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Chen Y, Jiang W, Wang J, Ma X, Wu D, Liu L, Ji M, Qu X, Liu C, Liu H, Qin X, Xiang Y. Conditional knockout of ITGB4 in bronchial epithelial cells directs bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3760-3772. [PMID: 37698050 PMCID: PMC10718146 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal respiratory system disease is closely associated with embryonic lung development. Our group found that integrin β4 (ITGB4) is downregulated in the airway epithelium of asthma patients. Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory illness in childhood. Therefore, we suspect whether the deletion of ITGB4 would affect fetal lung development. In this study, we characterized the role of ITGB4 deficiency in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). ITGB4 was conditionally knocked out in CCSP-rtTA, Tet-O-Cre and ITGB4f/f triple transgenic mice. Lung tissues at different developmental stages were collected for experimental detection and transcriptome sequencing. The effects of ITGB4 deficiency on lung branching morphogenesis were observed by fetal mouse lung explant culture. Deleting ITGB4 from the airway epithelial cells results in enlargement of alveolar airspaces, inhibition of branching, the abnormal structure of epithelium cells and the impairment of cilia growth during lung development. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the airway epithelial cilia of the β4ccsp.cre group appear to be sparse, shortened and lodging. Lung-development-relevant factors such as SftpC and SOX2 significantly decreased both mRNA and protein levels. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that multiple ontogenesis-regulating-relevant pathways converge to FAK. Accordingly, ITGB4 deletion decreased phospho-FAK, phospho-GSK3β and SOX2 levels, and the correspondingly contrary consequence was detected after treatment with GSK3β agonist (wortmannin). Airway branching defect of β4ccsp.cre mice lung explants was also partly recovered after wortmannin treatment. Airway epithelial-specific deletion of ITGB4 contributes to lung developmental defect, which could be achieved through the FAK/GSK3β/SOX2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Wang Jiang
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jin‐Mei Wang
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiao‐Di Ma
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Di Wu
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Le‐Xin Liu
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Ming Ji
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiang‐Ping Qu
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Chi Liu
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Hui‐Jun Liu
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiao‐Qun Qin
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yang Xiang
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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Doğan G, Karagenç N, Esmen K, Kul BÇ, Yeşilkaya H, Akgün Ş, Orman MN, Sandıkçı M, Eren Ü, Ünsal H, Karagenç L. Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Lung Tissue of Mouse Fetuses Generated by in vitro Embryo Culture and Embryo Transfer. Cells Tissues Organs 2023; 213:181-202. [PMID: 37105136 DOI: 10.1159/000529974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse fetuses generated by in vitro embryo culture and embryo transfer exhibit impaired lung development, altered composition of pulmonary epithelial cells associated with downregulation of several genes involved in lung development and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. The aims of the present study were to determine the expression of all TLRs and to examine if the expression of TLRs, along with genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, is altered in the lung tissue of mouse fetuses generated through embryo culture and embryo transfer. Two experimental (EGs) and one control (CG) group were included in the study. Embryos cultured at 5% CO2-95% air for 95 h or less than 24 h were transferred to pseudo-pregnant females to obtain fetuses comprising EGin vitro (n = 18) and EGin vivo (n = 18), respectively. Fetuses obtained from naturally ovulating females on day 18 of pregnancy served as the CG (n = 18). Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression of TLR proteins. The expression of transcripts encoding TLRs, and the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway (Lbp, Pik3r1, Pik3cb, Nfkbia, and Fos), was determined using qRT-PCR. While all TLRs were expressed by cells lining the bronchial/bronchiolar epithelium of lung tissues in all groups, some of the TLRs were expressed in a specific pattern. When compared to CG, the expression of transcripts encoding TLR-2, -3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9, -12, -13, Lbp, Pik3r1, Pik3cb, Nfkbia, and Fos was significantly downregulated in both EGs. It appears that stress imposed on embryos at preimplantation stages of development is associated with downregulation of TLRs, along with some of the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, in the lung tissue during the perinatal period. It remains to be determined if downregulation of TLRs, along with the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, has any functional consequences in the adult lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksel Doğan
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Nedim Karagenç
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Kerem Esmen
- Department of Medical, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Bengi Çınar Kul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Yeşilkaya
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Şakir Akgün
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nurullah Orman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sandıkçı
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Ülker Eren
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Hümeyra Ünsal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Levent Karagenç
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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3
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Fidalgo MF, Fonseca CG, Caldas P, Raposo AA, Balboni T, Henao-Mišíková L, Grosso AR, Vasconcelos FF, Franco CA. Aerocyte specification and lung adaptation to breathing is dependent on alternative splicing changes. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/12/e202201554. [PMID: 36220570 PMCID: PMC9554796 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to breathing is a critical step in lung function and it is crucial for organismal survival. Alveoli are the lung gas exchange units and their development, from late embryonic to early postnatal stages, requires feedbacks between multiple cell types. However, how the crosstalk between the alveolar cell types is modulated to anticipate lung adaptation to breathing is still unclear. Here, we uncovered a synchronous alternative splicing switch in multiple genes in the developing mouse lungs at the transition to birth, and we identified hnRNP A1, Cpeb4, and Elavl2/HuB as putative splicing regulators of this transition. Notably, we found that Vegfa switches from the Vegfa 164 isoform to the longer Vegfa 188 isoform exclusively in lung alveolar epithelial AT1 cells. Functional analysis revealed that VEGFA 188 (and not VEGFA 164) drives the specification of Car4-positive aerocytes, a subtype of alveolar endothelial cells specialized in gas exchanges. Our results reveal that the cell type-specific regulation of Vegfa alternative splicing just before birth modulates the epithelial-endothelial crosstalk in the developing alveoli to promote lung adaptation to breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta F Fidalgo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina G Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Caldas
- Department of Life Sciences, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Asf Raposo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tania Balboni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lenka Henao-Mišíková
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana R Grosso
- Department of Life Sciences, UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Francisca F Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudio A Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal .,Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Lisboa, Portugal
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Dong Y, Rivetti S, Lingampally A, Tacke S, Kojonazarov B, Bellusci S, Ehrhardt H. Insights into the Black Box of Intra-Amniotic Infection and Its Impact on the Premature Lung: From Clinical and Preclinical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179792. [PMID: 36077187 PMCID: PMC9456379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-amniotic infection (IAI) is one major driver for preterm birth and has been demonstrated by clinical studies to exert both beneficial and injurious effects on the premature lung, possibly due to heterogeneity in the microbial type, timing, and severity of IAI. Due to the inaccessibility of the intra-amniotic cavity during pregnancies, preclinical animal models investigating pulmonary consequences of IAI are indispensable to elucidate the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). It is postulated that on one hand imbalanced inflammation, orchestrated by lung immune cells such as macrophages, may impact on airway epithelium, vascular endothelium, and interstitial mesenchyme, resulting in abnormal lung development. On the other hand, excessive suppression of inflammation may as well cause pulmonary injury and a certain degree of inflammation is beneficial. So far, effective strategies to prevent and treat BPD are scarce. Therapeutic options targeting single mediators in signaling cascades and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-based therapies with global regulatory capacities have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical animal models and warrant further validation in patient populations. Ante-, peri- and postnatal exposome analysis and therapeutic investigations using multiple omics will fundamentally dissect the black box of IAI and its effect on the premature lung, contributing to precisely tailored and individualized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgen Street 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Rivetti
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Arun Lingampally
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Tacke
- Clinic for Small Animals (Surgery), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Street 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Harald Ehrhardt
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgen Street 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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5
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Animal Models of Chorioamnionitis: Considerations for Translational Medicine. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040811. [PMID: 35453561 PMCID: PMC9032938 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is defined as any birth occurring before 37 completed weeks of gestation by the World Health Organization. Preterm birth is responsible for perinatal mortality and long-term neurological morbidity. Acute chorioamnionitis is observed in 70% of premature labor and is associated with a heavy burden of multiorgan morbidities in the offspring. Unfortunately, chorioamnionitis is still missing effective biomarkers and early placento- as well as feto-protective and curative treatments. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of chorioamnionitis and subsequent impacts on the pregnancy outcome, both during and beyond gestation. This review also describes relevant and current animal models of chorioamnionitis used to decipher associated mechanisms and develop much needed therapies. Improved knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning chorioamnionitis based on preclinical models is a mandatory step to identify early in utero diagnostic biomarkers and design novel anti-inflammatory interventions to improve both maternal and fetal outcomes.
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Schmiedl A, Wagener I, Jungen M, von Hörsten S, Stephan M. Lung development and immune status under chronic LPS exposure in rat pups with and without CD26/DPP4 deficiency. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:617-636. [PMID: 34606000 PMCID: PMC8595150 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26), a multifactorial integral type II protein, is expressed in the lungs during development and is involved in inflammation processes. We tested whether daily LPS administration influences the CD26-dependent retardation in morphological lung development and induces alterations in the immune status. Newborn Fischer rats with and without CD26 deficiency were nebulized with 1 µg LPS/2 ml NaCl for 10 min from days postpartum (dpp) 3 to 9. We used stereological methods and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to determine morphological lung maturation and alterations in the pulmonary leukocyte content on dpp 7, 10, and 14. Daily LPS application did not change the lung volume but resulted in a significant retardation of alveolarization in both substrains proved by significantly lower values of septal surface and volume as well as higher mean free distances in airspaces. Looking at the immune status after LPS exposure compared to controls, a significantly higher percentage of B lymphocytes and decrease of CD4+CD25+ T cells were found in both subtypes, on dpp7 a significantly higher percentage of CD4 T+ cells in CD26+ pups, and a significantly higher percentage of monocytes in CD26- pups. The percentage of T cells was significantly higher in the CD26-deficient group on each dpp. Thus, daily postnatal exposition to low doses of LPS for 1 week resulted in a delay in formation of secondary septa, which remained up to dpp 14 in CD26- pups. The retardation was accompanied by moderate parenchymal inflammation and CD26-dependent changes in the pulmonary immune cell composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmiedl
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Inga Wagener
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Jungen
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department of Experimental Therapy University Hospital Erlangen and Preclinical Experimental Center (PETZ), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Michael Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Ferreira LGA, Nishino FA, Fernandes SG, Ribeiro CM, Hinton BT, Avellar MCW. Epididymal embryonic development harbors TLR4/NFKB signaling pathway as a morphogenetic player. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 149:103456. [PMID: 34915277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Wolffian duct (WD) is an embryonic tissue that undergoes androgen-induced morphological changes to become the epididymis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- and nuclear factor kB (NFKB)-induced effectors are expressed in the adult epididymis and represent important players in epididymal innate immune responses. TLR4/NFKB signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved and plays a critical morphogenetic role in several species; however, its function during WD morphogenesis is unknown. We hypothesized that TLR4/NFKB pathway plays a role during WD development. Here we examined TLR4 expression and regulation of TLR4-target genes during rat WD morphogenesis between embryonic days (e) 17.5-20.5. The functionality of TLR4/NFKB signaling was examined using WD organotypic cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli (TLR4 agonist) and PDTC (NFKB inhibitor). TLR4 was detected at mRNA level in e17.5 (uncoiled duct) and e20.5 (coiled duct) WDs, and spatio-temporal changes in TLR4 immunoreactivity were observed between these two time points. Expression level analysis of a subset of TLR4-regulated genes showed that TLR4/NFKB pathway was activated after exposure of cultured WD to LPS (4 h), an event that was abrogated by PDTC. Long-term exposure of cultured WDs to LPS (96 h) resulted in dysregulations of morphogenetic events and LAMA1 immunodistribution changes, suggesting the extracellular matrix at the intersection between WD morphogenesis and balance of innate immune components. Our results unveil the epididymal morphogenesis as an event equipped with TLR4/NFKB signaling components that may serve developmental functions, and eventually transition to host defense function when the fetus is exposed to an infectious or noninfectious threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G A Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Nishino
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Samuel G Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Camilla M Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil; Centro Universitário do Planalto de Araxá (UNIARAXÁ), Araxá, MG, 38180-084, Brazil
| | - Barry T Hinton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Maria Christina W Avellar
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.
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Vitaliti G, Falsaperla R. Chorioamnionitis, Inflammation and Neonatal Apnea: Effects on Preterm Neonatal Brainstem and on Peripheral Airways: Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Respiratory Functions. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100917. [PMID: 34682182 PMCID: PMC8534519 DOI: 10.3390/children8100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present manuscript aims to be a narrative review evaluating the association between inflammation in chorioamnionitis and damage on respiratory centers, peripheral airways, and lungs, explaining the pathways responsible for apnea in preterm babies born by delivery after chorioamnionitis. Methods: A combination of keywords and MESH words was used, including: "inflammation", "chorioamnionitis", "brainstem", "cytokines storm", "preterm birth", "neonatal apnea", and "apnea physiopathology". All identified papers were screened for title and abstracts by the two authors to verify whether they met the proper criteria to write the topic. Results: Chorioamnionitis is usually associated with Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome (FIRS), resulting in injury of brain and lungs. Literature data have shown that infections causing chorioamnionitis are mostly associated with inflammation and consequent hypoxia-mediated brain injury. Moreover, inflammation and infection induce apneic episodes in neonates, as well as in animal samples. Chorioamnionitis-induced inflammation favors the systemic secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are involved in abnormal development of the respiratory centers in the brainstem and in alterations of peripheral airways and lungs. Conclusions: Preterm birth shows a suboptimal development of the brainstem and abnormalities and altered development of peripheral airways and lungs. These alterations are responsible for reduced respiratory control and apnea. To date, mostly animal studies have been published. Therefore, more clinical studies on the role of chorioamninitis-induced inflammation on prematurity and neonatal apnea are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Vitaliti
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-34-0471-0614
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency Operative Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico G.Rodolico-San Marco, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico G.Rodolico-San Marco, San Marco Hospital, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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Preterm birth and sustained inflammation: consequences for the neonate. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:451-468. [PMID: 32661735 PMCID: PMC7508934 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Almost half of all preterm births are caused or triggered by an inflammatory process at the feto-maternal interface resulting in preterm labor or rupture of membranes with or without chorioamnionitis (“first inflammatory hit”). Preterm babies have highly vulnerable body surfaces and immature organ systems. They are postnatally confronted with a drastically altered antigen exposure including hospital-specific microbes, artificial devices, drugs, nutritional antigens, and hypoxia or hyperoxia (“second inflammatory hit”). This is of particular importance to extremely preterm infants born before 28 weeks, as they have not experienced important “third-trimester” adaptation processes to tolerate maternal and self-antigens. Instead of a balanced adaptation to extrauterine life, the delicate co-regulation between immune defense mechanisms and immunosuppression (tolerance) to allow microbiome establishment is therefore often disturbed. Hence, preterm infants are predisposed to sepsis but also to several injurious conditions that can contribute to the onset or perpetuation of sustained inflammation (SI). This is a continuing challenge to clinicians involved in the care of preterm infants, as SI is regarded as a crucial mediator for mortality and the development of morbidities in preterm infants. This review will outline the (i) role of inflammation for short-term consequences of preterm birth and (ii) the effect of SI on organ development and long-term outcome.
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Jackson CM, Mukherjee S, Wilburn AN, Cates C, Lewkowich IP, Deshmukh H, Zacharias WJ, Chougnet CA. Pulmonary Consequences of Prenatal Inflammatory Exposures: Clinical Perspective and Review of Basic Immunological Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1285. [PMID: 32636848 PMCID: PMC7318112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis, a potentially serious inflammatory complication of pregnancy, is associated with the development of an inflammatory milieu within the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus. When chorioamnionitis occurs, the fetal lung finds itself in the unique position of being constantly exposed to the consequent inflammatory meditators and/or microbial products found in the amniotic fluid. This exposure results in significant changes to the fetal lung, such as increased leukocyte infiltration, altered cytokine, and surfactant production, and diminished alveolarization. These alterations can have potentially lasting impacts on lung development and function. However, studies to date have only begun to elucidate the association between such inflammatory exposures and lifelong consequences such as lung dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of and fetal immune response to chorioamnionitis, detail the consequences of chorioamnionitis exposure on the developing fetal lung, highlighting the various animal models that have contributed to our current understanding and discuss the importance of fetal exposures in regard to the development of chronic respiratory disease. Finally, we focus on the clinical, basic, and therapeutic challenges in fetal inflammatory injury to the lung, and propose next steps and future directions to improve our therapeutic understanding of this important perinatal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M. Jackson
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shibabrata Mukherjee
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Adrienne N. Wilburn
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Chris Cates
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ian P. Lewkowich
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - William J. Zacharias
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Claire A. Chougnet
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Wagener I, Jungen M, von Hörsten S, Stephan M, Schmiedl A. Postnatal morphological lung development of wild type and CD26/DPP4 deficient rat pups in dependency of LPS exposure. Ann Anat 2019; 229:151423. [PMID: 31654734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.151423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodents are born with morphological immature lungs and an intact surfactant system. CD26/DPP4 is a multifactorial transmembrane integral type II protein, which is involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes and is already expressed during development. CD26/DPP4, called CD26 in the following, is able to enhance or dampen differently triggered inflammation. LPS exposure often used to simulate perinatal infection delays lung development. OBJECTIVE A perinatal LPS rat model was used to test the hypothesis that CD26 deficiency modulates LPS-induced retardation in morphological lung development. METHODS New born Fischer CD26 positive (CD26+) and deficient (CD26-) rats were exposed to LPS on postnatal day (day post partum, dpp) 3 and 5. Morphological parameters of lung development were determined stereologically. Lung development was analysed in 7, 10 14 and 21day old rats. RESULTS Compared to controls LPS application resulted (1) in a mild inflammation independent of the strain, (2) in significantly lower total surface and volume of alveolar septa combined with significantly higher total volume of airspaces and alveolar size on dpp 7 in both substrains. However, compared to controls in LPS treated CD26- rats significant lower values of total septal surface and volume combined with higher values of total parenchymal airspaces and alveolar size were found until the end of classical alveolarization (dpp14). In LPS treated CD26+ rat pups the retardation was abolished already on dpp 10. CONCLUSION In absence of CD26, LPS enhances the delay of morphological lung development. Morphological recovery was slower after the end of LPS exposure in CD26 deficient lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wagener
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Meike Jungen
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Franz-Penzoldt-Centre, Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Stephan
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schmiedl
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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12
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Wooldridge AL, Clifton VL, Moss TJM, Lu H, Jamali M, Agostino S, Muhlhausler BS, Morrison JL, De Matteo R, Wallace MJ, Bischof RJ, Gatford KL. Maternal allergic asthma during pregnancy alters fetal lung and immune development in sheep: potential mechanisms for programming asthma and allergy. J Physiol 2019; 597:4251-4262. [PMID: 31192454 DOI: 10.1113/jp277952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Experimental maternal allergic asthma in sheep provides an experimental model in which to test impacts on progeny. Fetuses from allergic asthmatic ewes had fewer surfactant-producing cells in lungs. A greater proportion of lymphocytes from thymus were CD44 positive in fetuses from allergic asthmatic ewes than in controls. These changes to fetal development might contribute to poor neonatal lung function and increased risk of allergy seen in offspring of pregnancies complicated by asthma. ABSTRACT Asthma is prevalent in pregnancy and increases the risk of disease in offspring, including neonatal respiratory distress and childhood asthma and allergy, but the mechanisms are not understood. We hypothesized that fetal lung structure and immune phenotype in late gestation fetal sheep would be impaired in our sheep model of maternal allergic asthma during pregnancy. Singleton-bearing ewes were either sensitized before pregnancy to house dust mite (HDM, allergic, n = 7) or were non-allergic (control, n = 5). The ewes were subsequently subjected to repeated airway challenges with HDM (allergic group) or saline (control group) throughout gestation. Tissues were collected at 140 ± 1 days gestational age (term, ∼147 days). The density of type II alveolar epithelial cells (surfactant protein C-immunostained) in the lungs was 30% lower in fetuses from allergic ewes than in controls (P < 0.001), but tissue-to-air space ratio and numbers of leucocytes and macrophages were not different between groups. The proportion of CD44+ lymphocytes in the fetal thymus was 3.5-fold higher in fetuses from allergic ewes than in control ewes (P = 0.043). Fewer surfactant-producing type II alveolar epithelial cells may contribute to the increased risk of neonatal respiratory distress in infants of asthmatic mothers, suggesting that interventions to promote lung maturation could improve their neonatal outcomes. If the elevated lymphocyte expression of CD44 persists postnatally, this would confer greater susceptibility to allergic diseases in progeny of asthmatic mothers, consistent with observations in humans. Further experiments are needed to evaluate postnatal phenotypes of progeny and investigate potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Wooldridge
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vicki L Clifton
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy J M Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui Lu
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Monerih Jamali
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefanie Agostino
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Food and Wine Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan J Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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13
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Avellar MCW, Ribeiro CM, Dias-da-Silva MR, Silva EJR. In search of new paradigms for epididymal health and disease: innate immunity, inflammatory mediators, and steroid hormones. Andrology 2019; 7:690-702. [PMID: 31207127 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary job of the epididymis is to mature and protect the luminally transiting spermatozoa. Mounting evidence is showing that innate immune components [including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antimicrobial proteins, among which are β-defensins] and inflammatory mediators, under the primary influence of androgens, participate in the cellular and molecular processes that define this tissue. Here, we present an overview of the contributions of these signaling pathway components during epididymal homeostasis and discuss the hypotheses as to their involvement in epididymitis, the most common urological inflammatory condition in men, frequently impairing their fertility. Drawing primarily from rodent models, we also focus on how the distribution and functional expression of innate immune components are differentially regulated in the prenatal developing epididymis, providing new insights into the disruption of these signaling pathways throughout the lifespan. Male infertility is caused by a variety of conditions, such as congenital malformations, genetic and endocrine disorders, exposure to environmental toxicants, and inflammatory/infectious conditions. More than one-third of infertile men with an idiopathic condition cannot currently be adequately diagnosed. Thinking about the innate immunity and inflammation context of the epididymis may provide new insights and directions as to how these systems contribute to male fertility, as well as also uncover urological and andrological outcomes that may aid clinicians in diagnosing and preventing epididymal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C W Avellar
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C M Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M R Dias-da-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E J R Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho', Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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14
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Nguyen L, Castro O, De Dios R, Sandoval J, McKenna S, Wright CJ. Sex-differences in LPS-induced neonatal lung injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8514. [PMID: 31186497 PMCID: PMC6560218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Being of the male sex has been identified as a risk factor for multiple morbidities associated with preterm birth, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Exposure to inflammatory stress is a well-recognized risk factor for developing BPD. Whether there is a sex difference in pulmonary innate immune TLR4 signaling, lung injury and subsequent abnormal lung development is unknown. Neonatal (P0) male and female mice (ICR) were exposed to systemic LPS (5 mg/kg, IP) and innate immune signaling, and the transcriptional response were assessed (1 and 5 hours), along with lung development (P7). Male and female mice demonstrated a similar degree of impaired lung development with decreased radial alveolar counts, increased surface area, increased airspace area and increased mean linear intercept. We found no differences between male and female mice in the baseline pulmonary expression of key components of TLR4-NFκB signaling, or in the LPS-induced pulmonary expression of key mediators of neonatal lung injury. Finally, we found no difference in the kinetics of LPS-induced pulmonary NFκB activation between male and female mice. Together, these data support the conclusion that the innate immune response to early postnatal LPS exposure and resulting pulmonary sequelae is similar in male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna Nguyen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Odalis Castro
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Robyn De Dios
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jeryl Sandoval
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sarah McKenna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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15
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Seiler CL, Song JM, Fernandez J, Abrahante JE, Kono TJY, Chen Y, Ren Y, Kassie F, Tretyakova NY. Epigenetic Changes in Alveolar Type II Lung Cells of A/J Mice Following Intranasal Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:831-839. [PMID: 30942577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin present in cigarette smoke. LPS is known to induce inflammation and to increase the size and the multiplicity of lung tumors induced by tobacco-specific nitrosamines. However, the means by which LPS contributes to pulmonary carcinogenesis are not known. One possible mechanism includes LPS-mediated epigenetic deregulation, which leads to aberrant expression of genes involved in DNA repair, tumor suppression, cell cycle progression, and cell growth. In the present work, epigenetic effects of LPS were examined in alveolar type II lung cells of A/J mice. Type II cells were selected because they serve as progenitors of lung adenocarcinomas in smoking induced lung cancer. A/J mice were intranasally treated with LPS, followed by isolation of alveolar type II cells from the lung using cell panning. Global levels of DNA methylation and histone acetylation were quantified by mass spectrometry, while genome-wide transcriptomic changes were characterized by RNA-Seq. LPS treatment was associated with epigenetic changes including decreased cytosine formylation and reduced histone H3K14 and H3K23 acetylation, as well as altered expression levels of genes involved in cell adhesion, inflammation, immune response, and epigenetic regulation. These results suggest that exposure to inflammatory agents in cigarette smoke leads to early epigenetic changes in the lung, which may collaborate with genetic changes to drive the development of lung cancer.
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16
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Abstract
Lung development is a complex process that requires the input of various signaling pathways to coordinate the specification and differentiation of multiple cell types. Ex vivo culture of the lung is a very useful technique that represents an attractive model for investigating many different processes critical to lung development, function, and disease pathology. Ex vivo cultured lungs remain comparable to the in vivo lung both in structure and function, which makes them more suitable than cell cultures for physiological studies. Lung explant cultures offer several significant advantages for studies of morphogenetic events that guide lung development including budding, branching, and fusion. It also maintains the native physiological interactions between cells in the developing lung, enabling investigations of the direct and indirect signaling taking place between tissues and cells throughout the developmental process. Studying temporal and spatial control of gene expression by transcriptional factors using different reporters to understand their regulatory function at different moments of development is another valuable advantage of lung explants culture.
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17
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Moss TJM, Westover AJ. Inflammation-induced preterm lung maturation: lessons from animal experimentation. Paediatr Respir Rev 2017; 23:72-77. [PMID: 27856214 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine inflammation, or chorioamnionitis, is a major contributor to preterm birth. Prematurity per se is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality resulting from lung immaturity but exposure to chorioamnionitis reduces the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. Animal experiments have identified that an increase in pulmonary surfactant production by the preterm lungs likely underlies this decreased risk of RDS in infants exposed to chorioamnionitis. Further animal experimentation has shown that infectious or inflammatory agents in amniotic fluid exert their effects on lung development by direct effects within the developing respiratory tract, and probably not by systemic pathways. Differences in the effects of intrauterine inflammation and glucocorticoids demonstrate that canonical glucocorticoid-mediated lung maturation is not responsible for inflammation-induced changes in lung development. Animal experimentation is identifying alternative lung maturational pathways, and transgenic animals and cell culture techniques will allow identification of novel mechanisms of lung maturation that may lead to new treatments for the prevention of RDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J M Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Alana J Westover
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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18
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Stouch AN, McCoy AM, Greer RM, Lakhdari O, Yull FE, Blackwell TS, Hoffman HM, Prince LS. IL-1β and Inflammasome Activity Link Inflammation to Abnormal Fetal Airway Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3411-20. [PMID: 26951798 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the developing preterm lung leads to disrupted airway morphogenesis and chronic lung disease in human neonates. However, the molecular mechanisms linking inflammation and the pathways controlling airway morphogenesis remain unclear. In this article, we show that IL-1β released by activated fetal lung macrophages is the key inflammatory mediator that disrupts airway morphogenesis. In mouse lung explants, blocking IL-1β expression, posttranslational processing, and signaling protected the formation of new airways from the inhibitory effects ofEscherichia coliLPS. Consistent with a critical role for IL-1β, mice expressing a gain-of-functionNlrp3allele and subsequent overactive inflammasome activity displayed abnormal saccular-stage lung morphogenesis and died soon after birth. Although the early-stage fetal lung appeared capable of mounting an NF-κB-mediated immune response, airway formation became more sensitive to inflammation later in development. This period of susceptibility coincided with higher expression of multiple inflammasome components that could increase the ability to release bioactive IL-1β. Macrophages fromNlrp3gain-of-function mice also expressed higher levels of more mature cell surface markers, additionally linking inflammasome activation with macrophage maturation. These data identify developmental expression of the inflammasome and IL-1β release by fetal lung macrophages as key mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for neonatal lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Stouch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alyssa M McCoy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rachel M Greer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Omar Lakhdari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lawrence S Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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19
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Lingappan K, Moorthy B. Can maternal DHA supplementation offer long-term protection against neonatal hyperoxic lung injury? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1383-6. [PMID: 26361877 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00313.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of adverse perinatal environment (like maternal infection) has long-standing effects on many organ systems, including the respiratory system. Use of maternal nutritional supplements is an exciting therapeutic option that could be used to protect the developing fetus. In a recent issue of the journal, Ali and associates (Ali M, Heyob KM, Velten M, Tipple TE, Rogers LK. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 309: L441-L448, 2015) specifically look at maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation and its effect on chronic apoptosis in the lung in a mouse model of perinatal inflammation and postnatal hyperoxia. Strikingly, the authors show that pulmonary apoptosis was augmented even 8 wk after the hyperoxia-exposed mice had been returned to room air. This effect was significantly attenuated in mice that were subjected to maternal dietary DHA supplementation. These findings are novel, significantly advance our understanding of chronic effects of adverse perinatal and neonatal events on the developing lung, and thereby offer novel therapeutic options in the form of maternal dietary supplementation with DHA. This editorial reviews the long-term effects of adverse perinatal environment on postnatal lung development and the protective effects of dietary supplements such as DHA.
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20
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Li S, Gao X, Wu X, Wu Z, Cheng L, Zhu L, Shen D, Tong X. Parthenolide inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines through the toll-like receptor 4 signal pathway in THP-1 cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:368-75. [PMID: 25841439 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parthenolide (PTL) shows potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms of PTL's activities were explored in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human leukemia monocytic THP-1 cells and human primary monocytes. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt (MTS) assay was used to analyze the effect of PTL on THP-1 cell viability. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the effect of PTL on LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion. Flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the effect of PTL on LPS-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression. Phosphorylation levels of signaling molecules were determined by western blot analysis. Results showed that PTL <12.5 μM did not significantly affect THP-1 cells viability. LPS treatment led to a marked up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-18, and NO in THP-1 cells. However, PTL inhibited the expression of these cytokines in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 1.091-2.620 μM. PTL blocked TLR4 expression with an IC50 value of 1.373 μM as determined by the flow cytometry analysis, and this blocking effect was verified at both protein and mRNA levels. Up-regulation of phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65, and IκBα and up-regulation of expressions of other molecules (inducible nitric oxide synthase, TLR4, and TNF receptor-associated factor 6) induced by LPS were abolished by PTL in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of PTL operate partly through the TLR4-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB signaling pathways. Therefore, TLR4 may be a new target for anti-inflammation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Li
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiangli Gao
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lifen Zhu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China
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21
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Lopez B, Maisonet TM, Londhe VA. Alveolar NF-κB signaling regulates endotoxin-induced lung inflammation. Exp Lung Res 2014; 41:103-14. [PMID: 25517107 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.977461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM The alveolar epithelium participates in host defense through inflammatory pathways that activate NF-κB. Lung infections involving endotoxins trigger acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adult and pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that overexpression of NF-κB would worsen and conditional deletion of NF-κB signaling would improve endotoxin-induced lung inflammation using transgenic mouse models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two previously described transgenic mouse models were used in which overexpression of the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-κB was targeted to the lung epithelium using an SPC promoter (SPC-RelA) and conditional deletion of the IKKβ molecule involved in NF-κB signaling was targeted to the lung epithelium using Nkx2.1(Cre) (Nkx2.1(Cre);IKKβ(F/F)). Adult transgenic and control mice were injected with intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline followed by lung harvest at 48 h. Collected tissue included whole lungs from transgenic and control mice which was processed for analysis of BAL, lung histology, chemokine expression, and markers of cell apoptosis as well as collection of freshly isolated AECII cells from wild type mice for additional chemokine and apoptotic marker analysis. RESULTS SPC-RelA mice showed significant increases in lung inflammation and injury following LPS injection with increased neutrophil recruitment as compared to wild type and saline treated controls. In contrast, Nkx2.1(Cre); IKKβ(F/F) mice showed markedly decreased lung inflammation and injury with decreased neutrophil recruitment as compared to controls. In both models, lung inflammation was associated with increased cell apoptosis and these findings were confirmed in freshly isolated AECII cells in wild type mice following LPS injection. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of NF-κB targeted to the lung epithelium worsened lung inflammation and injury in response to LPS exposure while conditional deletion of NF-κB signaling reduced lung inflammation. Lung inflammation and injury were associated with increased cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California , Los Angeles, California , USA
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22
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Plosa EJ, Young LR, Gulleman PM, Polosukhin VV, Zaynagetdinov R, Benjamin JT, Im AM, van der Meer R, Gleaves LA, Bulus N, Han W, Prince LS, Blackwell TS, Zent R. Epithelial β1 integrin is required for lung branching morphogenesis and alveolarization. Development 2014; 141:4751-62. [PMID: 25395457 PMCID: PMC4299273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Integrin-dependent interactions between cells and extracellular matrix regulate lung development; however, specific roles for β1-containing integrins in individual cell types, including epithelial cells, remain incompletely understood. In this study, the functional importance of β1 integrin in lung epithelium during mouse lung development was investigated by deleting the integrin from E10.5 onwards using surfactant protein C promoter-driven Cre. These mutant mice appeared normal at birth but failed to gain weight appropriately and died by 4 months of age with severe hypoxemia. Defects in airway branching morphogenesis in association with impaired epithelial cell adhesion and migration, as well as alveolarization defects and persistent macrophage-mediated inflammation were identified. Using an inducible system to delete β1 integrin after completion of airway branching, we showed that alveolarization defects, characterized by disrupted secondary septation, abnormal alveolar epithelial cell differentiation, excessive collagen I and elastin deposition, and hypercellularity of the mesenchyme occurred independently of airway branching defects. By depleting macrophages using liposomal clodronate, we found that alveolarization defects were secondary to persistent alveolar inflammation. β1 integrin-deficient alveolar epithelial cells produced excessive monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and reactive oxygen species, suggesting a direct role for β1 integrin in regulating alveolar homeostasis. Taken together, these studies define distinct functions of epithelial β1 integrin during both early and late lung development that affect airway branching morphogenesis, epithelial cell differentiation, alveolar septation and regulation of alveolar homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Plosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisa R Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Peter M Gulleman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rinat Zaynagetdinov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John T Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amanda M Im
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Riet van der Meer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Linda A Gleaves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nada Bulus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence S Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Berger J, Bhandari V. Animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The term mouse models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L936-47. [PMID: 25305249 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00159.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is multifactorial, with genetics, ante- and postnatal sepsis, invasive mechanical ventilation, and exposure to hyperoxia being well described as contributing factors. Much of what is known about the pathogenesis of BPD is derived from animal models being exposed to the environmental factors noted above. This review will briefly cover the various mouse models of BPD, focusing mainly on the hyperoxia-induced lung injury models. We will also include hypoxia, hypoxia/hyperoxia, inflammation-induced, and transgenic models in room air. Attention to the stage of lung development at the timing of the initiation of the environmental insult and the duration of lung injury is critical to attempt to mimic the human disease pulmonary phenotype, both in the short term and in outcomes extending into childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. The various indexes of alveolar and vascular development as well as pulmonary function including pulmonary hypertension will be highlighted. The advantages (and limitations) of using such approaches will be discussed in the context of understanding the pathogenesis of and targeting therapeutic interventions to ameliorate human BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Berger
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Pais RS, Moreno-Barriuso N, Hernández-Porras I, López IP, De Las Rivas J, Pichel JG. Transcriptome analysis in prenatal IGF1-deficient mice identifies molecular pathways and target genes involved in distal lung differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83028. [PMID: 24391734 PMCID: PMC3877002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) is a multifunctional regulator of somatic growth and development throughout evolution. IGF1 signaling through IGF type 1 receptor (IGF1R) controls cell proliferation, survival and differentiation in multiple cell types. IGF1 deficiency in mice disrupts lung morphogenesis, causing altered prenatal pulmonary alveologenesis. Nevertheless, little is known about the cellular and molecular basis of IGF1 activity during lung development. Methods/Principal Findings Prenatal Igf1−/− mutant mice with a C57Bl/6J genetic background displayed severe disproportional lung hypoplasia, leading to lethal neonatal respiratory distress. Immuno-histological analysis of their lungs showed a thickened mesenchyme, alterations in extracellular matrix deposition, thinner smooth muscles and dilated blood vessels, which indicated immature and delayed distal pulmonary organogenesis. Transcriptomic analysis of Igf1−/− E18.5 lungs using RNA microarrays identified deregulated genes related to vascularization, morphogenesis and cellular growth, and to MAP-kinase, Wnt and cell-adhesion pathways. Up-regulation of immunity-related genes was verified by an increase in inflammatory markers. Increased expression of Nfib and reduced expression of Klf2, Egr1 and Ctgf regulatory proteins as well as activation of ERK2 MAP-kinase were corroborated by Western blot. Among IGF-system genes only IGFBP2 revealed a reduction in mRNA expression in mutant lungs. Immuno-staining patterns for IGF1R and IGF2, similar in both genotypes, correlated to alterations found in specific cell compartments of Igf1−/− lungs. IGF1 addition to Igf1−/− embryonic lungs cultured ex vivo increased airway septa remodeling and distal epithelium maturation, processes accompanied by up-regulation of Nfib and Klf2 transcription factors and Cyr61 matricellular protein. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrated the functional tissue specific implication of IGF1 on fetal lung development in mice. Results revealed novel target genes and gene networks mediators of IGF1 action on pulmonary cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and immunity, and on vascular and distal epithelium maturation during prenatal lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosete Sofía Pais
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Nuria Moreno-Barriuso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer - Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández-Porras
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer - Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Icíar Paula López
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Javier De Las Rivas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer - Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José García Pichel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Britt RD, Faksh A, Vogel E, Martin RJ, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS. Perinatal factors in neonatal and pediatric lung diseases. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013; 7:515-31. [PMID: 24090092 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2013.838020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wheezing and asthma are significant clinical problems for infants and young children, particularly following premature birth. Recurrent wheezing in infants can progress to persistent asthma. As in adults, altered airway structure (remodeling) and function (increased bronchoconstriction) are also important in neonatal and pediatric airway diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that airway disease in children is influenced by perinatal factors including perturbations in normal fetal lung development, postnatal interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU) and environmental and other insults in the neonatal period. Here, in addition to genetics, maternal health, environmental processes, innate immunity and impaired lung development/function can all influence pathogenesis of airway disease in children. We summarize current understanding of how prenatal and postnatal factors can contribute to development of airway diseases in neonates and children. Understanding these mechanisms will help identify and develop novel therapies for childhood airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D Britt
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, 4-184 W Jos SMH, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Kunzmann S, Collins JJ, Kuypers E, Kramer BW. Thrown off balance: the effect of antenatal inflammation on the developing lung and immune system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208:429-37. [PMID: 23313727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, translational research with various animal models has been helpful to answer basic questions about the effect of antenatal inflammation on maturation and development of the fetal lung and immune system. The fetal lung and immune systems are very plastic and their development can be conditioned and influenced by both endogenous and/or exogenous factors. Antenatal inflammation can induce pulmonary inflammation, leading to lung injury and remodeling in the fetal lung. Exposure to antenatal inflammation can induce interleukin-1α production, which enhances surfactant protein and lipid synthesis thereby promoting lung maturation. Interleukin-1α is therefore a candidate for the link between lung inflammation and lung maturation, preventing respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Antenatal inflammation can, however, cause structural changes in the fetal lung and affect the expression of growth factors, such as transforming growth factor-beta, connective tissue growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-10, or bone morphogenetic protein-4, which are essential for branching morphogenesis. These alterations cause alveolar and microvascular simplification resembling the histology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Antenatal inflammation may also affect neonatal outcome by modulating the responsiveness of the immune system. Lipopolysaccharide-tolerance (endotoxin hyporesponsiveness/immunoparalysis), induced by exposure to inflammation in utero, may prevent fetal lung damage, but increases susceptibility to postnatal infections. Moreover, prenatal exposure to inflammation appears to be a predisposition for the development of adverse neonatal outcomes, like bronchopulmonary dysplasia, if the preterm infant is exposed to a second postnatal hit, such as mechanical ventilation oxygen exposure, infections, or steroids.
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The consequences of chorioamnionitis: preterm birth and effects on development. J Pregnancy 2013; 2013:412831. [PMID: 23533760 PMCID: PMC3606792 DOI: 10.1155/2013/412831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is a major cause of perinatal mortality and long-term morbidity. Chorioamnionitis is a common cause of preterm birth. Clinical chorioamnionitis, characterised by maternal fever, leukocytosis, tachycardia, uterine tenderness, and preterm rupture of membranes, is less common than subclinical/histologic chorioamnionitis, which is asymptomatic and defined by inflammation of the chorion, amnion, and placenta. Chorioamnionitis is often associated with a fetal inflammatory response. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) is defined by increased systemic inflammatory cytokine concentrations, funisitis, and fetal vasculitis. Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that FIRS leads to poor cardiorespiratory, neurological, and renal outcomes. These observations are further supported by experimental studies that have improved our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for these outcomes. This paper outlines clinical and experimental studies that have improved our current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for chorioamnionitis-induced preterm birth and explores the cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying poor cardiorespiratory, neural, retinal, and renal outcomes observed in preterm infants exposed to chorioamnionitis.
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Westover AJ, Moss TJM. Effects of intrauterine infection or inflammation on fetal lung development. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 39:824-30. [PMID: 22816773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Intrauterine infection or inflammation is common in cases of preterm birth. Preterm infants are at risk of acute respiratory distress as a result of lung immaturity; evidence of exposure to infection and/or inflammation before birth is associated with a reduced risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Experimentally induced intrauterine inflammation or infection in sheep causes a precocious increase in pulmonary surfactant in the preterm lungs that improves preterm lung function, consistent with the reduced risk of RDS in human infants exposed to infection and/or inflammation before birth. 2. The effects of intrauterine inflammation on fetal lung development appear to result from direct action of proinflammatory stimuli within the lungs rather than by systemic signals, such as the classical glucocorticoid-mediated lung maturation pathway. However, paracrine and/or autocrine production and/or metabolism of glucocorticoids in fetal lung tissue may occur as a result of inflammation-induced changes in the expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (types 1 and 2). 3. Likely candidates that mediate inflammation-induced surfactant production by the preterm lung include prostaglandin E₂ and/or other arachidonic acid metabolites. Intrauterine inflammation induces the expression of enzymes responsible for prostaglandin production in fetal lung tissue. Inhibition of prostaglandin production prevents, at least in part, the effects of inflammation on fetal lungs. 4. Our experiments are identifying mechanisms of surfactant production by the preterm lungs that may be exploited as novel therapies for preventing respiratory distress in preterm infants. Elucidation of the effects of inflammation on the fetal lungs and other organs will allow more refined approaches to the care of preterm infants exposed to inflammation in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana J Westover
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Plosa EJ, Gooding KA, Zent R, Prince LS. Nonmuscle myosin II regulation of lung epithelial morphology. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1770-81. [PMID: 22972683 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of epithelial cell shape and orientation during lung branching morphogenesis is not clearly understood. Nonmuscle myosins regulate cell size, morphology, and planar cell polarity. Here, we test the hypothesis that nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) regulates lung epithelial morphology in a spatially restricted manner. RESULTS Epithelial cell orientation at airway tips in fetal mouse lungs underwent a significant transformation at embryonic day (E) E17. Treatment of E15 lung explants with the NM II inhibitor blebbistatin increased airway branching, epithelial cell size, and the degree of anisotropy in epithelial cells lining the airway stalks. In cultured MLE-12 lung epithelial cells, blebbistatin increased cell velocity, but left the migratory response to FGF-10 unchanged. CONCLUSIONS In the developing lung, NM II acts to constrain cell morphology and orientation, but may be suppressed at sites of branching and cell migration. The regulation of epithelial orientation may therefore undergo dynamic variations from E15 to E17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Plosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
Very preterm infants are commonly exposed to a chronic, often asymptomatic, chorioamnionitis that is diagnosed by histologic evaluation of the placenta only after delivery. The reported effects of these exposures on fetal lungs are inconsistent because exposure to different organisms, durations of exposure, and fetal/maternal responses affect outcomes. In experimental models, chorioamnionitis can both injure and mature the fetal lung and cause immune nodulation. Postnatal care strategies also change how chorioamnionitis relates to clinical outcomes such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Jobe
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Besnard V, Ikegami M, Wert SE, Heffner C, Murray SA, Donahue LR, Whitsett JA. Transcriptional programs controlling perinatal lung maturation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37046. [PMID: 22916088 PMCID: PMC3423373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of lung maturation is controlled precisely by complex genetic and cellular programs. Lung immaturity following preterm birth frequently results in Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) and Broncho-Pulmonary Dysplasia (BPD), which are leading causes of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Mechanisms synchronizing gestational length and lung maturation remain to be elucidated. In this study, we designed a genome-wide mRNA expression time-course study from E15.5 to Postnatal Day 0 (PN0) using lung RNAs from C57BL/6J (B6) and A/J mice that differ in gestational length by ∼30 hr (B6<A/J). Comprehensive bioinformatics and functional genomics analyses were used to identify key regulators, bioprocesses and transcriptional networks controlling lung maturation. We identified both temporal and strain dependent gene expression patterns during lung maturation. For time dependent changes, cell adhesion, vasculature development, and lipid metabolism/transport were major bioprocesses induced during the saccular stage of lung development at E16.5–E17.5. CEBPA, PPARG, VEGFA, CAV1 and CDH1 were found to be key signaling and transcriptional regulators of these processes. Innate defense/immune responses were induced at later gestational ages (E18.5–20.5), STAT1, AP1, and EGFR being important regulators of these responses. Expression of RNAs associated with the cell cycle and chromatin assembly was repressed during prenatal lung maturation and was regulated by FOXM1, PLK1, chromobox, and high mobility group families of transcription factors. Strain dependent lung mRNA expression differences peaked at E18.5. At this time, mRNAs regulating surfactant and innate immunity were more abundantly expressed in lungs of B6 (short gestation) than in A/J (long gestation) mice, while expression of genes involved in chromatin assembly and histone modification were expressed at lower levels in B6 than in A/J mice. The present study systemically mapped key regulators, bioprocesses, and transcriptional networks controlling lung maturation, providing the basis for new therapeutic strategies to enhance lung function in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Zhang M, Shi J, Huang Y, Lai L. Expression of canonical WNT/β-CATENIN signaling components in the developing human lung. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:21. [PMID: 22846383 PMCID: PMC3480893 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The WNT/β-CATENIN signaling cascade is crucial for the patterning of the early lung morphogenesis in mice, but its role in the developing human lung remains to be determined. In this study, expression patterns of canonical WNT/β-CATENIN signaling components, including WNT ligands (WNT2, WNT7B), receptors ( FZD4, FZD7, LRP5, LRP6), transducers ( DVL2, DVL3, GSK-3β, β-CATENIN, APC, AXIN2), transcription factors ( TCF4, LEF1) and antagonists ( SOSTDC1) were examined in human embryonic lung at 7, 12, 17 and 21 weeks of gestation (W) by real-time qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Results qRT-PCR analysis showed that some of these components were gradually upregulated, while some were significantly downregulated from the 7 W to the 12 W. However, most components reached a high level at 17 W, with a subsequent decrease at 21 W. In situ hybridization showed that the canonical WNT ligands and receptors were predominantly located in the peripheral epithelium, whereas the canonical WNT signal transducers and transcription factors were not only detected in the respiratory epithelium, but some were also scattered at low levels in the surrounding mesenchyme in the developing human lung. Furthermore, Western blot, qRT-PCR and histological analysis demonstrated that the β-CATENIN-dependent WNT signaling in embryonic human lung was activated in vitro by CHIR 99021 stimulation. Conclusions This study of the expression patterns and in vitro activity of the canonical WNT/β-CATENIN pathways suggests that these components play an essential role in regulation of human lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China.
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Savasan ZA, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Hussein Y, Kusanovic JP, Xu Y, Dong Z, Kim CJ, Hassan SS. Interleukin-19 in fetal systemic inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:995-1005. [PMID: 21767236 PMCID: PMC3383927 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.605917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) is considered the fetal counterpart of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which can be caused by infection and non-infection-related insults. Although the initial response is mediated by pro-inflammatory signals, the control of this response is achieved by anti-inflammatory mediators which are essential for the successful outcome of the affected individual. Interleukin (IL)-19 is capable of stimulating the production of IL-10, a major anti-inflammatory cytokine, and is a potent inducer of the T-helper 2 (Th2) response. The aim of this study was to determine if there is a change in umbilical cord plasma IL-19 and IL-10 concentrations in preterm neonates with and without acute funisitis, the histologic counterpart of FIRS. METHODS A case-control study was conducted including 80 preterm neonates born after spontaneous labor. Neonates were classified according to the presence (n = 40) or absence of funisitis (n = 40), which is the pathologic hallmark of FIRS. Neonates in each group were also matched for gestational age. Umbilical cord plasma IL-19 and IL-10 concentrations were determined by ELISA. RESULTS 1) The median umbilical cord plasma IL-19 concentration was 2.5-fold higher in neonates with funisitis than in those without funisitis (median 87 pg/mL; range 20.6-412.6 pg/mL vs. median 37 pg/mL; range 0-101.7 pg/mL; p < 0.001); 2) newborns with funisitis had a significantly higher median umbilical cord plasma IL-10 concentration than those without funisitis (median 4 pg/mL; range 0-33.5 pg/mL vs. median 2 pg/mL; range 0-13.8 pg/mL; p < 0.001); and 3) the results were similar when we included only patients with funisitis who met the definition of FIRS by umbilical cord plasma IL-6 concentrations ≥ 17.5 pg/mL (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION IL-19 and IL-10 are parts of the immunologic response of FIRS. A subset of fetuses with FIRS had high umbilical cord plasma IL-19 concentrations. In utero exposure to high systemic concentrations of IL-19 may reprogram the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Alpay Savasan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Youssef Hussein
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile and Center for Perinatal Research, Sótero del Río Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Zhong Dong
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Li H, Yuan X, Tang J, Zhang Y. Lipopolysaccharide disrupts the directional persistence of alveolar myofibroblast migration through EGF receptor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L569-79. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00217.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is characterized by alveolar simplification with decreased alveolar number and increased airspace size. Formation of alveoli involves a process known as secondary septation triggered by myofibroblasts. This study investigated the underlying mechanisms of altered lung morphogenesis in a rat model of BPD induced by intra-amniotic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results showed that LPS disrupted alveolar morphology and led to abnormal localization of myofibroblasts in the lung of newborn rats, mostly in primary septa with few in secondary septa. To identify potential mechanisms, in vitro experiments were carried out to observe the migration behavior of myofibroblasts. The migration speed of lung myofibroblasts increased with LPS treatment, whereas the directional persistence decreased. We found that LPS induced activation of EGFR and overexpression of its ligand, TGF-α in myofibroblasts. AG1478, an EGFR inhibitor, abrogated the enhanced locomotivity of myofibroblasts by LPS and also increased the directional persistence of myofibroblast migration. Myofibroblasts showed a high asymmetry of phospho-EGFR localization, which was absent after LPS treatment. Application of rhTGF-α to myofibroblasts decreased the directional persistence. Our findings indicated that asymmetry of phospho-EGFR localization in myofibroblasts was important for cell migration and its directional persistence. We speculate that LPS exposure disrupts the asymmetric localization of phospho-EGFR, leading to decreased stability of cell polarity and final abnormal location of myofibroblasts in vivo, which is critical to secondary septation and may contribute to the arrested alveolar development in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Xin Hua Hospital, MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; and
| | - Xiaobing Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Xin Hua Hospital, MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; and
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Xin Hua Hospital, MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; and
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Londhe VA, Maisonet TM, Lopez B, Jeng JM, Xiao J, Li C, Minoo P. Conditional deletion of epithelial IKKβ impairs alveolar formation through apoptosis and decreased VEGF expression during early mouse lung morphogenesis. Respir Res 2011; 12:134. [PMID: 21985298 PMCID: PMC3202236 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar septation marks the beginning of the transition from the saccular to alveolar stage of lung development. Inflammation can disrupt this process and permanently impair alveolar formation resulting in alveolar hypoplasia as seen in bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm newborns. NF-κB is a transcription factor central to multiple inflammatory and developmental pathways including dorsal-ventral patterning in fruit flies; limb, mammary and submandibular gland development in mice; and branching morphogenesis in chick lungs. We have previously shown that epithelial overexpression of NF-κB accelerates lung maturity using transgenic mice. The purpose of this study was to test our hypothesis that targeted deletion of NF-κB signaling in lung epithelium would impair alveolar formation. Methods We generated double transgenic mice with lung epithelium-specific deletion of IKKβ, a known activating kinase upstream of NF-κB, using a cre-loxP transgenic recombination strategy. Lungs of resulting progeny were analyzed at embryonic and early postnatal stages to determine specific effects on lung histology, and mRNA and protein expression of relevant lung morphoreulatory genes. Lastly, results measuring expression of the angiogenic factor, VEGF, were confirmed in vitro using a siRNA-knockdown strategy in cultured mouse lung epithelial cells. Results Our results showed that IKKβ deletion in the lung epithelium transiently decreased alveolar type I and type II cells and myofibroblasts and delayed alveolar formation. These effects were mediated through increased alveolar type II cell apoptosis and decreased epithelial VEGF expression. Conclusions These results suggest that epithelial NF-κB plays a critical role in early alveolar development possibly through regulation of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedang A Londhe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Mailcode 175217, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Blackwell TS, Hipps AN, Yamamoto Y, Han W, Barham WJ, Ostrowski MC, Yull FE, Prince LS. NF-κB signaling in fetal lung macrophages disrupts airway morphogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2740-7. [PMID: 21775686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a common pulmonary complication of extreme prematurity. Arrested lung development leads to bronchopulmonary dysplasia, but the molecular pathways that cause this arrest are unclear. Lung injury and inflammation increase disease risk, but the cellular site of the inflammatory response and the potential role of localized inflammatory signaling in inhibiting lung morphogenesis are not known. In this study, we show that tissue macrophages present in the fetal mouse lung mediate the inflammatory response to LPS and that macrophage activation inhibits airway morphogenesis. Macrophage depletion or targeted inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway protected airway branching in cultured lung explants from the effects of LPS. Macrophages also appear to be the primary cellular site of IL-1β production following LPS exposure. Conversely, targeted NF-κB activation in transgenic macrophages was sufficient to inhibit airway morphogenesis. Macrophage activation in vivo inhibited expression of multiple genes critical for normal lung development, leading to thickened lung interstitium, reduced airway branching, and perinatal death. We propose that fetal lung macrophage activation contributes to bronchopulmonary dysplasia by generating a localized inflammatory response that disrupts developmental signals critical for lung formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Schmiedl A, Behrens J, Zscheppang K, Purevdorj E, von Mayersbach D, Liese A, Dammann CEL. Lipopolysaccharide-induced injury is more pronounced in fetal transgenic ErbB4-deleted lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L490-9. [PMID: 21724861 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00131.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary ErbB4 deletion leads to a delay in fetal lung development, alveolar simplification, and lung function disturbances in adult mice. We generated a model of intrauterine infection in ErbB4 transgenic mice to study the additive effects of antenatal LPS administration and ErbB4 deletion during fetal lung development. Pregnant mice were treated intra-amniotically with an LPS dose of 4 μg at E17 of gestation. Lungs were analyzed 24 h later. A significant influx of inflammatory cells was seen in all LPS-treated lungs. In heterozygote control lungs, LPS treatment resulted in a delay of lung morphogenesis characterized by a significant increase in the fraction of mesenchyme, a decrease in gas exchange area, and disorganization of elastic fibers. Surfactant protein (Sftp)b and Sftpc were upregulated, but mRNA of Sftpb and Sftpc was downregulated compared with non-LPS-treated controls. The mRNA of Sftpa1 and Sftpd was upregulated. In ErbB4-deleted lungs, the LPS effects were more pronounced, resulting in a further delay in morphological development, a more pronounced inflammation in the parenchyma, and a significant higher increase in all Sftp. The effect on Sftpb and Sftpc mRNA was somewhat different, resulting in a significant increase. These results imply a major role of ErbB4 in LPS-induced signaling in structural and functional lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmiedl
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Wright CJ, Kirpalani H. Targeting inflammation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: can new insights be translated into therapies? Pediatrics 2011; 128:111-26. [PMID: 21646264 PMCID: PMC3124103 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) frequently complicates preterm birth and leads to significant long-term morbidity. Unfortunately, few therapies are known to effectively prevent or treat BPD. Ongoing research has been focusing on potential therapies to limit inflammation in the preterm lung. In this review we highlight recent bench and clinical research aimed at understanding the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPD. We also critically assess currently used therapies and promising developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde J. Wright
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Haresh Kirpalani
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and ,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Wei H, Frei B, Beckman JS, Zhang WJ. Copper chelation by tetrathiomolybdate inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H712-20. [PMID: 21724870 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01299.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active transition metal ions, such as iron and copper, may play an important role in vascular inflammation, which is an etiologic factor in atherosclerotic vascular diseases. In this study, we investigated whether tetrathiomolybdate (TTM), a highly specific copper chelator, can act as an anti-inflammatory agent, preventing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in vivo. Female C57BL/6N mice were daily gavaged with TTM (30 mg/kg body wt) or vehicle control. After 3 wk, animals were injected intraperitoneally with 50 μg LPS or saline buffer and killed 3 h later. Treatment with TTM reduced serum ceruloplasmin activity by 43%, a surrogate marker of bioavailable copper, in the absence of detectable hepatotoxicity. The concentrations of both copper and molybdenum increased in various tissues, whereas the copper-to-molybdenum ratio decreased, consistent with reduced copper bioavailability. TTM treatment did not have a significant effect on superoxide dismutase activity in heart and liver. Furthermore, TTM significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory gene transcription in aorta and heart, including vascular and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, respectively), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (ANOVA, P < 0.05); consistently, protein levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and MCP-1 in heart were also significantly lower in TTM-treated animals. Similar inhibitory effects of TTM were observed on activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in heart and lungs. Finally, TTM significantly inhibited LPS-induced increases of serum levels of soluble ICAM-1, MCP-1, and TNF-α (ANOVA, P < 0.05). These data indicate that copper chelation with TTM inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in aorta and other tissues of mice, most likely by inhibiting activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors, NF-κB and AP-1. Therefore, copper appears to play an important role in vascular inflammation, and TTM may have value as an anti-inflammatory or anti-atherogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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41
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Benjamin JT, Carver BJ, Plosa EJ, Yamamoto Y, Miller JD, Liu JH, van der Meer R, Blackwell TS, Prince LS. NF-kappaB activation limits airway branching through inhibition of Sp1-mediated fibroblast growth factor-10 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4896-903. [PMID: 20861353 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a frequent complication of preterm birth. This chronic lung disease results from arrested saccular airway development and is most common in infants exposed to inflammatory stimuli. In experimental models, inflammation inhibits expression of fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10) and impairs epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during lung development; however, the mechanisms connecting inflammatory signaling with reduced growth factor expression are not yet understood. In this study we found that soluble inflammatory mediators present in tracheal fluid from preterm infants can prevent saccular airway branching. In addition, LPS treatment led to local production of mediators that inhibited airway branching and FGF-10 expression in LPS-resistant C.C3-Tlr4(Lpsd)/J fetal mouse lung explants. Both direct NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) that activate NF-κB reduced FGF-10 expression, whereas chemokines that signal via other inflammatory pathways had no effect. Mutational analysis of the FGF-10 promoter failed to identify genetic elements required for direct NF-κB-mediated FGF-10 inhibition. Instead, NF-κB activation appeared to interfere with the normal stimulation of FGF-10 expression by Sp1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and nuclear coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the RelA subunit of NF-κB and Sp1 physically interact at the FGF-10 promoter. These findings indicate that inflammatory signaling through NF-κB disrupts the normal expression of FGF-10 in fetal lung mesenchyme by interfering with the transcriptional machinery critical for lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Benjamin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Tang JR, Seedorf GJ, Muehlethaler V, Walker DL, Markham NE, Balasubramaniam V, Abman SH. Moderate postnatal hyperoxia accelerates lung growth and attenuates pulmonary hypertension in infant rats after exposure to intra-amniotic endotoxin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L735-48. [PMID: 20709730 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00153.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the separate and interactive effects of fetal inflammation and neonatal hyperoxia on the developing lung, we hypothesized that: 1) antenatal endotoxin (ETX) causes sustained abnormalities of infant lung structure; and 2) postnatal hyperoxia augments the adverse effects of antenatal ETX on infant lung growth. Escherichia coli ETX or saline (SA) was injected into amniotic sacs in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at 20 days of gestation. Pups were delivered 2 days later and raised in room air (RA) or moderate hyperoxia (O₂, 80% O₂ at Denver's altitude, ∼65% O₂ at sea level) from birth through 14 days of age. Heart and lung tissues were harvested for measurements. Intra-amniotic ETX caused right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and decreased lung vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) protein contents at birth. In ETX-exposed rats (ETX-RA), alveolarization and vessel density were decreased, pulmonary vascular wall thickness percentage was increased, and RVH was persistent throughout the study period compared with controls (SA-RA). After antenatal ETX, moderate hyperoxia increased lung VEGF and VEGFR-2 protein contents in ETX-O₂ rats and improved their alveolar and vascular structure and RVH compared with ETX-RA rats. In contrast, severe hyperoxia (≥95% O₂ at Denver's altitude) further reduced lung vessel density after intra-amniotic ETX exposure. We conclude that intra-amniotic ETX induces fetal pulmonary hypertension and causes persistent abnormalities of lung structure with sustained pulmonary hypertension in infant rats. Moreover, moderate postnatal hyperoxia after antenatal ETX restores lung growth and prevents pulmonary hypertension during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Ruey Tang
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Ernst LM, Gonzalez J, Ofori E, Elovitz M. Inflammation-induced preterm birth in a murine model is associated with increases in fetal macrophages and circulating erythroid precursors. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2010; 13:273-81. [PMID: 19863449 DOI: 10.2350/09-05-0649-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of intrauterine inflammation has been associated with adverse neurologic outcomes in preterm infants, but the precise mechanisms of fetal brain injury remain unclear. We sought to evaluate inflammatory cell trafficking, fetal organ damage, and molecular regulation in the fetoplacental unit using an established mouse model of preterm birth associated with intrauterine inflammation. Gestational sacs were harvested 6 hours after intrauterine infusion of saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular investigations were performed to identify target organ damage and the cellular phenotype of inflammatory cells and to quantify circulating inflammatory and hematopoietic mediators within the placental and fetal tissue. There was widespread increase in fetal macrophages in LPS-exposed pups, including within the leptomeninges of the brain, associated with significantly higher of interleukin 6 levels in LPS-exposed pups. Although no specific central nervous system injury (necrosis or apoptosis) was documented, liver hematomas were seen significantly more frequently in LPS-exposed pups. Circulating nucleated fetal erythrocytes were also present more frequently with LPS exposure without significantly higher erythropoietin levels than saline-exposed mice. The presence of increased macrophages, increased circulating interleukin 6 levels, and increased circulating erythroid precursors in LPS-exposed pups suggests that these are significant factors associated with potential target organ damage, such as liver hematomas, associated with intrauterine inflammation and preterm birth. The role of macrophages within the fetal leptomeninges is unclear, but they may play an important role in inflammatory-mediated brain damage, and further investigation of their significance and potential as therapeutic targets is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Ernst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Miller JD, Benjamin JT, Kelly DR, Frank DB, Prince LS. Chorioamnionitis stimulates angiogenesis in saccular stage fetal lungs via CC chemokines. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L637-45. [PMID: 20172951 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00414.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal lung vasculature forms in tandem with developing airways. Whereas saccular airway morphogenesis is arrested in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the potential vascular phenotype in BPD at this stage of development is less well-understood. As inflammation increases the risk of BPD and induces arrest of saccular airway morphogenesis, we tested the effects of Escherichia coli LPS on fetal mouse lung vascular development. Injecting LPS into the amniotic fluid of Tie2-lacZ endothelial reporter mice at embryonic day 15 stimulated angiogenesis in the saccular stage fetal lung mesenchyme. LPS also increased the number of endothelial cells in saccular stage fetal mouse lung explants. Inflammation appeared to directly promote vascular development, as LPS stimulated pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell angiogenesis, cell migration, and proliferation in vitro. Whereas LPS did not increase expression of VEGF, angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), Tie2, fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk-1), fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1), PDGFA, PDGFB, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), or connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), LPS did stimulate the production of the angiogenic CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Both MIP-1α and MCP-1 increased angiogenesis in fetal mouse lung explants. In addition, inhibitory antibodies against MIP-1α and MCP-1 blocked the effects of LPS on fetal lung vascular development, suggesting these chemokines are downstream mediators of LPS-induced angiogenesis. We speculate that an inflammation-mediated surge in angiogenesis could lead to formation of aberrant alveolar capillaries in the lungs of patients developing BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davin Miller
- Departments of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Benjamin JT, Gaston DC, Halloran BA, Schnapp LM, Zent R, Prince LS. The role of integrin alpha8beta1 in fetal lung morphogenesis and injury. Dev Biol 2009; 335:407-17. [PMID: 19769957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal inflammation prevents normal lung morphogenesis and leads to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a common complication of preterm birth. We previously demonstrated in a bacterial endotoxin mouse model of BPD that disrupting fibronectin localization in the fetal lung mesenchyme causes arrested saccular airway branching. In this study we show that expression of the fibronectin receptor, integrin alpha8beta1 is decreased in the lung mesenchyme in the same inflammation model suggesting it is required for normal lung development. We verified a role for integrin alpha8beta1 in lung development using integrin alpha8-null mice, which develop fusion of the medial and caudal lobes as well as abnormalities in airway division. We further show in vivo and in vitro that alpha8-null fetal lung mesenchymal cells fail to form stable adhesions and have increased migration. Thus we propose that integrin alpha8beta1 plays a critical role in lung morphogenesis by regulating mesenchymal cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, our data suggest that disruption of the interactions between extracellular matrix and integrin alpha8beta1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0493, USA
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Normann E, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Eaton F, Schwendimann L, Gressens P, Thébaud B. A novel mouse model of Ureaplasma-induced perinatal inflammation: effects on lung and brain injury. Pediatr Res 2009; 65:430-6. [PMID: 19127208 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31819984ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis is associated with increased lung and brain injury in premature infants. Ureaplasma is the microorganisms most frequently associated with preterm birth. Whether Ureaplasma-induced antenatal inflammation worsens lung and brain injury is unknown. We developed a mouse model combining antenatal Ureaplasma infection and postnatal oxygen exposure. Intraamniotic Ureaplasma Parvum (UP) increased proinflammatory cytokines in placenta and fetal lungs. Antenatal exposure to UP or broth caused mild postnatal inflammation and worsened oxygen-induced lung injury. Antenatal UP exposure induced central microgliosis and disrupted brain development as detected by decreased number of calbindin-positive and calretinin-positive neurons in the neocortex. Postnatal oxygen decreased calretinin-positive neurons in the neocortex but combined with antenatal UP exposure did not worsen brain injury. Antenatal inflammation exacerbates the deleterious effects of oxygen on lung development, but the broth effects prohibit concluding that UP by itself is a compounding risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In contrast, antenatal UP-induced inflammation alone is sufficient to disturb brain development. This model may be helpful in exploring the pathophysiology of perinatal lung and brain injury to develop new protective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Normann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J3, Canada
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Chaiworapongsa T, Hong JS, Hull WM, Romero R, Whitsett JA. Amniotic fluid concentration of surfactant proteins in intra-amniotic infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 21:663-70. [PMID: 18828060 DOI: 10.1080/14767050802215664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary surfactant is a complex molecule of lipids and proteins synthesized and secreted by type II alveolar cells into the alveolar epithelial lining. Both lipid and protein components are essential for lung function in postnatal life. Infection is a well-established cause of preterm delivery, and several inflammatory cytokines play a role in the mechanisms of preterm parturition. An increased concentration of inflammatory cytokines in amniotic fluid or fetal plasma has been linked to the onset of preterm parturition and fetal/neonatal injury, including cerebral palsy and chronic lung disease. Experimental evidence indicates that inflammatory mediators also regulate surfactant protein synthesis, and histologic chorioamnionitis is associated with a decreased incidence of hyaline membrane disease in neonates. This study was conducted to determine if amniotic fluid concentrations of surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-B, and SP-D change in patients with and without intra-amniotic infection (IAI). MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted to determine amniotic fluid concentrations of SP-A, SP-B, SP-D, and total protein in patients who had an amniocentesis performed between 18 and 34 weeks of gestation for the detection of IAI in patients with spontaneous preterm labor with intact membranes (n = 42) and cervical insufficiency prior to the application of cerclage (n = 6). Amniotic fluid samples were selected from a bank of biological specimens and included patients with (n = 16) and without (n = 32) IAI matched for gestational age at amniocentesis. Intra-amniotic infection was defined as a positive amniotic fluid culture for microorganisms. Each group was further subdivided according to a history of corticosteroid administration within 7 days prior to amniocentesis into the following subgroups: (1) patients without IAI who had received antenatal corticosteroids (n = 21), (2) patients with IAI who had received antenatal corticosteroids (n = 9), (3) patients without IAI who had not received antenatal corticosteroids (n = 11), and (4) patients with IAI who had not received antenatal corticosteroids (n = 7). Amniotic fluid was obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis. SP-A, SP-B, and SP-D concentrations in amniotic fluid were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS Women with IAI had a higher median amniotic fluid concentration of SP-B and of SP-B/total protein, but not other SPs, than those without IAI (both p = 0.03). Among patients who had received antenatal corticosteroids, the median amniotic fluid concentration of SP-B and of SP-B/total protein was significantly higher in patients with IAI than in those without IAI (SP-B, IAI: median 148 ng/mL, range 37.3-809 ng/mL vs. without IAI: median 7.2 ng/mL, range 0-1035 ng/mL; p = 0.005 and SP-B/total protein, IAI: median 14.1 ng/mg, range 4.3-237.5 ng/mg vs. without IAI: median 1.45 ng/mg, range 0-79.5 ng/mg; p = 0.003). Among women who had not received antenatal corticosteroids, the median amniotic fluid concentrations of SP-B and of SP-B/total protein were not significantly different between patients with and without IAI (SP-B, IAI: median 4 ng/mL, range 0-31.4 ng/mL vs. without IAI: median 3.4 ng/mL, range 0-37 ng/mL; p = 0.8 and SP-B/total protein, IAI: median 0.55 ng/mg, range 0-6.96 ng/mg vs. without IAI: median 0.59 ng/mg, range 0-3.28 ng/mg; p = 0.9). The median amniotic fluid concentrations of SP-A, SP-A/total protein, SP-D, and SP-D/total protein were not significantly different between patients with and without IAI whether they received antenatal corticosteroids or not (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IAI was associated with an increased amniotic fluid concentration of SP-B in patients who received antenatal corticosteroids within 7 days prior to amniocentesis.
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Cheah FC, Pillow JJ, Kramer BW, Polglase GR, Nitsos I, Newnham JP, Jobe AH, Kallapur SG. Airway inflammatory cell responses to intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide in a sheep model of chorioamnionitis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L384-93. [PMID: 19118089 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90547.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis, a risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants, causes an influx of inflammatory cells into the fetal lung. Using a fetal sheep model, we evaluated the time course of activation, functional maturity, and apoptosis of the leukocytes recruited to the fetal air spaces by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Time-mated sheep were given intra-amniotic injections with 10 mg of Escherichia coli LPS or saline 2 or 7 days before preterm delivery at 124 days of gestation (term is 150 days). Both neutrophils and monocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) had activated NF-kappaB after 2- and 7-day LPS exposures. These neutrophils and monocytes expressed the activation factor CD11b and the maturation factor PU.1 at 2 days, and increased PU.1 expression was detected in macrophages at 7 days. Leukocyte oxidative burst activity was greatest at 7 days. BALF lipid peroxidation increased fivefold at 2 days, while protein carbonyls increased eightfold at 7 days. Nitrative stress was not detected in the BALF, but leukocytes in the lung expressed nitric oxide synthase (NOS)II (inducible NOS). BALF leukocytes expressed the antioxidant peroxiredoxin V. Lung glutathione peroxidase was also increased with LPS exposure. There was minimal apoptosis of airway and lung leukocytes assessed by caspase-3 activation. Intra-amniotic LPS recruits leukocytes to the fetal air space that have a persistent activation. These results have implications for the pathogenesis of lung inflammatory disorders in the preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fook-Choe Cheah
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
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Abstract
Intrauterine infections represent a significant threat to fetal well-being and pregnancy outcome. Recent studies suggest that non-immune cells of the maternal-fetal interface can actively recognize and respond to microbes through pattern recognition receptors, in order to control pathogens that may compromise the pregnancy. However, these same innate immune responses may inadvertently lead to excessive inflammation or apoptosis at the maternal-fetal interface. Thus, pattern recognition receptors may play a key role in infection-related pregnancy complications. This review discusses what is currently known about the role of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in controlling infections at the maternal-fetal interface, and what impact their function may have on pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki M Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Londhe VA, Nguyen HT, Jeng JM, Li X, Li C, Tiozzo C, Zhu N, Minoo P. NF-kB induces lung maturation during mouse lung morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2007; 237:328-38. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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