI was defined as ASMI < 7.0 kg/m2 in men and <5.5 kg/m2 in women. Biochemical and hemodynamic data were recorded for cirrhotic patients and mortality data retrieved from registers. Low ASMI was more prevalent in both men (49%) and women (43%) with cirrhosis compared with healthy men (8%) and women (5%) (P < 0.001). ASMI and LI were lowest in Child B, whereas AI decreased gradually with advancing Child class. ASMI was inversely associated with mortality in men [HR = 0.74 (0.59-0.93), P < 0.01], and this was mainly driven by AI [HR = 0.37 (0.18-0.71), P < 0.01]. AI showed closer association than ASMI or LI to both the severity of liver disease and to mortality, which may be due to increasing prevalence of leg edema with disease progression in this population. Determination of arm lean mass may add information on survival in patients with cirrhosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sarcopenia increases mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease. We show that arm lean mass determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a better marker than the traditional appendicular skeletal muscle mass when predicting sarcopenia-related mortality in patients with cirrhosis of different severity. The findings add to the dispute about the optimal method for repeated assessments of skeletal muscle status in patients with cirrhosis and may have implications for clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Skou Eriksen
- Center of Functional Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Kimer
- Gastro Unit, Medical Division, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Center of Functional Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Praktiknjo M, Monteiro S, Grandt J, Kimer N, Madsen JL, Werge MP, William P, Brol MJ, Turco L, Schierwagen R, Chang J, Klein S, Uschner FE, Welsch C, Moreau R, Schepis F, Bendtsen F, Gluud LL, Møller S, Trebicka J. Cardiodynamic state is associated with systemic inflammation and fatal acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int 2020; 40:1457-1466. [PMID: 32162397 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized by high short-term mortality and systemic inflammation (SI). Recently, different cardiodynamic states were shown to independently predict outcomes in cirrhosis. The relationship between cardiodynamic states, SI, and portal hypertension and their impact on ACLF development remains unclear. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the interplay of cardiodynamic state and SI on fatal ACLF development in cirrhosis. RESULTS At inclusion, hemodynamic measures including cardiac index (CI) and hepatic venous pressure gradient of 208 patients were measured. Patients were followed prospectively for fatal ACLF development (primary endpoint). SI was assessed by proinflammatory markers such as interleukins (ILs) 6 and 8 and soluble IL-33 receptor (sIL-33R). Patients were divided according to CI (<3.2; 3.2-4.2; >4.2 L/min/m2 ) in hypo- (n = 84), normo- (n = 69) and hyperdynamic group (n = 55). After a median follow-up of 3 years, the highest risk of fatal ACLF was seen in hyperdynamic (35%) and hypodynamic patients (25%) compared with normodynamic (14%) (P = .011). Hyperdynamic patients showed the highest rate of SI. The detectable level of IL-6 was an independent predictor of fatal ACLF development. CONCLUSIONS Cirrhotic patients with hyperdynamic and hypodynamic circulation have a higher risk of fatal ACLF. Therefore, the cardiodynamic state is strongly associated with SI, which is an independent predictor of development of fatal ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Monteiro
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Josephine Grandt
- Gastrounit Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Kimer
- Gastrounit Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan L Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, 239 Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel P Werge
- Gastrounit Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter William
- Gastrounit Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian J Brol
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Turco
- Division of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Robert Schierwagen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, J.W.Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, J.W.Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank E Uschner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, J.W.Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, J.W.Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard Moreau
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire UNITY, Clichy, France.,Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Schepis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Flemming Bendtsen
- Gastrounit Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise L Gluud
- Gastrounit Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, 239 Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, J.W.Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.,European Foundation for Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Bioengineering Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Durdu MS, Cakici M, Gumus F, Deniz GC, Bozdag SC, Ozcinar E, Yaman ND, Ilhan O, Ucanok K. Promising utilization areas of therapeutic plasmapheresis in cardiovascular surgery practice. Transfus Apher Sci 2018; 57:762-767. [PMID: 30249533 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apheresis is performed for treatment of numerous diseases by removing auto-antibodies, antigen-antibody complexes, allo-antibodies, paraproteins, non-Ig proteins, toxins, exogenous poisons. In current study, we present our experience of using therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in patients with different types of clinical scenarios. METHODS Between January 2013 and May 2016, we retrospectively presented the results of 64 patients in whom postoperative TPE was performed in ICU setting after cardiac surgery. Patients were grouped into four as; 1-sepsis (n = 26), 2-hepatorenal syndrome(n = 24), 3-antibody mediated rejection(AMR) following heart transplantation(n = 4) and 4-right heart failure(RHF) after left ventricular asist device(LVAD)(n = 10). Hemodynamic parameters were monitored constantly, pre- and post-procedure peripheral blood tests including renal and liver functions and daily complete blood count (CBC), sedimentation, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin (ng/ml) levels were studied. RESULTS The mean age was 61 ± 17.67 years old and 56.25% (n = 36) were male. Mean Pre TPE left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (%), central venous pressure (CVP)(mmHg) pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)(mmHg) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP)(mmHg) were measured as 41.8 ± 8.1, 15.5 ± 4.4, 17.3 ± 3.24 and 39.9 ± 5.4, respectively. Procalcitonin (ng/ml) level of patients undergoing TPE due to sepsis was significantly reduced from 873 ± 401 ng/ml to 248 ± 132 ng/ml. Seventeen (26.5%) patients died in hospital during treatment, mean length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay(days) was 13.2 ± 5.1. CONCLUSION This study shows that TEP is a safe and feasible treatment modality in patients with different types of complications after cardiac surgery and hopefully this study will lead to new utilization areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Serkan Durdu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Cebeci Hospitals, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cakici
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Cebeci Hospitals, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Gumus
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Cebeci Hospitals, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Sinem Civriz Bozdag
- Department of Hematology, Cebeci Hospitals, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evren Ozcinar
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Cebeci Hospitals, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nur Dikmen Yaman
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Cebeci Hospitals, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Osman Ilhan
- Department of Hematology, Cebeci Hospitals, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kemalettin Ucanok
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center, Cebeci Hospitals, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Møller S, Bendtsen F. The pathophysiology of arterial vasodilatation and hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis. Liver Int 2018; 38:570-580. [PMID: 28921803 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension often develop complications from a variety of organ systems leading to a multiple organ failure. The combination of liver failure and portal hypertension results in a hyperdynamic circulatory state partly owing to simultaneous splanchnic and peripheral arterial vasodilatation. Increases in circulatory vasodilators are believed to be due to portosystemic shunting and bacterial translocation leading to redistribution of the blood volume with central hypovolemia. Portal hypertension per se and increased splanchnic blood flow are mainly responsible for the development and perpetuation of the hyperdynamic circulation and the associated changes in cardiovascular function with development of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, autonomic dysfunction and renal dysfunction as part of a cardiorenal syndrome. Several of the cardiovascular changes are reversible after liver transplantation and point to the pathophysiological significance of portal hypertension. In this paper, we aimed to review current knowledge on the pathophysiology of arterial vasodilatation and the hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Bendtsen
- Gastro Unit, Medical Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Busk TM, Bendtsen F, Poulsen JH, Clemmesen JO, Larsen FS, Goetze JP, Iversen JS, Jensen MT, Møgelvang R, Pedersen EB, Bech JN, Møller S. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: impact on systemic hemodynamics and renal and cardiac function in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G275-G286. [PMID: 29074483 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00094.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) alleviates portal hypertension and possibly increases central blood volume (CBV). Moreover, renal function often improves; however, its effects on cardiac function are unclear. The aims of our study were to examine the effects of TIPS on hemodynamics and renal and cardiac function in patients with cirrhosis. In 25 cirrhotic patients, we analyzed systemic, cardiac, and splanchnic hemodynamics by catheterization of the liver veins and right heart chambers before and 1 wk after TIPS. Additionally, we measured renal and cardiac markers and performed advanced echocardiography before, 1 wk after, and 4 mo after TIPS. CBV increased significantly after TIPS (+4.6%, P < 0.05). Cardiac output (CO) increased (+15.3%, P < 0.005) due to an increase in stroke volume (SV) (+11.1%, P < 0.005), whereas heart rate (HR) was initially unchanged. Cardiopulmonary pressures increased after TIPS, whereas copeptin, a marker of vasopressin, decreased (-18%, P < 0.005) and proatrial natriuretic peptide increased (+52%, P < 0.0005) 1 wk after TIPS and returned to baseline 4 mo after TIPS. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, renin, aldosterone, and serum creatinine decreased after TIPS (-36%, P < 0.005; -65%, P < 0.05; -90%, P < 0.005; and -13%, P < 0.005, respectively). Echocardiography revealed subtle changes in cardiac function after TIPS, although these were within the normal range. TIPS increases CBV by increasing CO and SV, whereas HR is initially unaltered. These results indicate an inability to increase the heart rate in response to a hemodynamic challenge that only partially increases CBV after TIPS. These changes, however, are sufficient for improving renal function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, we have combined advanced techniques to study the integrated effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in cirrhosis. We showed that TIPS increases central blood volume (CBV) through improved cardiac inotropy. Advanced echocardiography demonstrated that myocardial function was unaffected by the dramatic increase in preload after TIPS. Finally, renal function improved due to the increase in CBV. Recognition of these physiological changes significantly contributes to our clinical understanding of TIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels M Busk
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre of Functional Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Gastro Unit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Flemming Bendtsen
- Gastro Unit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jørgen H Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens O Clemmesen
- Department of Hepatology, Copenhagen University Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Fin S Larsen
- Department of Hepatology, Copenhagen University Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens S Iversen
- Department of Nephrology, Copenhagen University Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Magnus T Jensen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Rasmus Møgelvang
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Erling B Pedersen
- University Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medical Research and Medicine, Holstebro Hospital and Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jesper N Bech
- University Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medical Research and Medicine, Holstebro Hospital and Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre of Functional Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) on blood volume distribution in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:1353-1359. [PMID: 28729141 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis is accompanied by portal hypertension with splanchnic and systemic arterial vasodilation, and central hypovolaemia. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) alleviates portal hypertension, but also causes major haemodynamic changes. AIMS To investigate effects of TIPS on regional blood volume distribution, and systemic haemodynamics. METHODS Thirteen cirrhotic patients had their regional blood volume distribution determined with gamma-camera technique before and after TIPS. Additionally, we measured systemic haemodynamics during liver vein and right heart catheterization. Central and arterial blood volume (CBV) and cardiac output (CO) were determined with indicator dilution technique. RESULTS After TIPS, the thoracic blood volume increased (+10.4% of total blood volume (TBV), p<0.01), whereas the splanchnic blood volume decreased (-11.9% of TBV, p<0.001). CO increased (+22%, p<0.0001), and systemic vascular resistance decreased (-26%, p<0.001), whereas CBV did not change. Finally, right atrial pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure increased after TIPS (+50%, p<0.005; +40%, p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS TIPS restores central hypovolaemia by an increase in thoracic blood volume and alleviates splanchnic vascular congestion. In contrast, CBV seems unaltered. The improvement in central hypovolaemia is therefore based on an increase in thoracic blood volume that includes both the central venous and arterial blood volume. This is supported by an increase in preload, combined with a decrease in afterload.
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Assessment of response to beta-blockers by expression of βArr2 and RhoA/ROCK2 in antrum mucosa in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1265-73. [PMID: 26827791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-selective beta-blockers (NSBB) are first choice for prevention of variceal bleeding. But possible deleterious effects in refractory ascites and frequent non-response are clinical drawbacks. Since levels of vasoactive proteins in antrum mucosa reflect vascular dysfunction in cirrhosis, these expression levels might also reflect hemodynamic response to NSBB. METHODS Biopsies from the gastric and duodenal mucosa of 25 patients with cirrhosis were collected and the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) was measured before and after an acute propranolol challenge. Transcription and protein expression of Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), Rho-kinase (ROCK)2, beta-arrestin2 (βArr2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the phosphorylation of downstream effectors VASP and moesin were analyzed using PCR and Western blot. Further 21 patients on NSBB were evaluated on their follow up for events of variceal bleeding defined as non-response. RESULTS Ten patients showed HVPG <10mmHg, further seven patients showed significant hemodynamic response to NSBB, whereas eight patients were non-responders. The mucosal transcription of vasoactive proteins was higher in antrum mucosa compared to corpus and duodenum. The transcriptional levels of vasoactive proteins were higher in patients with HVPG >10mmHg and HVPG >16mmHg. Interestingly, mRNA levels of RhoA and ROCK2 were lower in patients with large varices at endoscopy. Moreover, RhoA and ROCK2 transcription correlated with the decrease of HVPG after acute NSBB challenge. Finally, acute and long-term non-responders showed lower expression of βArr2 in antrum mucosa. CONCLUSION This study shows for the first time that the expression of βArr2 in antrum mucosa biopsies might reflect the hemodynamic response to NSBB and their long-term protective effect. This finding might offer an easy approach at upper endoscopy to facilitate the decision to treat with NSBB if varices are present.
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Wiese S, Timm A, Nielsen LB, Goetze JP, Bendtsen F, Møller S. Plasma ADAMTS-13 protein is not associated with portal hypertension or hemodynamic changes in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis 2016; 48:404-8. [PMID: 26775093 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated hepatic stellate cells synthesize the matrix metalloprotease ADAMTS13, which may be involved in the development of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Plasma ADAMTS13 activity has been reported as both increased and decreased in cirrhosis, but ADAMTS13 protein has not previously been examined. AIM To evaluate ADAMTS13 protein in the hepatic circulation and the relation to disease severity, portal pressure, and systemic hemodynamics in cirrhotic patients. METHODS Sixty-one cirrhotic patients (Child class: A=22; B=21; C=18) and nine healthy controls underwent a liver vein catheterization with measurement of splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics, and plasma ADAMTS13 protein concentration in a hepatic vein and the femoral artery. RESULTS ADAMTS13 protein concentrations were increased in cirrhotic patients compared with controls (774ng/ml [IQR: 585-955] vs. 538ng/ml [IQR: 484-631], p<0.03). There were no significant correlations to MELD score, Child Pugh score, portal pressure, nor systemic vascular resistance or cardiac output. CONCLUSIONS The increased concentration of ADAMTS13 protein in the hepatic circulation may reflect an increased number of active hepatic stellate cells in cirrhosis. However, ADAMTS13 was unrelated to portal hypertension and systemic hemodynamics. In conclusion, ADAMTS13 does not appear to be associated to disease severity or the hemodynamic derangement in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Wiese
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Annette Timm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars B Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Bendtsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension are at an increased risk of the development of circulatory dysfunction that may potentially result in multiple organ failure. Apart from the liver, this may involve the heart, lungs, kidneys, the immune system, the adrenal glands, and other organ systems. As the disease progresses, the circulation becomes hyperdynamic, and signs of cardiac, pulmonary, and renal dysfunction are observed, in addition to reduced survival. Infections and an altered cardiac function known as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy may be precipitators for the development of other complications such as hepatorenal syndrome. In patients with chronic organ dysfunction, various precipitating events may induce an acute-on-chronic renal failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure that negatively affect the prognosis. Future research on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the complications and the precipitating factors is essential to understand the basics of the treatment of these challenging conditions. The aim of the present review is to focus on the development and precipitating factors of various organ failures in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
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Abstract
In patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, it is largely the frequency and severity of complications relating to the diseased liver, degree of portal hypertension and hemodynamic derangement that determine the prognosis. It can be considered as a multiple organ failure that apart from the liver involves the heart, lungs, kidneys, the immune systems and other organ systems. Progressive fibrosis of the liver and subsequent metabolic impairment leads to a systemic and splanchnic arteriolar vasodilatation. With the progression of the disease development of portal hypertension leads to formation of esophageal varices and ascites. The circulation becomes hyperdynamic with cardiac, pulmonary as well as renal consequences for dysfunction and reduced survival. Infections and a changed cardiac function known as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy may be involved in further aggravation of other complications such as renal failure precipitating the hepatorenal syndrome. Patients with end-stage liver disease and related complications as for example the hepatopulmonary syndrome can only radically be treated by liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine 239, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hvidovre , Denmark
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Henriksen UL, Kiszka-Kanowitz M, Bendtsen F, Henriksen JH. Red blood cell sodium transport in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 36:359-67. [PMID: 26016736 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with advanced cirrhosis have abnormal sodium homoeostasis. The study was undertaken to quantify the sodium transport across the plasma membrane of red blood cells (RBC) in patients with cirrhosis. RBC efflux and influx of sodium were studied in vitro with tracer (22) Na(+) according to linear kinetics in 24 patients with cirrhosis and 14 healthy controls. The sodium efflux was modified by ouabain (O), furosemide (F) and a combination of O and F (O + F). RBC sodium was significantly decreased (4·6 versus control 6·3 mmol l(-1) , P<0·001) and directly related to serum sodium (r = 0·57, P<0·05). The RBC fractional sodium efflux was higher in patients with cirrhosis (+46%, P<0·01) compared to controls. Inhibition in both high (145 mmol l(-1) )- and low (120 mmol l(-1) )-sodium buffers showed that the F-insensitive sodium efflux was twice as high in cirrhosis as in controls (P = 0·03-0·007), especially the O-sensitive, F-insensitive efflux was increased (+ 225%, P = 0·01-0·006). Fractional F-sensitive transport was normal in cirrhosis. RBC sodium influx was largely normal in cirrhosis. In conclusion, RBC sodium content is reduced in patients with cirrhosis with a direct relation to serum sodium. Increased RBC sodium efflux is especially related to ouabain-sensitive, furosemide-insensitive transport and thus most likely due to upregulated activity of the sodium-potassium pump. The study gives no evidence to an altered intracellular/extracellular sodium ratio or to a reduced fractional furosemide-sensitive sodium transport in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Lütken Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology 239, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz
- Gastrounit Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Bendtsen
- Gastrounit Medical Division, Hvidovre Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens H Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology 239, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bernstein DP, Henry IC, Lemmens HJ, Chaltas JL, DeMaria AN, Moon JB, Kahn AM. Validation of stroke volume and cardiac output by electrical interrogation of the brachial artery in normals: assessment of strengths, limitations, and sources of error. J Clin Monit Comput 2015; 29:789-800. [PMID: 25682204 PMCID: PMC4621712 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-015-9668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to validate a new, continuous, noninvasive stroke volume (SV) method, known as transbrachial electrical bioimpedance velocimetry (TBEV). TBEV SV was compared to SV obtained by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) in normal humans devoid of clinically apparent heart disease. Thirty-two (32) volunteers were enrolled in the study. Each subject was evaluated by echocardiography to assure that no aortic or mitral valve disease was present. Subsequently, each subject underwent electrical interrogation of the brachial artery by means of a high frequency, low amplitude alternating current. A first TBEV SV estimate was obtained. Immediately after the initial TBEV study, subjects underwent cMRI, using steady-state precession imaging to obtain a volumetric estimate of SV. Following cMRI, the TBEV SV study was repeated. Comparing the cMRI-derived SV to that of TBEV, the two TBEV estimates were averaged and compared to the cMRI standard. CO was computed as the product of SV and heart rate. Statistical methods consisted of Bland-Altman and linear regression analysis. TBEV SV and CO estimates were obtained in 30 of the 32 subjects enrolled. Bland-Altman analysis of pre- and post-cMRI TBEV SV showed a mean bias of 2.87 % (2.05 mL), precision of 13.59% (11.99 mL) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of +29.51% (25.55 mL) and -23.77% (-21.45 mL). Regression analysis for pre- and post-cMRI TBEV SV values yielded y = 0.76x + 25.1 and r(2) = 0.71 (r = 0.84). Bland-Altman analysis comparing cMRI SV with averaged TBEV SV showed a mean bias of -1.56% (-1.53 mL), precision of 13.47% (12.84 mL), 95% LOA of +24.85% (+23.64 mL) and -27.97% (-26.7 mL) and percent error = 26.2 %. For correlation analysis, the regression equation was y = 0.82x + 19.1 and correlation coefficient r(2) = 0.61 (r = 0.78). Bland-Altman analysis of averaged pre- and post-cMRI TBEV CO versus cMRI CO yielded a mean bias of 5.01% (0.32 L min(-1)), precision of 12.85% (0.77 L min(-1)), 95% LOA of +30.20 % (+0.1.83 L min(-1)) and -20.7% (-1.19 L min(-1)) and percent error = 24.8%. Regression analysis yielded y = 0.92x + 0.78, correlation coefficient r(2) = 0.74 (r = 0.86). TBEV is a novel, noninvasive method, which provides satisfactory estimates of SV and CO in normal humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P Bernstein
- Sotera Wireless, Inc., 10020 Huennekens Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Isaac C Henry
- Sotera Wireless, Inc., 10020 Huennekens Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Harry J Lemmens
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5115, USA
| | - Janell L Chaltas
- Sotera Wireless, Inc., 10020 Huennekens Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Anthony N DeMaria
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - James B Moon
- Sotera Wireless, Inc., 10020 Huennekens Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Andrew M Kahn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
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Møller S, Krag A, Bendtsen F. Kidney injury in cirrhosis: pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of hepatorenal syndromes. Liver Int 2014; 34:1153-63. [PMID: 24673771 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequent in patients with cirrhosis. AKI and hyponatraemia are major determinants of the poor prognosis in advanced cirrhosis. The hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) denotes a functional and potential reversible impairment of renal function. Type 1 HRS, a special type of AKI, is a rapidly progressive AKI, whereas the renal function in type 2 HRS decreases more slowly. HRS is precipitated by factors such as sepsis that aggravate the effective hypovolaemia in decompensated cirrhosis, by lowering arterial pressure and cardiac output and enhanced sympathetic nervous activity. Therefore, attempts to prevent and treat HRS should seek to improve liver function and to ameliorate arterial hypotension, central hypovolaemia and cardiac output, and to reduce renal vasoconstriction. Ample treatment of HRS is important to prevent further progression and death, but as medical treatment only modestly improves long-term survival, these patients should always be considered for liver transplantation. Hyponatraemia, defined as serum sodium <130 mmol/L, is common in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. From a pathophysiological point of view, hyponatraemia is related to an impairment of renal solute-free water excretion most likely caused by an increased vasopressin secretion. Patients with cirrhosis mainly develop hypervolaemic hyponatraemia. Current evidence does not support routine use of vaptans in the management of hyponatraemia in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology 239, Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Wiese S, Mortensen C, Gøtze JP, Christensen E, Andersen O, Bendtsen F, Møller S. Cardiac and proinflammatory markers predict prognosis in cirrhosis. Liver Int 2014; 34:e19-30. [PMID: 24313898 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammation and cardiac dysfunction plays an important role in the development of complications leading to increased mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Novel cardiac markers such as prohormone of ANP (proANP), copeptin and high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) and proinflammatory markers including soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are related to these complications. We aimed to investigate if cardiac and proinflammatory markers are related to severity of liver disease, cardiac and haemodynamic changes, and long-term survival. METHODS One hundred and ninety-three stable cirrhotic patients (Child class: A = 46; B = 97; C = 50) had a full haemodynamic investigation performed with measurement of splanchnic and systemic haemodynamics and measurement of circulating levels of proBNP, proANP, copeptin, hs-TnT, LBP, IL 6, IL 8, IP 10, VEGF, hs-CRP and suPAR. RESULTS Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, hs-CRP, and hs-TnT were significantly different throughout the Child classes (P < 0.01; P < 0.01; P < 0.02). All markers except copeptin correlated with indicators of disease severity in cirrhosis; ProANP and suPAR correlated with hepatic venous pressure gradient (r = 0.24 and r = 0.34; P < 0.001) and systemic vascular resistance (r = -0.24 and r = -0.33; P < 0.001). Cardiac (proANP, hs-TnT; P < 0.01) and proinflammatory (hs-CRP, suPAR; P < 0.05) markers were associated with mortality in a univariate Cox analysis, however, the strongest predictors of mortality in a multivariate Cox analysis were hs-TnT, ascites and hepatic venous pressure gradient (reg.coeff.: 0.34, P < 0.001; 0.16, P < 0.001; 0.06, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Markers of cardiac dysfunction and inflammation are significantly associated with disease severity, degree of portal hypertension and survival in cirrhosis. In particular, hs-TnT and suPAR seem to contain prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Wiese
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen, Denmark; Gastro Unit, Medical Department, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Hobolth L, Bendtsen F, Hansen EF, Møller S. Effects of carvedilol and propranolol on circulatory regulation and oxygenation in cirrhosis: a randomised study. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:251-6. [PMID: 24290869 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Newer studies suggest that carvedilol, a beta-blocker with a moderate anti-alpha-1 activity, is superior to propranolol in reducing the portal pressure and risk of variceal bleeding. The effect on arterial blood pressure is a matter of concern especially in decompensated patients. AIMS to assess potential differential effects of beta-blockers and beta-blockers with moderate anti-alpha-1 activity on selected haemodynamic, humoral, and respiratory characteristics in cirrhosis. METHODS Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension were randomised to receive carvedilol (n=16) or propranolol (n=13). Cardiac, systemic and splanchnic parameters along with oxygen saturation and plasma renin were measured at inclusion and after 3 months. RESULTS Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output decreased equally, central circulation time and systemic vascular resistance increased significantly but similarly. Central blood volume, plasma volume and arterial compliance were unaltered. The QTc interval and renin levels decreased in the carvedilol group, however not significantly different from the propranolol group. Arterial oxygen saturation and alveolar arterial oxygen gradient remained constant in both groups. Hepatic venous pressure gradient decreased equally in the carvedilol and propranolol groups (-17% and -20%, non significant). CONCLUSIONS Systemic haemodynamics and pulmonary effects of carvedilol and propranolol are modest and this study could not demonstrate any significant difference between the two treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Hobolth
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University, Hvidovre, Denmark; Gastro Unit, Medical Division, Hvidovre University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Flemming Bendtsen
- Gastro Unit, Medical Division, Hvidovre University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Erik F Hansen
- Gastro Unit, Medical Division, Hvidovre University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University, Hvidovre, Denmark
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New insights into cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:1101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Møller S, Mortensen C, Bendtsen F, Jensen LT, Gøtze JP, Madsen JL. Cardiac sympathetic imaging with mIBG in cirrhosis and portal hypertension: relation to autonomic and cardiac function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1228-35. [PMID: 23019196 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00303.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autonomic and cardiac dysfunction is frequent in cirrhosis and includes increased sympathetic nervous activity, impaired heart rate variability (HRV), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Quantified (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) scintigraphy reflects cardiac noradrenaline uptake, and in patients with cardiac failure it predicts outcome. In this study, we aimed to investigate cardiac sympathetic neuronal function in cirrhosis by mIBG scintigraphy in relation to cardiovascular function. Ten patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls participated in the study. Heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratios of mIBG uptake were calculated 15 and 230 min after intravenous injection of mIBG. Furthermore, washout rate (WOR) of mIBG was calculated. The patients underwent a liver vein catheterization with determination of splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics and measurement of HRV and BRS. mIBG-scintigraphy revealed significantly increased WOR in patients with cirrhosis compared with controls (P < 0.005), whereas H/M uptakes were equal in the groups. Forty percent of the patients had reduced uptake of mIBG in the infero-lateral segment of the left ventricle. WOR correlated significantly with central circulation time, an estimate of central hypovolemia (r = -0.64, P < 0.05) and frequency-corrected QT(F) interval (r = 0.71, P = 0.01). Patients with cirrhosis had significantly decreased HRV and BRS correlating with indicators of abnormal cathecholamine uptake by mIBG although the catecholamine level was normal in the patients. In conclusion, in alcoholic cirrhosis, mIBG scintigraphy reveals autonomic dysfunction and impaired myocardial distribution of sympathetic nervous activity. It is associated to indicators of central hypovolemia, QT interval, and decreased HRV and BRS. Measurement of myocardial catecholamine uptake by mIBG may add important information on autonomic and cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Center. of Functional Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegaard Alle 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Christensen TN, Mortensen C, Henriksen JH, Møller S. Different injection techniques in the assessment of central haemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2012; 73:42-7. [PMID: 23098342 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2012.734395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with cirrhosis often present with an abnormal distribution of blood volume with a reduced central blood volume (CBV) and central circulation time (CCT). In this group of patients it is important to determine the central haemodynamics as accurately as possible. The purpose of the present study was to compare an alternative injection technique by injecting technetium-labelled human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-HSA) from a deposit within the catheter lumen with the conventional injection technique by injecting iodine-labelled human serum albumin ((125)I-HSA) directly from a syringe. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 192 patients with cirrhosis, CCT, CBV, and cardiac output (CO) were determined according to kinetic principles. Injection of the two radiolabelled HSA were performed simultaneously and followed by arterial blood sampling every second for the first minute. RESULTS CCT was significantly shorter, and CO and CBV were significantly lower when determined by the alternative catheter deposit injection technique compared to determination by the traditional syringe deposit injection technique. The mean difference (bias) between CCT measured with the two methods was 0.38 s with limits of agreement ranging from - 0.83 s to 1.59 s. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that different injection techniques result in a minor but significant difference of the measured haemodynamics. When highly accurate measurements of the central haemodynamics are needed, we recommend using the alternative injection technique by injection of the indicator from a deposit within the catheter in order to reduce overestimation of CCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine N Christensen
- Centre of Functional Imaging and Research, Department of Clinical Physiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Afzelius P, Bazeghi N, Bie P, Bendtsen F, Vestbo J, Møller S. Circulating nitric oxide products do not solely reflect nitric oxide release in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Liver Int 2011; 31:1381-7. [PMID: 21745317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cirrhosis often develop a systemic vasodilatation and a hyperdynamic circulation with activation of vasoconstrictor systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and vasopressin. Increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis has been implicated in the development of this state of vasodilation and pulmonary dysfunction including increased exhaled NO concentrations. Circulating metabolites (NO(x)) may affect the systemic and pulmonary NO-generation. However, the relations of these abnormalities to the haemodynamic changes remain unclear. AIMS The aims of the present study were to measure changes in exhaled NO in relation to circulating NO(x), RAAS, and haemodynamics. METHODS Twenty patients (eight child class A and 12 class B patients) underwent a liver vein catheterization with determination of splanchnic and systemic haemodynamics. Circulating NO(x) and exhaled NO were determined in the supine and sitting positions and related to haemodynamics, RAAS and lung diffusing capacity (D(L)CO). Eight matched healthy individuals served as controls. RESULTS All patients with cirrhosis had portal hypertension. We found no significant difference in exhaled NO between patients and controls and no changes from the supine to the sitting position. Exhaled NO in the patients correlated significantly with plasma volume, heart rate and D(L)CO. NO(x) concentrations were not significantly increased in the patients. NO(x) correlated with portal pressure and haemodynamic indicators of vasodilatation, but not with exhaled NO concentrations. CONCLUSION In patients with moderate cirrhosis, exhaled NO is normal. Circulating NO(x) do not seem to reflect pulmonary and systemic NO release, but NO(x) seems to reflect systemic and splanchnic haemodynamic changes in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Afzelius
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hvidovre Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Effects of treatment with β-blocker and aldosterone antagonist on central and peripheral haemodynamics and oxygenation in cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23:334-42. [PMID: 21399508 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3283455b7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with cirrhosis often exhibit abnormalities in cardiovascular regulation and oxygenation. Many of these patients are treated with β-blockers and aldosterone antagonists that may influence the regulation of systemic haemodynamics, but the specific effects on systemic haemodynamics and oxygenation are less studied. We therefore investigated systemic haemodynamics and oxygenation in patients with cirrhosis before and after 3 weeks of treatment with propranolol or spironolactone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two patients with cirrhosis were allocated into three groups as follows: a β-blocker group (n=7), a spironolactone group (n=8) and a control group (n=7). At baseline, and after 3 weeks, we measured the arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate, Q-T frequency-corrected interval, baroreflex sensitivity, cardiac output, peripheral arterial inflow (ABFin), transcutaneous oxygenation and hormonal status. We also assessed immediate effects of propranolol in the β-blocker group. RESULTS Short-term and long-term β-blockade significantly reduced BP (-7%) and heart rate (-15%) (P<0.01). Short-term β-blocker treatment improved the Q-T frequency-corrected interval but reduced the transcutaneous oxygenation (P<0.05). Baroreflex sensitivity and brain natriuretic peptide increased after short-term and after 3 weeks of β-blocker treatments (P<0.01). After 3 weeks, β-blockers reduced cardiac output and ABFin by 13 and 26%, respectively (P<0.05-0.01). In the spironolactone group, BP decreased by 8% (P<0.05) and renin increased by 370% (P<0.01). No changes were seen in the control group. CONCLUSION Short-term and long-term treatments with β-blockers and aldosterone antagonist modestly affect haemodynamics and oxygenation. Careful monitoring, especially in patients with low arterial blood pressure, if cardiac dysfunction is suspected, should follow the administration of β-blockers.
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Møller S, Iversen JS, Krag A, Bie P, Kjaer A, Bendtsen F. Reduced baroreflex sensitivity and pulmonary dysfunction in alcoholic cirrhosis: effect of hyperoxia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G784-90. [PMID: 20616307 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00078.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis exhibit impaired regulation of the arterial blood pressure, reduced baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and prolonged QT interval. In addition, a considerable number of patients have a pulmonary dysfunction with hypoxemia, impaired lung diffusing capacity (Dl(CO)), and presence of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). BRS is reduced at exposure to chronic hypoxia such as during sojourn in high altitudes. In this study, we assessed the relation of BRS to pulmonary dysfunction and cardiovascular characteristics and the effects of hyperoxia. Forty-three patients with cirrhosis and 12 healthy matched controls underwent hemodynamic and pulmonary investigations. BRS was assessed by cross-spectral analysis of variabilities between blood pressure and heart rate time series. A 100% oxygen test was performed with the assessment of arterial oxygen tensions (Pa(O(2))) and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. Baseline BRS was significantly reduced in the cirrhotic patients compared with the controls (4.7 +/- 0.8 vs. 10.3 +/- 2.0 ms/mmHg; P < 0.001). The frequency-corrected QT interval was significantly prolonged in the cirrhotic patients (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in BRS according to presence of HPS, Pa(O(2)), Dl(CO), or Child-Turcotte score, but BRS correlated with metabolic and hemodynamic characteristics. After 100% oxygen inhalation, BRS and the QT interval remained unchanged in the cirrhotic patients. In conclusion, BRS is significantly reduced in patients with cirrhosis compared with controls, but it is unrelated to the degree of pulmonary dysfunction and portal hypertension. Acute hyperoxia does not significantly revert the low BRS or the prolonged QT interval in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Dept. of Clinical Physiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with cirrhosis have total extracellular fluid overload but central effective circulating hypovolaemia. The resulting neurohumoral compensatory response favours the accumulation of fluids into the peritoneal cavity (ascites) and may hinder renal perfusion (hepatorenal syndrome). Their deranged systemic haemodynamics (hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome) is characterized by elevated cardiac output with decreased systemic vascular resistance and low blood pressure. RECENT FINDINGS Molecular and biological mechanisms determining cirrhosis-induced haemodynamic alterations are progressively being elucidated. The need for a goal-directed assessment of volume resuscitation (especially with volumetric techniques) in patients with cirrhosis is becoming more and more evident. The role of fluid expansion with albumin and the use of splanchnic vasopressors in a variety of cirrhosis-related conditions has recently been investigated. SUMMARY The response to fluid loading in patients with advanced cirrhosis is abnormal, primarily resulting in expansion of their noncentral blood volume compartment. Colloid solutions, in particular albumin, are best used in these patients. Albumin may be effective in preventing the haemodynamic derangements associated with large-volume paracentesis (paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction), in preventing renal failure during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and, in association with splanchnic vasopressors, in caring for patients with the hepatorenal syndrome.
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Møller S, Krag A, Madsen JL, Henriksen JH, Bendtsen F. Pulmonary dysfunction and hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Liver Int 2009; 29:1528-37. [PMID: 19725890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary dysfunction including the hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an important complication to cirrhosis and portal hypertension. However, the precise relation to liver dysfunction and the prevalence of HPS are unclear. AIMS We therefore aimed to assess (i) the prevalence of HPS in consecutive alcoholic cirrhotic patients, (ii) the degree of pulmonary dysfunction in relation to liver function and (iii) the response of a 100% oxygen test on cardiopulmonary and peripheral oxygenation. METHODS Fifty patients with cirrhosis and 12 matched healthy controls were entered in this study. All underwent haemodynamic and pulmonary investigations [lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), contrast-enhanced echocardiography and detection of extrapulmonary shunt fraction]. A 100% oxygen test was performed with the assessment of arterial oxygen tension (PaO(2)), the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (AaPO(2)) and peripheral transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO(2)). RESULTS The prevalence of HPS was 10%. PaO(2) and DLCO were reduced in 32 and 72% and AaPO(2), was increased in 60% of the patients respectively. DLCO correlated with indicators of liver dysfunction (galactose elimination capacity, P<0.01, indocyanine green clearance, P<0.001), portal hypertension (post-sinusoidal resistance, P<0.01) and central hypovolaemia (central and arterial blood volume, P<0.01). After 100% oxygen inhalation, the changes in PaO(2), AaPO(2), tcPO(2) and heart rate were abnormal in the patients compared with controls (P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary dysfunction in alcoholic cirrhosis is common and relates to different aspects of liver dysfunction, whereas the prevalence of HPS is low. The haemodynamic response to oxygen inhalation is clearly impaired and HPS and pulmonary dysfunction seem to be caused by different pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hvidovre Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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30
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Abstract
Cardiovascular complications of liver cirrhosis include cardiac dysfunction and abnormalities in the central-, splanchnic,- and peripheral circulation. Vasodilatation prevails, but vascular beds with various degrees of reduced and increased haemodynamic resistance are the results of massive activation of powerful homeostatic, regulatory systems. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy implies systolic and diastolic dysfunction and electrophysiological abnormalities, an entity that is different from alcoholic heart muscle disease. Being often clinical latent, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy can be unmasked by physical and pharmacological strain. Cardiac failure is an important cause of mortality after liver transplantation and stressful procedures as insertions of transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt (TIPS), peritoneal venous shunting, and other types of surgery. Improvement of liver function has been shown to reverse the cardiovascular complications. The clinical significance is an important topic for future research. At present, no specific treatment can be recommended, and the cardiac failure in cirrhosis should be treated as in non-cirrhotic patients with sodium restriction, diuretics, and beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Special care should be taken with the use of ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin antagonist in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology 239, Hvidovre Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Chen ML, Zeng QY, Huo JW, Yin XM, Li BP, Liu JX. Assessment of the hepatic microvascular changes in liver cirrhosis by perfusion computed tomography. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3532-7. [PMID: 19630110 PMCID: PMC2715981 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the hepatic microvascular parameters in patients with liver cirrhosis by perfusion computed tomography (CT).
METHODS: Perfusion CT was performed in 29 patients without liver disease (control subjects) and 39 patients with liver cirrhosis, including 22 patients with compensated cirrhosis and 17 patients with decompensated cirrhosis, proved by clinical and laboratory parameters. CT cine-scans were obtained over 50 s beginning with the injection of 50 mL of contrast agent. Hepatic microvascular parameters, mean transit time (MTT) and permeability surface area product (PS) were obtained with the Perfusion 3 software (General Electric, ADW 4.2).
RESULTS: The overall differences of MTT and PS between control subjects, patients with compensated cirrhosis and those with decompensated cirrhosis were statistically significant (P = 0.010 and P = 0.002, respectively). MTT values were 15.613 ± 4.1746 s, 12.592 ± 4.7518 s, and 11.721 ± 4.5681 s for the three groups, respectively, while PS were 18.945 ± 7.2347 mL/min per 100 mL, 22.767 ± 8.3936 mL/min per 100 mL, and 28.735 ± 13.0654 mL/min per 100 mL. MTT in decompensated cirrhotic patients were significantly decreased compared to controls (P = 0.017), whereas PS values were remarkably increased (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION: The hepatic microvascular changes in patients with liver cirrhosis can be quantitatively assessed by perfusion CT. Hepatic microvascular parameters (MTT and PS), as measured by perfusion CT, were significantly altered in decompensated cirrhosis.
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Dümcke CW, Møller S. Autonomic dysfunction in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:437-47. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510701813096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Dodson JA, Horn EM, Dickstein M, Ferber P, King DL, Burkhoff D, Maurer MS. Physiologic Determinants of Mitral Inflow Pattern Using a Computer Simulation: Insights into Doppler Echocardiography in Diverse Phenotypes. Echocardiography 2009; 26:155-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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McCormick PA, Donnelly C. Management of hepatorenal syndrome. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 119:1-6. [PMID: 18539334 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatorenal syndrome is a form of acute or sub-acute renal failure which develops in patients with chronic liver disease. In contrast to other forms of acute renal failure it may be reversible using pharmacological agents. The pathogenesis involves splanchnic vasodilatation and intense renal vasoconstriction. Increasing intravascular volume and prolonged treatment with vasoconstrictor drugs reverses renal failure in a significant proportion of patients. Agents currently used include the vasopressin analogues terlipressin and the alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist midodrine. The somatostatin analogue octreotide has been used in combination therapy but is ineffective as monotherapy. Intravenous albumin is an important adjunctive treatment both in the prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. Increasing intravascular volume using TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic stent shunt) is effective in some patients and may be useful in maintaining patients who have initially responded to pharmacological therapy. Despite improvements in survival, long term prognosis is still poor and generally depends on the degree of reversibility of the underlying liver disease or access to liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A McCormick
- National Liver Transplant Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Donnybrook, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Møller S, Iversen JS, Henriksen JH, Bendtsen F. Reduced baroreflex sensitivity in alcoholic cirrhosis: relations to hemodynamics and humoral systems. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2966-72. [PMID: 17293491 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01227.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In cirrhosis, arterial vasodilatation leads to central hypovolemia and activation of the sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. As the liver disease and circulatory dysfunction may affect baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), we assessed BRS in a large group of patients with cirrhosis and in controls who were all supine and some after 60 degrees passive head-up and 30 degrees head-down tilting in relation to central hemodynamics and activity of the sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. One-hundred and five patients (Child classes A/B/C: 21/55/29) and 25 (n=11 + 14) controls underwent a full hemodynamic investigation. BRS was assessed by cross-spectral analysis of variabilities between blood pressure and heart rate time series. The median BRS was significantly lower in the supine cirrhotic patients, 3.7 (range 0.3-30.7) ms/mmHg than in matched controls (n=11): 14.3 (6.1-23.6) ms/mmHg, P<0.001. A stepwise multiple-regression analysis revealed that serum sodium (P=0.044), heart rate (P=0.027), and central circulation time (P=0.034) independently correlated with BRS. Head-down tilting had no effects on BRS, but, after head-up tilting, BRS was similar in the patients (n=23) and controls (n=14). In conclusion, BRS is reduced in cirrhosis in the supine position and relates to various aspects of cardiovascular dysfunction, but no further reduction was observed in parallel with the amelioration of the hyperdynamic circulation after head-up tilting. The results indicate that liver dysfunction and compensatory mechanisms to vasodilatation may be involved in the low BRS, which may contribute to poor cardiovascular adaptation in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Hvidovre Hospital, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Møller S, Burchardt H, Øgard CG, Schiødt FV, Lund JO. Pulmonary blood volume and transit time in cirrhosis: relation to lung function. Liver Int 2006; 26:1072-8. [PMID: 17032407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In cirrhosis a systemic vasodilatation leads to an abnormal distribution of the blood volume with a contracted central blood volume. In addition, the patients have a ventilation/perfusion imbalance with a low diffusing capacity. As the size of the pulmonary blood volume (PBV) has not been determined separately we assessed PBV and pulmonary transit time (PTT) in relation to lung function in patients with cirrhosis and in controls. METHODS Pulmonary and cardiac haemodynamics and transit times were determined by radionuclide techniques in 22 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 12 controls. The lung function including diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL, CO) was determined by conventional single breath technique. RESULTS In the patients, PTT was shorter, 3.9+/-1.2 vs 5.7+/-1.0 s in the controls, P<0.001, and the PBV was lower, 362+/-151 vs 587+/-263 ml, in the controls, P<0.005. Both PTT and PBV were lowest in patients with advanced disease. DL, CO was reduced in the patients and correlated significantly with PTT (r=0.58, P=0.007) and PBV (r=0.49, P<0.03). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the reduced PBV contributes to the reduced effective blood volume in cirrhosis. The relation between PBV and PTT and the low diffusing capacity suggests the pulmonary vascular compartment as an important element in the pathophysiology of the lung dysfunction in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Møller S, Bendtsen F, Henriksen JH. Determinants of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cirrhosis with special emphasis on the central blood volume. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:451-8. [PMID: 16635914 DOI: 10.1080/00365520500292962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have shown activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in cirrhosis. Although the activated RAAS may have several determinants, the system is often considered a surrogate marker of effective hypovolaemia. In this study we investigated the activity of the RAAS and its potential determinants with special focus on the central and arterial blood volume (CBV). MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty-nine patients (Child class A/B/C: 19/41/29) and 32 controls were included in the study. All were given a haemodynamic examination with measurement of determinants of the RAAS, including the CBV. Circulating plasma renin concentrations were measured using an immunoradiometric assay. RESULTS Arterial renin concentrations were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls (p < 0.003). Plasma renin correlated significantly with several indicators of liver dysfunction and splanchnic and systemic haemodynamics (r = - 0.56-0.55), but only weakly with CBV (r = - 0.25, p < 0.02). In a multivariate regression analysis, plasma renin was determined by serum sodium, alkaline phosphatases and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.04 to p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS CBV correlates weakly with circulating renin, and activation of the RAAS can therefore only partly be considered as an indicator of central hypovolaemia. Mechanisms other than central hypovolaemia relating to the liver disease and portal hypertension contribute significantly to the RAAS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Characteristic findings in patients with cirrhosis are vasodilatation with low overall systemic vascular resistance, high arterial compliance, increased cardiac output, secondary activation of counter-regulatory systems (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, release of vasopressin), and resistance to vasopressors. The vasodilatory state is mediated through adrenomedullin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nitric oxide, and other vasodilators, and is most pronounced in the splanchnic area. This constitutes an effective (although relative) counterbalance to increased arterial blood pressure. This review considers the alterations in systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis in relation to essential hypertension and arterial hypertension of the renal origin. Subjects with arterial hypertension (essential, secondary) may become normotensive during the development of cirrhosis, and arterial hypertension is rarely manifested in patients with cirrhosis, even in cases with renovascular disease and high circulating renin activity. There is much dispute as to the understanding of homoeostatic regulation in cirrhotic patients with manifest arterial hypertension. This most likely includes the combination of vasodilatation and vasoconstriction in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, 239 Hvidovre University Hospital, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Iwakiri Y, Groszmann RJ. The hyperdynamic circulation of chronic liver diseases: from the patient to the molecule. Hepatology 2006; 43:S121-31. [PMID: 16447289 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome observed in chronic liver diseases is a great example of research that originated from clinical observations and progressed in the last 50 years from the patient to the experimental laboratory. Our knowledge has evolved from the patient to the molecule, using experimental models that serve as a source for understanding the complex pathophysiological mechanisms that govern this complex syndrome. We now know that progressive vasodilatation is central to the detrimental effects observed in multiple organs. Although nitric oxide has been shown to be the primary vasodilator molecule in these effects, other molecules also participate in the complex mechanisms of vasodilatation. This review summarizes three major areas: first, clinical observation in patients; second, experimental models used to study the hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome; and third, the vasodilator molecules that play roles in vascular abnormalities observed in portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Iwakiri
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension exhibit characteristic cardiovascular and pulmonary hemodynamic changes. A vasodilatatory state and a hyperdynamic circulation affecting the cardiac and pulmonary functions dominate the circulation. The recently defined cirrhotic cardiomyopathy may affect systolic and diastolic functions, and imply electromechanical abnormalities. In addition, the baroreceptor function and regulation of the circulatory homoeostasis is impaired. Pulmonary dysfunction involves diffusing abnormalities with the development of the hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension in some patients. Recent research has focused on the assertion that the hemodynamic and neurohumoral dysregulation are of major importance for the development of the cardiovascular and pulmonary complications in cirrhosis. This aspect is important to take into account in the management of these patients.
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Goetze JP, Jensen G, Møller S, Bendtsen F, Rehfeld JF, Henriksen JH. BNP and N-terminal proBNP are both extracted in the normal kidney. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36:8-15. [PMID: 16403004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased plasma concentrations of cardiac-derived B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (proBNP) are both associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Information on the regional elimination of the peptides is, however, still scarce. We therefore examined the renal and peripheral extraction of N-terminal proBNP and BNP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised 18 patients with essential arterial hypertension, 51 with cirrhosis, and 18 control patients without kidney or liver disease. All patients underwent a haemodynamic investigation with catheterization of the femoral artery and femoral and renal veins. Blood sampling from the catheters allowed determination of the arteriovenous extraction ratio of N-terminal proBNP and BNP. RESULTS Neither the peripheral N-terminal proBNP (13, 11, 19 pmol L(-1), NS) nor the BNP plasma concentrations (4, 12, 9 pmol L(-1), NS) differed between the patient groups. In addition, similar renal extractions were observed in the groups. The renal extraction of N-terminal proBNP (0.16) was not different from that of BNP (0.16). In contrast, the N-terminal proBNP extraction in the lower extremity was markedly lower compared with BNP (0.00 vs. 0.125, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS A comparable renal elimination of N-terminal proBNP and BNP is contrasted by a selective extraction of BNP in the lower extremity. Our results suggest a different elimination mechanism in the renal and peripheral circulation, which partly may explain the higher N-terminal proBNP compared with BNP concentrations in normal plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Henriksen JH, Møller S, Fuglsang S, Bendtsen F. Detection of early central circulatory transits in patients with cirrhosis by gamma variate fit of indicator dilution profiles. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G677-84. [PMID: 15576626 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00201.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis have hyperdynamic circulation with abnormally distributed blood volume and widespread arteriovenous communications. We aimed to detect possible very early (i.e., before 4 s) and early (i.e., after 4 s) central circulatory transits and their potential influence on determination of central and arterial blood volume (CBV). Thirty-six cirrhotic patients and nineteen controls without liver disease undergoing hemodynamic catheterization were given central bolus injections of albumin with different labels. Exponential and gamma variate fits were applied to the indicator dilution curves, and the relations between flow, circulation times, and volumes were established according to kinetic principles. No significant very early central circulatory transits were identified. In contrast, early (i.e., 4 s to maximal) transits corresponding to a mean of 5.1% (vs. 0.8% in controls; P < 0.005) of cardiac output (equivalent to 0.36 vs. 0.05 l/min; P < 0.01) were found in cirrhotic patients. These early transits averaged 7.7 vs. 12.7 and 17.2 s of ordinary central transits of cirrhotic patients and controls, respectively (P < 0.001). Early transits were directly correlated to the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference in the cirrhotic patients (r = 0.46, P < 0.01) but not in controls (r = 0.04; not significant). There was good agreement between the CBV determined by the conventional indicator dilution method and that determined by separation of early and ordinary transits by the gamma variate fit method (1.51 vs. 1.53 liter; not significant). In conclusion, no very early central circulatory transits were identified in cirrhotic patients. A significant part of the cardiac output undergoes an early transit, probably through pulmonary shunts or areas with low ventilation-perfusion ratios in cirrhotic patients. Composite determination of CBV by the gamma variate fit method is in close agreement with established kinetic methods. The study provides further evidence of abnormal central circulation in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Henriksen
- Dept. of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, 239, Hvidovre Hospital, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Kuijsten A, Arts ICW, Vree TB, Hollman PCH. Pharmacokinetics of enterolignans in healthy men and women consuming a single dose of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. J Nutr 2005; 135:795-801. [PMID: 15795437 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.4.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of enterolignans in plasma are associated with a lower risk of acute coronary events. However, little is known about the absorption and excretion of enterolignans. The pharmacokinetic parameters and urinary excretion of enterodiol and enterolactone were evaluated after consumption of their purified plant precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). Twelve healthy volunteers ingested a single dose of purified SDG (1.31 micromol/kg body wt). Enterolignans appeared in plasma 8-10 h after ingestion of the purified SDG. Enterodiol reached its maximum plasma concentration 14.8 +/- 5.1 h (mean +/- SD) after ingestion of SDG, whereas enterolactone reached its maximum 19.7 +/- 6.2 h after ingestion. The mean elimination half-life of enterodiol (4.4 +/- 1.3 h) was shorter than that of enterolactone (12.6 +/- 5.6 h). The mean area under the curve of enterolactone (1762 +/- 1117 nmol/L . h) was twice as large as that of enterodiol (966 +/- 639 nmol/L . h). The mean residence time for enterodiol was 20.6 +/- 5.9 h and that for enterolactone was 35.8 +/- 10.6 h. Within 3 d, up to 40% of the ingested SDG was excreted as enterolignans via urine, with the majority (58%) as enterolactone. In conclusion, a substantial part of enterolignans becomes available in the blood circulation and is subsequently excreted. The measured mean residence times and elimination half-lives indicate that enterolignans accumulate in plasma when consumed 2-3 times a day and reach steady state. Therefore, plasma enterolignan concentrations are expected to be good biomarkers of dietary lignan exposure and can be used to evaluate the effects of lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Kuijsten
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a common disorder with a frequency of 10% to 15% in subjects in the 40- to 60-year age group. Yet most reports find the prevalence of arterial hypertension in patients with chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) much lower. In this review, we consider the alterations in systemic hemodynamics in cirrhosis. The most characteristic findings in cirrhotic patients are vasodilatation with low systemic vascular resistance, increased cardiac output, high arterial compliance, secondary activation of counterregulatory systems (sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, neuropituitary release of vasopressin), and resistance to vasopressors. The vasodilatory state is mediated through nitric oxide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin, and other vasodilators, and is most pronounced in the splanchnic area. This constitutes an effective (although relative) counterbalance to increased arterial blood pressure. Subjects with established arterial hypertension (essential, secondary) may become normotensive during the development of cirrhosis, and arterial hypertension is rarely manifested in patients with cirrhosis, even in cases with renovascular disease and high circulating renin activity. There is much dispute as to the understanding of homeostatic regulation in cirrhotic patients with manifest arterial hypertension. This is a topic for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, 239, Hvidovre University Hospital, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Møller S, Nørgaard A, Henriksen JH, Frandsen E, Bendtsen F. Effects of tilting on central hemodynamics and homeostatic mechanisms in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004; 40:811-9. [PMID: 15382169 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis have a hyperdynamic circulation and an abnormal blood volume distribution with central hypovolemia, an activated sympathetic nervous system (SNS) as well as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). As the hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis may be present only in the supine patient, we studied the humoral and central hemodynamic responses to changes with posture. Twenty-three patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (Child-Turcotte-Pugh classes A/B/C: 2/13/8) and 14 healthy controls were entered. Measurements of central hemodynamics and activation of SNS and RAAS were taken in the supine position, after 30 degrees head-down tilting, and after 60 degrees passive head-up tilting for a maximum of 20 minutes. After the head-up tilting, the central blood volume (CBV) decreased in both groups, but the decrease was significantly smaller in patients than in controls (-19% vs. -36%, P <.01). Central circulation time increased only in the patients (+30% vs. -1%, P <.01). The absolute increases in circulating norepinephrine and renin after head-up tilting were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls (P <.05 and P <.01, respectively). In patients with cirrhosis, changes in SNS and RAAS were related to changes in arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate, non-CBV, plasma volume, and arterial compliance. In conclusion, cardiovascular and humoral responses to changes in posture are clearly abnormal in patients with cirrhosis. Head-up tilting decreases the CBV less in patients with cirrhosis, and the results suggest a differential regulation of central hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology, H:S Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Møller S, Nørgaard A, Henriksen JH, Frandsen E, Bendtsen F. Effects of tilting on central hemodynamics and homeostatic mechanisms in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004. [PMID: 15382169 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis have a hyperdynamic circulation and an abnormal blood volume distribution with central hypovolemia, an activated sympathetic nervous system (SNS) as well as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). As the hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis may be present only in the supine patient, we studied the humoral and central hemodynamic responses to changes with posture. Twenty-three patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (Child-Turcotte-Pugh classes A/B/C: 2/13/8) and 14 healthy controls were entered. Measurements of central hemodynamics and activation of SNS and RAAS were taken in the supine position, after 30 degrees head-down tilting, and after 60 degrees passive head-up tilting for a maximum of 20 minutes. After the head-up tilting, the central blood volume (CBV) decreased in both groups, but the decrease was significantly smaller in patients than in controls (-19% vs. -36%, P <.01). Central circulation time increased only in the patients (+30% vs. -1%, P <.01). The absolute increases in circulating norepinephrine and renin after head-up tilting were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls (P <.05 and P <.01, respectively). In patients with cirrhosis, changes in SNS and RAAS were related to changes in arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate, non-CBV, plasma volume, and arterial compliance. In conclusion, cardiovascular and humoral responses to changes in posture are clearly abnormal in patients with cirrhosis. Head-up tilting decreases the CBV less in patients with cirrhosis, and the results suggest a differential regulation of central hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Møller
- Department of Clinical Physiology, H:S Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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