Hormonal regulation of adaptive intestinal growth in artificially reared rat pups

Contractile properties and myosin heavy chain composition of rat tongue retrusor musculature show changes in early adulthood after 19 days of artificial rearing

Previously, we showed that artificial rearing using the “pup in a cup” model results in decreased tongue activity and caused some minor alterations in the tongue retrusor musculature. However, the artificial rearing time frame previously chosen was brief (11 days). The purpose of the present investigation was to extend the artificial rearing period from postnatal days 3 to 21 (P21) to determine whether significant alterations occur as a result of this reduced tongue use. Several changes in contractile properties due to the artificial rearing process were observed, which fully recovered by postnatal days 41 to 42 (P41–2). These changes included a shorter twitch contraction time, shorter twitch half-relaxation time, and decreased fatigue resistance. Styloglossus muscle exhibited more neonatal myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform at P21 for the artificially reared (AR) group. Changes that were persistent at P41–2 were also observed. Maximum tetanic tension was lower for the AR group at P21 and P41–2 compared with their dam-reared counterparts. Twitch tension was also lower by P41–2 in the AR group. At P41–2, the AR group exhibited an increase in MHC IIa and a decrease in MHC IIb for the styloglossus muscle. In addition, the AR group exhibited a decreased MHC IIb for the long head of the biceps brachii at P41–2. Our results are similar to other models of hindlimb immobilization and suspension. By extending our artificial rearing period, this reduced tongue activity induced acute changes and alterations in the tongue retrusor musculature that persisted into early adulthood.