1
|
Kahm YJ, Kim RK. BIRC5: A novel therapeutic target for lung cancer stem cells and glioma stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 682:141-147. [PMID: 37806253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat containing 5 (BIRC5) is also known as survivin. BIRC5, a member of the apoptosis inhibitor (IAP) family, negatively regulates apoptosis or programmed cell death by inhibiting caspase activation. Due to these properties, overexpression of BIRC5 enables specific survival and division associated with cancer malignancies. In addition, BIRC5 is highly expressed in stem cells, but not present at all in terminally differentiated cells. On this basis, there is speculation that BIRC5 may be involved in the regulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), but few study results have been reported. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of BIRC5 regulation are not yet well understood. Through the present study, it was confirmed that BIRC5 is a key factor regulating CSCs and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). BIRC5 was simultaneously overexpressed in lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) and glioma stem cells (GSCs), and when the expression was suppressed, the characteristics of CSCs disappeared. In addition, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a secreted factor regulated by BIRC5, is involved in signaling mechanisms that regulate cancer stem cells and EMT, and PAI-1 forms an autocrine chain. Based on these results, BIRC5 is proposed as a novel therapeutic target protein for LCSCs and GSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jee Kahm
- Department of Environmental Safety Technology Research, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Life Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Rae-Kwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Safety Technology Research, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Life Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pu Y, Cheng CK, Zhang H, Luo JY, Wang L, Tomlinson B, Huang Y. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonists in cardiovascular health and disease. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2086-2114. [PMID: 37119045 DOI: 10.1002/med.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been rising due to sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy dietary patterns. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor regulating multiple biological processes, such as lipid metabolism and inflammatory response critical to cardiovascular homeostasis. Healthy endothelial cells (ECs) lining the lumen of blood vessels maintains vascular homeostasis, where endothelial dysfunction associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation triggers the pathogenesis of CVD. PPARα activation decreases endothelial inflammation and senescence, contributing to improved vascular function and reduced risk of atherosclerosis. Phenotypic switch and inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exacerbate vascular dysfunction and atherogenesis, in which PPARα activation improves VSMC homeostasis. Different immune cells participate in the progression of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. PPARα in immune cells plays a critical role in immunological events, such as monocyte/macrophage adhesion and infiltration, macrophage polarization, dendritic cell (DC) embedment, T cell activation, and B cell differentiation. Cardiomyocyte dysfunction, a major risk factor for heart failure, can also be alleviated by PPARα activation through maintaining cardiac mitochondrial stability and inhibiting cardiac lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. This review discusses the current understanding and future perspectives on the role of PPARα in the regulation of the cardiovascular system as well as the clinical application of PPARα ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Pu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chak Kwong Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongsong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang-Yun Luo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Development and Regenerative Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
German CA, Liao JK. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of statin pleiotropic effects. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1529-1545. [PMID: 37084080 PMCID: PMC10119541 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Statins represent the cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These medications not only reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate attached to CoA reductase, the key rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, but also upregulate expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, improving serum clearance. Given LDL-C is a causal risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, these complementary mechanisms largely explain why statin therapy leads to reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events. However, decades of basic and clinical research have suggested that statins may exert other effects independent of LDL-C lowering, termed pleiotropic effects, which have become a topic of debate among the scientific community. While some literature suggests statins may improve plaque stability, reduce inflammation and thrombosis, decrease oxidative stress, and improve endothelial function and vascular tone, other studies have suggested potential harmful pleiotropic effects related to increased risk of muscle-related side effects, diabetes, hemorrhagic stroke, and cognitive decline. Furthermore, the introduction of newer, non-statin LDL-C lowering therapies, including ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin Type 9, and bempedoic acid, have challenged the statin pleiotropy theory. This review aims to provide a historical background on the development of statins, explore the mechanistic underpinnings of statin pleiotropy, review the available literature, and provide up to date examples that suggest statins may exert effects outside of LDL-C lowering and the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A German
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - James K Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liberale L, Puspitasari YM, Ministrini S, Akhmedov A, Kraler S, Bonetti NR, Beer G, Vukolic A, Bongiovanni D, Han J, Kirmes K, Bernlochner I, Pelisek J, Beer JH, Jin ZG, Pedicino D, Liuzzo G, Stellos K, Montecucco F, Crea F, Lüscher TF, Camici GG. JCAD promotes arterial thrombosis through PI3K/Akt modulation: a translational study. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:1818-1833. [PMID: 36469488 PMCID: PMC10200023 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Variants of the junctional cadherin 5 associated (JCAD) locus associate with acute coronary syndromes. JCAD promotes experimental atherosclerosis through the large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2)/Hippo pathway. This study investigates the role of JCAD in arterial thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS JCAD knockout (Jcad-/-) mice underwent photochemically induced endothelial injury to trigger arterial thrombosis. Primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) treated with JCAD small interfering RNA (siJCAD), LATS2 small interfering RNA (siLATS2) or control siRNA (siSCR) were employed for in vitro assays. Plasma JCAD was measured in patients with chronic coronary syndrome or ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Jcad-/- mice displayed reduced thrombogenicity as reflected by delayed time to carotid occlusion. Mechanisms include reduced activation of the coagulation cascade [reduced tissue factor (TF) expression and activity] and increased fibrinolysis [higher thrombus embolization episodes and D-dimer levels, reduced vascular plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression]. In vitro, JCAD silencing inhibited TF and PAI-1 expression in HAECs. JCAD-silenced HAECs (siJCAD) displayed increased levels of LATS2 kinase. Yet, double JCAD and LATS2 silencing did not restore the control phenotype. si-JCAD HAECs showed increased levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/ proteinkinase B (Akt) activation, known to downregulate procoagulant expression. The PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor-wortmannin-prevented the effect of JCAD silencing on TF and PAI-1, indicating a causative role. Also, co-immunoprecipitation unveiled a direct interaction between JCAD and Akt. Confirming in vitro findings, PI3K/Akt and P-yes-associated protein levels were higher in Jcad-/- animals. Lastly, as compared with chronic coronary syndrome, STEMI patients showed higher plasma JCAD, which notably correlated positively with both TF and PAI-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS JCAD promotes arterial thrombosis by modulating coagulation and fibrinolysis. Herein, reported translational data suggest JCAD as a potential therapeutic target for atherothrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132
Genoa, Italy
| | - Yustina M Puspitasari
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ministrini
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of Medicine
and Surgery, University of Perugia, piazzale Gambuli 1, 06124
Perugia, Italy
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nicole R Bonetti
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital
Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Beer
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ana Vukolic
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Dario Bongiovanni
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero
Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve
Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research
Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine I, School of Medicine, University Hospital
rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich,
Munich, Germany
| | - Jiaying Han
- Department of Internal Medicine I, School of Medicine, University Hospital
rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich,
Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Kirmes
- Department of Internal Medicine I, School of Medicine, University Hospital
rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich,
Munich, Germany
| | - Isabell Bernlochner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, School of Medicine, University Hospital
rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich,
Munich, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich,
Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg H Beer
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden,
Im Ergel 1, 5404 Baden, Switzerland
| | - Zheng-Gen Jin
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University
of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester,
NY, USA
| | - Daniela Pedicino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario
A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome 00168,
Italy
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University,
Largo G. Vito, 1 - 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Liuzzo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario
A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome 00168,
Italy
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University,
Largo G. Vito, 1 - 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of
Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon
Tyne, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals
NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne,
UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, European Center for Angioscience
(ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University,
Mannheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für
Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, DZHK), Heidelberg/Mannheim Partner Site,
Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Mannheim,
Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132
Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa—Italian Cardiovascular
Network, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario
A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome 00168,
Italy
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University,
Largo G. Vito, 1 - 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Heart Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Nationl Heart
and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London,
United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren Campus, University of
Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Education, University Hospital
Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Speelman T, Dale L, Louw A, Verhoog NJD. The Association of Acute Phase Proteins in Stress and Inflammation-Induced T2D. Cells 2022; 11:2163. [PMID: 35883605 PMCID: PMC9321356 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs), such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), serum amyloid A (SAA), and C-reactive protein (CRP), are elevated in type-2 diabetes (T2D) and are routinely used as biomarkers for this disease. These APPs are regulated by the peripheral mediators of stress (i.e., endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs)) and inflammation (i.e., pro-inflammatory cytokines), with both implicated in the development of insulin resistance, the main risk factor for the development of T2D. In this review we propose that APPs, PAI-1, SAA, and CRP, could be the causative rather than only a correlative link between the physiological elements of risk (stress and inflammation) and the development of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicolette J. D. Verhoog
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Van der Byl Street, Stellenbosch 7200, South Africa; (T.S.); (L.D.); (A.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jahan J, Monte de Oca I, Meissner B, Joshi S, Maghrabi A, Quiroz-Olvera J, Lopez-Yang C, Bartelmez SH, Garcia C, Jarajapu YP. Transforming growth factor-β1/Thrombospondin-1/CD47 axis mediates dysfunction in CD34 + cells derived from diabetic older adults. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174842. [PMID: 35217004 PMCID: PMC8967481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging with diabetes is associated with impaired vasoprotective functions and decreased nitric oxide (NO) generation in CD34+ cells. Transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1) is known to regulate hematopoietic functions. This study tested the hypothesis that transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1) is upregulated in diabetic CD34+ cells and impairs NO generation via thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)/CD47/NO pathway. CD34+ cells from nondiabetic (ND) (n=58) or diabetic older adults (DB) (both type 1 and type 2) (n=62) were isolated from peripheral blood. TGF-β1 was silenced by using an antisense delivered as phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO-TGF-β1). Migration and proliferation in response to stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) were evaluated. NO generation and eNOS phosphorylation were determined by flow cytometry. CD34+ cells from older, but not younger, diabetics have higher expression of TGF-β1 compared to that observed in cells derived from healthy individuals (P<0.05, n=14). TSP-1 expression was higher (n=11) in DB compared to ND cells. TGFβ1-PMO decreased the secretion of TGF-β1, which was accompanied with decreased TSP-1 expression. Impaired proliferation, migration and NO generation in response to SDF-1α in DB cells were reversed by TGF-β1-PMO (n=6). TSP-1 inhibited migration and proliferation of nondiabetic CD34+ cells that was reversed by CD47-siRNA, which also restored these responses in diabetic CD34+ cells. TSP-1 opposed SDF-1α-induced eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 that was reversed by CD47-siRNA. These results infer that increased TGF-β1 expression in CD34+ cells induces dysfunction in CD34+ cells from diabetic older adults via TSP-1/CD47-dependent inhibition of NO generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesmin Jahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | | | - Brian Meissner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Shrinidh Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yagna P Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu J, Xia X, Huang NY, Qiu YG, Yang X, Mao HP, Chen W, Huang FX. Association of Ratio of Apolipoprotein B to Apolipoprotein A1 With Survival in Peritoneal Dialysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:801979. [PMID: 35399692 PMCID: PMC8993134 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.801979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough the ratio of apolipoprotein B (apo B) to apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) (apo B/apo A1) seems to be associated with mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients, the association of apo B/apo A1 ratio with death remains not clear in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.AimsThe study targets to examine the relationship of apo B/apo A1 ratio with survival in patients receiving PD treatment.MethodsIn this single-center prospective observational cohort study, we enrolled 1,616 patients receiving PD treatment with a median follow-up time of 47.6 months. We used a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to examine the relationship between apo B/apo A1 ratio and cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality. The association of apo B/apo A1 ratio with atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic CV mortality was further evaluated by competing risk regression models.ResultsDuring the follow-up, 508 (31.4%) patients died, 249 (49.0%) died from CV events, of which 149 (59.8%) were atherosclerotic CV mortality. In multivariable models, for 1-SD increase in apo B/apo A1 ratio level, the adjusted hazard ratios for CV and all-cause mortality were 1.26 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.47; P = 0.005] and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.07–1.35; P = 0.003), respectively. The adjusted subdistribution hazard ratios for atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic CV mortality were 1.43 (95% CI, 1.19–1.73; P < 0.001) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.64–1.13; P = 0.256), respectively. For quartile analysis, patients in quartile 4 had higher CV, all-cause, and atherosclerotic CV mortality compared with those in quartile 1. Moreover, apo B/apo A1 ratio had a diabetes-related difference in CV, all-cause, and atherosclerotic CV mortality.ConclusionElevated apo B/apo A1 ratio level was significantly associated with CV, all-cause, and atherosclerotic CV mortality in patients undergoing PD. Moreover, the association was especially statistically significant in patients with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na-Ya Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Gui Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Chen,
| | - Feng-Xian Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Feng-Xian Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou HL, Premont RT, Stamler JS. The manifold roles of protein S-nitrosylation in the life of insulin. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:111-128. [PMID: 34789923 PMCID: PMC8889587 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin, which is released by pancreatic islet β-cells in response to elevated levels of glucose in the blood, is a critical regulator of metabolism. Insulin triggers the uptake of glucose and fatty acids into the liver, adipose tissue and muscle, and promotes the storage of these nutrients in the form of glycogen and lipids. Dysregulation of insulin synthesis, secretion, transport, degradation or signal transduction all cause failure to take up and store nutrients, resulting in type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction. In this Review, we make the case that insulin signalling is intimately coupled to protein S-nitrosylation, in which nitric oxide groups are conjugated to cysteine thiols to form S-nitrosothiols, within effectors of insulin action. We discuss the role of S-nitrosylation in the life cycle of insulin, from its synthesis and secretion in pancreatic β-cells, to its signalling and degradation in target tissues. Finally, we consider how aberrant S-nitrosylation contributes to metabolic diseases, including the roles of human genetic mutations and cellular events that alter S-nitrosylation of insulin-regulating proteins. Given the growing influence of S-nitrosylation in cellular metabolism, the field of metabolic signalling could benefit from renewed focus on S-nitrosylation in type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lin Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Teimouri M, Hosseini H, ArabSadeghabadi Z, Babaei-Khorzoughi R, Gorgani-Firuzjaee S, Meshkani R. The role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:307-322. [PMID: 34988903 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance, the most important characteristic of the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is mostly caused by impairment in the insulin receptor (IR) signal transduction pathway. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), one of the main negative regulators of the IR signaling pathway, is broadly expressed in various cells and tissues. PTP1B decreases the phosphorylation of the IR resulting in insulin resistance in various tissues. The evidence for the physiological role of PTP1B in regulation of metabolic pathways came from whole-body PTP1B-knockout mice. Whole-body and tissue-specific PTP1B-knockout mice showed improvement in adiposity, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance. In addition, the key role of PTP1B in the pathogenesis of T2DM and its complications was further investigated in mice models of PTP1B deficient/overexpression. In recent years, targeting PTP1B using PTP1B inhibitors is being considered an attractive target to treat T2DM. PTP1B inhibitors improve the sensitivity of the insulin receptor and have the ability to cure insulin resistance-related diseases. We herein summarized the biological functions of PTP1B in different tissues in vivo and in vitro. We also describe the effectiveness of potent PTP1B inhibitors as pharmaceutical agents to treat T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Teimouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra ArabSadeghabadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Babaei-Khorzoughi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Gorgani-Firuzjaee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fan J, Liu LY, Liu XZ. Hyperinsulinemia negatively affects the association between insulin resistance and blood pressure. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:3359-3366. [PMID: 34627695 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (IR) together cause metabolic diseases, the available evidence fails to link hyperinsulinemia with blood pressure (BP) elevation. To further understand the role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathophysiology of hypertension, we conducted this study to investigate the moderating effect of fasting insulin (FINS) on the association between IR and BP. METHODS AND RESULTS The health screening data of 72,076 individuals were analyzed for this moderation analysis. IR was indicated by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDLc). In the adjusted model, three IR indicators were considered independent variables; FINS was used as a moderator, and systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were used as dependent variables. The regression coefficient of the interaction term between the three IR indicators and FINS was significantly negative in all moderation models. Simple slope tests and the Johnson-Neymann technique also indicated that FINS negatively moderated the association between IR and BP. CONCLUSIONS This moderation analysis showed that FINS negatively mediated the association between IR and BP, suggesting that hyperinsulinemia may buffer, not reinforce, the effect of IR on hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Department of Traffic Management Engineering, Zhejiang Police College, No. 555 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lian Yong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, No. 279 Linyi Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Xing Zhen Liu
- Hangzhou Aeronautical Sanatorium for Special Service of China Air Force, No. 27, Yang Gong Di, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ning Z, Song Z, Wang C, Peng S, Wan X, Liu Z, Lu A. How Perturbated Metabolites in Diabetes Mellitus Affect the Pathogenesis of Hypertension? Front Physiol 2021; 12:705588. [PMID: 34483960 PMCID: PMC8416465 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.705588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of hypertension (HTN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common phenomenon in more than half of the diabetic patients. Since HTN constitutes a predictor of vascular complications and cardiovascular disease in type 2 DM patients, it is of significance to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of type 2 DM binding to HTN. This review attempts to understand the mechanism via the perspective of the metabolites. It reviewed the metabolic perturbations, the biological function of perturbated metabolites in two diseases, and the mechanism underlying metabolic perturbation that contributed to the connection of type 2 DM and HTN. DM-associated metabolic perturbations may be involved in the pathogenesis of HTN potentially in insulin, angiotensin II, sympathetic nervous system, and the energy reprogramming to address how perturbated metabolites in type 2 DM affect the pathogenesis of HTN. The recent integration of the metabolism field with microbiology and immunology may provide a wider perspective. Metabolism affects immune function and supports immune cell differentiation by the switch of energy. The diverse metabolites produced by bacteria modified the biological process in the inflammatory response of chronic metabolic diseases either. The rapidly evolving metabolomics has enabled to have a better understanding of the process of diseases, which is an important tool for providing some insight into the investigation of diseases mechanism. Metabolites served as direct modulators of biological processes were believed to assess the pathological mechanisms involved in diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchi Ning
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqian Song
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shitao Peng
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Wan
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li L, Wang Y, Yu X, Bao Y, An L, Wei X, Yu W, Liu B, Li J, Yang J, Xia Y, Liu G, Cao F, Zhang X, Zhao D. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression in vascular cells in the local microenvironment during rabbit osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:480. [PMID: 33176873 PMCID: PMC7656701 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (NONFH) is a highly disabling orthopedic disease in young individuals. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) has been reported to be positively associated with NONFH. We aimed to investigate the dysregulating PAI-1 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and vascular cells in rabbit steroid-induced NONFH. Methods To verify the hypothesis that BMMSCs could promote thrombus formation in a paracrine manner, we collected exosomes from glucocorticoid-treated BMMSCs (GB-Exo) to determine their regulatory effects on vascular cells. microRNA sequencing was conducted to find potential regulators in GB-Exo. Utilizing gain-of-function and knockdown approaches, we testified the regulatory effect of microRNA in exosomes. Results The expression of PAI-1 was significantly increased in the local microenvironment of the femoral head in the ONFH model. GB-Exo promoted PAI-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular endothelial cells. We also revealed that miR-451-5p in GB-Exo plays a crucial role for the elevated PAI-1. Moreover, we identified miR-133b-3p and tested its role as a potential inhibitor of PAI-1. Conclusions This study provided considerable evidence for BMMSC exosomal miR-mediated upregulation of the fibrinolytic regulator PAI-1 in vascular cells. The disruption of coagulation and low fibrinolysis in the femoral head will eventually lead to a disturbance in the microcirculation of NONFH. We believe that our findings could be of great significance for guiding clinical trials in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-01991-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yikai Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia An
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiting Yu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyi Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlei Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Cao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzhi Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dewei Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Orthopedic Implant Materials, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:225-82. [PMID: 26967715 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing worldwide prevalence of overnutrition and underexertion threatens the gains that we have made against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other maladies. Chronic overnutrition causes the atherometabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of seemingly unrelated health problems characterized by increased abdominal girth and body-mass index, high fasting and postprandial concentrations of cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich apoB-lipoproteins (C-TRLs), low plasma HDL levels, impaired regulation of plasma glucose concentrations, hypertension, and a significant risk of developing overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, individuals with this syndrome exhibit fatty liver, hypercoagulability, sympathetic overactivity, a gradually rising set-point for body adiposity, a substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and--crucially--hyperinsulinemia. Many lines of evidence indicate that each component of the atherometabolic syndrome arises, or is worsened by, pathway-selective insulin resistance and responsiveness (SEIRR). Individuals with SEIRR require compensatory hyperinsulinemia to control plasma glucose levels. The result is overdrive of those pathways that remain insulin-responsive, particularly ERK activation and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), while carbohydrate regulation deteriorates. The effects are easily summarized: if hyperinsulinemia does something bad in a tissue or organ, that effect remains responsive in the atherometabolic syndrome and T2DM; and if hyperinsulinemia might do something good, that effect becomes resistant. It is a deadly imbalance in insulin action. From the standpoint of human health, it is the worst possible combination of effects. In this review, we discuss the origins of the atherometabolic syndrome in our historically unprecedented environment that only recently has become full of poorly satiating calories and incessant enticements to sit. Data are examined that indicate the magnitude of daily caloric imbalance that causes obesity. We also cover key aspects of healthy, balanced insulin action in liver, endothelium, brain, and elsewhere. Recent insights into the molecular basis and pathophysiologic harm from SEIRR in these organs are discussed. Importantly, a newly discovered oxide transport chain functions as the master regulator of the balance amongst different limbs of the insulin signaling cascade. This oxide transport chain--abbreviated 'NSAPP' after its five major proteins--fails to function properly during chronic overnutrition, resulting in this harmful pattern of SEIRR. We also review the origins of widespread, chronic overnutrition. Despite its apparent complexity, one factor stands out. A sophisticated junk food industry, aided by subsidies from willing governments, has devoted years of careful effort to promote overeating through the creation of a new class of food and drink that is low- or no-cost to the consumer, convenient, savory, calorically dense, yet weakly satiating. It is past time for the rest of us to overcome these foes of good health and solve this man-made epidemic.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mathew B, Takekoshi D, Sammani S, Epshtein Y, Sharma R, Smith BD, Mitra S, Desai AA, Weichselbaum RR, Garcia JGN, Jacobson JR. Role of GADD45a in murine models of radiation- and bleomycin-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1420-9. [PMID: 26498248 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00146.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported protective effects of GADD45a (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 45 alpha) in murine ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) via effects on Akt-mediated endothelial cell signaling. In the present study we investigated the role of GADD45a in separate murine models of radiation- and bleomycin-induced lung injury. Initial studies of wild-type mice subjected to single-dose thoracic radiation (10 Gy) confirmed a significant increase in lung GADD45a expression within 24 h and persistent at 6 wk. Mice deficient in GADD45a (GADD45a(-/-)) demonstrated increased susceptibility to radiation-induced lung injury (RILI, 10 Gy) evidenced by increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid total cell counts, protein and albumin levels, and levels of inflammatory cytokines compared with RILI-challenged wild-type animals at 2 and 4 wk. Furthermore, GADD45a(-/-) mice had decreased total and phosphorylated lung Akt levels both at baseline and 6 wk after RILI challenge relative to wild-type mice while increased RILI susceptibility was observed in both Akt(+/-) mice and mice treated with an Akt inhibitor beginning 1 wk prior to irradiation. Additionally, overexpression of a constitutively active Akt1 transgene reversed RILI-susceptibility in GADD45a(-/-) mice. In separate studies, lung fibrotic changes 2 wk after treatment with bleomycin (0.25 U/kg IT) was significantly increased in GADD45a(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice assessed by lung collagen content and histology. These data implicate GADD45a as an important modulator of lung inflammatory responses across different injury models and highlight GADD45a-mediated signaling as a novel target in inflammatory lung injury clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biji Mathew
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daisuke Takekoshi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Saad Sammani
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yulia Epshtein
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brett D Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Sumegha Mitra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Joe G N Garcia
- Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Matsui S, Yamane T, Kobayashi-Hattori K, Oishi Y. Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to decrease transforming growth factor β1-induced hepatic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 78:787-90. [PMID: 25035980 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.910096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is one of factors associated with the development of hepatic fibrosis. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) shows hepatoprotective effect during hepatic injuries, including fibrosis. However, the effects of CGRP on PAI-1 expression induced by TGFβ1 are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of CGRP on TGFβ1-induced PAI-1 expression and its regulatory mechanisms in HepG2 cells. CGRP inhibited TGFβ1-induced PAI-1 expression. H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor, abolished the inhibition of TGFβ1-induced PAI-1 expression by CGRP. TGFβ1 activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38, and this activation was abolished by CGRP. These results show that the CGRP-induced cAMP/PKA activation suppresses activation of MAPK induced by TGFβ1, leading to decreased PAI-1 expression in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Matsui
- a Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Department of Nutritional Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chong LW, Hsu YC, Lee TF, Lin Y, Chiu YT, Yang KC, Wu JC, Huang YT. Fluvastatin attenuates hepatic steatosis-induced fibrogenesis in rats through inhibiting paracrine effect of hepatocyte on hepatic stellate cells. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:22. [PMID: 25886887 PMCID: PMC4336504 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with hepatic fibrogenesis. Despite well-known cholesterol-lowering action of statins, their mechanisms against NASH-mediated fibrogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed at investigating the in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic properties of fluvastatin (Flu). Methods Palmitate (PA)-induced changes in intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels in primary rat hepatocytes (PRHs) and human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) were quantified by dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) dye assay, whereas changes in expressions of NADPH oxidase gp91phox subunit, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and NFκB p65 nuclear translocation were quantified with Western blotting. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was used to investigate mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory genes (ICAM-1, IL-6, TNF-α). Conditioned medium (CM) from PA-treated PRHs was applied to cultured rat hepatic stellate cell line, HSC-T6, with or without Flu-pretreatment for 2 h. Pro-fibrogenic gene expressions (COL1, TIMP-1, TGF-β1, α-SMA) and protein expression of α-SMA were analyzed. In vivo study using choline-deficient L-amino acid defined (CDAA) diet-induced rat NASH model was performed by randomly assigning Wistar rats (n = 28) to normal controls (n = 4), CDAA diet with vehicles, and CDAA diet with Flu (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) (n = 8 each) through gavage for 4 or 8 weeks. Livers were harvested for histological, Western blot (α-SMA), and q-PCR analyses for expressions of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, iNOS, ICAM-1) and pro-fibrogenic (Col1, α-SMA, TIMP-1) genes. Results In vitro, Flu (1–20 μM) inhibited PA-induced free-radical production, gp91phox expression, and NFκB p65 translocation in HepG2 and PRHs, while CM-induced α-SMA protein expression and pro-fibrogenic gene expressions in HSC-T6 were suppressed in Flu-pretreated cells compared to those without pretreatment. Moreover, α-SMA protein expression was significantly decreased in HSC-T6 cultured with CM from PA-Flu-treated PRHs compared to those cultured with CM from PA-treated PRHs. Flu also reduced steatosis and fibrosis scores, α-SMA protein expression, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic genes in livers of CDAA rats. Conclusions We demonstrated PA-induced HSC activation through paracrine effect of hepatocyte in vitro that was significantly suppressed by pre-treating HSC with Flu. In vivo, Flu alleviated steatosis-induced HSC activation and hepatic fibrogenesis through mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting possible therapeutic role of Flu against NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Won Chong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Fang Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yun Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Li-Nong Street, Sec. 2, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Tsung Chiu
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Ching Yang
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jaw-Ching Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Translational Research Division, Medical Research Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Tsau Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Li-Nong Street, Sec. 2, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marudamuthu AS, Shetty SK, Bhandary YP, Karandashova S, Thompson M, Sathish V, Florova G, Hogan TB, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, Tsukasaki Y, Fu J, Ikebe M, Idell S, Shetty S. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 suppresses profibrotic responses in fibroblasts from fibrotic lungs. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9428-41. [PMID: 25648892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease characterized by progressive interstitial scarification. A hallmark morphological lesion is the accumulation of myofibroblasts or fibrotic lung fibroblasts (FL-fibroblasts) in areas called fibroblastic foci. We previously demonstrated that the expression of both urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the uPA receptor are elevated in FL-fibroblasts from the lungs of patients with IPF. FL-fibroblasts isolated from human IPF lungs and from mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis showed an increased rate of proliferation compared with normal lung fibroblasts (NL-fibroblasts) derived from histologically "normal" lung. Basal expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in human and murine FL-fibroblasts was reduced, whereas collagen-I and α-smooth muscle actin were markedly elevated. Conversely, alveolar type II epithelial cells surrounding the fibrotic foci in situ, as well as those isolated from IPF lungs, showed increased activation of caspase-3 and PAI-1 with a parallel reduction in uPA expression. Transduction of an adenovirus PAI-1 cDNA construct (Ad-PAI-1) suppressed expression of uPA and collagen-I and attenuated proliferation in FL-fibroblasts. On the contrary, inhibition of basal PAI-1 in NL-fibroblasts increased collagen-I and α-smooth muscle actin. Fibroblasts isolated from PAI-1-deficient mice without lung injury also showed increased collagen-I and uPA. These changes were associated with increased Akt/phosphatase and tensin homolog proliferation/survival signals in FL-fibroblasts, which were reversed by transduction with Ad-PAI-1. This study defines a new role of PAI-1 in the control of fibroblast activation and expansion and its role in the pathogenesis of fibrosing lung disease and, in particular, IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath S Marudamuthu
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Shwetha K Shetty
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Yashodhar P Bhandary
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Sophia Karandashova
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Michael Thompson
- the Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
| | | | - Galina Florova
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Taryn B Hogan
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | | | - Y S Prakash
- the Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
| | - Yoshikazu Tsukasaki
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Jian Fu
- the Center for Research on Environmental Disease and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Steven Idell
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- From the Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Polymers have found widespread applications in cardiology, in particular in coronary vascular intervention as stent platforms (scaffolds) and coating matrices for drug-eluting stents. Apart from permanent polymers, current research is focussing on biodegradable polymers. Since they degrade once their function is fulfilled, their use might contribute to the reduction of adverse events like in-stent restenosis, late stent-thrombosis, and hypersensitivity reactions. After reviewing current literature concerning polymers used for cardiovascular applications, this review deals with parameters of tissue and blood cell functions which should be considered to evaluate biocompatibility of stent polymers in order to enhance physiological appropriate properties. The properties of the substrate on which vascular cells are placed can have a large impact on cell morphology, differentiation, motility, and fate. Finally, methods to assess these parameters under physiological conditions will be summarized.
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Ikeda Y, Tsuchiya H, Hama S, Kajimoto K, Kogure K. Resistin regulates the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:129-33. [PMID: 24667608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Resistin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are adipokines, which are secreted from adipocytes. Increased plasma resistin and PAI-1 levels aggravate metabolic syndrome through exacerbation of insulin resistance and induction of chronic inflammation. However, the relationship between resistin and PAI-1 gene expression remains unclear. Previously, we found that resistin regulates lipid metabolism via carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) during adipocyte maturation (Ikeda et al., 2013) [6]. In this study, to clarify the relationship between expression of resistin and PAI-1, PAI-1 expression in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes was measured after transfection with anti-resistin siRNA. We found that PAI-1 gene expression and secreted PAI-1 protein were significantly decreased by resistin knockdown. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Akt, which can inhibit PAI-1 expression, was accelerated and the activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) was suppressed in resistin knockdown 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, the expression of glucose transporter type 4, a ChREBP target gene, was reduced and was associated with inhibition of PP2A. The addition of culture medium collected from COS7 cells transfected with a resistin expression plasmid rescued the suppression of PAI-1 expression in resistin knockdown 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our findings suggest that resistin regulates PAI-1 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via Akt phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Ikeda
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Susumu Hama
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kajimoto
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lastra G, Syed S, Kurukulasuriya LR, Manrique C, Sowers JR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: an update. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2014; 43:103-22. [PMID: 24582094 PMCID: PMC3942662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular and chronic renal disease. Factors involved in the pathogenesis of both hypertension and type 2 diabetes include inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired insulin-mediated vasodilatation, augmented sympathetic nervous system activation, altered innate and adaptive immunity, and abnormal sodium processing by the kidney. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade is a key therapeutic strategy in the treatment of hypertension in type 2 diabetes. Emerging therapies for resistant hypertension as often exists in patients with diabetes, include renal denervation and carotid body denervation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Lastra
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Sofia Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - L Romayne Kurukulasuriya
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Camila Manrique
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hazra S, Stepps V, Bhatwadekar AD, Caballero S, Boulton ME, Higgins PJ, Nikonova EV, Pepine CJ, Thut C, Finney EM, Stone DJ, Bartelmez SH, Grant MB. Enhancing the function of CD34(+) cells by targeting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79067. [PMID: 24223881 PMCID: PMC3815099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that transient inhibition of TGF- β1 resulted in correction of key aspects of diabetes-induced CD34(+) cell dysfunction. In this report, we examine the effect of transient inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a major gene target of TGF-β1 activation. Using gene array studies, we examined CD34(+) cells isolated from a cohort of longstanding diabetic individuals, free of microvascular complications despite suboptimal glycemic control, and found that the cells exhibited reduced transcripts of both TGF-β1 and PAI-1 compared to age, sex, and degree of glycemic control-matched diabetic individuals with microvascular complications. CD34(+) cells from diabetic subjects with microvascular complications consistently exhibited higher PAI-1 mRNA than age-matched non-diabetic controls. TGF- β1 phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligo (PMO) reduced PAI-1 mRNA in diabetic (p<0.01) and non-diabetic (p=0.05) CD34(+) cells. To reduce PAI-1 in human CD34(+) cells, we utilized PAI-1 siRNA, lentivirus expressing PAI-1 shRNA or PAI-1 PMO. We found that inhibition of PAI-1 promoted CD34(+) cell proliferation and migration in vitro, likely through increased PI3(K) activity and increased cGMP production. Using a retinal ischemia reperfusion injury model in mice, we observed that recruitment of diabetic CD34(+) cells to injured acellular retinal capillaries was greater after PAI-1-PMO treatment compared with control PMO-treated cells. Targeting PAI-1 offers a promising therapeutic strategy for restoring vascular reparative function in defective diabetic progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Hazra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valerie Stepps
- BetaStem Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ashay D. Bhatwadekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sergio Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena V. Nikonova
- Exploratory and Translational Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc,West Point, Pennsylvania., United States of America
| | - Carl J. Pepine
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Catherine Thut
- Exploratory and Translational Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc,West Point, Pennsylvania., United States of America
| | - Eva M. Finney
- Exploratory and Translational Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc,West Point, Pennsylvania., United States of America
| | - David J. Stone
- Exploratory and Translational Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc,West Point, Pennsylvania., United States of America
| | | | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ni XQ, Zhu JH, Yao NH, Qian J, Yang XJ. Statins suppress glucose-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by regulating RhoA and nuclear factor-κB activities in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:37-46. [PMID: 23479762 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible proinflammatory signaling pathways involved in statin inhibition of glucose-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). Primary rat CMECs were grown in the presence of 5.7 or 23 mmol/L glucose. PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were measured by realtime polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. A pull-down assay was performed to determine RhoA activity. IκBα protein expression was measured by Western blotting, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and its transcription activity was determined by a dual luciferase reporter gene assay. PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were both increased with high glucose concentrations, but they were significantly suppressed by simvastatin and atorvastatin treatment (P < 0.01) and the effects were reversed by mevalonate (100 μmol/L) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (10 μmol/L) but not farnesyl pyrophosphate (10 μmol/L). Such effects were similar to those of a RhoA inhibitor, C3 exoenzyme (5 μg/mL), inhibitors of RhoA kinase (ROCK), Y-27632 (10 μmol/L) and hydroxyfasudil (10 μmol/L) and an NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7082 (5 μmol/L). High glucose-induced RhoA and NF-κB activations in CMECs were both significantly inhibited by statins (P < 0.01). Simvastatin and atorvastatin equally suppress high glucose-induced PAI-1 expression. These effects of statins may occur partly by regulating the RhoA/ROCK-NF-κB pathway. The multifunctional roles of statins may be particularly beneficial for patients with metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Ni
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi St 188, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Insulin resistance is frequently associated with endothelial dysfunction and has been proposed to play a major role in cardiovascular diseases. Insulin exerts pro- and anti-atherogenic actions on the vasculature. The balance between nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilator actions and endothelin-1- dependent vasoconstrictor actions of insulin is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent (PI3K) - and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent signaling in vascular endothelium, respectively. During insulin-resistant conditions, pathway-specific impairment in PI3K-dependent signaling may cause imbalance between production of NO and secretion of endothelin-1 and lead to endothelial dysfunction. Insulin sensitizers that target pathway-selective impairment in insulin signaling are known to improve endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the cellular mechanisms in the endothelium underlying vascular actions of insulin, the role of insulin resistance in mediating endothelial dysfunction, and the effect of insulin sensitizers in restoring the balance in pro- and anti-atherogenic actions of insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James R. Sowers
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri; and Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Corresponding author for proof and reprints: James R. Sowers, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri, MO 65212,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
uPA and PAI-1-Related Signaling Pathways Differ between Primary Breast Cancers and Lymph Node Metastases. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:98-104. [PMID: 22496926 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The supporting role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in migration and invasion is well known. In addition, both factors are key components in cancer cell-related signaling. However, little information is available for uPA and PAI-1-associated signaling pathways in primary cancers and corresponding lymph node metastases. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of uPA and PAI-1-associated signaling proteins in 52 primary breast cancers and corresponding metastases. Proteins were extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of the primary tumors and metastases. Protein lysates were subsequently analyzed by reverse phase protein array for the expression of members of the PI3K/AKT (FAK, GSK3-β, ILK, pGSK3-β, PI3K, and ROCK) and the MAPK pathways (pp38, pSTAT3, and p38). A solid correlation of uPA expression existed between primary tumors and metastases, whereas PAI-1 expression did not significantly correlate between them. The correlations of uPA and PAI-1 with signaling pathways found in primary tumors did not persist in metastases. Analysis of single molecules revealed that some correlated well between tumors and metastases (FAK, pGSK3-β, ILK, Met, PI3K, ROCK, uPA, p38, and pp38), whereas others did not (PAI-1 and GSK3-β). Whether the expression of a protein correlated between tumor and metastasis or not was independent of the pathway the protein is related to. These findings hint at a complete deregulation of uPA and PAI-1-related signaling in metastases, which might be the reason why uPA and PAI-1 reached clinical relevance only for lymph node-negative breast cancer tissues.
Collapse
|
26
|
Rafehi H, Ververis K, Balcerczyk A, Ziemann M, Ooi J, Hu S, Kwa FAA, Loveridge SJ, Georgiadis GT, El-Osta A, Karagiannis TC. Investigation of the biological properties of Cinnulin PF in the context of diabetes: mechanistic insights by genome-wide mRNA-Seq analysis. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2012; 2:PBA-2-11905. [PMID: 22953038 PMCID: PMC3417697 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v2i0.11905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The accumulating evidence of the beneficial effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni) in type-2 diabetes, a chronic age-associated disease, has prompted the commercialisation of various supplemental forms of the spice. One such supplement, Cinnulin PF®, represents the water soluble fraction containing relatively high levels of the double-linked procyanidin type-A polymers of flavanoids. The overall aim of this study was to utilize genome-wide mRNA-Seq analysis to characterise the changes in gene expression caused by Cinnulin PF in immortalised human keratinocytes and microvascular endothelial cells, which are relevant with respect to diabetic complications. In summary, our findings provide insights into the mechanisms of action of Cinnulin PF in diabetes and diabetic complications. More generally, we identify relevant candidate genes which could provide the basis for further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haloom Rafehi
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
White SJ, Hayes EM, Lehoux S, Jeremy JY, Horrevoets AJG, Newby AC. Characterization of the differential response of endothelial cells exposed to normal and elevated laminar shear stress. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2841-8. [PMID: 21302282 PMCID: PMC3412226 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most acute coronary events occur in the upstream region of stenotic atherosclerotic plaques that experience laminar shear stress (LSS) elevated above normal physiological levels. Many studies have described the atheroprotective effect on endothelial behavior of normal physiological LSS (approximately 15 dynes/cm2) compared to static or oscillatory shear stress (OSS), but it is unknown whether the levels of elevated shear stress imposed by a stenotic plaque would preserve, enhance or reverse this effect. Therefore we used transcriptomics and related functional analyses to compare human endothelial cells exposed to laminar shear stress of 15 (LSS15-normal) or 75 dynes/cm2 (LSS75-elevated). LSS75 upregulated expression of 145 and downregulated expression of 158 genes more than twofold relative to LSS15. Modulation of the metallothioneins (MT1-G, -M, -X) and NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX2, NOX4, NOX5, and p67phox) accompanied suppression of reactive oxygen species production at LSS75. Shear induced changes in dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs 1, 5, 8, and 16 increasing and DUSPs 6 and 23 decreasing) were observed as well as reduced ERK1/2 but increased p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation. Amongst vasoactive substances, endothelin-1 expression decreased whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and prostacyclin expression increased, despite which intracellular cAMP levels were reduced. Promoter analysis by rVISTA identified a significant over representation of ATF and Nrf2 transcription factor binding sites in genes upregulated by LSS75 compared to LSS15. In summary, LSS75 induced a specific change in behavior, modifying gene expression, reducing ROS levels, altering MAP kinase signaling and reducing cAMP levels, opening multiple avenues for future study. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2841–2848, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J White
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol (Clinical Sciences South Bristol), Bristol, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen LC, Chen CC, Liang Y, Tsang NM, Chang YS, Hsueh C. A novel role for TNFAIP2: its correlation with invasion and metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:175-84. [PMID: 21057457 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is an inflammatory cytokine that is present in the microenvironment of many tumors and is known to promote tumor progression. To examine how TNFα modulates the progression and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we used Affymetrix chips to identify TNFα-inducible genes that are dysregulated in this tumor. Elevated expression of TNFAIP2, which encodes TNFα-inducible protein 2 and not previously known to be associated with cancer, was found and confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR of TNFAIP2 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the TNFAIP2 protein was highly expressed in tumor cells. Analysis of 95 nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsy specimens revealed that high TNFAIP2 expression was significantly correlated with high-level intratumoral microvessel density (P=0.005) and low distant metastasis-free survival (P=0.001). A multivariate analysis further confirmed that TNFAIP2 was an independent prognostic factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (P=0.002). In vitro, TNFα treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma HK1 cells was found to induce TNFAIP2 expression, and siRNA-based knockdown of TNFAIP2 dramatically reduced the migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma HK1 cells. These results collectively suggest for the first time that TNFAIP2 is a cell migration-promoting protein and its expression predicts distant metastasis. Our data suggest that TNFAIP2 may serve as an independent prognostic indicator for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Chyang Chen
- Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
He W, Tan R, Dai C, Li Y, Wang D, Hao S, Kahn M, Liu Y. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a transcriptional target of the canonical pathway of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24665-75. [PMID: 20519507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney and cardiovascular diseases. Although transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is a known inducer of PAI-1, how it controls PAI-1 expression remains enigmatic. Here we investigated the mechanism underlying TGF-beta1 regulation of PAI-1 in kidney tubular epithelial cells (HKC-8). Surprisingly, overexpression of Smad2 or Smad3 in HKC-8 cells blocked PAI-1 induction by TGF-beta1, whereas knockdown of them sensitized the cells to TGF-beta1 stimulation, suggesting that Smad signaling is not responsible for PAI-1 induction. Blockade of several TGF-beta1 downstream pathways such as p38 MAPK or JNK, but not phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and ERK1/2, only partially inhibited PAI-1 expression. TGF-beta1 stimulated beta-catenin activation in tubular epithelial cells, and ectopic expression of beta-catenin induced PAI-1 expression, whereas inhibition of beta-catenin abolished its induction. A functional T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-binding site was identified in the promoter region of the PAI-1 gene, which interacted with T cell factor upon beta-catenin activation. Deletion or site-directed mutation of this site abolished PAI-1 response to beta-catenin or TGF-beta1 stimulation. Similarly, ectopic expression of Wnt1 also activated PAI-1 expression and promoter activity. In vivo, PAI-1 was induced in kidney tubular epithelia in obstructive nephropathy. Delivery of Wnt1 gene activated beta-catenin and promoted PAI-1 expression after obstructive injury, whereas blockade of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by Dickkopf-1 gene inhibited PAI-1 induction. Collectively, these studies identify PAI-1 as a direct downstream target of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and demonstrate that PAI-1 induction could play a role in mediating the fibrogenic action of this signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichun He
- Department of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, which are widely used to lower serum cholesterol levels in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Recent experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of statins may extend beyond their cholesterol-lowering effects, to include so-called pleiotropic effects. These cholesterol-independent effects include improving endothelial function, attenuating vascular and myocardial remodeling, inhibiting vascular inflammation and oxidation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. The mechanism underlying some of these pleiotropic effects is the inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis by statins, which leads to the inhibition of intracellular signaling molecules Rho, Rac and Cdc42. In particular, inhibition of Rho and one of its downstream targets, Rho kinase, may be a predominant mechanism contributing to the pleiotropic effects of statins. The aim of the present review is to provide an update on the non-cholesterol-dependent statin effects in the cardiovascular system and highlight some of the recent findings from bench to bedside to support the concept of statin pleiotropy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Vascular Medicine Research Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Green tea polyphenols inhibit plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and secretion in endothelial cells. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009; 20:552-7. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32832e05f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Potenza MA, Addabbo F, Montagnani M. Vascular actions of insulin with implications for endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E568-77. [PMID: 19491294 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00297.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamic actions of insulin depend largely on the hormone's ability to stimulate synthesis and release of endothelial mediators, whose balanced activity ensures dynamic control of vascular function. Nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important examples of endothelial mediators with opposing properties on vascular tone, hemostatic processes, and vascular permeability. Reduced NO bioavailability, resulting from either insufficient production or increased degradation of NO, characterizes endothelial dysfunction. In turn, endothelial dysfunction predicts vascular complications of metabolic and hemodynamic disorders. In the cardiovascular system, insulin stimulates the production and release of NO, ET-1, and ROS via activation of distinct intracellular signaling pathways. Under insulin-resistant conditions, increased insulin concentrations and/or impaired insulin-signaling pathways in the vasculature may contribute to imbalance in secretion of endothelial mediators that promote pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities. This short review describes signaling pathways involved in insulin-stimulated release of NO, ROS, and ET-1 and suggests possible molecular mechanisms by which abnormal insulin signaling may contribute to endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Assunta Potenza
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li LF, Huang CC, Lin HC, Tsai YH, Quinn DA, Liao SK. Unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin reduce high-stretch ventilation augmented lung injury: a prospective, controlled animal experiment. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:R108. [PMID: 19580651 PMCID: PMC2750150 DOI: 10.1186/cc7949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Dysregulation of coagulation and local fibrinolysis found in patients with acute lung injury often results in the need for the support of mechanical ventilation. High-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation can increase lung damage and suppression of fibrinolytic activity, but the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that subcutaneous injections of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin would decrease neutrophil infiltration, lung edema, and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) production in mice exposed to high-tidal-volume ventilation. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice, weighing 20 to 25 g, were exposed to either high-tidal-volume (30 ml/kg) or low-tidal-volume (6 ml/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air for 1 to 5 hours after 200 IU/kg or 400 IU/kg unfractionated heparin and 4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg enoxaparin administration. Nonventilated mice served as a control group. Evan blue dye, lung wet- to dry-weight ratio, histopathologic grading of epithelium, myeloperoxidase, and gene expression of PAI-1 were measured. The expression of PAI-1 was studied by immunohistochemistry. Results High-tidal-volume ventilation induced increased microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, PAI-1 mRNA expression, production of PAI-1 protein, and positive staining of PAI-1 in epithelium in a dose-dependent manner. Lung injury induced by high-tidal-volume ventilation was attenuated with PAI-1-deficient mice and pharmacologic inhibition of PAI-1 activity by low-dose unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin. Conclusions We conclude that high-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation increased microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, lung PAI-1 mRNA expression, production of active PAI-1. The deleterious effects were attenuated by low-dose unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin treatment. Understanding the protective mechanism of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin related to the reduction of PAI-1 may afford further knowledge of the effects of mechanical forces in the lung and development of possible therapeutic strategies involved in acute lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Agis H, Kandler B, Fischer MB, Watzek G, Gruber R. Activated platelets increase fibrinolysis of mesenchymal progenitor cells. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:972-80. [PMID: 19030175 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone regeneration is initiated by the formation of a blood clot. Activated platelets within this fibrin-rich matrix release signaling molecules that can attract mesenchymal progenitor cells. To gain insight into the cellular mechanism by which activated platelets can support the immigration of mesenchymal progenitors, we have tested the hypothesis that platelet-released signaling molecules increase the capacity of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) to activate plasminogen. We report herein that platelet-released supernatants (PRS) elevate total urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and total plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in BMSC, as assessed by immunoassay. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed an upregulation of uPA, uPA receptor, and PAI-1. Zymography and kinetic analysis based on casein hydrolysis revealed enhanced activity of cell-associated uPA upon exposure of BMSC to PRS. Inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling reduced uPA production and decreased plasminogen activation. Corresponding Western blot analysis showed increased phosphorylation of JNK and AKT in BMSC treated with PRS. These results suggest that activated platelets can enhance the plasminogen activation capacity of mesenchymal progenitors through the stimulation of uPA production, requiring JNK and PI3K/AKT signaling. By this mechanism platelets may contribute to the organization of the blood clot during bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Agis
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 25a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jung YA, Lee KM, Kim MK, Jung GS, Seo YJ, Kim HS, Cho HC, Lee KU, Park KG, Lee IK. Forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 inhibits insulin- and transforming growth factor-beta-stimulated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:757-61. [PMID: 19563779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are considered a risk factor for chronic liver disease in patients with hyperinsulinemia. Insulin increases the expression of PAI-1, and inactivates the forkhead box-containing protein FoxO1. We were interested in whether the inactivation of FoxO1 is involved in the activation of PAI-1 expression under conditions of insulin stimulation. Here, we examined whether adenoviral-mediated expression of a constitutively active form of FoxO1 (Ad-CA-FoxO1) inhibited insulin-stimulated PAI-1 expression in human HepG2 hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells and mouse AML12 hepatocytes. Treatment of cells with insulin increased PAI-1 gene expression, and this effect was abolished by Ad-CA-FoxO1. Insulin also increased the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-induced expression of PAI-1 mRNA, and Ad-CA-FoxO1 inhibited this effect. Transient transfection assays using a reporter gene under the control of the PAI-1 promoter revealed that CA-FoxO1 inhibits Smad3-stimulated PAI-1 promoter activity. Taken together, our results indicate that FoxO1 inhibits PAI-1 expression through the inhibition of TGF-beta/Smad-mediated signaling pathways. Our data also suggest that in the hyperinsulinemic state, FoxO1 is inactivated by increased levels of insulin, and does not function as an inhibitor of TGF-beta-induced PAI-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-A Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 194 Dongsan-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-712, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Kassimatis TI, Konstantinopoulos PA. The role of statins in chronic kidney disease (CKD): Friend or foe? Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:312-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
38
|
Maeda T, Horiuchi N. Simvastatin suppresses leptin expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via activation of the cyclic AMP-PKA pathway induced by inhibition of protein prenylation. J Biochem 2009; 145:771-81. [PMID: 19254925 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which catalyses conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. We demonstrated that simvastatin at 1 microM markedly inhibited adipocyte differentiation measured by Oil Red O staining in preadipocyte cells (3T3-L1), while expression of leptin, a marker of adipocyte differentiation, was suppressed by 1 muM simvastatin for up to 12 days of culture. Next, to elucidate mechanisms underlying the reduction of leptin expression induced by simvastatin, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with various inhibitors with mevalonate or its metabolite in the presence or absence of simvastatin. Simvastatin time- and dose-dependently suppressed leptin mRNA expression. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA related to leptin mRNA was inhibited by 10 muM simvastatin, while stability of the mRNA was not changed by treatment with simvastatin in transcription-arrested 3T3-L1 cells. Simvastatin inhibition of leptin gene transcription was not abrogated by pre-treatment with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Addition of mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), a mevalonate metabolite, abolished simvastatin-induced inhibition of leptin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Suppression of expression was observed upon addition of GGTI-298, a geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor, but not FTI-277, a farnesyl transferase inhibitor. Expression was suppressed by treatment with hydroxyfasudil, a protein prenylation inhibitor. Treatment with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, reduced leptin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Simvastatin dose-dependently increased intra-cellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentrations in 3T3-L1 cells, with maximal stimulation obtained at 10 muM. Addition of GGPP abolished simvastatin-induced stimulation of cAMP accumulation and protein kinase A (PKA) activity. H89, an inhibitor of PKA, completely abolished simvastatin-induced suppression of leptin expression. These results suggested that simvastatin reduced geranylgeranylprotein prenylation followed by deactivation of PI3K, leading to cAMP accumulation and subsequent activation of PKA in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Finally, PKA inhibited leptin gene transcription without new protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toyonobu Maeda
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama 963-8611, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Intracellular signaling pathways involved in inhibition of PAI-1 expression by CNP in endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 155:150-5. [PMID: 19217919 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PAI-1 is a multifunctional protein stimulated by infectious agents and its activation is mediated by inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha. Recent studies demonstrate that natriuretic peptides, particularly C-type (CNP), can affect PAI-1 expression in bovine aortic smooth muscle cells and rat aortic endothelial cells. We have previously shown that CNP inhibits both basal and TNFalpha induced expression of PAI-1 in human endothelial cells. Herein, we describe mechanism by which CNP modulates signaling engaged in controlling PAI-1 expression in human endothelial cells. To examine which pathway initiated by TNFalpha is influenced, we tested kinase activity of MAP, PI3K/AKT and involvement of cGMP in endothelial cells exposed to CNP. CNP significantly increased cGMP level in endothelial cells. Its analogue, 8-Br-cGMP alone had no effect but significantly inhibited TNFalpha induced expression of PAI-1. Similarly, CNP and the inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD098059) and PI3K (LY294002) attenuated PAI-1 expression induced by TNFalpha. CNP almost abolished TNFalpha induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but did not affect JNK phosphorylation, indicating that its effect on ERK1/2 was specific. These data suggest that CNP might function as the natural defense of vascular wall against cytokine induced PAI-1 release through its ability to inactivate PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways.
Collapse
|
40
|
Hypoxia/reoxygenation induces CTGF and PAI-1 in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:889-99. [PMID: 19118548 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by thickening of Bruch's membrane due to the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). This finding could be related to hypoxia of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the present study, we investigated the effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), collagen type IV (Col IV) and fibronectin (Fn) in cultured human RPE cells. Cultured human RPE cells were kept for 12-36h under hypoxic conditions (1% O(2)). Reoxygenation was conducted for 24h. Hypoxia-mediated CTGF and PAI-1 expression were analyzed by using immunohistochemistry, Northern and Western blot analysis. Actinomycin D was added to examine whether hypoxia induces the transcription of CTGF and PAI-1 mRNA. Furthermore, cells were transfected with siRNA against hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and kept under hypoxic conditions. The effects of antioxidants on hypoxia/reoxygenation-mediated CTGF and PAI-1 expression were tested by real-time PCR analysis. Production of Col IV and Fn were investigated by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Both hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation increased the expression of CTGF, PAI-1, Col IV and Fn. Actinomycin D prevented the new transcription of CTGF and PAI-1 mRNA by hypoxia. Using siRNA against HIF-1alpha, the hypoxia-mediated increase of CTGF and PAI-1 was inhibited. Antioxidants attenuated the reoxygenation-mediated increase of CTGF and PAI-1. The process of hypoxia/reoxygenation in the RPE may lead to an increase of ECM in the RPE and thus may contribute to the accumulation of ECM in Bruch's membrane.
Collapse
|
41
|
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 protects fibrosarcoma cells from etoposide-induced apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt cell survival pathway. Neoplasia 2008; 10:1083-91. [PMID: 18813358 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in tumors are associated with poor prognosis in several cancer types, and the reason for this association is not fully understood. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 has been suggested to contribute to tumor growth by protecting cancer cells from apoptosis, and we have previously shown that wild type murine fibrosarcoma cells are significantly more resistant to apoptosis induced by chemotherapy than PAI-1-deficient fibrosarcoma cells. Here, we further investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiapoptotic function of PAI-1 focusing on the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K)/Akt cell survival pathway. We demonstrate that the activation level of the Akt cell survival pathway is reduced in PAI-1-deficient cells. Inhibition of either PI3K or Akt by synthetic inhibitors sensitized the wild type but not the PAI-1-deficient cells to etoposide-induced cell death. More importantly, reintroduction of PAI-1 expression in PAI-1-deficient cells induced an increase in Akt activity and protection against etoposide-induced apoptosis. Concordantly, silencing of PAI-1 by RNA interference in wild type fibrosarcoma cells decreased the level of active Akt, and this was accompanied by a sensitization of the cells to etoposide-induced cell death. Altogether, our data suggest that PAI-1 influences sensitivity to etoposide-induced apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt cell survival pathway by acting upstream of PI3K and Akt. This points to PAI-1 as a possible therapeutic target in cancer diseases where PAI-1 inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Muniyappa R, Iantorno M, Quon MJ. An integrated view of insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008; 37:685-711, ix-x. [PMID: 18775359 PMCID: PMC2613319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance are frequently comorbid states. Vasodilator actions of insulin are mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling pathways that stimulate production of nitric oxide from vascular endothelium. This helps to couple metabolic and hemodynamic homeostasis under healthy conditions. In pathologic states, shared causal factors, including glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and inflammation selectively impair PI3K-dependent insulin signaling pathways that contribute to reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. This article discusses the implications of pathway-selective insulin resistance in vascular endothelium, interactions between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, and therapeutic interventions that may simultaneously improve both metabolic and cardiovascular physiology in insulin-resistant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael J. Quon
- Corresponding author for proof and reprints: Michael J. Quon, MD, PhD, Chief, Diabetes Unit, NCCAM, NIH, 9 Memorial Drive, Building 9, Room 1N-105 MSC 0920, Bethesda, MD 20892-0920, Tel: (301) 496-6269, Fax: (301) 402-1679,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang L, Rockwood J, Zak D, Devaraj S, Jialal I. Simvastatin reduces circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 activity in volunteers with the metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2008; 6:149-52. [PMID: 18484901 DOI: 10.1089/met.2008.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Metabolic Syndrome (MS) confers an increased risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We previously showed that simvastatin has concomitant benefits in reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and inflammation in MS subjects. The levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(PAI-1), soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) play an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Their levels are increased in the MS. The current study was to investigate the effects of simvastatin on PAI-1, sP-selectin, and sCD40 ligand. METHODS Fifty subjects with MS were randomized into either placebo or simvastatin (40 mg/day) group for 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at the end of the study. PAI-1 activity and sP-selectin and sCD40L levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS There was no baseline difference in any of the parameters studied. Compared to baseline, simvastatin significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the circulating PAI-1 activity (24.3 +/- 5.2 IU/mL at baseline vs. 21.4 +/- 3.9 IU/mL after 8 weeks of treatment). Simvastatin did not alter (P < 0.05) the levels of sP-selectin (111.4 +/- 35.9 ng/mL at baseline vs. 118.5 +/- 71.2 ng/mL after 8 weeks) or sCD40L (2.0 +/- 1.6 ng/mL at baseline vs. 1.5 +/- 1.0 ng/mL after 8 weeks). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that simvastatin therapy has significant effects on the fibrinolytic system in MS subjects as evidenced in a reduction in PAI-1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Impact of statins on modulation by insulin of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1. Coron Artery Dis 2008; 19:355-61. [DOI: 10.1097/mca.0b013e328300dbe3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
45
|
Agis H, Bauer M, Knebl G, Watzek G, Gruber R. Effects of platelet-derived growth factor isoforms on plasminogen activation by periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:334-42. [PMID: 18447857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Platelet-derived growth factor isoforms and components of the plasminogen activator system are expressed at higher levels during periodontal regeneration. Recombinant platelet-derived growth factor-BB is approved for the treatment of periodontal defects. In the present study we investigated the effect of platelet-derived growth factor isoforms on the plasminogen activator system in periodontal fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts and gingival fibroblasts were exposed to platelet-derived growth factor isoforms. Changes in urokinase-type plasminogen activator, tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 transcript levels by platelet-derived growth factor-BB were monitored with a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein levels were assessed by immunoassays. The effects of platelet-derived growth factor-BB on mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositol-3 kinase/Akt signaling were investigated by western blot and inhibitor studies. Casein zymography and kinetic assays revealed the size and activity, respectively, of the plasminogen activators. RESULTS We found that incubation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts and gingival fibroblasts with platelet-derived growth factor-BB resulted in enhanced levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 transcripts, but not of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB also increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 release into the culture medium. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and Akt was observed in fibroblasts of both origin. Inhibition of phosphoinositol-3 kinase signaling abrogated the platelet-derived growth factor-BB effect on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production. Casein zymography revealed enzymatic activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator in cell-conditioned media and lysates of periodontal ligament fibroblasts and gingival fibroblasts. Exposure of gingival fibroblasts, but not of periodontal ligament fibroblasts, to platelet-derived growth factor isoforms moderately increased total plasminogen activation in the medium. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that periodontal ligament fibroblasts attempt to maintain an equilibrium of the plasminogen activator system in the presence of platelet-derived growth factor isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Agis
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The oncogene HDM2 has been implicated in the regulation of the transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). We show in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-defective renal carcinoma cells that express constitutively high levels of HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha that down-regulation of HDM2 by siRNA leads to decreased levels of both HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha protein levels. However, we show a differential regulation of HDM2 on the HIF angiogenic targets, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and endothelin-1 (ET-1): siRNA to HDM2 leads to increased expression of VEGF and PAI-1 proteins but decreased levels of ET-1. We show that HDM2-mediated regulation of these proteins is independent of VHL and p53 but dependent on a novel action of HDM2. Ablation of HDM2 leads to phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in renal carcinoma cells. We show that regulation of these angiogenic factors is dependent on ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which can be reversed by addition of the MAP/ERK1/2 kinase inhibitors PD98059 and PD184352. This study identifies a novel role for the HDM2 oncoprotein in the regulation of angiogenic factors in renal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A Carroll
- Cell Growth Regulation and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang CY, Liu PY, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statin therapy: molecular mechanisms and clinical results. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:37-44. [PMID: 18068482 PMCID: PMC2621332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Statins inhibit the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is required for cholesterol biosynthesis, and are beneficial in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Most of the benefits of statin therapy are owing to the lowering of serum cholesterol levels. However, by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, statins can also inhibit the synthesis of isoprenoids, which are important lipid attachments for intracellular signaling molecules, such as Rho, Rac and Cdc42. Therefore, it is possible that statins might exert cholesterol-independent or 'pleiotropic' effects through direct inhibition of these small GTP-binding proteins. Recent studies have shown that statins might have important roles in diseases that are not mediated by cholesterol. Here, we review data from recent clinical trials that support the concept of statin pleiotropy and provide a rationale for their clinical importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yung Wang
- Vascular Medicine Research Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vasodilator actions of insulin are mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent insulin signaling pathways in endothelium, which stimulate production of nitric oxide. Insulin-stimulated nitric oxide mediates capillary recruitment, vasodilation, increased blood flow, and subsequent augmentation of glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. Distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase dependent insulin signaling pathways regulate secretion of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 from endothelium. These vascular actions of insulin contribute to the coupling of metabolic and hemodynamic homeostasis that occurs under healthy conditions. Insulin resistance is characterized by pathway-specific impairment in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent signaling in both metabolic and vascular insulin target tissues. Here we discuss consequences of pathway-specific insulin resistance in endothelium and therapeutic interventions targeting this selective impairment. RECENT FINDINGS Shared causal factors such as glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and inflammation selectively impair phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent insulin signaling pathways, creating reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Diet, exercise, cardiovascular drugs, and insulin sensitizers simultaneously modulate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase dependent pathways, improving metabolic and vascular actions of insulin. SUMMARY Pathway-specific impairment in insulin action contributes to reciprocal relationships between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, fostering clustering of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in insulin-resistant states. Therapeutic interventions that target this selective impairment often simultaneously improve both metabolic and vascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Diabetes Unit, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1632, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|