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Dorobantu DM, Wadey CA, Berryman B, Amir NH, Forsythe L, Stuart AG, Pieles GE, Williams CA. A new protocol for a single-stage combined cardiopulmonary and echocardiography exercise test: a pilot study. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. IMAGING METHODS AND PRACTICE 2024; 2:qyae021. [PMID: 39045209 PMCID: PMC11195695 DOI: 10.1093/ehjimp/qyae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Aims The value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) in managing cardiac disease is well known, but no standard CPET-ESE protocol is currently recommended. This pilot study aims to compare feasibility and cardiac function responses between a new high-intensity single-stage combined test (CPET-hiESE) and a standard maximal ESE (smESE). Methods and results After screening and maximal CPET, all volunteers (n = 21) underwent three ESE modalities: (i) based on the gas exchange threshold (hiESE-GET, 40% of peak-GET, 6 min), (ii) based on heart rate (HR) (hiESE-HR, 80% of peak HR, 6 min), and (iii) smESE (85% of predicted peak HR for age, 3 min). Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were measured at each step. There was superior image quality and data completeness for the right ventricle strain for both hiESE modalities compared with smESE (71.4 and 76.2 vs. 42.9%, P = 0.07). Left ventricular STE data completeness was similar for all three conditions. Despite systematically higher HR, work rate and levels of exertion in the smESE compared with hiESE, STE and TDI parameters were not systematically different. Concordance correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 to 0.88, lowest for strain rate parameters and mean difference from -0.34 to 1.53, highest for TDI measurements. Conclusion The novel CPET-hiESE protocol allowed for better data completeness, at lower levels of exertion compared with smESE, without systematically different cardiac reserve measurements in healthy participants. This single-stage protocol can be individualized to clinical populations, which would provide practical advantages to standard testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Dorobantu
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke’s Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
- Population and Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, Beacon House, Queens Rd, BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Curtis A Wadey
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke’s Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Ben Berryman
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke’s Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Nurul H Amir
- Population and Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, Beacon House, Queens Rd, BS8 1QU, UK
- Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, Uitm Arau, 02600 Arau, Malaysia
| | - Lynsey Forsythe
- Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Heart Institute, Upper Maudlin St, BS2 8BJ, Bristol, UK
| | - A Graham Stuart
- Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Heart Institute, Upper Maudlin St, BS2 8BJ, Bristol, UK
| | - Guido E Pieles
- Sports Cardiology and Screening Department, ASPETAR Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, Inside Aspire Zone, Al Buwairda St, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, 170 Tottenham Ct Rd, W1T 7HA, London, UK
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke’s Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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Unnithan VB, Beaumont A, Rowland T, George K, Sculthorpe N, Lord RN, Bakhshi A, Oxborough D. Left Ventricular Responses during Exercise in Highly Trained Youth Athletes: Echocardiographic Insights on Function and Adaptation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9120438. [PMID: 36547435 PMCID: PMC9787332 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increase in the prevalence of elite youth sports academies, whose sole aim is to develop future elite athletes. This involves the exposure of the child and adolescent athlete to high-volume training during a period of volatile growth. The large amount of data in this area has been garnered from the resting echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) evaluation of the youth athlete; while this can provide some insight on the functional adaptations to training, it is unable to elucidate a comprehensive overview of the function of the youth athletes' LV during exercise. Consequently, there is a need to interrogate the LV responses in-exercise. This review outlines the feasibility and functional insight of capturing global indices of LV function (Stroke Index-SVIndex and Cardiac Index-QIndex), systolic and diastolic markers, and cardiac strain during submaximal and maximal exercise. Larger SVI and QI were noted in these highly trained young athletes compared to recreationally active peers during submaximal and maximal exercise. The mechanistic insights suggest that there are minimal functional systolic adaptions during exercise compared to their recreationally active peers. Diastolic function was superior during exercise in these young athletes, and this appears to be underpinned by enhanced determinants of pre-load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath B. Unnithan
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton G72 0LH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-01698-894413
| | - Alexander Beaumont
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St. John University, York YO31 7EX, UK
| | - Thomas Rowland
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton G72 0LH, UK
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton G72 0LH, UK
| | - Rachel N. Lord
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | | | - David Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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Unnithan VB, Rowland T, George K, Bakhshi A, Beaumont A, Sculthorpe N, Lord RN, Oxborough DL. The effect of long-term soccer training on changes in cardiac function during exercise in elite youth soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:892-902. [PMID: 35114040 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear what the effect of long-term, high-volume soccer training has on left ventricular (LV) function during exercise in youth soccer players. This study evaluated changes in LV function during submaximal exercise in a group of highly-trained male soccer players (SP) as they transitioned over a three-year period from pre-adolescent to adolescent athletes. Data were compared to age-and sex-matched recreationally active controls (CON) over the same time period. Twenty-two SP from two professional English Premier League youth soccer academies (age: 12.0 ± 0.3 years at start of the study) and 15 CON (age: 11.7 ± 0.3 years) were recruited. Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to quantify LV function during exercise at the same submaximal metabolic load (approx. 45%VO2 peak) across the 3 years. After controlling for growth and maturation, there were training-induced changes and superiority (p<0.001) in cardiac index (QIndex) from year 1 in the SP compared to CON. SP (year 1: 6.13 ± 0.76; year 2: 6.94 ± 1.31 and year 3: 7.20 ± 1.81 L/min/m2 ) compared to CON (year 1: 5.15 ± 1.12; year 2: 4.67 ± 1.04 and year 3: 5.49 ± 1.06 L/min/m2 ). Similar training-induced increases were noted for mitral inflow velocity (E): SP (year 1: 129 ± 12; year 2: 143 ± 16 and year 3: 135 ± 18 cm/s) compared to CON (year 1: 113 ± 10; year 2: 111 ± 12 and year 3: 121 ± 9 cm/s).This study indicated that there was evidence of yearly, training-induced increases in left ventricular function during submaximal exercise independent from the influence of growth and maturation in elite youth SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Balagopalan Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas Rowland
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | - Rachel Nia Lord
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Lee Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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4
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Dabner L, Pieles GE, Steward CG, Hamilton-Shield JP, Ness AR, Rogers CA, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Greenwood R, Ellis L, Sheehan K, Reeves BC. Treatment of Barth Syndrome by Cardiolipin Manipulation (CARDIOMAN) With Bezafibrate: Protocol for a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial Conducted in the Nationally Commissioned Barth Syndrome Service. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e22533. [PMID: 34057417 PMCID: PMC8204243 DOI: 10.2196/22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Barth syndrome is a rare, life-threatening, X-linked recessive genetic disease that predominantly affects young males and is caused by abnormal mitochondrial lipid metabolism. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for Barth syndrome other than interventions to ameliorate acute symptoms, such as heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, neutropenia, and severe muscle fatigue. Previous mechanistic studies have identified the lipid-lowering drug bezafibrate as a promising potential treatment; however, to date, no human trials have been performed in this population. Objective The aim of this study is to determine whether bezafibrate (and resveratrol in vitro) will increase mitochondrial biogenesis and potentially modify the cellular ratio of monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) to tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin (L4-CL), ameliorating the disease phenotype in those living with the disease. Methods The CARDIOMAN (Cardiolipin Manipulation) study is a UK single-center, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study investigating the efficacy of bezafibrate in participants with Barth syndrome. Treatment was administered in two 15-week phases with a minimum washout period of 1 month between the phases where no treatment was administered. The primary outcome is peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak). Secondary outcomes include MLCL/L4-CL ratio and CL profile in blood cells, amino acid expression, phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate ratio in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle oxidative function on phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quality of life using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory questionnaire, absolute neutrophil count, cardiac function and rhythm profiles at rest and during exercise, and mitochondrial organization and function assessments. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and during the final week of each treatment phase. Results A total of 12 patients were scheduled to participate across three consecutive research clinics between March and April 2019. In total, 11 participants were recruited, and the follow-up was completed in January 2020. Data analysis is ongoing, with publication expected in 2021. Conclusions This trial was approved by the United Kingdom National Research Ethics Service Committee and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The feasibility of the CARDIOMAN study will help to inform the future conduct of randomized controlled trials in rare disease populations as well as testing the efficacy of bezafibrate as a potential treatment for the disease and advancing the mechanistic understanding of Barth syndrome. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 58006579; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN58006579 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/22533
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Dabner
- Bristol Trials Centre (Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Guido E Pieles
- Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (Cardiovascular theme), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Colin G Steward
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Julian P Hamilton-Shield
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition theme), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Ness
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition theme), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris A Rogers
- Bristol Trials Centre (Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (Cardiovascular theme), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Bristol Heart Institute, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Greenwood
- Research Design Service South West, National Institute for Health Research, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Ellis
- Bristol Trials Centre (Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Sheehan
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby C Reeves
- Bristol Trials Centre (Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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5
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The influence of training status on right ventricular morphology and segmental strain in elite pre-adolescent soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1419-1429. [PMID: 33616754 PMCID: PMC8064972 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac modifications to training are a product of the genetic pre-disposition for adaptation and the repetitive haemodynamic loads that are placed on the myocardium. Elite pre-adolescent athletes are exposed to high-intensity training at a young age with little understanding of the physiological and clinical consequences. It is unclear how right ventricular (RV) structure and function may respond to this type of stimulus. The aim of this study was to compare RV structure and strain across the cardiac cycle and within individual segments in elite soccer players (SP) and controls (CON). METHODS Twenty-two highly trained, male pre-adolescent SP and 22 age-and sex-matched recreationally active individuals CON were investigated using 2D echocardiography, including myocardial speckle tracking to assess basal, mid-wall, apical and global longitudinal strain and strain rate during systole (SRS) and diastole (SRE and SRA). RESULTS greater RV cavity size was identified in the SP compared to CON (RVD1 SP: 32.3 ± 3.1 vs. CON: 29.6 ± 2.8 (mm/m2)0.5; p = 0.005). No inter-group differences were noted for peak global RV strain (SP: - 28.6 ± 4.9 vs CON: - 30.3 ± 4.0%, p = 0.11). Lower mid-wall strain was demonstrated in the SP compared to CON (SP: - 27.9 ± 5.8 vs. CON: - 32.2 ± 4.4%, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION Soccer training has the potential to increase RV size in pre-adolescent players. The unique segmental analyses used in this study have identified inter-group differences that were masked by global strain evaluations. The clinical and physiological implications of these findings warrant further investigation.
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6
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Meinel K, Koestenberger M, Sallmon H, Hansmann G, Pieles GE. Echocardiography for the Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension and Congenital Heart Disease in the Young. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 11:diagnostics11010049. [PMID: 33396225 PMCID: PMC7823322 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While invasive assessment of hemodynamics and testing of acute vasoreactivity in the catheterization laboratory is the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary hypertension (PH) and pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) in children, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) serves as the initial diagnostic tool. International guidelines suggest several key echocardiographic variables and indices for the screening studies when PH is suspected. However, due to the complex anatomy and special physiological considerations, these may not apply to patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Misinterpretation of TTE variables can lead to delayed diagnosis and therapy, with fatal consequences, or–on the other hand-unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures that have relevant risks, especially in the pediatric age group. We herein provide an overview of the echocardiographic workup of children and adolescents with PH with a special focus on children with CHD, such as ventricular/atrial septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot or univentricular physiology. In addition, we address the use of echocardiography as a tool to assess eligibility for exercise and sports, a major determinant of quality of life and outcome in patients with PH associated with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Meinel
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (K.M.); (M.K.)
- European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Martin Koestenberger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (K.M.); (M.K.)
- European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Hannes Sallmon
- European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (G.H.)
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Hansmann
- European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (G.H.)
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guido E. Pieles
- European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (G.H.)
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London W1T 7HA, UK
- Correspondence:
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7
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Characterisation of LV myocardial exercise function by 2-D strain deformation imaging in elite adolescent footballers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:239-250. [PMID: 33030575 PMCID: PMC7815563 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Few data exist on the descriptions of LV myocardial mechanics and reserve during dynamic exercise of adolescent athletes. The aim of this study was to describe the LV myocardial and cardiopulmonary changes during exercise using 2-D strain deformation imaging. Methods Elite adolescent male football players (n = 42) completed simultaneous cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and exercise echocardiography measurement of LV myocardial deformation by 2-D strain imaging. LV longitudinal and circumferential 2-D strain and strain rates were analyzed at each stage during incremental exercise to a work rate of 150 W. Additionally, exercise LV myocardial deformation and its relation to metabolic exercise parameters were evaluated at each exercise stage and in recovery using repeated measures ANOVA, linear regression and paired t tests. Results LV peak systolic baseline 2-D strain (longitudinal: − 15.4 ± 2.5%, circumferential: − 22.5 ± 3.1%) increased with each exercise stage, but longitudinal strain plateaued at 50 W (mean strain reserve − 7.8 ± 3.0) and did not significantly increase compared to subsequent exercise stages (P > 0.05), whilst circumferential strain (mean strain reserve − 11.6 ± 3.3) significantly increased (P < 0.05) throughout exercise up to 150 W as the dominant mechanism of exercise LV contractility increase. Regression analyses showed LV myocardial strain increased linearly relative to HR, VO2 and O2 pulse (P < 0.05) for circumferential deformation, but showed attenuation for longitudinal deformation. Conclusion This study describes LV myocardial deformation dynamics by 2-D strain and provides reference values for LV myocardial strain and strain rate during exercise in adolescent footballers. It found important differences between LV longitudinal and circumferential myocardial mechanics during exercise and introduces a methodology that can be used to quantify LV function and cardiac reserve during exercise in adolescent athletes.
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8
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Pieles GE, Stuart AG. The adolescent athlete's heart; A miniature adult or grown-up child? Clin Cardiol 2020; 43:852-862. [PMID: 32643161 PMCID: PMC7403711 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic development of early age talent in sports academies has led to the professionalization of pediatric sport and the sports physician need to be aware of pediatric cardiological problems. Research into the medical cardiac care and assessment of the pediatric athlete are accumulating, but specific pediatric international guidelines are not available yet and reference data for ECG and echocardiography are incomplete, in particular for the age group <12 years of age. This article is an introduction to the physiological and diagnostics specifics of the pediatric athlete. The focus lies in the differences in presentation and diagnosis between pediatric and adult athletes for the most common pathologies. Reference data for electrical and structural adaptations to intensive exercise are sparse particularly in athletes aged below 12 years old. Training related changes include decrease of resting heart rate, increase of cardiac output, ventricular cavity size, and wall thickness. Cardiac hypertrophy is less pronounced in pediatric athletes, as HR mediated cardiac output increase to endurance exercise is the dominant mechanism in peripubertal children. As in adults, the most pronounced cardiovascular adaptations appear in classical endurance sports like rowing, triathlon, and swimming, but the specifics of pediatric ECG and echocardiographic changes need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido E Pieles
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Graham Stuart
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK
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9
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Pieles GE, Oberhoffer R. The Assessment of the Paediatric Athlete. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 13:306-312. [PMID: 32367344 PMCID: PMC7360531 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The success of systematic early age talent development has led to the professionalisation of youth sports academies used by clubs and governing bodies alike, and sports physicians are nowadays commonly confronted with paediatric cardiological problems. Medical cardiac care of the paediatric athlete is however in its infancy, and the international guidelines that are present for adult athletes, are not yet available. Similarly, reference data for ECG and echocardiography are incomplete. The aim of this article is to provide and introduction to the cardiac care of the paediatric athlete to facilitate healthy and above all, safe talent development, but also provide guidance on how to distinguish adaptive, beneficial cardiovascular remodelling from underlying pathology of congenital or inherited cardiovascular disease. Differences in presentation, diagnosis and treatment between childhood and adult athletes are highlighted and can educate the reader in the emerging field of paediatric sports cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido E Pieles
- Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK.
| | - Renate Oberhoffer
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Georg Brauchle Ring, 80992, Munich, Germany
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10
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Sanz-de la Garza M, Giraldeau G, Marin J, Imre Sarvari S, Guasch E, Gabrielli L, Brambila C, Bijnens B, Sitges M. Should the septum be included in the assessment of right ventricular longitudinal strain? An ultrasound two-dimensional speckle-tracking stress study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 35:1853-1860. [PMID: 31129743 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-019-01633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular longitudinal strain (RVLS) by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is a useful parameter for assessing systolic function. However, the exact method to perform it is not well defined as some authors evaluate only free wall (FW) segments while others include all six RV segments. To compare the assessment of RVLS at rest and during exercise by these two approaches. Echocardiography was performed on 80 healthy subjects at rest and during exercise. The analysis consisted of standard and 2D-STE assessment of RV global and segmental strain tracing only RVFW and also tracing all six RV segments. At rest, RVLS could be assessed in 78 (feasibility 97.5%) subjects by both methods. However, during exercise, RVLS by RVFW method was feasible in 67 (83.8%) as compared to 74 (92.5%) by RV6S approach. Both at rest and during exercise, RVLS values by the two methods showed excellent correlation (r = > 0.90). However, RVLS values assessed by RV6S were lower (absolute values) than those by RVFW approach (RV6S vs. RVFW; rest: - 27.0 ± 3.9 vs. - 9.5 ± 3.9, p < 0.001 and exercise: - 30.7 ± 5.2 vs. - 33.3 ± 5.1, p < 0.001). Furthermore, basal strain was higher and apical strain lower (absolute values) by RV6S approach. At rest, reproducibility for RVLS was excellent and similar for the two methods. However, during exercise, reproducibility for RVFW method was poorer, especially at the apex. The two currently described methods for RVLS assessment by 2D-STE demonstrated excellent agreement. However, the RV6S approach seemed to be more feasible and reproducible, particularly during exercise. Moreover, global and segmental strain values are different with both methods and should not be interchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sanz-de la Garza
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Geneviève Giraldeau
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Marin
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Imre Sarvari
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Brambila
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bart Bijnens
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Carrer de Roc Boronat 138, 08018, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Bhatt SM, Wang Y, Elci OU, Goldmuntz E, McBride M, Paridon S, Mercer-Rosa L. Right Ventricular Contractile Reserve Is Impaired in Children and Adolescents With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: An Exercise Strain Imaging Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2018; 32:135-144. [PMID: 30269912 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary insufficiency (PI) and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction are long-term complications in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). The aim of this study was to investigate RV contractile reserve and changes in PI that occur during exercise in patients with rTOF and the associations of these changes with exercise performance using stress echocardiography. METHODS Subjects with rTOF (n = 32) and healthy control subjects (n = 10) were prospectively enrolled and underwent rest and peak exercise echocardiography during standard cardiopulmonary exercise test protocol on a cycle ergometer or treadmill. RV contractile reserve was defined as the change in RV global longitudinal strain from rest to peak exercise. PI was assessed with the diastolic-to-systolic time-velocity integral ratio and diastolic/systolic velocity ratio from pulmonary artery Doppler interrogation. Exercise measures included heart rate reserve, percentage predicted maximum oxygen consumption, percentage predicted maximum work, and oxygen pulse. RESULTS RV contractile reserve was impaired in patients with rTOF compared with control subjects, with a significant drop in the absolute value of RV global longitudinal strain from 17% (range, 8%-27%) at rest to 13% (range, 5%-28%) at peak exercise. Similarly, PI decreased at peak exercise, with decreases in diastolic-to-systolic time-velocity integral and diastolic/systolic velocity ratios. Reduction in PI was directly associated with percentage predicted maximum oxygen consumption, percentage predicted maximum work, and greater oxygen pulse. Heart rate reserve was directly associated with percentage predicted maximum oxygen consumption and percentage predicted maximum work. RV contractile reserve was not associated with any exercise parameters. CONCLUSIONS Patients with rTOF have an abnormal myocardial response to exercise with impaired RV contractile reserve compared with control subjects. Heart rate reserve and reduction in PI at peak exercise are associated with better exercise performance and appear to be significant contributors to exercise performance in rTOF. Measures to improve chronotropic health in rTOF should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani M Bhatt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Okan U Elci
- Biostatistics and Data Management Core, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael McBride
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen Paridon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Mercer-Rosa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Unnithan VB, Rowland TW, George K, Lord R, Oxborough D. Left ventricular function during exercise in trained pre-adolescent soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2330-2338. [PMID: 29968944 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear, what the underlying cardiovascular mechanisms are that give rise to the high level of aerobic fitness seen in youth soccer players. The aim of the study was to evaluate global and regional markers of systolic and diastolic function in a group of pre-adolescent soccer players during an incremental exercise test. Twenty-two, male soccer players (SP) from two professional soccer clubs (age: 12.0 ± 0.3 years) volunteered for the study. Fifteen recreationally active boys (CON), of similar age (age: 11.7 ± 0.2 years) were also recruited. All boys underwent a cycle ergometer test to exhaustion. Cardiac dimensions were determined using M-mode echocardiography. During submaximal and maximal exercise, continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound techniques were used to derive stroke volume (SVIndex). Tissue-Doppler imaging was used to quantify systolic (S'adj) and diastolic function (E; E'adj and E/E') at rest and both submaximal and maximal exercise intensities. Speckle tracking echocardiography was used to determine peak longitudinal ε at submaximal exercise intensities. SP demonstrated significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater peak VO2 values than CON (SP: 48.0 ± 5.0 vs CON: 40.1 ± 7.5 mL/kg/min). Allometrically scaled to body surface area left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) was larger (P ≤ 0.05) in the SP (51.3 ± 9.0) compared to CON (44.6 ± 5.8 mL·BSA1.5 ). At the same relative, submaximal exercise intensities, the SP demonstrated greater SVIndex, cardiac output (QIndex), and E. No differences were noted for peak longitudinal ε during submaximal exercise. Factors that augment pre-load and LV volume appear to determine the superior aerobic fitness seen in the soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland
| | - Thomas W Rowland
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel Lord
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Beaumont A, Sculthorpe N, Hough J, Unnithan V, Richards J. Global and regional left ventricular circumferential strain during incremental cycling and isometric knee extension exercise. Echocardiography 2018; 35:1149-1156. [PMID: 29663505 DOI: 10.1111/echo.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate left ventricular (LV) circumferential strain responses to incremental cycling and isometric knee extension exercises. METHODS Twenty-six healthy male participants (age = 30 ± 6 years) were used to study LV global (GCS) and regional circumferential strain at the apex (ACS) and base (BCS) during incremental cycling at 30% and 60% work rate maximum (Wmax ) and short-duration (15 seconds contractions) isometric knee extensions at 40% and 75% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. RESULTS During cycling (n = 22), GCS increased progressively from rest to 60% Wmax (-22.85 ± 3.26% to -29.87 ± 2.59%, P < .01). ACS increased from rest to 30% Wmax (-26.29 ± 4.84% to -36.84 ± 6.94%, P < .01) and then remained unchanged to 60% Wmax (-40.72 ± 4.06%, P = .068). BCS decreased from rest to 30% Wmax (-19.41 ± 2.79 to -17.51 ± 4.66%, P = .05) and then remained unchanged to 60% Wmax . During isometric knee extension (n = 23), GCS decreased from rest to 40% MVC (-22.63 ± 3.46 to -20.10 ± 2.78%, P < .05) and then remained unchanged to 75% MVC. Similarly, BCS decreased from rest to 40% MVC (-19.21 ± 2.58% to -13.55 ± 3.45%, P < .01) and then remained unchanged, whereas ACS did not change with exercise intensity (rest, -26.05 ± 5.34%; 40% MVC, -26.64 ± 4.53% and 75% MVC -27.22 ± 5.34%, all P > .05). CONCLUSION Global circumferential strain increased stepwise during incremental cycling, mediated by the apex with trivial changes at the base. In contrast, GCS decreased during the isometric knee extension to 40% MVC and then plateaued, due to decreased BCS as ACS was maintained. A novel finding is that the GCS response appears to be exercise modality dependant and is the consequence of region-specific changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Beaumont
- School of Science and Sport, Institute of Clinical Exercise Physiology and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- School of Science and Sport, Institute of Clinical Exercise Physiology and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Hough
- School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Viswanath Unnithan
- School of Science and Sport, Institute of Clinical Exercise Physiology and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanna Richards
- School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
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14
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Kim J, Di Franco A, Seoane T, Srinivasan A, Kampaktsis PN, Geevarghese A, Goldburg SR, Khan SA, Szulc M, Ratcliffe MB, Levine RA, Morgan AE, Maddula P, Rozenstrauch M, Shah T, Devereux RB, Weinsaft JW. Right Ventricular Dysfunction Impairs Effort Tolerance Independent of Left Ventricular Function Among Patients Undergoing Exercise Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 9:CIRCIMAGING.116.005115. [PMID: 27903538 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.116.005115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) function are closely linked due to a variety of factors, including common coronary blood supply. Altered LV perfusion holds the potential to affect the RV, but links between LV ischemia and RV performance, and independent impact of RV dysfunction on effort tolerance, are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS The population comprised 2051 patients who underwent exercise stress myocardial perfusion imaging and echo (5.5±7.9 days), among whom 6% had echo-evidenced RV dysfunction. Global summed stress scores were ≈3-fold higher among patients with RV dysfunction, attributable to increments in inducible and fixed LV perfusion defects (all P≤0.001). Regional inferior and lateral wall ischemia was greater among patients with RV dysfunction (both P<0.01), without difference in corresponding anterior defects (P=0.13). In multivariable analysis, inducible inferior and lateral wall perfusion defects increased the likelihood of RV dysfunction (both P<0.05) independent of LV function, fixed perfusion defects, and pulmonary artery pressure. Patients with RV dysfunction demonstrated lesser effort tolerance whether measured by exercise duration (6.7±2.8 versus 7.9±2.9 minutes; P<0.001) or peak treadmill stage (2.6±0.9 versus 3.1±1.0; P<0.001), paralleling results among patients with LV dysfunction (7.0±2.9 versus 8.0±2.9; P<0.001|2.7±1.0 versus 3.1±1.0; P<0.001 respectively). Exercise time decreased stepwise in relation to both RV and LV dysfunction (P<0.001) and was associated with each parameter independent of age or medication regimen. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease, regional LV ischemia involving the inferior and lateral walls confers increased likelihood of RV dysfunction. RV dysfunction impairs exercise tolerance independent of LV dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Antonino Di Franco
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Tania Seoane
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Aparna Srinivasan
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Polydoros N Kampaktsis
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Alexi Geevarghese
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Samantha R Goldburg
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Saadat A Khan
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Massimiliano Szulc
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Mark B Ratcliffe
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Robert A Levine
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Ashley E Morgan
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Pooja Maddula
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Meenakshi Rozenstrauch
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Tara Shah
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Richard B Devereux
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.)
| | - Jonathan W Weinsaft
- From the Greenberg Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.K., T.S., A.S., P.N.K., A.G., S.R.G., S.A.K., M.S., P.M., M.R., T.S., R.B.D., J.W.W.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.D.F.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery (M.B.R., A.E.M.), and Department of Bioengineering (M.B.R., A.E.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (M.B.R., A.E.M.); and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.A.L.).
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