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Laflamme DP. Key nutrients important in the management of canine myxomatous mitral valve disease and heart failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:S61-S70. [PMID: 36191141 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.07.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The most common cause of heart failure in dogs is myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), which accounts for approximately 75% of canine heart disease cases and is especially common in smaller dogs. Although low-sodium diets have been recommended for humans with heart diseases for decades, there is little evidence to support this practice in dogs. In recent years, however, it has become clear that other nutrients are important to heart health. Dogs with heart disease secondary to MMVD experience patterns of metabolic changes that include decreased mitochondrial energy metabolism and ATP availability, with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. These changes occur early in disease and progress with worsening heart disease. Key nutrients that may support normal function and address these changes include omega-3 fatty acids, medium-chain triglycerides, magnesium, antioxidants including vitamin E and taurine, and the amino acids methionine and lysine. The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids provide anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and other benefits. Medium-chain fatty acids and ketones derived from medium-chain triglycerides provide an alternative energy source for cardiac mitochondria and help reduce free radical production. Magnesium supports mitochondrial function, normal cardiac rhythm, and provides other benefits. Both vitamin E and taurine counter oxidative stress, and taurine also has direct cardiac benefits. Dogs with MMVD have reduced plasma methionine. Methionine and lysine are important for carnitine production as well as other functions. This article reviews the evidence supporting the functions and benefits of these and other nutrients in MMVD and other cardiac conditions.
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Reactivation of fatty acid oxidation by medium chain fatty acid prevents myocyte hypertrophy in H9c2 cell line. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:483-491. [PMID: 33000353 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic shift is an important contributory factor for progression of hypertension-induced left ventricular hypertrophy into cardiac failure. Under hypertrophic conditions, heart switches its substrate preference from fatty acid to glucose. Prolonged dependence on glucose for energy production has adverse cardiovascular consequences. It was reported earlier that reactivation of fatty acid metabolism with medium chain triglycerides ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy, oxidative stress and energy level in spontaneously hypertensive rat. However, the molecular mechanism mediating the beneficial effect of medium chain triglycerides remained elusive. It was hypothesized that reduction of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) is mediated by modulation of signaling pathways over expressed in cardiac hypertrophy. The protective effect of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) was evaluated in cellular model of myocyte hypertrophy. H9c2 cells were stimulated with Arginine vasopressin (AVP) for the induction of hypertrophy. Cell volume and secretion of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were used for assessment of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Cells were pretreated with MCFA (Caprylic acid) and metabolic modulation was assessed from the expression of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), cluster of differentiation-36 (CD36) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α mRNA. The signaling molecules modified by MCFA was evaluated from protein expression of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK: ERK1/2, p38 and JNK) and Calcineurin A. Pretreatment with MCFA stimulated fatty acid metabolism in hypertrophic H9c2, with concomitant reduction of cell volume and BNP secretion. MCFA reduced activated ERK1/2, JNK and calicineurin A expression mediated by AVP. In conclusion, the beneficial effect of MCFA is possibly mediated by stimulation of fatty acid metabolism and modulation of MAPK and Calcineurin A.
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Wada Y, Arai-Ichinoi N, Kikuchi A, Sakamoto O, Kure S. Hypoketotic hypoglycemia in citrin deficiency: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:444. [PMID: 32962675 PMCID: PMC7507238 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Citrin deficiency (CD) is a recessive metabolic disease caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in SLC25A13. Although previous studies have reported ketosis in CD, it was observed at the time of euglycemia or mild hypoglycemia. Blood ketone levels concomitant with symptomatic or severe hypoglycemia in CD have not been a topic of focus despite its importance in identifying the etiology of hypoglycemia and assessing the ability of fatty acid utilization. Herein, we describe a patient with CD who had repeated episodes of hypoglycemia with insufficient ketosis. Case presentation A 1-year-old boy with repetitive hypoglycemia was referred to us to investigate its etiology. The fasting load for 13 h led to hypoketotic hypoglycemia, indicating the possibility of partial β-oxidation dysfunction. A genetic test led to the diagnosis of CD. The hypoglycemic episodes disappeared after switching to a medium-chain triglyceride-containing formula. Conclusions This case report suggests that symptomatic or severe hypoglycemia in patients with CD could be associated with relatively low levels of ketone bodies, implying that β-oxidation in these patients might possibly be partially disrupted. When encountering a patient with hypoglycemia, clinicians should check blood ketone levels and bear in mind the possibility of CD because excessive intravenous administration of glucose can cause decompensated symptoms in patients with CD as opposed to other disorders presenting with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, such as fatty acid oxidation disorders. Further studies in a large-scale cohort are warranted to confirm our speculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Natsuko Arai-Ichinoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Osamu Sakamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
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Cardiac ketone body metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165739. [PMID: 32084511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ketone bodies, d-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, are soluble 4-carbon compounds derived principally from fatty acids, that can be metabolised by many oxidative tissues, including heart, in carbohydrate-depleted conditions as glucose-sparing energy substrates. They also have important signalling functions, acting through G-protein coupled receptors and histone deacetylases to regulate metabolism and gene expression including that associated with anti-oxidant activity. Their concentration, and hence availability, increases in diabetes mellitus and heart failure. Whilst known to be substrates for ATP production, especially in starvation, their role(s) in the heart, and in heart disease, is uncertain. Recent evidence, reviewed here, indicates that increased ketone body metabolism is a feature of heart failure, and is accompanied by other changes in substrate selection. Whether the change in myocardial ketone body metabolism is adaptive or maladaptive is unknown, but it offers the possibility of using exogenous ketones to treat the failing heart.
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Guimarães J, Bargut TCL, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Medium-chain triglyceride reinforce the hepatic damage caused by fructose intake in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 140:64-71. [PMID: 30553406 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of medium-chain triglyceride oil on the high fructose diet-provoked hepatic abnormalities in mice. We used C57bl/6 mice of 3-months-old divided into four groups for 12 weeks: control (C), control with MCT (C-MCT), fructose (F), and fructose with MCT (F-MCT). We investigated food and water intake, body mass, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, plasma and liver biochemistry, hepatic protein and gene expression. There were no changes in body mass, food intake and glucose tolerance among the groups. The F group presented increased water intake and blood pressure associated with hepatic steatosis and elevated de novo lipogenesis, beta-oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis and inflammation in the liver. Surprisingly, the C-MCT group also showed hepatic steatosis and inflammation in the liver, and the F-MCT group had no exacerbations of fructose-induced abnormalities, showing marked hepatic steatosis, lipogenesis de novo and hepatic inflammation. The MCT oil groups also presented increased beta-oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, MCT oil showed detrimental hepatic effects and should be used with caution, especially in the presence of hepatic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Guimarães
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gene expression profile of muscle adaptation to high-intensity intermittent exercise training in young men. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16811. [PMID: 30429512 PMCID: PMC6235852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity intermittent exercise training (HIIT) has been proposed as an effective approach for improving both, the aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity. However, the detailed molecular response of the skeletal muscle to HIIT remains unknown. We examined the effects of the HIIT on the global gene expression in the human skeletal muscle. Eleven young healthy men participated in the study and completed a 6-week HIIT program involving exhaustive 6–7 sets of 20-s cycling periods with 10-s rests. In addition to determining the maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2{\rm{\max }}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max), maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after the training to analyse the skeletal muscle transcriptome. The HIIT program significantly increased the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2{\rm{\max }}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and thigh muscle CSA. The expression of 79 genes was significantly elevated (fold-change >1.2), and that of 73 genes was significantly reduced (fold-change <0.8) after HIIT. Gene ontology analysis of the up-regulated genes revealed that the significantly enriched categories were “glucose metabolism”, “extracellular matrix”, “angiogenesis”, and “mitochondrial membrane”. By providing information about a set of genes in the human skeletal muscle that responds to the HIIT, the study provided insight into the mechanism of skeletal muscle adaptation to HIIT.
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Hu JN, Shen JR, Xiong CY, Zhu XM, Deng ZY. Investigation of Lipid Metabolism by a New Structured Lipid with Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols from Cinnamomum camphora Seed Oil in Healthy C57BL/6J Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1990-1998. [PMID: 29429331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a new structured lipid with medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs) was synthesized from camellia oil (CO) and Cinnamomum camphora seed oil (CCSO) by enzymatic interesterification. Meanwhile, the antiobesity effects of structured lipid were investigated through observing the changes of enzymes related to lipid mobilization in healthy C57BL/6J mice. Results showed that after synthesis, the major triacylgeride (TAG) species of intesterificated product changed to LaCC/CLaC (12.6 ± 0.46%), LaCO/LCL (21.7 ± 0.76%), CCO/LaCL (14.2 ± 0.55%), COO/OCO (10.8 ± 0.43%), and OOO (18.6 ± 0.64%). Through second-stage molecular distillation, the purity of interesterified product (MLCT) achieved 95.6%. Later, male C57BL/6J mice were applied to study whether the new structured lipid with MLCT has the efficacy of preventing the formation of obesity or not. After feeding with different diets for 6 weeks, MLCTs could reduce body weight and fat deposition in adipose tissue, lower plasma triacylglycerols (TG) (0.89 ± 0.16 mmol/L), plasma total cholesterol (TC) (4.03 ± 0.08 mmol/L), and hepatic lipids (382 ± 34.2 mg/mice) by 28.8%, 16.0%, and 30.5%, respectively, when compared to the control 2 group. This was also accompanied by increasing fecal lipids (113%) and the level of enzymes including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) related to lipid mobilization in MLCT group. From the results, it can be concluded that MLCT reduced body fat deposition probably by modulating enzymes related to lipid mobilization in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ning Hu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Jin-Rong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Chao-Yue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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Metabolic Modulation by Medium-Chain Triglycerides Reduces Oxidative Stress and Ameliorates CD36-Mediated Cardiac Remodeling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat in the Initial and Established Stages of Hypertrophy. J Card Fail 2017; 23:240-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zhang Y, Liao P, Zhu M, Li W, Hu D, Guan S, Chen L. Baicalin Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction and Myocardial Remodeling in a Chronic Pressure-Overload Mice Model. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:849-864. [DOI: 10.1159/000459708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Baicalin has been shown to be effective for various animal models of cardiovascular diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis and myocardial ischaemic injury. However, whether baicalin plays a role in cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. Here we investigated the protective effects of baicalin on cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload and explored the potential mechanisms involved. Methods: C57BL/6J-mice were treated with baicalin or vehicle following transverse aortic constriction or Sham surgery for up to 8 weeks, and at different time points, cardiac function and heart size measurement and histological and biochemical examination were performed. Results: Mice under pressure overload exhibited cardiac dysfunction, high mortality, myocardial hypertrophy, increased apoptosis and fibrosis markers, and suppressed cardiac expression of PPARα and PPARβ/δ. However, oral administration of baicalin improved cardiac dysfunction, decreased mortality, and attenuated histological and biochemical changes described above. These protective effects of baicalin were associated with reduced heart and cardiomyocyte size, lower fetal genes expression, attenuated cardiac fibrosis, lower expression of profibrotic markers, and decreased apoptosis signals in heart tissue. Moreover, we found that baicalin induced PPARα and PPARβ/δ expression in vivo and in vitro. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that long-term baicalin treatment presented no obvious cardiac lipotoxicity. Conclusions: The present results demonstrated that baicalin attenuates pressure overload induced cardiac dysfunction and ventricular remodeling, which would be due to suppressed cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, apoptosis and metabolic abnormality.
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Deschodt-Arsac V, Arsac L, Magat J, Naulin J, Quesson B, Dos Santos P. Energy Deregulation Precedes Alteration in Heart Energy Balance in Young Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: A Non Invasive In Vivo31P-MR Spectroscopy Follow-Up Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162677. [PMID: 27622548 PMCID: PMC5021382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gradual alterations in cardiac energy balance, as assessed by the myocardial PCr/ATP-ratio, are frequently associated with the development of cardiac disease. Despite great interest for the follow-up of myocardial PCr and ATP content, cardiac MR-spectroscopy in rat models in vivo is challenged by sensitivity issues and cross-contamination from other organs. Methods Here we combined MR-Imaging and MR-Spectroscopy (Bruker BioSpec 9.4T) to follow-up for the first time in vivo the cardiac energy balance in the SHR, a genetic rat model of cardiac hypertrophy known to develop early disturbances in cytosolic calcium dynamics. Results We obtained consistent 31P-spectra with high signal/noise ratio from the left ventricle in vivo by using a double-tuned (31P/1H) surface coil. Reasonable acquisition time (<3.2min) allowed assessing the PCr/ATP-ratio comparatively in SHR and age-matched control rats (WKY): i) weekly from 12 to 21 weeks of age; ii) in response to a bolus injection of the ß-adrenoreceptor agonist isoproterenol at age 21 weeks. Discussion Along weeks, the cardiac PCr/ATP-ratio was highly reproducible, steady and similar (2.35±0.06) in SHR and WKY, in spite of detectable ventricular hypertrophy in SHR. At the age 21 weeks, PCr/ATP dropped more markedly (-17.1%±0.8% vs. -3,5%±1.4%, P<0.001) after isoproterenol injection in SHR and recovered slowly thereafter (time constant 21.2min vs. 6.6min, P<0.05) despite similar profiles of tachycardia among rats. Conclusion The exacerbated PCr/ATP drop under ß-adrenergic stimulation indicates a defect in cardiac energy regulation possibly due to calcium-mediated abnormalities in the SHR heart. Of note, defects in energy regulation were present before detectable abnormalities in cardiac energy balance at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Deschodt-Arsac
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France; Inserm U1045 CRCTB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Laurent Arsac
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France; Inserm U1045 CRCTB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Magat
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France; Inserm U1045 CRCTB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jerome Naulin
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France; Inserm U1045 CRCTB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Quesson
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France; Inserm U1045 CRCTB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Dos Santos
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France; Inserm U1045 CRCTB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Hôpital cardiologique Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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Ismael S, Purushothaman S, Harikrishnan VS, Nair RR. Ligand specific variation in cardiac response to stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 406:173-82. [PMID: 25976666 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for cardiac failure. Reduction of LVH has beneficial effects on the heart. LVH is associated with shift in energy substrate preference from fatty acid to glucose, mediated by down regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α). As long-term dependence on glucose can promote adverse cardiac remodeling, it was hypothesized that, prevention of metabolic shift by averting down regulation of PPAR-α can reduce cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Cardiac response to stimulation of PPAR-α presumably depends on the type of ligand used. Therefore, the study was carried out in SHR, using two different PPAR-α ligands. SHR were treated with either fenofibrate (100 mg/kg/day) or medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) Tricaprylin (5% of diet) for 4 months. Expression of PPAR-α and medium-chain acylCoA dehydrogenase served as markers, for stimulation of PPAR-α. Both ligands stimulated PPAR-α. Decrease of blood pressure was observed only with fenofibrate. LVH was assessed from heart-weight/body weight ratio, histology and brain natriuretic peptide expression. As oxidative stress is linked with hypertrophy, serum and cardiac malondialdehyde and cardiac 3-nitrotyrosine levels were determined. Compared to untreated SHR, LVH and oxidative stress were lower on supplementation with MCT, but higher on treatment with fenofibrate. The observations indicate that reduction of blood pressure is not essentially accompanied by reduction of LVH, and that, progressive cardiac remodeling can be prevented with decrease in oxidative stress. Contrary to the notion that reactivation of PPAR-α is detrimental; the study substantiates that cardiac response to stimulation of PPAR-α is ligand specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifudeen Ismael
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, India
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Liang M, Jin S, Wu DD, Wang MJ, Zhu YC. Hydrogen sulfide improves glucose metabolism and prevents hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes. Nitric Oxide 2014; 46:114-22. [PMID: 25524832 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to inhibit myocardial hypertrophy in a cell model of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our previous study also shows an H2S-induced increase in glucose metabolism in insulin-targeting cells. The present study aims to examine the hypothesis that H2S attenuates myocardial hypertrophy and promotes glucose utilization in cardiomyocytes. METHODS The cell model of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was induced by application of phenylephrine and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was examined using leucine incorporation assay. Protein levels were measured using Western blot analysis. The activity of related enzymes was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS NaHS (an H2S donor) treatment increased the activity of cultured cardiomyocytes and reduced hypertrophy in cultured cardiomyocytes at concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 µmol/L. NaHS treatment increased glucose uptake and the efficiency of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The key enzymes in these reactions, including lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase and succinate dehydrogenase, were activated by NaHS treatment (100 µmol/L). Some intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, including lactic acid, cyclohexylammonium, oxaloacetic acid, succinate, L-dimalate, sodium citrate, cis-aconitic acid, ketoglutarate and DL-isocitric acid trisodium also showed anti-hypertrophic effects in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS H2S improves glucose utilization and inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Chun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.
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Targeting mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as an approach to treat heart failure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:857-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Dodd MS, Ball DR, Schroeder MA, Le Page LM, Atherton HJ, Heather LC, Seymour AM, Ashrafian H, Watkins H, Clarke K, Tyler DJ. In vivo alterations in cardiac metabolism and function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:69-76. [PMID: 22593200 PMCID: PMC4617603 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this work was to use hyperpolarized carbon-13 ((13)C) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and cine MR imaging (MRI) to assess in vivo cardiac metabolism and function in the 15-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) heart. At this time point, the SHR displays hypertension and concentric hypertrophy. One of the cellular adaptations to hypertrophy is a reduction in β-oxidation, and it has previously been shown that in response to hypertrophy the SHR heart switches to a glycolytic/glucose-oxidative phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS Cine-MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) was used to assess cardiac function and degree of cardiac hypertrophy. Wistar rats were used as controls. SHRs displayed functional changes in stroke volume, heart rate, and late peak-diastolic filling alongside significant hypertrophy (a 56% increase in left ventricular mass). Using hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] and [2-(13)C]pyruvate, an 85% increase in (13)C label flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) was seen in the SHR heart and (13)C label incorporation into citrate, acetylcarnitine, and glutamate pools was elevated in proportion to the increase in PDH flux. These findings were confirmed using biochemical analysis of PDH activity and protein expression of PDH regulatory enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Functional and structural alterations in the SHR heart are consistent with the hypertrophied phenotype. Our in vivo work indicates a preference for glucose metabolism in the SHR heart, a move away from predominantly fatty acid oxidative metabolism. Interestingly, (13)C label flux into lactate was unchanged, indicating no switch to an anaerobic glycolytic phenotype, but rather an increased reliance on glucose oxidation in the SHR heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Dodd
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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15
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Lourenço AP, Vasques-Nóvoa F, Fontoura D, Brás-Silva C, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Leite-Moreira AF. A Western-type diet attenuates pulmonary hypertension with heart failure and cardiac cachexia in rats. J Nutr 2011; 141:1954-60. [PMID: 21940516 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.145763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Western-type diets (WD) constitute risk factors for disease but may have distinct effects in heart failure (HF) with cardiac cachexia (CC). We evaluated hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory effects of short-term WD intake in pulmonary hypertension (PH) with CC. Male Wistar rats randomly received 60 mg · kg(-1) monocrotaline (M) or vehicle (C) and consumed either a 5.4-kcal · g(-1) WD (35% animal fat, 35% simple carbohydrate, 20% protein, 0.4% Na(+)) or a 2.9-kcal · g(-1) (3% vegetable fat, 60% complex carbohydrate, 16% protein, 0.25% Na(+)) normal diet (ND) for 5 wk. Mortality, energy intake, body weight (BW), metabolism, hemodynamics, histology, apoptosis, gene expression, transcription factors, and plasma cytokines were evaluated. Compared with the C-ND group, the M-ND group had PH, HF, and mortality that were significantly attenuated in M-WD. The extent of myocardial remodeling and apoptosis was higher in M-ND than in C-ND but lower in M-WD than in M-ND, while conversely, energy intake, BW, cholesterol, and TG plasma concentrations were lower in M-ND than in C-ND but higher in M-WD than in M-ND. M-ND had increased myocardial NF-κB transcription factor activity, endothelin-1, and cytokine overexpression and higher circulating cytokine concentrations than C-ND, which were lower in M-WD than in M-ND. PPARα activity, however, was lower in M-ND, but not in M-WD, compared with the respective C groups. WD attenuated PH and CC, ameliorating survival, myocardial function, metabolism, and inflammation, through transcription factor modulation, suggesting a beneficial role in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P Lourenço
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Reactivation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Alpha in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat: Age-associated Paradoxical Effect on the Heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58:254-62. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31822368d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Jaswal JS, Keung W, Wang W, Ussher JR, Lopaschuk GD. Targeting fatty acid and carbohydrate oxidation--a novel therapeutic intervention in the ischemic and failing heart. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1333-50. [PMID: 21256164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac ischemia and its consequences including heart failure, which itself has emerged as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries are accompanied by complex alterations in myocardial energy substrate metabolism. In contrast to the normal heart, where fatty acid and glucose metabolism are tightly regulated, the dynamic relationship between fatty acid β-oxidation and glucose oxidation is perturbed in ischemic and ischemic-reperfused hearts, as well as in the failing heart. These metabolic alterations negatively impact both cardiac efficiency and function. Specifically there is an increased reliance on glycolysis during ischemia and fatty acid β-oxidation during reperfusion following ischemia as sources of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Depending on the severity of heart failure, the contribution of overall myocardial oxidative metabolism (fatty acid β-oxidation and glucose oxidation) to adenosine triphosphate production can be depressed, while that of glycolysis can be increased. Nonetheless, the balance between fatty acid β-oxidation and glucose oxidation is amenable to pharmacological intervention at multiple levels of each metabolic pathway. This review will focus on the pathways of cardiac fatty acid and glucose metabolism, and the metabolic phenotypes of ischemic and ischemic/reperfused hearts, as well as the metabolic phenotype of the failing heart. Furthermore, as energy substrate metabolism has emerged as a novel therapeutic intervention in these cardiac pathologies, this review will describe the mechanistic bases and rationale for the use of pharmacological agents that modify energy substrate metabolism to improve cardiac function in the ischemic and failing heart. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondria and Cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdip S Jaswal
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Lear PV, Iglesias MJ, Feijóo-Bandín S, Rodríguez-Penas D, Mosquera-Leal A, García-Rúa V, Gualillo O, Ghè C, Arnoletti E, Muccioli G, Diéguez C, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F. Des-acyl ghrelin has specific binding sites and different metabolic effects from ghrelin in cardiomyocytes. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3286-98. [PMID: 20410201 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to compare the effects of the peptide hormone ghrelin and des-G, its unacylated isoform, on glucose and fatty acid uptake and to identify des-G-specific binding sites in cardiomyocytes. In the murine HL-1 adult cardiomyocyte line, ghrelin and des-G had opposing metabolic effects: des-G increased medium-chain fatty acid uptake (BODIPY fluorescence intensity), whereas neither ghrelin alone nor in combination with des-G did so. Ghrelin inhibited the increase in glucose uptake normally induced by insulin (rate of 2-[(3)H]deoxy-d-glucose incorporation), but des-G did not; des-G was also able to partially reverse the inhibitory effect of ghrelin. In HL-1 cells and primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, des-G but not ghrelin increased insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporter-4 from nuclear to cytoplasmic compartments (immunohistochemistry and quantitative confocal analysis). AKT was phosphorylated by insulin but not affected by ghrelin or des-G, whereas neither AMP-activated protein kinase nor phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 was phosphorylated by any treatments. HL-1 and primary-cultured mouse and rat cardiomyocytes each possessed two independent specific binding sites for des-G not recognized by ghrelin (radioreceptor assays). Neither ghrelin nor des-G affected viability (dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays), whereas both isoforms were equally protective against apoptosis. Therefore, in cardiomyocytes, des-G binds to specific receptors and has effects on glucose and medium-chain fatty acid uptake that are distinct from those of ghrelin. Real-time PCR indicated that expression levels of ghrelin O-acyltransferase RNA were comparable between HL-1 cells, human myocardial tissue, and human and murine stomach tissue, indicating the possibility of des-G conversion to ghrelin within our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Lear
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research, and Department of Cardiology, Travesia Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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