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Yang G, Khan A, Liang W, Xiong Z, Stegbauer J. Aortic aneurysm: pathophysiology and therapeutic options. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e703. [PMID: 39247619 PMCID: PMC11380051 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm (AA) is an aortic disease with a high mortality rate, and other than surgery no effective preventive or therapeutic treatment have been developed. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important endocrine system that regulates vascular health. The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis can antagonize the adverse effects of the activation of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis on vascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and the development of aneurysms, thus providing an important therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of AA. However, products targeting the Ang-(1-7)/MasR pathway still lack clinical validation. This review will outline the epidemiology of AA, including thoracic, abdominal, and thoracoabdominal AA, as well as current diagnostic and treatment strategies. Due to the highest incidence and most extensive research on abdominal AA (AAA), we will focus on AAA to explain the role of the RAS in its development, the protective function of Ang-(1-7)/MasR, and the mechanisms involved. We will also describe the roles of agonists and antagonists, suggest improvements in engineering and drug delivery, and provide evidence for Ang-(1-7)/MasR's clinical potential, discussing risks and solutions for clinical use. This study will enhance our understanding of AA and offer new possibilities and promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Division of Renal Medicine Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine Shenzhen Second People's Hospital The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen China
- Department of Life Sciences Yuncheng University Yuncheng China
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Urology and Nephrology Shenzhen China
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Promotion University of Home Economics Lahore Pakistan Lahore Pakistan
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Renal Medicine Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Urology and Nephrology Shenzhen China
| | - Zibo Xiong
- Division of Renal Medicine Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Urology and Nephrology Shenzhen China
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology Medical Faculty University Hospital Düsseldorf Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
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Zhang Y, Wang D, Wang X, Ma H, Liu Y, Hong Z, Zhu Z, Chen X, Lv D, Cao Y, Chai Y. A dual-target SPR screening system for simultaneous ligand discovery of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its receptor ACE2 from Chinese herbs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116142. [PMID: 38631070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a supremely valuable resource for the development of drug discovery. Few methods are capable of hunting for potential molecule ligands from TCM towards more than one single protein target. In this study, a novel dual-target surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was developed to perform targeted compound screening of two key proteins involved in the cellular invasion process of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): the spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The screening and identification of active compounds from six Chinese herbs were conducted taking into consideration the multi-component and multi-target nature of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Puerarin from Radix Puerariae Lobatae was discovered to exhibit specific binding affinity to both S protein RBD and ACE2. The results highlight the efficiency of the dual-target SPR system in drug screening and provide a novel approach for exploring the targeted mechanisms of active components from Chinese herbs for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongyao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiying Wang
- Suzhou Innovation Center of Shanghai University, Suzhou 215127, China
| | - Huilin Ma
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhanying Hong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Center for Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Center for Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Diya Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Center for Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yifeng Chai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Royer P, Björnson E, Adiels M, Álvez MB, Fagerberg L, Bäckhed F, Uhlén M, Gummesson A, Bergström G. Plasma proteomics for prediction of subclinical coronary artery calcifications in primary prevention. Am Heart J 2024; 271:55-67. [PMID: 38325523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent developments in high-throughput proteomic technologies enable the discovery of novel biomarkers of coronary atherosclerosis. The aims of this study were to test if plasma protein subsets could detect coronary artery calcifications (CAC) in asymptomatic individuals and if they add predictive value beyond traditional risk factors. METHODS Using proximity extension assays, 1,342 plasma proteins were measured in 1,827 individuals from the Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Microbiota (IGTM) study and 883 individuals from the Swedish Cardiopulmonary BioImage Study (SCAPIS) aged 50-64 years without history of ischaemic heart disease and with CAC assessed by computed tomography. After data-driven feature selection, extreme gradient boosting machine learning models were trained on the IGTM cohort to predict the presence of CAC using combinations of proteins and traditional risk factors. The trained models were validated in SCAPIS. RESULTS The best plasma protein subset (44 proteins) predicted CAC with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.691 in the validation cohort. However, this was not better than prediction by traditional risk factors alone (AUC = 0.710, P = .17). Adding proteins to traditional risk factors did not improve the predictions (AUC = 0.705, P = .6). Most of these 44 proteins were highly correlated with traditional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS A plasma protein subset that could predict the presence of subclinical CAC was identified but it did not outperform nor improve a model based on traditional risk factors. Thus, support for this targeted proteomics platform to predict subclinical CAC beyond traditional risk factors was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Royer
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Elias Björnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Adiels
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - María Bueno Álvez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Fagerberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Gummesson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Bergström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Yang DR, Wang MY, Zhang CL, Wang Y. Endothelial dysfunction in vascular complications of diabetes: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1359255. [PMID: 38645427 PMCID: PMC11026568 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1359255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic vascular complications are prevalent and severe among diabetic patients, profoundly affecting both their quality of life and long-term prospects. These complications can be classified into macrovascular and microvascular complications. Under the impact of risk factors such as elevated blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol lipids, the vascular endothelium undergoes endothelial dysfunction, characterized by increased inflammation and oxidative stress, decreased NO biosynthesis, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, senescence, and even cell death. These processes will ultimately lead to macrovascular and microvascular diseases, with macrovascular diseases mainly characterized by atherosclerosis (AS) and microvascular diseases mainly characterized by thickening of the basement membrane. It further indicates a primary contributor to the elevated morbidity and mortality observed in individuals with diabetes. In this review, we will delve into the intricate mechanisms that drive endothelial dysfunction during diabetes progression and its associated vascular complications. Furthermore, we will outline various pharmacotherapies targeting diabetic endothelial dysfunction in the hope of accelerating effective therapeutic drug discovery for early control of diabetes and its vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Rong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng-Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Kemerley A, Gupta A, Thirunavukkarasu M, Maloney M, Burgwardt S, Maulik N. COVID-19 Associated Cardiovascular Disease-Risks, Prevention and Management: Heart at Risk Due to COVID-19. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1904-1920. [PMID: 38534740 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) virus and the resulting COVID-19 pandemic have had devastating and lasting impact on the global population. Although the main target of the disease is the respiratory tract, clinical outcomes, and research have also shown significant effects of infection on other organ systems. Of interest in this review is the effect of the virus on the cardiovascular system. Complications, including hyperinflammatory syndrome, myocarditis, and cardiac failure, have been documented in the context of COVID-19 infection. These complications ultimately contribute to worse patient outcomes, especially in patients with pre-existing conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease (CVD). Importantly and interestingly, reports have demonstrated that COVID-19 also causes myocardial injury in adults without pre-existing conditions and contributes to systemic complications in pediatric populations, such as the development of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Although there is still a debate over the exact mechanisms by which such complications arise, understanding the potential paths by which the virus can influence the cardiovascular system to create an inflammatory environment may clarify how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human physiology. In addition to describing the mechanisms of disease propagation and patient presentation, this review discusses the diagnostic findings and treatment strategies and the evolution of management for patients presenting with cardiovascular complications, focusing on disease treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kemerley
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Mahesh Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Monica Maloney
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sean Burgwardt
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nilanjana Maulik
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Cappelletti P, Gallo G, Marino R, Palaniappan S, Corbo M, Savoia C, Feligioni M. From cardiovascular system to brain, the potential protective role of Mas Receptors in COVID-19 infection. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176061. [PMID: 37775018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a new pandemic in March 2020. Although most patients are asymptomatic, those with underlying cardiovascular comorbidities may develop a more severe systemic infection which is often associated with fatal pneumonia. Nonetheless, neurological and cardiovascular manifestations could be present even without respiratory symptoms. To date, no COVID-19-specific drugs are able for preventing or treating the infection and generally, the symptoms are relieved with general anti-inflammatory drugs. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) may function as the receptor for virus entry within the cells favoring the progression of infection in the organism. On the other hand, ACE2 is a relevant enzyme in renin angiotensin system (RAS) cascade fostering Ang1-7/Mas receptor activation which promotes protective effects in neurological and cardiovascular systems. It is known that RAS is composed by two functional countervailing axes the ACE/AngII/AT1 receptor and the ACE/AngII/AT2 receptor which counteracts the actions mediated by AngII/AT1 receptor by inducing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-growth functions. Subsequently an "alternative" ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas receptor axis has been described with functions similar to the latter protective arm. Here, we discuss the neurological and cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 highlighting the role of the stimulation of the RAS "alternative" protective arm in attenuating pulmonary, cerebral and cardiovascular damages. In conclusion, only two clinical trials are running for Mas receptor agonists but few other molecules are in preclinical phase and if successful these drugs might represent a successful strategy for the treatment of the acute phase of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Cappelletti
- Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Gallo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Marino
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Savoia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Feligioni
- Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy; European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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7
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Caputo I, Bertoldi G, Driussi G, Cacciapuoti M, Calò LA. The RAAS Goodfellas in Cardiovascular System. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6873. [PMID: 37959338 PMCID: PMC10649249 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has revealed a counterregulatory protective axis. This protective arm is characterized by ACE2/Ang 1-7/MasR and Ang 1-9 that largely counteracts the classic arm of the RAAS mediated by ACE/Ang II/AT1R/aldosterone and plays an important role in the prevention of inflammation, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiovascular remodeling. A growing body of evidence suggests that enhancement of this counterregulatory arm of RAAS represents an important therapeutic approach to facing cardiovascular comorbidities. In this review, we provide an overview of the beneficial effects of ACE2, Ang 1-7/MasR, and Ang 1-9 in the context of oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (I.C.); (G.B.); (G.D.); (M.C.)
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Zhou M, Song T, Li W, Huang M, Zheng L, Zhao M. Identification and Screening of Potential ACE2 Activating Peptides from Soybean Protein Isolate Hydrolysate against Ang II-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11957-11969. [PMID: 37501259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a counterregulator against ACE by converting angiotensin II (Ang II) to Ang-(1-7), and its down-regulation leads to endothelial dysfunction in the vascular system. In the present study, we investigated the effects of soybean protein isolate hydrolysate (SPIH) on Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction with its underlying mechanisms via ACE2 activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We further screened potential ACE2 activating peptides by peptidomics analysis combined with bioinformatics tools. Results showed that SPIH remarkably attenuated Ang II-induced cell migration from 129 to 92%, decreased the ROS level from 2.22-fold to 1.45-fold, and increased NO concentration from 31.4 ± 0.7 to 43.7 ± 0.1 μM in HUVECs. However, these beneficial effects were reversed by ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760 to a certain extent, indicating the modulation of ACE2. Further results revealed that SPIH (1 mg/mL) significantly increased the expression and activity of ACE2 and two novel ACE2 activating peptides with different mechanisms were explored from SPIH. IVPQ and IAVPT (50 μM) enhanced ACE2 activity, and only IVPQ (50 μM) increased ACE2 protein expression in HUVECs. These findings furthered our understanding of the antihypertensive mechanism of SPIH mediating the ACE2 activation on vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhi Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Tianyuan Song
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, Henan 462300, P.R. China
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9
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Santamarina MG, Lomakin FM, Beddings I, Riscal DB, Chang Villacís J, Contreras R, Marambio JV, Labarca E, Torres J, Volpacchio M. COVID-19 pneumonia: Perfusion abnormalities shown on subtraction CT angiography in apparently well-ventilated lungs. A prospective cohort study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18085. [PMID: 37519667 PMCID: PMC10375558 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate whether a subtraction CT angiography (sCTA) perfusion score may have prognostic value in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Method This prospective cohort study included adult patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to the ED and a sCTA performed within 24 h of admission between June and September 2020. Perfusion abnormalities (PA) in areas of apparently spared lung parenchyma on conventional CT images were assessed with sCTA perfusion score. Airspace disease extension was assessed with CT severity scores, which were then correlated with clinical outcomes (admission to ICU, requirement of IMV, and death). Inter-rater reliability (IRR) was assessed using Cohen's Kappa. Independent predictors of adverse outcomes were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression analyses using the Hosmer and Lemeshow's test. Results 191 patients were included: 112 males (58%), median age of 60.8 years (SD ± 16.0). The IRR was very high (median Kappa statistic: 0.95). No association was found between perfusion CT scores and D-dimer levels (Kendall's Tau-B coefficient = 0.08, p = 0.16) or between PaO2/FiO2 ratios and D-dimer levels (Kendall's Tau-B coefficient = -0.10, p = 0.07). Multivariate analyses adjusting for parenchymal disease extension, vascular beaded appearance, pulmonary embolism, sex, and age showed that severe PA remained a significant predictor for ICU admission (AOR: 6.25, 95% CI 2.10-18.7, p = 0.001). The overall diagnostic capacity of this model was adequate (ROC AUC: 0.83; 95% CI 0.77-0.89). Conclusions The assessment of pulmonary perfusion abnormalities in areas of apparently spared lung parenchyma on conventional CT images via sCTA perfusion scoring has prognostic value in COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G. Santamarina
- Radiology Department, Hospital Naval Almirante Nef, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Radiology Department, Hospital Dr. Eduardo Pereira, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Felipe Martinez Lomakin
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Naval Almirante Nef, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Viña del Mar, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Ignacio Beddings
- Radiology Department, Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriaran, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Roberto Contreras
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital San Martin de Quillota, Quillota, Chile
| | | | - Eduardo Labarca
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Naval Almirante Nef, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jorge Torres
- Radiology Department, Hospital Naval Almirante Nef, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Mariano Volpacchio
- Radiology Department, Centro de Diagnóstico Dr. Enrique Rossi, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Golab F, Vahabzadeh G, SadeghRoudbari L, Shirazi A, Shabani R, Tanbakooei S, Kooshesh L. The Protective Potential Role of ACE2 against COVID-19. Adv Virol 2023; 2023:8451931. [PMID: 37275947 PMCID: PMC10238138 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8451931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), researchers all over the world have tried to find an appropriate therapeutic approach for the disease. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been shown as a necessary receptor to cell fusion, which is involved in infection due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is commonly crucial for all organs and systems. When ACE2 is downregulated via the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, it results in the angiotensin II (Ang II)/angiotensin type 1 receptor axis overactivation. Ang II has harmful effects, which can be evidenced by dysfunctions in many organs experienced by COVID-19 patients. ACE2 is the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and has an extensive distribution; thus, some COVID-19 cases experience several symptoms and complications. We suggest strategy for the potential protective effect of ACE2 to the viral infection. The current review will provide data to develop new approaches for preventing and controlling the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelareh Vahabzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila SadeghRoudbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Shirazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robabeh Shabani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Tanbakooei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Kooshesh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Iwaniuk A, Jablonska E. Neutrophils in Health and Disease: From Receptor Sensing to Inflammasome Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076340. [PMID: 37047314 PMCID: PMC10094305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils—polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are the cells of the initial immune response and make up the majority of leukocytes in the peripheral blood. After activation, these cells modify their functional status to meet the needs at the site of action or according to the agent causing injury. They receive signals from their surroundings and “plan” the course of the response in both temporal and spatial contexts. PMNs dispose of intracellular signaling pathways that allow them to perform a wide range of functions associated with the development of inflammatory processes. In addition to these cells, some protein complexes, known as inflammasomes, also have a special role in the development and maintenance of inflammation. These complexes participate in the proteolytic activation of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the understanding of the structure and molecular mechanisms behind the activation of inflammasomes and their participation in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. The available reports focus primarily on macrophages and dendritic cells. According to the literature, the activation of inflammasomes in neutrophils and the associated death type—pyroptosis—is regulated in a different manner than in other cells. The present work is a review of the latest reports concerning the course of inflammasome activation and inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to pathogens in neutrophils, as well as the role of these mechanisms in the pathogenesis of selected diseases.
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Kurysheva NI, Evdokimova OA, Nikitina AD. Eye damage in COVID-19. Part 2: posterior segment complications, neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, vaccination and risk factors. RUSSIAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.21516/2072-0076-2023-16-1-157-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Posterior eye segment involvement in COVID-19 has varied manifestations: vascular, inflammatory, and neuronal. All of them are triggered by SARS-CoV-2 virus but they cannot be viewed as exclusively specific to COVID-19. According to the literature, the mean age of the patients varies from 17 to 75 with the median of 50 years. The median duration between the appearance of ophthalmic symptoms and the detection of COVID-19 was 12 days. The disease affects both men and women equally. Direct exposure to the virus, immune-mediated tissue damage, activation of the coagulation system, the prothrombotic state caused by a viral infection, concomitant diseases and medications used in the treatment contribute to the development of eye pathologies. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possible relations of posterior eye segment pathologies, orbit and neuro-ophthalmic disorders with SARS-CoV-2, as well as the possible exacerbation of chronic forms of inflammatory eye diseases and autoimmune disorders due to anti-COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. I. Kurysheva
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education — A.I. Burnazyan Medical Biophysical Center;
Ophthalmological Center, Federal Medical and Biological Agency
| | - O. A. Evdokimova
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education — A.I. Burnazyan Medical Biophysical Center; Ophthalmological Center, Federal Medical and Biological Agency
| | - A. D. Nikitina
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education — A.I. Burnazyan Medical Biophysical Center; Ophthalmological Center, Federal Medical and Biological Agency
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COVID-19-Induced Myocarditis: Pathophysiological Roles of ACE2 and Toll-like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065374. [PMID: 36982447 PMCID: PMC10049267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) commonly include dyspnoea and fatigue, and they primarily involve the lungs. However, extra-pulmonary organ dysfunctions, particularly affecting the cardiovascular system, have also been observed following COVID-19 infection. In this context, several cardiac complications have been reported, including hypertension, thromboembolism, arrythmia and heart failure, with myocardial injury and myocarditis being the most frequent. These secondary myocardial inflammatory responses appear to be associated with a poorer disease course and increased mortality in patients with severe COVID-19. In addition, numerous episodes of myocarditis have been reported as a complication of COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations, especially in young adult males. Changes in the cell surface expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and direct injury to cardiomyocytes resulting from exaggerated immune responses to COVID-19 are just some of the mechanisms that may explain the pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced myocarditis. Here, we review the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying myocarditis associated with COVID-19 infection, with a particular focus on the involvement of ACE2 and Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
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Kim K, Moon JH, Ahn CH, Lim S. Effect of olmesartan and amlodipine on serum angiotensin-(1-7) levels and kidney and vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:43. [PMID: 36899369 PMCID: PMC10005920 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] might have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. We investigated the effects of olmesartan on the changes in serum ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) levels as well as kidney and vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, active comparator-controlled trial. Eighty participants with type 2 diabetes and hypertension were randomized to receive 20 mg of olmesartan (N = 40) or 5 mg of amlodipine (N = 40) once daily. The primary endpoint was changes of serum Ang-(1-7) from baseline to week 24. RESULTS Both olmesartan and amlodipine treatment for 24 weeks decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures significantly by > 18 mmHg and > 8 mmHg, respectively. Serum Ang-(1-7) levels were more significantly increased by olmesartan treatment (25.8 ± 34.5 pg/mL → 46.2 ± 59.4 pg/mL) than by amlodipine treatment (29.2 ± 38.9 pg/mL → 31.7 ± 26.0 pg/mL), resulting in significant between-group differences (P = 0.01). Serum ACE2 levels showed a similar pattern (6.31 ± 0.42 ng/mL → 6.74 ± 0.39 ng/mL by olmesartan treatment vs. 6.43 ± 0.23 ng/mL → 6.61 ± 0.42 ng/mL by amlodipine treatment; P < 0.05). The reduction in albuminuria was significantly associated with the increases in ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) levels (r = - 0.252 and r = - 0.299, respectively). The change in Ang-(1-7) levels was positively associated with improved microvascular function (r = 0.241, P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analyses showed that increases in serum Ang-(1-7) levels were an independent predictor of a reduction in albuminuria. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the beneficial effects of olmesartan on albuminuria may be mediated by increased ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) levels. These novel biomarkers may be therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05189015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Chang Ho Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea.
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has resulted in more than 6 million deaths worldwide. COVID-19 is a respiratory disease characterized by pulmonary dysfunction leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDs), as well as disseminated coagulation, and multi-organ dysfunction. Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In this review, we highlight key gaps in knowledge, discuss the heterogeneity of neutrophils during the evolution of the disease, how they can contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic strategies that target neutrophil-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda V. S. Castanheira
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and InfectiousUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic DiseasesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and InfectiousUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic DiseasesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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16
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Song Y, Fan H, Tang X, Luo Y, Liu P, Chen Y. The effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on ischemic stroke and the possible underlying mechanisms. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:176-185. [PMID: 33653215 PMCID: PMC8006265 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1897588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: As of November 28, 2020, COVID-19 has been reported in 220 countries with 61,036,793 confirmed cases and 1,433,316 confirmed deaths; countries became vigilant around the world. In addition to SARS-CoV-2 causing pneumonia, many studies have reported ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19. This article describes the effects and possible underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 on ischemic stroke.Materials and methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and other COVID-dedicated databases and the combination of the keywords 'SARS-CoV-2', 'COVID-19' and 'ischemic stroke' up to November 28, 2020.Results: SARS-CoV-2 invades the host through angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is expressed not only in the lungs, but also in the brain and vascular endothelial cells. SARS-CoV-2 infection might cause direct vascular disease or enhance the immunogenic thrombosis environment through several mechanisms. SARS-CoV-2 infection can modulate the host immune response and can cause inflammation, coagulation disorders, renin angiotensin system disorders, hypoxia, and stress disorders, which may lead to the occurrence of ischemic stroke.Conclusions: Some patients with COVID-19 can develop ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke has a high risk of causing disability and is associated with a high mortality rate. It is hoped that when medical staff treat patients with COVID-19, they would pay attention to the occurrence of ischemic stroke to improve the prognosis of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Song
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyang Fan
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - XiaoJia Tang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Verstraete MM, Heinkel F, Li J, Cao S, Tran A, Halverson EC, Gene R, Stangle E, Silva-Moreno B, Arrafi S, Bavananthasivam J, Fung M, Eji-Lasisi M, Masterman S, Xanthoudakis S, Dixit S, Babcook J, Clavette B, Fogg M, Escobar-Cabrera E. Multivalent IgM scaffold enhances the therapeutic potential of variant-agnostic ACE2 decoys against SARS-CoV-2. MAbs 2023; 15:2212415. [PMID: 37229608 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2212415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As immunological selection for escape mutants continues to give rise to future SARS-CoV-2 variants, novel universal therapeutic strategies against ACE2-dependent viruses are needed. Here we present an IgM-based decavalent ACE2 decoy that has variant-agnostic efficacy. In immuno-, pseudovirus, and live virus assays, IgM ACE2 decoy had potency comparable or superior to leading SARS-CoV-2 IgG-based mAb therapeutics evaluated in the clinic, which were variant-sensitive in their potency. We found that increased ACE2 valency translated into increased apparent affinity for spike protein and superior potency in biological assays when decavalent IgM ACE2 was compared to tetravalent, bivalent, and monovalent ACE2 decoys. Furthermore, a single intranasal dose of IgM ACE2 decoy at 1 mg/kg conferred therapeutic benefit against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant infection in a hamster model. Taken together, this engineered IgM ACE2 decoy represents a SARS-CoV-2 variant-agnostic therapeutic that leverages avidity to drive enhanced target binding, viral neutralization, and in vivo respiratory protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anh Tran
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Bülbül H, Derviş Hakim G, Ceylan C, Aysin M, Köse Ş. What Is the Place of Intermediate Care Unit in Patients with COVID-19? A Single Center Experience. Int J Clin Pract 2023; 2023:8545431. [PMID: 37122395 PMCID: PMC10139809 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8545431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increased rate of intensive care unit (ICU) stays. Intermediate care units (IMCUs) are a useful resource for the management of patients with severe COVID-19 that do not require ICU admission. In this research, we aimed to determine survival outcomes and parameters predicting mortality in patients who have been admitted to IMCU. Materials and Methods Patients who were admitted to IMCU between April 2019 and January 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, and blood parameters on admission were compared between the patients who died in IMCU and the others. Blood parameters at discharge were compared between survived and deceased individuals. Survival analysis was performed via Kaplan-Meier analysis. Blood parameters predicting mortality were determined by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 140 patients were included within the scope of this study. The median age was 72.5 years, and 77 (55%) of them were male and 63 (45%) of them were female. A total of 37 (26.4%) patients deceased in IMCU, and 40 patients (28.5%) were transferred to ICU. Higher platelet count (HR 3.454; 95% CI 1.383-8.625; p=0.008), procalcitonin levels (HR 3.083; 95% CI 1.158-8.206; p=0.024), and lower oxygen saturation (HR 4.121; 95% CI 2.018-8.414; p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of mortality in IMCU. At discharge from IMCU, higher procalcitonin levels (HR 2.809; 95% CI 1.216-6.487; p=0.016), lower platelet count (HR 2.269; 95% CI 1.012-5.085; p=0.047), and noninvasive mechanic ventilation requirement (HR 2.363; 95% CI 1.201-4.651; p=0.013) were associated with an increased risk of mortality. Median OS was found as 41 days. The overall survival rate was found 40% while the IMCU survival rate was 73.6%. Conclusions IMCU seems to have a positive effect on survival in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Close monitoring of these parameters and early intervention may improve survival rates and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Bülbül
- Hematology Department, Health Sciences University İzmir Medicine Faculty, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Yenişehir, Konak, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gözde Derviş Hakim
- Gastroenterology Department, Health Sciences University İzmir Medicine Faculty, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Yenişehir, Konak, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Ceylan
- Hematology Department, Health Sciences University İzmir Medicine Faculty, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Yenişehir, Konak, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Aysin
- Public Health Department, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Karabağlar, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şükran Köse
- Infectious Diseases Department, Health Sciences University İzmir Medicine Faculty, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Yenişehir, Konak, İzmir, Turkey
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Sankrityayan H, Rao PD, Shelke V, Kulkarni YA, Mulay SR, Gaikwad AB. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Renin-Angiotensin System Crosstalk in Endothelial Dysfunction. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:139-146. [PMID: 35232343 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220301113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) significantly results in catastrophic cardiovascular diseases with multiple aetiologies. Variations in vasoactive peptides, including angiotensin II and endothelin 1, and metabolic perturbations like hyperglycaemia, altered insulin signalling, and homocysteine levels result in pathogenic signalling cascades, which ultimately lead to VED. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress reduces nitric oxide availability, causes aberrant angiogenesis, and enhances oxidative stress pathways, consequently promoting endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has widely been acknowledged to impact angiogenesis, endothelial repair and inflammation. Interestingly, experimental studies at the preclinical level indicate a possible pathological link between the two pathways in the development of VED. Furthermore, pharmacological modulation of ER stress ameliorates angiotensin-II mediated VED as well as RAS intervention either through inhibition of the pressor arm or enhancement of the depressor arm of RAS, mitigating ER stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and thus emphasizing a vital crosstalk. CONCLUSION Deciphering the pathway overlap between RAS and ER stress may open potential therapeutic avenues to combat endothelial dysfunction and associated diseases. Several studies suggest that alteration in a component of RAS may induce ER stress or induction of ER stress may modulate the RAS components. In this review, we intend to elaborate on the crosstalk of ER stress and RAS in the pathophysiology of VED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sankrityayan
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - Pooja Dhileepkumar Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - Vishwadeep Shelke
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan-333031, India
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Acar T, Ertekin B, Yortanli M. Value of thiol and ischemia modified albumin (IMA) in predicting mortality in serious COVID-19 pneumonia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12514. [PMID: 36573112 PMCID: PMC9771579 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Viral infections of the respiratory tract are generally related to many factors such as excessive production of cytokines, inflammation, cellular death, redox imbalance or oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of thiol and IMA in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia to evaluate oxidative stress. Study design This was a prospective, sectional cohort study conducted at a pandemics hospital between 01.01.2022 and 01.02.2022. Methods A total of 153 patients who had been confirmed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in the emergency unit were prospectively analyzed. The control group was formed by 50 healthy volunteers with similar age and no chronic disease history. Thiol and IMA levels were statistically compared both in the patient and the control groups, and within the patient groups (survived and non-survival). Results While 96 out of 153 patients had survived, 57 patients had non-survival. There was a statistically significant distinction between the survived and non-survival patients with regard to Thiol and IMA levels (p < 0.001). The thiol levels in the patient group were significantly lower compared to the control group, and the IMA levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity and NPV were 70.2%, 86.5% and 83% when thiol cut-off value was ≤345.2 μmol/L (AUC: 0.886, p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity and NPV were 70.2%, 85.4% and 82.8% when the IMA cut-off was >302.9 ABSU (AUC: 0.875, p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that thiol and IMA levels may be used as bioindicators for risk classification and mortality in patients with serious COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Acar
- Department of Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey,Corresponding author.
| | - Birsen Ertekin
- Department of Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yortanli
- Department of Emergency, Numune State Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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Kuntic M, Kuntic I, Krishnankutty R, Gericke A, Oelze M, Junglas T, Bayo Jimenez MT, Stamm P, Nandudu M, Hahad O, Keppeler K, Daub S, Vujacic-Mirski K, Rajlic S, Strohm L, Ubbens H, Tang Q, Jiang S, Ruan Y, Macleod KG, Steven S, Berkemeier T, Pöschl U, Lelieveld J, Kleinert H, von Kriegsheim A, Daiber A, Münzel T. Co-exposure to urban particulate matter and aircraft noise adversely impacts the cerebro-pulmonary-cardiovascular axis in mice. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102580. [PMID: 36566737 PMCID: PMC9804249 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, up to 8.8 million excess deaths/year have been attributed to air pollution, mainly due to the exposure to fine particulate matter (PM). Traffic-related noise is an additional contributor to global mortality and morbidity. Both health risk factors substantially contribute to cardiovascular, metabolic and neuropsychiatric sequelae. Studies on the combined exposure are rare and urgently needed because of frequent co-occurrence of both risk factors in urban and industrial settings. To study the synergistic effects of PM and noise, we used an exposure system equipped with aerosol generator and loud-speakers, where C57BL/6 mice were acutely exposed for 3d to either ambient PM (NIST particles) and/or noise (aircraft landing and take-off events). The combination of both stressors caused endothelial dysfunction, increased blood pressure, oxidative stress and inflammation. An additive impairment of endothelial function was observed in isolated aortic rings and even more pronounced in cerebral and retinal arterioles. The increase in oxidative stress and inflammation markers together with RNA sequencing data indicate that noise particularly affects the brain and PM the lungs. The combination of both stressors has additive adverse effects on the cardiovascular system that are based on PM-induced systemic inflammation and noise-triggered stress hormone signaling. We demonstrate an additive upregulation of ACE-2 in the lung, suggesting that there may be an increased vulnerability to COVID-19 infection. The data warrant further mechanistic studies to characterize the propagation of primary target tissue damage (lung, brain) to remote organs such as aorta and heart by combined noise and PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Kuntic
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ivana Kuntic
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tristan Junglas
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Teresa Bayo Jimenez
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Stamm
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Margaret Nandudu
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karin Keppeler
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Daub
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ksenija Vujacic-Mirski
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanela Rajlic
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lea Strohm
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henning Ubbens
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Subao Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yue Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Steven
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kleinert
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Pharmacology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Daiber
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Thomas Münzel
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department for Cardiology 1, Molecular Cardiology, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
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22
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Veljković M, Pavlović DR, Stojanović NM, Džopalić T, Popović Dragonjić L. Behavioral and Dietary Habits That Could Influence Both COVID-19 and Non-Communicable Civilization Disease Prevention-What Have We Learned Up to Now? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:1686. [PMID: 36422225 PMCID: PMC9695647 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The massive expansion of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has urged countries to introduce lockdowns and set restrictive actions worldwide. The focus of the studies was to determine how COVID-19 induces damage to the lungs in order to find an alternative or adjuvant therapy that could lead to preventing COVID-19 or at least ameliorating it. This paper aims to survey the literature and provide new insights into behavioral and dietary habits that could influence the prevention of COVID-19. Maintaining an adequate mental health status, sleep, and taking moderate exercise are often disrupted in the conditions of lockdown and are followed by weakened immunity. Mediterranean and vegetarian diets are superior to other eating patterns in terms of immunity boosting and fighting COVID-19. Our study showed how adequate hydration, green tea intake, and supplementation with vitamins D, C, and E can increase our chances of avoiding the infection and even help us sleep better. Another focus of the research was on determining what level of hygiene really increases one's chances of not contracting SARS-CoV-2, but this seems a little counter-intuitive at first. Since an immunocompromised state is a familiar predisposing factor for all contagious diseases, maintaining healthy behavioral and dietary habits could be a crucial step in boosting immunity and preventing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Veljković
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Dragana R. Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Tanja Džopalić
- Department of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Lidija Popović Dragonjić
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
- Clinic for Infectology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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23
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Kucukyildiz K, Yilmaz-Oral D, Turkcan D, Oztekin CV, Gur S. Impact of COVID-19 on male urogenital health: Success of vaccines. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103327. [PMID: 35905935 PMCID: PMC9316714 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Throughout 2021, the scientific and medical communities were concentrated on dealing with the acute morbidity and mortality induced by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We reviewed the present data for adverse effects of COVID-19 on the different parts of the male urogenital system during the dynamic situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. With the approval of COVID-19 vaccinations, there is a ray of hope at the end of this dark tunnel and a chance to look ahead for the management of long-term consequences in males with urogenital illness. A multidisciplinary investigation of these cases could provide information for establishing and optimizing treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutay Kucukyildiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Yilmaz-Oral
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Damla Turkcan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cetin Volkan Oztekin
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kyrenia, Girne-TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Serap Gur
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey,Corresponding author
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24
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Maranduca MA, Tanase DM, Cozma CT, Dima N, Clim A, Pinzariu AC, Serban DN, Serban IL. The Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2/Angiotensin 1-7 Axis in Establishing Severe COVID-19 Consequences. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091906. [PMID: 36145655 PMCID: PMC9505151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has put a tremendous stress on the medical community over the last two years. Managing the infection proved a lot more difficult after several research communities started to recognize the long-term effects of this disease. The cellular receptor for the virus was identified as angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), a molecule responsible for a wide array of processes, broadly variable amongst different organs. Angiotensin (Ang) 1-7 is the product of Ang II, a decaying reaction catalysed by ACE2. The effects observed after altering the level of ACE2 are essentially related to the variation of Ang 1-7. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is comprised of two main branches, with ACE2 representing a crucial component of the protective part of the complex. The ACE2/Ang (1-7) axis is well represented in the testis, heart, brain, kidney, and intestine. Infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus determines downregulation of ACE2 and interrupts the equilibrium between ACE and ACE2 in these organs. In this review, we highlight the link between the local effects of RAAS and the consequences of COVID-19 infection as they arise from observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Aida Maranduca
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Maria Tanase
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian Tudor Cozma
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicoleta Dima
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Clim
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Constantin Pinzariu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dragomir Nicolae Serban
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionela Lacramioara Serban
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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25
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Clerbaux LA, Albertini MC, Amigó N, Beronius A, Bezemer GFG, Coecke S, Daskalopoulos EP, del Giudice G, Greco D, Grenga L, Mantovani A, Muñoz A, Omeragic E, Parissis N, Petrillo M, Saarimäki LA, Soares H, Sullivan K, Landesmann B. Factors Modulating COVID-19: A Mechanistic Understanding Based on the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework. J Clin Med 2022; 11:4464. [PMID: 35956081 PMCID: PMC9369763 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing factors modulating COVID-19 is crucial since abundant clinical evidence shows that outcomes are markedly heterogeneous between patients. This requires identifying the factors and understanding how they mechanistically influence COVID-19. Here, we describe how eleven selected factors (age, sex, genetic factors, lipid disorders, heart failure, gut dysbiosis, diet, vitamin D deficiency, air pollution and exposure to chemicals) influence COVID-19 by applying the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP), which is well-established in regulatory toxicology. This framework aims to model the sequence of events leading to an adverse health outcome. Several linear AOPs depicting pathways from the binding of the virus to ACE2 up to clinical outcomes observed in COVID-19 have been developed and integrated into a network offering a unique overview of the mechanisms underlying the disease. As SARS-CoV-2 infectibility and ACE2 activity are the major starting points and inflammatory response is central in the development of COVID-19, we evaluated how those eleven intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulate those processes impacting clinical outcomes. Applying this AOP-aligned approach enables the identification of current knowledge gaps orientating for further research and allows to propose biomarkers to identify of high-risk patients. This approach also facilitates expertise synergy from different disciplines to address public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | | | - Núria Amigó
- Biosfer Teslab SL., 43204 Reus, Spain;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 23204 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Beronius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Gillina F. G. Bezemer
- Impact Station, 1223 JR Hilversum, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Evangelos P. Daskalopoulos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Giusy del Giudice
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Dario Greco
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Lucia Grenga
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, F-30200 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, France;
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium;
| | - Elma Omeragic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Nikolaos Parissis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Mauro Petrillo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Laura A. Saarimäki
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Helena Soares
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Medical School, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Brigitte Landesmann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
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26
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Liu Y, Yan H, Jia HB, Pan L, Liu JZ, Zhang YW, Wang J, Qin DG, Ma L, Wang T. Jiedu Huoxue Decoction for Cytokine Storm and Thrombosis in Severe COVID-19: A Combined Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry Approach. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221096966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Jiedu Huoxue Decoction (JHD), a recommended traditional prescription for patients with severe COVID-19, has appeared in the treatment protocols in China. Based on bioinformatics and computational chemistry methods, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) calculation, we aimed to reveal the mechanism of JHD in treating severe COVID-19. The compounds in JHD were obtained and screened on TCMSP, SwissADME, and ADMETLab platforms. The compound targets were obtained from TCMSP and STITCH, while COVID-19 targets were obtained from Genecards and NCBI. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed by using STRING. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment were performed with ClueGO and R language. AutoDock vina was employed for molecular docking. 100 ns MD simulation of the optimal docking complex was carried out with AmberTools 20. A total of 84 compounds and 29 potential targets of JHD for COVID-19 were collected. The key phytochemicals included quercetin, luteolin, β-sitosterol, puerarin, stigmasterol, kaempferol, and wogonin, which could regulate the immune system. The hub genes included IL6, IL10, VEGFA, IL1B, CCL2, HMOX1, DPP4, and ACE2. ACE2 and DPP4 were related to SARS-CoV-2 entering cells. GO and KEGG analysis showed that JHD could intervene in cytokine storm and endothelial proliferation and migration related to thrombosis. The molecular docking, 100 ns MD simulation, and MM/GBSA calculation confirmed that targets enriched in the COVID-19 pathway had high affinities with related compounds, and the conformations of the puerarin-ACE2, quercetin-EGFR, luteolin-EGFR, and quercetin-IL1B complexes were stable. In a word, JHD could treat COVID-19 by intervening in cytokine storm, thrombosis, and the entry of SARS-CoV-2, while regulating the immune system. These mechanisms were consistent with JHD's therapeutic concept of “detoxification” and “promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis” in treating COVID-19. The research provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of JHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Han Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Hui-bin Jia
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jia-zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ya-wen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Dao-gang Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
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27
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Muhl L, He L, Sun Y, Andaloussi Mäe M, Pietilä R, Liu J, Genové G, Zhang L, Xie Y, Leptidis S, Mocci G, Stritt S, Osman A, Anisimov A, Hemanthakumar KA, Räsänen M, Hansson EM, Björkegren J, Vanlandewijck M, Blomgren K, Mäkinen T, Peng XR, Hu Y, Ernfors P, Arnold TD, Alitalo K, Lendahl U, Betsholtz C. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is expressed in mouse pericytes but not endothelial cells: Implications for COVID-19 vascular research. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1089-1104. [PMID: 35452595 PMCID: PMC9022216 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models and mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus are increasingly used to study COVID-19 pathogenesis, so it is important to learn where the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is expressed. Here we mapped ACE2 expression during mouse postnatal development and in adulthood. Pericytes in the CNS, heart, and pancreas express ACE2 strongly, as do perineurial and adrenal fibroblasts, whereas endothelial cells do not at any location analyzed. In a number of other organs, pericytes do not express ACE2, including in the lung where ACE2 instead is expressed in bronchial epithelium and alveolar type II cells. The onset of ACE2 expression is organ specific: in bronchial epithelium already at birth, in brain pericytes before, and in heart pericytes after postnatal day 10.5. Establishing the vascular localization of ACE2 expression is central to correctly interpret data from modeling COVID-19 in the mouse and may shed light on the cause of vascular COVID-19 complications. Detailed Ace2/ACE2 expression patterns are reported for multiple mouse organs Vascular Ace2/ACE2 expression occurs in pericytes but not endothelial cells Ace2/ACE2 expression is organotypic and developmentally regulated Ace2/ACE2 expression in pericytes may suggest their involvement in COVID-19
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Muhl
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuro-injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maarja Andaloussi Mäe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Riikka Pietilä
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Guillem Genové
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an China
| | - Stefanos Leptidis
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Mocci
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Simon Stritt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Andrey Anisimov
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karthik Amudhala Hemanthakumar
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Räsänen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emil M Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Björkegren
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca BioPharmaceutical R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yizhou Hu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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Anti-COVID-19 Potential of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf Extract. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022; 16:e01184. [PMID: 35434432 PMCID: PMC8990437 DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by infection with the “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2″ (i.e., SARS-CoV-2). This is an enveloped virus having a positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome; like the two earlier viruses SARS-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus. COVID-19 is unique in that, in the severe case, it has the propensity to affect multiple organs, leading to multiple organ distress syndrome (MODS), and causing high morbidity and mortality in the extreme case. In addition, comorbidities like age, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and its complications, obesity, are risk factors for severe COVID-19. It turns out that a most plausible, simple, single explanation for this propensity for MODS is the pivotal involvement of the vascular endothelium (VE). This is a consequence of the fact that the VE seamlessly connects all the entire vascular bed in the body, thus linking all the target organs (heart, lungs, kidney, liver, brain) and systems. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to hyper-inflammation yielding uncontrolled production of a mixture of cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, oxidative stress, acute phase proteins (e.g., C-reactive protein), and other pro-inflammatory substances. In the extreme case, a cytokine storm is created. Displacement of the virus bound to the VE, and/or inhibition of binding of the virus, would constitute an effective strategy for preventing COVID-19. In this regard, the acetone-water extract of the leaf of the Neem (Azadirachta indica) plant has been known to prevent the adherence of malaria parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) to VE; prevent cytoadherence of cancer cells in metastasis; and prevent HIV from invading target T lymphocytes. We therefore hypothesize that this Neem leaf acetone-water extract will prevent the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the VE, and therefore be an effective therapeutic formulation against COVID-19. It is therefore advocated herein that this extract be investigated through rigorous clinical trials for this purpose. It has the advantages of being (i) readily available, and renewable in favor of the populations positioned to benefit from it; (ii) simple to prepare; and (iii) devoid of any detectable toxicity.
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29
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Ayala-Ramírez P, González M, Escudero C, Quintero-Arciniegas L, Giachini FR, Alves de Freitas R, Damiano AE, García-Robles R. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Pregnancy. A Non-systematic Review of Clinical Presentation, Potential Effects of Physiological Adaptations in Pregnancy, and Placental Vascular Alterations. Front Physiol 2022; 13:785274. [PMID: 35431989 PMCID: PMC9005899 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.785274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread to become a pandemic. To date, increasing evidence has described the potential negative impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnant women. Although the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not entirely understood, there is emerging evidence that it causes a severe systemic inflammatory response associated with vascular alterations that could be of special interest considering some physiological changes in pregnancy. Additionally, these alterations may affect the physiology of the placenta and are associated with pregnancy complications and abnormal histologic findings. On the other hand, data about the vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 are limited, but the risks of administering COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy appear to be minimal. This review summarizes the current literature on SARSCoV2 virus infection, the development of COVID-19 and its relationship with physiological changes, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) function during pregnancy. We have particularly emphasized evidence coming from Latin American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ayala-Ramírez
- School of Medicine, Human Genetics Institute, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Paola Ayala-Ramírez,
| | - Marcelo González
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Chillan, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Marcelo González,
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Chillan, Chile
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio-Bio, Chillan, Chile
| | - Laura Quintero-Arciniegas
- Perinatal Medicine Seedbed, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fernanda R. Giachini
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Alicia E. Damiano
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)- CONICET- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Reggie García-Robles
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Angiotensin II Type I Receptor (AT1R): The Gate towards COVID-19-Associated Diseases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072048. [PMID: 35408447 PMCID: PMC9000463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein to its cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), causes its downregulation, which subsequently leads to the dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in favor of the ACE-angiotensin II (Ang II)-angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) axis. AT1R has a major role in RAS by being involved in several physiological events including blood pressure control and electrolyte balance. Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, pathogenic episodes generated by the vasoconstriction, proinflammatory, profibrotic, and prooxidative consequences of the Ang II-AT1R axis activation are accompanied by a hyperinflammatory state (cytokine storm) and an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). AT1R, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, modulates Ang II deleterious effects through the activation of multiple downstream signaling pathways, among which are MAP kinases (ERK 1/2, JNK, p38MAPK), receptor tyrosine kinases (PDGF, EGFR, insulin receptor), and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (Src, JAK/STAT, focal adhesion kinase (FAK)), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. COVID-19 is well known for generating respiratory symptoms, but because ACE2 is expressed in various body tissues, several extrapulmonary pathologies are also manifested, including neurologic disorders, vasculature and myocardial complications, kidney injury, gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatic injury, hyperglycemia, and dermatologic complications. Therefore, the development of drugs based on RAS blockers, such as angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), that inhibit the damaging axis of the RAS cascade may become one of the most promising approaches for the treatment of COVID-19 in the near future. We herein review the general features of AT1R, with a special focus on the receptor-mediated activation of the different downstream signaling pathways leading to specific cellular responses. In addition, we provide the latest insights into the roles of AT1R in COVID-19 outcomes in different systems of the human body, as well as the role of ARBs as tentative pharmacological agents to treat COVID-19.
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Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5589089. [PMID: 35281470 PMCID: PMC8906126 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5589089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused relatively high mortality in patients, especially in those with concomitant diseases (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). In most of aforementioned comorbidities, the oxidative stress appears to be an important player in their pathogenesis. The direct cause of death in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is still far from being elucidated. Although some preliminary data suggests that the lung vasculature injury and the loss of the functioning part of pulmonary alveolar population are crucial, the precise mechanism is still unclear. On the other hand, at least two classes of medications used with some clinical benefits in COVID-19 treatment seem to have a major influence on ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) production. However, oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms in the antiviral immune response and innate immunity. Therefore, it would be of interest to summarize the data regarding the oxidative stress in severe COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative and antioxidant mechanisms in severe COVID-19 based on available studies. We also present the role of ROS and RNS in other viral infections in humans and in animal models. Although reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play an important role in the innate antiviral immune response, in some situations, they might have a deleterious effect, e.g., in some coronaviral infections. The understanding of the redox mechanisms in severe COVID-19 disease may have an impact on its treatment.
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Giacca M, Shah AM. The pathological maelstrom of COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:200-210. [PMID: 39195986 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a consequence of infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 but often becomes a systemic disease, with important involvement of other organs. A bidirectional relationship exists between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. On the one hand, preexisting comorbidities, in particular high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes and chronic cardiovascular conditions predispose to severe disease. On the other hand, biomarkers of myocardial injury are frequently raised in patients with COVID-19, along with arrhythmia and heart failure. Localized thrombosis is a common finding in the lungs but can also increase the occurrence of thrombotic events systemically. Thrombosis is consequent to different pathogenic mechanisms, which include endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis. Thrombocytopenia is common in patients with COVID-19 and alterations in platelet function participate in the pro-thrombotic phenotype. Involvement of the cardiovascular system in COVID-19 has important consequences during recovery from infection and the development of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Giacca
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK.
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK.
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Abstract
Identification of a new axis of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (1-7)/Mas receptor, in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), has opened a new insight regarding the role of RAS and angiotensin in higher brain functions. ACE2 catabolizes angiotensin II and produces angiotensin (1-7), an agonist of Mas receptor. Mice lacking the Mas receptor (angiotensin 1-7 receptor) exhibit anxiety-like behaviours. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis of the involvement of ACE2 genetic variant (G8790A) on response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In a randomised control trial, 200 newly diagnosed Iranian patients with major depressive disorder completed 6 weeks of fluoxetine or sertraline treatment. Patients with a reduction of 50% or more in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score were considered responsive to treatment. G8790A polymorphism was determined in extracted DNAs using restriction fragment length polymerase chain reaction method. Our results show that the A allele and AA and GA genotypes were significantly associated with better response to SSRIs (p = 0.008; OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.4-8.5 and p = 0.027; OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.2-9.2, respectively). Moreover, patients with GA and AA genotypes responded significantly better to sertraline (p = 0.0002; OR = 9.1; 95% CI = 2.4-33.7). The A allele was significantly associated with better response to sertraline (p = 0.0001; OR = 7.6; 95% CI = 2.5-23.3). In conclusion, our results confirm the role of G8790A in response to some SSRIs.
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Augustine R, S A, Nayeem A, Salam SA, Augustine P, Dan P, Maureira P, Mraiche F, Gentile C, Hansbro PM, McClements L, Hasan A. Increased complications of COVID-19 in people with cardiovascular disease: Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) dysregulation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109738. [PMID: 34740598 PMCID: PMC8563522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has had a dramatic negative impact on public health and economies worldwide. Recent studies on COVID-19 complications and mortality rates suggest that there is a higher prevalence in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) patients. Past investigations on the associations between pre-existing CVDs and susceptibility to coronavirus infections including SARS-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), have demonstrated similar results. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This has impeded adequate risk stratification and treatment strategies for CVD patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections. Generally, dysregulation of the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and the counter regulator, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a hallmark of cardiovascular risk and CVD. ACE2 is the main host receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Although further studies are required, dysfunction of ACE2 after virus binding and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) signaling may worsen the outcomes of people affected by COVID-19 and with preexisting CVD. Here, we review the current knowledge and outline the gaps related to the relationship between CVD and COVID-19 with a focus on the RAAS. Improved understanding of the mechanisms regulating viral entry and the role of RAAS may direct future research with the potential to improve the prevention and management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Augustine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Abhilash S
- Department of Microbiology, Majlis Arts and Science College, Puramannur, Malappuram, Kerala, 676552, India
| | - Ajisha Nayeem
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Mary's College, Thrissur, 680020, Kerala, India
| | - Shaheen Abdul Salam
- Department of Biosciences, MES College Marampally, Aluva, Ernakulam, 683107, Kerala, India
| | - Priya Augustine
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641029, India
| | - Pan Dan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Transplantation Surgery, Regional Central Hospital of Nancy, Lorraine University, France; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Pablo Maureira
- Department of Cardiovascular and Transplantation Surgery, Regional Central Hospital of Nancy, Lorraine University, France
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, QU-Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Carmine Gentile
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lana McClements
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Verta R, Grange C, Skovronova R, Tanzi A, Peruzzi L, Deregibus MC, Camussi G, Bussolati B. Generation of Spike-Extracellular Vesicles (S-EVs) as a Tool to Mimic SARS-CoV-2 Interaction with Host Cells. Cells 2022; 11:146. [PMID: 35011708 PMCID: PMC8750506 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and viruses share common features: size, structure, biogenesis and uptake. In order to generate EVs expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on their surface (S-EVs), we collected EVs from SARS-CoV-2 spike expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK-293T) cells by stable transfection with a vector coding for the S1 and S2 subunits. S-EVs were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis, ExoView and super-resolution microscopy. We obtained a population of EVs of 50 to 200 nm in size. Spike expressing EVs represented around 40% of the total EV population and co-expressed spike protein with tetraspanins on the surfaces of EVs. We subsequently used ACE2-positive endothelial and bronchial epithelial cells for assessing the internalization of labeled S-EVs using a cytofluorimetric analysis. Internalization of S-EVs was higher than that of control EVs from non-transfected cells. Moreover, S-EV uptake was significantly decreased by anti-ACE2 antibody pre-treatment. Furthermore, colchicine, a drug currently used in clinical trials, significantly reduced S-EV entry into the cells. S-EVs represent a simple, safe, and scalable model to study host-virus interactions and the mechanisms of novel therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Verta
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.V.); (R.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Renata Skovronova
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.V.); (R.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Adele Tanzi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.V.); (R.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Licia Peruzzi
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- 2i3T Business Incubator and Technology Transfer, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.V.); (R.S.); (A.T.)
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Herrero Y, Pascuali N, Velázquez C, Oubiña G, Hauk V, de Zúñiga I, Peña MG, Martínez G, Lavolpe M, Veiga F, Neuspiller F, Abramovich D, Scotti L, Parborell F. SARS-CoV-2 infection negatively affects ovarian function in ART patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166295. [PMID: 34718118 PMCID: PMC8550892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several organs, such as the heart, breasts, intestine, testes, and ovaries, have been reported to be target tissues of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. To date, no studies have demonstrated SARS-CoV-2 infection in the female reproductive system. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on ovarian function by comparing follicular fluid (FF) from control and recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and by evaluating the influence of these FF on human endothelial and non-luteinized granulosa cell cultures. Our results showed that most FFs (91.3%) from screened post COVID-19 patients were positive for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, patients with higher levels of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 had lower numbers of retrieved oocytes. While VEGF and IL-1β were significantly lower in post COVID-19 FF, IL-10 did not differ from that in control FF. Moreover, in COV434 cells stimulated with FF from post COVID-19 patients, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), estrogen-receptor β (Erβ), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were significantly decreased, whereas estrogen-receptor α (ERα) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) did not change. In endothelial cells stimulated with post COVID-19 FF, we observed a decrease in cell migration without changes in protein expression of certain angiogenic factors. Both cell types showed a significantly higher γH2AX expression when exposed to post COVID-19 FF. In conclusion, our results describe for the first time that the SARS-CoV-2 infection adversely affects the follicular microenvironment, thus dysregulating ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Herrero
- Ovarian Pathophysiology Studies Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IByME) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Pascuali
- Ovarian Pathophysiology Studies Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IByME) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Candela Velázquez
- Ovarian Pathophysiology Studies Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IByME) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Oubiña
- Ovarian Pathophysiology Studies Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IByME) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Hauk
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dalhia Abramovich
- Ovarian Pathophysiology Studies Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IByME) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leopoldina Scotti
- Ovarian Pathophysiology Studies Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IByME) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA) - CONICET - UNNOBA - UNSAdA, San Antonio de Areco, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Parborell
- Ovarian Pathophysiology Studies Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IByME) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Vascular Effects of Low-Dose ACE2 Inhibitor MLN-4760—Benefit or Detriment in Essential Hypertension? Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010038. [PMID: 35052717 PMCID: PMC8773407 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects host cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Concurrently, the product of ACE2 action, angiotensin 1–7 (Ang 1–7), binds to Mas receptors within the cardiovascular system and provides protective effects. Therefore, it is crucial to reveal the role of ACE2 inhibition, especially within pre-existing cardiovascular pathologies. In our study, we imitated the action of SARS-CoV-2 in organisms using the low dose of the ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760 with the aim of investigating to what degree ACE2 inhibition is detrimental to the cardiovascular system of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), which represent a model of human essential hypertension. Our study revealed the complex action of MLN-4760 in SHRs. On the one hand, we found that MLN-4760 had (1) (pro)obesogenic effects that negatively correlated with alternative renin-angiotensin system activity and Ang 1–7 in plasma, (2) negative effects on ACE1 inhibitor (captopril) action, (3) detrimental effects on the small arteries function and (4) anti-angiogenic effect in the model of chick chorioallantoic membrane. On the other hand, MLN-4760 induced compensatory mechanisms involving strengthened Mas receptor-, nitric oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-mediated signal transduction in the aorta, which was associated with unchanged blood pressure, suggesting beneficial action of MLN-4760 when administered at a low dose.
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Karkin K, Alma E. Erectile dysfunction and testosterone levels prior to COVID-19 disease: What is the relationship? Arch Ital Urol Androl 2021; 93:460-464. [PMID: 34933531 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2021.4.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 and Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and the effect of serum testosterone level on the disease prognosis. METHODS Between April-December 2020, 70 patients who were admitted with a complaint of ED after having COVID-19 and whose serum testosterone level was checked for varicocele, premature ejaculation, and infertility reasons before COVID-19. The patients filled the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and their testosterone level was checked. The questionnaire was arranged to assess the first month before COVID-19 and after COVID-19. Testosterone levels of the patients before and after COVID-19 were compared. The relationship between testosterone levels and hospitalization in the intensive care was evaluated. RESULTS It was revealed that testosterone levels and IIEF-5 scores after COVID-19 in all patients were statisticaly and significantly different compared to the period before COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Testosterone levels of patients in need of intensive care were significantly higher than those without any need of intensive care (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study has presented that COVID-19 may cause ED and high testosterone levels increase the rate of hospitalization in the intensive care by intensifying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Karkin
- Department of Urology, Health Sciences University, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana.
| | - Ergün Alma
- Department of Urology, Health Sciences University, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana.
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COVID-19, the Pandemic of the Century and Its Impact on Cardiovascular Diseases. CARDIOLOGY DISCOVERY 2021; 1:233-258. [PMID: 34888547 PMCID: PMC8638821 DOI: 10.1097/cd9.0000000000000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection likely ranks among the deadliest diseases in human history. As with other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 infection damages not only the lungs but also the heart and many other organs that express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor for SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 has upended lives worldwide. Dietary behaviors have been altered such that they favor metabolic and cardiovascular complications, while patients have avoided hospital visits because of limited resources and the fear of infection, thereby increasing out-hospital mortality due to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Clinical observations show that sex, age, and race all influence the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, as do hypertension, obesity, and pre-existing cardiovascular conditions. Many hospitalized COVID-19 patients suffer cardiac injury, acute coronary syndromes, or cardiac arrhythmia. SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis, endothelial cell damage and dysfunction, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production, vasoconstriction, fibrotic and thrombotic protein expression, vascular permeability and microvascular dysfunction, heart inflammatory cell accumulation and activation, and a cytokine storm. Current data indicate that COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular diseases should not discontinue many existing cardiovascular therapies such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, steroids, aspirin, statins, and PCSK9 inhibitors. This review aims to furnish a framework relating to COVID-19 and cardiovascular pathophysiology.
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40
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Zheng D, Andonian D, Wojcik S. Identifying possible surrogate markers of COVID19 as a supplement to diagnostic testing in Upstate New York. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 50:625-630. [PMID: 34879477 PMCID: PMC8457628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID19 has raised concerns for resource allocation across various sectors of healthcare. At the frontlines, emergency departments are required to triage a wide range of acuity and non-specific symptomology. Methods This retrospective study aimed to pave the way for more concrete detection and triage of patients by analyzing symptomology, physical findings, diagnostic testing and relevant hospital course of the 458 suspected cases that initially presented to an academic level one trauma center emergency department between March and August 2020. A total of 202 COVID positive cases were analyzed. Results The most common symptoms were cough (70.63%), fatigue (77%), and shortness of breath (59%). There was a significantly higher percentage of abnormal chest imaging in inpatient groups compared to the ED discharge group (42.86% vs 79%, p < 0.01). Laboratory studies, especially markers of inflammation (CRP, ESR), markers of tissue damage (lactic acid, troponin), and markers of infection were markedly higher and above normal reference ranges in complicated cases (p < 0.01). While there is limited data on the sensitivity and specificity of the current nasopharyngeal PCR test, there was no permutation of symptoms, physical findings, diagnostic testing that was more sensitive than that of the current PCR test calculated at 66.1% in our cohort. Conclusion Laboratory studies that otherwise are more commonly conducted inpatient, including markers of inflammation, tissue damage, and infection, may be useful in disposition planning of ED patients in conjunction with clinical correlation of presentation and chest imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Zheng
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Emergency Medicine, 550 East Genesee St, STE200, Syracuse, NY 13202, United States of America.
| | - David Andonian
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Emergency Medicine, 550 East Genesee St, STE200, Syracuse, NY 13202, United States of America
| | - Susan Wojcik
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Emergency Medicine, 550 East Genesee St, STE200, Syracuse, NY 13202, United States of America
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Khaddaj-Mallat R, Aldib N, Bernard M, Paquette AS, Ferreira A, Lecordier S, Saghatelyan A, Flamand L, ElAli A. SARS-CoV-2 deregulates the vascular and immune functions of brain pericytes via Spike protein. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 161:105561. [PMID: 34780863 PMCID: PMC8590447 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 pathogenesis causes vascular-mediated neurological disorders via elusive mechanisms. SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells via the binding of viral Spike (S) protein to transmembrane receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Although brain pericytes were recently shown to abundantly express ACE2 at the neurovascular interface, their response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein is still to be elucidated. Using cell-based assays, we found that ACE2 expression in human brain vascular pericytes was increased upon S protein exposure. Pericytes exposed to S protein underwent profound phenotypic changes associated with an elongated and contracted morphology accompanied with an enhanced expression of contractile and myofibrogenic proteins, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, collagen I, and neurogenic locus notch homolog protein-3 (NOTCH3). On the functional level, S protein exposure promoted the acquisition of calcium (Ca2+) signature of contractile ensheathing pericytes characterized by highly regular oscillatory Ca2+ fluctuations. Furthermore, S protein induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative and nitrosative stress in pericytes as well as triggered an immune reaction translated by activation of nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which was potentiated by hypoxia, a condition associated with vascular comorbidities that exacerbate COVID-19 pathogenesis. S protein exposure combined to hypoxia enhanced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in immune cell activation and trafficking, namely macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Using transgenic mice expressing the human ACE2 that recognizes S protein, we observed that the intranasal infection with SARS-CoV-2 rapidly induced hypoxic/ischemic-like pericyte reactivity in the brain of transgenic mice, accompanied with an increased vascular expression of ACE2. Moreover, we found that SARS-CoV-2 S protein accumulated in the intranasal cavity reached the brain of mice in which the nasal mucosa is deregulated. Collectively, these findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 S protein impairs the vascular and immune regulatory functions of brain pericytes, which may account for vascular-mediated brain damage. Our study provides a better understanding for the mechanisms underlying cerebrovascular disorders in COVID-19, paving the way to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/drug effects
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Brain/blood supply
- Brain/metabolism
- COVID-19/metabolism
- COVID-19/physiopathology
- Calcium Signaling
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/physiopathology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Lipid Peroxidation/genetics
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/drug effects
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myofibroblasts
- NF-kappa B/drug effects
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nasal Mucosa
- Nitrosative Stress
- Oxidative Stress
- Pericytes/cytology
- Pericytes/drug effects
- Pericytes/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Notch3/metabolism
- Receptors, Coronavirus/drug effects
- Receptors, Coronavirus/genetics
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Khaddaj-Mallat
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Natija Aldib
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Research Center CERVO, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Bernard
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Paquette
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Aymeric Ferreira
- Research Center CERVO, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Lecordier
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- Research Center CERVO, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Rajtik T, Galis P, Bartosova L, Paulis L, Goncalvesova E, Klimas J. Alternative RAS in Various Hypoxic Conditions: From Myocardial Infarction to COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312800. [PMID: 34884604 PMCID: PMC8657827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative branches of the classical renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAS) represent an important cascade in which angiotensin 2 (AngII) undergoes cleavage via the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with subsequent production of Ang(1-7) and other related metabolites eliciting its effects via Mas receptor activation. Generally, this branch of the RAS system is described as its non-canonical alternative arm with counterbalancing actions to the classical RAS, conveying vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, anti-remodeling and anti-proliferative effects. The implication of this branch was proposed for many different diseases, ranging from acute cardiovascular conditions, through chronic respiratory diseases to cancer, nonetheless, hypoxia is one of the most prominent common factors discussed in conjugation with the changes in the activity of alternative RAS branches. The aim of this review is to bring complex insights into the mechanisms behind the various forms of hypoxic insults on the activity of alternative RAS branches based on the different duration of stimuli and causes (acute vs. intermittent vs. chronic), localization and tissue (heart vs. vessels vs. lungs) and clinical relevance of studied phenomenon (experimental vs. clinical condition). Moreover, we provide novel insights into the future strategies utilizing the alternative RAS as a diagnostic tool as well as a promising pharmacological target in serious hypoxia-associated cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rajtik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-12-501-17-391
| | - Peter Galis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Linda Bartosova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Eva Goncalvesova
- Department of Heart Failure, Clinic of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
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El-Arif G, Farhat A, Khazaal S, Annweiler C, Kovacic H, Wu Y, Cao Z, Fajloun Z, Khattar ZA, Sabatier JM. The Renin-Angiotensin System: A Key Role in SARS-CoV-2-Induced COVID-19. Molecules 2021; 26:6945. [PMID: 34834033 PMCID: PMC8622307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in Eastern Asia (Wuhan, China) in December 2019. The virus then spread to Europe and across all continents where it has led to higher mortality and morbidity, and was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Recently, different vaccines have been produced and seem to be more or less effective in protecting from COVID-19. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), an essential enzymatic cascade involved in maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance, is involved in the pathogenicity of COVID-19, since the angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) acts as the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in many human tissues and organs. In fact, the viral entrance promotes a downregulation of ACE2 followed by RAS balance dysregulation and an overactivation of the angiotensin II (Ang II)-angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) axis, which is characterized by a strong vasoconstriction and the induction of the profibrotic, proapoptotic and proinflammatory signalizations in the lungs and other organs. This mechanism features a massive cytokine storm, hypercoagulation, an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and subsequent multiple organ damage. While all individuals are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, the disease outcome and severity differ among people and countries and depend on a dual interaction between the virus and the affected host. Many studies have already pointed out the importance of host genetic polymorphisms (especially in the RAS) as well as other related factors such age, gender, lifestyle and habits and underlying pathologies or comorbidities (diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) that could render individuals at higher risk of infection and pathogenicity. In this review, we explore the correlation between all these risk factors as well as how and why they could account for severe post-COVID-19 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George El-Arif
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 2, Campus Fanar, Lebanese University, Jdeidet El-Matn 1202, Lebanon; (G.E.-A.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonella Farhat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 2, Campus Fanar, Lebanese University, Jdeidet El-Matn 1202, Lebanon; (G.E.-A.); (A.F.)
| | - Shaymaa Khazaal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 3, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon;
| | - Cédric Annweiler
- Research Center on Autonomy and Longevity, Department of Geriatric Medicine and Memory Clinic, University Hospital, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, LPPL EA 4638, SFR Confluences, University of Angers, 44312 Angers, France;
| | - Hervé Kovacic
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INP, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Yingliang Wu
- Modern Virology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.W.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhijian Cao
- Modern Virology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.W.); (Z.C.)
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 3, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon;
- Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Abi Khattar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 2, Campus Fanar, Lebanese University, Jdeidet El-Matn 1202, Lebanon; (G.E.-A.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Georesources, Geosciences and Environment (L2GE), Microbiology/Tox-Ecotoxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, Jdeidet El-Matn 1202, Lebanon
| | - Jean Marc Sabatier
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INP, 13385 Marseille, France;
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Feng F, Chen J, Zhao J, Li Y, Li M, Sun C. Killing Two Birds with One Stone by Administration of Soluble ACE2: A Promising Strategy to Treat Both Cardiovascular Diseases and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2243. [PMID: 34835049 PMCID: PMC8622942 DOI: 10.3390/v13112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters host cells mainly by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which can recognize the spike (S) protein by its extracellular domain. Previously, recombinant soluble ACE2 (sACE2) has been clinically used as a therapeutic treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Recent data demonstrated that sACE2 can also be exploited as a decoy to effectively inhibit the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, through blocking SARS-CoV-2 binding to membrane-anchored ACE2. In this study, we summarized the current findings on the optimized sACE2-based strategies as a therapeutic agent, including Fc fusion to prolong the half-life of sACE2, deep mutagenesis to create high-affinity decoys for SARS-CoV-2, or designing the truncated functional fragments to enhance its safety, among others. Considering that COVID-19 patients are often accompanied by manifestations of cardiovascular complications, we think that administration of sACE2 in COVID-19 patients may be a promising therapeutic strategy to simultaneously treat both cardiovascular diseases and SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review would provide insights for the development of novel therapeutic agents against the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaoshan Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Martín-Fernández M, Aller R, Heredia-Rodríguez M, Gómez-Sánchez E, Martínez-Paz P, Gonzalo-Benito H, Sánchez-de Prada L, Gorgojo Ó, Carnicero-Frutos I, Tamayo E, Tamayo-Velasco Á. Lipid peroxidation as a hallmark of severity in COVID-19 patients. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102181. [PMID: 34768063 PMCID: PMC8572041 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress may be a key player in COVID-19 pathogenesis due to its significant role in response to infections. A defective redox balance has been related to viral pathogenesis developing a massive induction of cell death provoked by oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to perform a complete oxidative stress profile evaluation regarding antioxidant enzymes, total antioxidant capacity and oxidative cell damage in order to characterize its role in diagnosis and severity of this disease. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 108 COVID-19 patients and 28 controls and metabolites representative of oxidative stress were assessed. The association between lipid peroxidation and 28-day intubation/death risk was evaluated by multivariable regression analysis. Probability of intubation/death to day-28 was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier curves and tested with the log-rank test. RESULTS Antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase) and oxidative cell damage (Carbonyl and Lipid peroxidation (LPO)) levels were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients while total antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP) levels were lower in these patients. The comparison of oxidative stress molecules' levels across COVID-19 severity revealed that only LPO was statistically different between mild and intubated/death COVID-19 patients. COX multivariate regression analysis identified LPO levels over the OOP (LPO>1948.17 μM) as an independent risk factor for 28-day intubation/death in COVID-19 patients [OR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.10-5.99; p = 0.029]. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that COVID-19 patients showing LPO levels above 1948.17 μM were intubated or died 8.4 days earlier on average (mean survival time 15.4 vs 23.8 days) when assessing 28-day intubation/death risk (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These findings deepen our knowledge of oxidative stress status in SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting its important role in COVID-19. In fact, higher lipid peroxidation levels are independently associated to a higher risk of intubation or death at 28 days in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martín-Fernández
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rocío Aller
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Heredia-Rodríguez
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Esther Gómez-Sánchez
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Martínez-Paz
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Hugo Gonzalo-Benito
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Health Sciences of Castile and Leon (IECSCYL), 42002 Soria, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-de Prada
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Óscar Gorgojo
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Health Sciences of Castile and Leon (IECSCYL), 42002 Soria, Spain
| | - Irene Carnicero-Frutos
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Health Sciences of Castile and Leon (IECSCYL), 42002 Soria, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tamayo
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Tamayo-Velasco
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Haematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
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Shah MD, Sumeh AS, Sheraz M, Kavitha MS, Venmathi Maran BA, Rodrigues KF. A mini-review on the impact of COVID 19 on vital organs. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112158. [PMID: 34507116 PMCID: PMC8416601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, known as the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This is a highly contagious disease that has already affected more than 220 countries globally, infecting more than 212 million people and resulting in the death of over 4.4 million people. This review aims to highlight the pertinent documentary evidence upon the adverse effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection on several vital human organs. SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the lung tissue by causing diffuse alveolar damage and may result in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 infects the cell via cell surface receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Besides lungs, SARS-CoV-2 critically damage tissues in other vital human organs such as the heart, kidney, liver, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. The effect on the heart includes muscle dysfunction (acute or protracted heart failure), myocarditis, and cell necrosis. Within hepatic tissue, it alters serum aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. It contributes to acute kidney injury (AKI). Localized infection of the brain can lead to loss or attenuation of olfaction, muscular pain, headaches, encephalopathy, dizziness, dysgeusia, psychomotor disorders, and stroke; while the gastrointestinal symptoms include the disruption of the normal intestinal mucosa, leading to diarrhea and abdominal pain. This review encompassed a topical streak of systemic malfunctions caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As the pandemic is still in progress, more studies will enrich our understanding and analysis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Dawood Shah
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Aini Simon Sumeh
- Penampang Health Clinic, Kampung Tuavon, 89500 Penampang, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Sheraz
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc, 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA 18974, USA
| | - Muthu Subash Kavitha
- School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Kenneth Francis Rodrigues
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Onohuean H, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Qusti S, Alshammari EM, Batiha GES. Covid-19 and development of heart failure: mystery and truth. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:2013-2021. [PMID: 34480616 PMCID: PMC8417660 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a novel worldwide pandemic caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). During Covid-19 pandemic, socioeconomic deprivation, social isolation, and reduced physical activities may induce heart failure (HF), destabilization, and cause more complications. HF appears as a potential hazard due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, chiefly in elderly patients with underlying comorbidities. In reality, the expression of cardiac ACE2 is implicated as a target point for SARS-CoV-2-induced acute cardiac injury. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, like other febrile illnesses, high blood viscosity, exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, and endothelial dysfunction-induced coagulation disorders may increase risk of HF development. Hypoxic respiratory failure, as in pulmonary edema, severe acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may affect heart hemodynamic stability due to the development of pulmonary hypertension. Indeed, Covid-19-induced HF could be through the development of cytokine storm, characterized by high proliferation pro-inflammatory cytokines. In cytokine storm-mediated cardiac dysfunction, there is a positive correlation between levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine and myocarditis-induced acute cardiac injury biomarkers. Therefore, Covid-19-induced HF is more complex and related from a molecular background in releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines to the neuro-metabolic derangements that together affect cardiomyocyte functions and development of HF. Anti-heart failure medications, mainly digoxin and carvedilol, have potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammatory properties that may mitigate Covid-19 severity and development of HF. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to the development of HF due to direct acute cardiac injury or through the development of cytokine storms, which depress cardiomyocyte function and cardiac contractility. Anti-heart failure drugs, mainly digoxin and carvedilol, may attenuate severity of HF by reducing the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent the development of cytokine storms in severely affected Covid-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Onohuean
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biopharmaceutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western-Campus, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Safaa Qusti
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eida M. Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511 Egypt
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Perez-Valera M, Martinez-Canton M, Gallego-Selles A, Galván-Alvarez V, Gelabert-Rebato M, Morales-Alamo D, Santana A, Martin-Rodriguez S, Ponce-Gonzalez JG, Larsen S, Losa-Reyna J, Perez-Suarez I, Dorado C, Curtelin D, Gonzalez-Henriquez JJ, Boushel R, Hallen J, de Pablos Velasco P, Freixinet-Gilart J, Holmberg HC, Helge JW, Martin-Rincon M, Calbet JAL. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (SARS-CoV-2 receptor) expression in human skeletal muscle. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2249-2258. [PMID: 34551157 PMCID: PMC8662278 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the levels of skeletal muscle angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor) protein expression in men and women and assess whether ACE2 expression in skeletal muscle is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity. The level of ACE2 in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies collected in previous studies from 170 men (age: 19-65 years, weight: 56-137 kg, BMI: 23-44) and 69 women (age: 18-55 years, weight: 41-126 kg, BMI: 22-39) was analyzed in duplicate by western blot. VO2 max was determined by ergospirometry and body composition by DXA. ACE2 protein expression was 1.8-fold higher in women than men (p = 0.001, n = 239). This sex difference disappeared after accounting for the percentage of body fat (fat %), VO2 max per kg of legs lean mass (VO2 max-LLM) and age (p = 0.47). Multiple regression analysis showed that the fat % (β = 0.47) is the main predictor of the variability in ACE2 protein expression in skeletal muscle, explaining 5.2% of the variance. VO2 max-LLM had also predictive value (β = 0.09). There was a significant fat % by VO2 max-LLM interaction, such that for subjects with low fat %, VO2 max-LLM was positively associated with ACE2 expression while as fat % increased the slope of the positive association between VO2 max-LLM and ACE2 was reduced. In conclusion, women express higher amounts of ACE2 in their skeletal muscles than men. This sexual dimorphism is mainly explained by sex differences in fat % and cardiorespiratory fitness. The percentage of body fat is the main predictor of the variability in ACE2 protein expression in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Perez-Valera
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miriam Martinez-Canton
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Angel Gallego-Selles
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Victor Galván-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santana
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Clinical Genetics Unit, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Saul Martin-Rodriguez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Steen Larsen
- Center of Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jose Losa-Reyna
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ismael Perez-Suarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - David Curtelin
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Gonzalez-Henriquez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jostein Hallen
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pedro de Pablos Velasco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jorge Freixinet-Gilart
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Jorn W Helge
- Center of Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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49
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Bortolotti D, Gentili V, Rizzo S, Schiuma G, Beltrami S, Spadaro S, Strazzabosco G, Campo G, Carosella ED, Papi A, Rizzo R, Contoli M. Increased sHLA-G Is Associated with Improved COVID-19 Outcome and Reduced Neutrophil Adhesion. Viruses 2021; 13:1855. [PMID: 34578436 PMCID: PMC8473385 DOI: 10.3390/v13091855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is a group of molecules involved in inflammatory and infective responses. We evaluated blood sHLA-E and sHLA-G levels in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and their relationship with clinical evolution, changes in endothelial activation biomarker profile, and neutrophil adhesion. sHLA-E, sHLA-G, and endothelial activation biomarkers were quantified by ELISA assay in plasma samples. Neutrophil adhesion to endothelium was assessed in the presence/absence of patients' plasma samples. At admission, plasma levels of sHLA-G and sHLA-E were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure compared to controls. COVID-19 clinical improvement was associated with increased sHLA-G plasma levels. In COVID-19, but not in control patients, an inverse correlation was found between serum sICAM-1 and E-selectin levels and plasma sHLA-G values. The in vitro analysis of activated endothelial cells confirmed the ability of HLA-G molecules to control sICAM-1 and sE-selectin expression via CD160 interaction and FGF2 induction and consequently neutrophil adhesion. We suggest a potential role for sHLA-G in improving COVID-19 patients' clinical condition related to the control of neutrophil adhesion to activated endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.B.); (V.G.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.B.); (V.G.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Sabrina Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.B.); (V.G.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanna Schiuma
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.B.); (V.G.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Silvia Beltrami
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.B.); (V.G.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Savino Spadaro
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Strazzabosco
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.B.); (V.G.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Cona, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Edgardo D. Carosella
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (iMETI), Research Division in Hematology and Immunology (SRHI), Saint-Louis Hospital, 75001 Paris, France;
| | - Alberto Papi
- Respiratory Section, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.)
- Respiratory Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Ferrara, Cona, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (D.B.); (V.G.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.); (G.S.)
- Industrial Research and Technology Transfer Laboratory (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Respiratory Section, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.)
- Respiratory Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Ferrara, Cona, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
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50
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Couselo-Seijas M, Rodríguez-Mañero M, González-Juanatey JR, Eiras S. Updates on epicardial adipose tissue mechanisms on atrial fibrillation. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13277. [PMID: 34002458 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a well-known risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). Local epi-myocardial or intra-myocardial adiposity caused by aging, obesity, or cardiovascular disease (CVD) is considered to be a better predictor of the risk of AF than general adiposity. Some of the described mechanisms suggest that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) participates in structural remodeling owing to its endocrine activity or its infiltration between cardiomyocytes. Epicardial fat also wraps up the ganglionated plexi that reach the myocardium. Although the increment of volume/thickness and activity of EAT might modify autonomic activity, autonomic system dysfunction might also change the endocrine activity of epicardial fat in a feedback response. As a result, new preventive therapeutic strategies are focused on reducing adiposity and weight loss before AF ablation or inhibiting autonomic neurotransmitter secretion on fat pads during open-heart surgery to reduce the recurrence or postoperative risk of AF. In this manuscript, we review some of the novel findings regarding the pathophysiology and associated risk factors of AF, with special emphasis on the role of EAT in the electrical, structural, and molecular mechanisms of AF initiation and maintenance. In addition, we have included a brief note provided on epicardial fat preclinical models that could be useful for identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Couselo-Seijas
- Translational Cardiology group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Moisés Rodríguez-Mañero
- Translational Cardiology group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José R González-Juanatey
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiology group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sonia Eiras
- Translational Cardiology group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
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