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Min KD, Asakura M, Shirai M, Yamazaki S, Ito S, Fu HY, Asanuma H, Asano Y, Minamino T, Takashima S, Kitakaze M. ASB2 is a novel E3 ligase of SMAD9 required for cardiogenesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23056. [PMID: 34845242 PMCID: PMC8630118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiogenesis requires the orchestrated spatiotemporal tuning of BMP signalling upon the balance between induction and counter-acting suppression of the differentiation of the cardiac tissue. SMADs are key intracellular transducers and the selective degradation of SMADs by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is pivotal in the spatiotemporal tuning of BMP signalling. However, among three SMADs for BMP signalling, SMAD1/5/9, only the specific E3 ligase of SMAD9 remains poorly investigated. Here, we report for the first time that SMAD9, but not the other SMADs, is ubiquitylated by the E3 ligase ASB2 and targeted for proteasomal degradation. ASB2, as well as Smad9, is conserved among vertebrates. ASB2 expression was specific to the cardiac region from the very early stage of cardiac differentiation in embryogenesis of mouse. Knockdown of Asb2 in zebrafish resulted in a thinned ventricular wall and dilated ventricle, which were rescued by simultaneous knockdown of Smad9. Abundant Smad9 protein leads to dysregulated cardiac differentiation through a mechanism involving Tbx2, and the BMP signal conducted by Smad9 was downregulated under quantitative suppression of Smad9 by Asb2. Our findings demonstrate that ASB2 is the E3 ligase of SMAD9 and plays a pivotal role in cardiogenesis through regulating BMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Duk Min
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Masanori Asakura
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Department of Bioscience, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Ito
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Hai Ying Fu
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asanuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Takashima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
- Hanwa Daini Senboku Hospital, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
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Cheng X, Zheng J, Li G, Göbel V, Zhang H. Degradation for better survival? Role of ubiquitination in epithelial morphogenesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1438-1460. [PMID: 29493067 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a prevalent post-translational modification, ubiquitination is essential for many developmental processes. Once covalently attached to the small and conserved polypeptide ubiquitin (Ub), a substrate protein can be directed to perform specific biological functions via its Ub-modified form. Three sequential catalytic reactions contribute to this process, among which E3 ligases serve to identify target substrates and promote the activated Ub to conjugate to substrate proteins. Ubiquitination has great plasticity, with diverse numbers, topologies and modifications of Ub chains conjugated at different substrate residues adding a layer of complexity that facilitates a huge range of cellular functions. Herein, we highlight key advances in the understanding of ubiquitination in epithelial morphogenesis, with an emphasis on the latest insights into its roles in cellular events involved in polarized epithelial tissue, including cell adhesion, asymmetric localization of polarity determinants and cytoskeletal organization. In addition, the physiological roles of ubiquitination are discussed for typical examples of epithelial morphogenesis, such as lung branching, vascular development and synaptic formation and plasticity. Our increased understanding of ubiquitination in epithelial morphogenesis may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying epithelial regeneration and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Cheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Gang Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Verena Göbel
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114,, U.S.A
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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TGF-β Family Signaling in Ductal Differentiation and Branching Morphogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a031997. [PMID: 28289061 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells contribute to the development of various vital organs by generating tubular and/or glandular architectures. The fully developed forms of ductal organs depend on processes of branching morphogenesis, whereby frequency, total number, and complexity of the branching tissue define the final architecture in the organ. Some ductal tissues, like the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation, disintegrate and regenerate through periodic cycles. Differentiation of branched epithelia is driven by antagonistic actions of parallel growth factor systems that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal communication. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members and their extracellular antagonists are prominently involved in both normal and disease-associated (e.g., malignant or fibrotic) ductal tissue patterning. Here, we discuss collective knowledge that permeates the roles of TGF-β family members in the control of the ductal tissues in the vertebrate body.
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Chiba T, Ishisaki A, Kyakumoto S, Shibata T, Yamada H, Kamo M. Transforming growth factor-β1 suppresses bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced mesenchymal-epithelial transition in HSC-4 human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via Smad1/5/9 pathway suppression. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:713-720. [PMID: 28035402 PMCID: PMC5355686 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer in the oral cavity. We previously demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (hOSCC) cells; however, it remains to be clarified whether the TGF-β superfamily member bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) affects this process in hOSCC cells. Here, we examined the independent and collective effects of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 on EMT and mesenchymal‑epithelial transition (MET) in a panel of four hOSCC cell lines. Notably, we found that HSC-4 cells were the most responsive to BMP-2 stimulation, which resulted in the upregulation of Smad1/5/9 target genes such as the MET inducers ID1 and cytokeratin 9 (CK9). Furthermore, BMP-2 downregulated the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin and the EMT inducer Snail, but upregulated epithelial CK9 expression, indicating that BMP-2 prefers to induce MET rather than EMT. Moreover, TGF-β1 dampened BMP-2-induced epithelial gene expression by inhibiting Smad1/5/9 expression and phosphorylation. Functional analysis revealed that TGF-β1 and BMP-2 significantly enhanced HSC-4 cell migration and proliferation, respectively. Collectively, these data suggest that TGF-β positively regulates hOSCC invasion in the primary tumor, whereas BMP-2 facilitates cancer cell colonization at secondary metastatic sites. Thus, the invasive and metastatic characteristics of hOSCC appear to be reciprocally regulated by BMP and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Chiba
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Akira Ishisaki
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Seiko Kyakumoto
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shibata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kamo
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
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Xu P, Lin X, Feng XH. Posttranslational Regulation of Smads. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a022087. [PMID: 27908935 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling dictates highly complex programs of gene expression responses, which are extensively regulated at multiple levels and vary depending on the physiological context. The formation, activation, and destruction of two major functional complexes in the TGF-β signaling pathway (i.e., the TGF-β receptor complexes and the Smad complexes that act as central mediators of TGF-β signaling) are direct targets for posttranslational regulation. Dysfunction of these complexes often leads or contributes to pathogenesis in cancer and fibrosis and in cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of posttranslational modifications in the functions of the receptor-activated Smads in the common Smad4 and inhibitory Smads, and in the control of the physiological responses to TGF-β. It is now evident that these modifications act as decisive factors in defining the intensity and versatility of TGF-β responsiveness. Thus, the characterization of posttranslational modifications of Smads not only sheds light on how TGF-β controls physiological and pathological processes but may also guide us to manipulate the TGF-β responses for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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6
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E3 ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 controls lung branching through protein-level regulation of ETV transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7557-62. [PMID: 27335464 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603310113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian lung is an elaborate branching organ, and it forms following a highly stereotypical morphogenesis program. It is well established that precise control at the transcript level is a key genetic underpinning of lung branching. In comparison, little is known about how regulation at the protein level may play a role. Ring finger and WD domain 2 (RFWD2, also termed COP1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that modifies specific target proteins, priming their degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system. RFWD2 is known to function in the adult in pathogenic processes such as tumorigenesis. Here, we show that prenatal inactivation of Rfwd2 gene in the lung epithelium led to a striking halt in branching morphogenesis shortly after secondary branch formation. This defect is accompanied by distalization of the lung epithelium while growth and cellular differentiation still occurred. In the mutant lung, two E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors essential for normal lung branching, ETS translocation variant 4 (ETV4) and ETV5, were up-regulated at the protein level, but not at the transcript level. Introduction of Etv loss-of-function alleles into the Rfwd2 mutant background attenuated the branching phenotype, suggesting that RFWD2 functions, at least in part, through degrading ETV proteins. Because a number of E3 ligases are known to target factors important for lung development, our findings provide a preview of protein-level regulatory network essential for lung branching morphogenesis.
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Ma WH, Liu YJ, Wang W, Zhang YZ. Neuropeptide Y, substance P, and human bone morphogenetic protein 2 stimulate human osteoblast osteogenic activity by enhancing gap junction intercellular communication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:299-307. [PMID: 25714881 PMCID: PMC4418359 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone homeostasis seems to be controlled by delicate and subtle “cross talk” between
the nervous system and “osteo-neuromediators” that control bone remodeling. The
purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interactions between
neuropeptides and human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (hBMP2) on human osteoblasts. We
also investigated the effects of neuropeptides and hBMP2 on gap junction
intercellular communication (GJIC). Osteoblasts were treated with neuropeptide Y
(NPY), substance P (SP), or hBMP2 at three concentrations. At various intervals after
treatment, cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. In addition, cellular
alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin were determined by colorimetric
assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. The effects of NPY, SP and hBMP on GJIC
were determined by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The viability of cells treated
with neuropeptides and hBMP2 increased significantly in a time-dependent manner, but
was inversely associated with the concentration of the treatments. ALP activity and
osteocalcin were both reduced in osteoblasts exposed to the combination of
neuropeptides and hBMP2. The GJIC of osteoblasts was significantly increased by the
neuropeptides and hBMP2. These results suggest that osteoblast activity is increased
by neuropeptides and hBMP2 through increased GJIC. Identification of the
GJIC-mediated signal transduction capable of modulating the cellular activities of
bone cells represents a novel approach to studying the biology of skeletal
innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Ma
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Y J Liu
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - W Wang
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Y Z Zhang
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Orthopedic Biomechanics of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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Ganguly K, Martin TM, Concel VJ, Upadhyay S, Bein K, Brant KA, George L, Mitra A, Thimraj TA, Fabisiak JP, Vuga LJ, Fattman C, Kaminski N, Schulz H, Leikauf GD. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 is a determinant of lung function development in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:637-51. [PMID: 24816281 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0471oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) is located within quantitative trait loci associated with lung function that was previously identified by contrasting C3H/HeJ and JF1/Msf mouse strains that have extremely divergent lung function. JF1/Msf mice with diminished lung function had reduced lung SPP1 transcript and protein during the peak stage of alveologenesis (postnatal day [P]14-P28) as compared with C3H/HeJ mice. In addition to a previously identified genetic variant that altered runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) binding in the Spp1 promoter, we identified another promoter variant in a putative RUNX2 binding site that increased the DNA protein binding. SPP1 induced dose-dependent mouse lung epithelial-15 cell proliferation. Spp1((-/-)) mice have decreased specific total lung capacity/body weight, higher specific compliance, and increased mean airspace chord length (Lm) compared with Spp1((+/+)) mice. Microarray analysis revealed enriched gene ontogeny categories, with numerous genes associated with lung development and/or respiratory disease. Insulin-like growth factor 1, Hedgehog-interacting protein, wingless-related mouse mammary tumor virus integration site 5A, and NOTCH1 transcripts decreased in the lung of P14 Spp1((-/-)) mice as determined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. SPP1 promotes pneumocyte growth, and mice lacking SPP1 have smaller, more compliant lungs with enlarged airspace (i.e., increased Lm). Microarray analysis suggests a dysregulation of key lung developmental transcripts in gene-targeted Spp1((-/-)) mice, particularly during the peak phase of alveologenesis. In addition to its known roles in lung disease, this study supports SPP1 as a determinant of lung development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koustav Ganguly
- 1 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health
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Al-Salihi MA, Herhaus L, Sapkota GP. Regulation of the transforming growth factor β pathway by reversible ubiquitylation. Open Biol 2013; 2:120082. [PMID: 22724073 PMCID: PMC3376735 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling pathway plays a central role during embryonic development and in adult tissue homeostasis. It regulates gene transcription through a signalling cascade from cell surface receptors to intracellular SMAD transcription factors and their nuclear cofactors. The extent, duration and potency of signalling in response to TGFβ cytokines are intricately regulated by complex biochemical processes. The corruption of these regulatory processes results in aberrant TGFβ signalling and leads to numerous human diseases, including cancer. Reversible ubiquitylation of pathway components is a key regulatory process that plays a critical role in ensuring a balanced response to TGFβ signals. Many studies have investigated the mechanisms by which various E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate the turnover and activity of TGFβ pathway components by ubiquitylation. Moreover, recent studies have shed new light into their regulation by deubiquitylating enzymes. In this report, we provide an overview of current understanding of the regulation of TGFβ signalling by E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin A Al-Salihi
- Medical Research Council-Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Cao Y, Zhang L. A Smurf1 tale: function and regulation of an ubiquitin ligase in multiple cellular networks. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2305-17. [PMID: 23007848 PMCID: PMC11113965 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since being discovered and intensively studied for over a decade, Smad ubiquitylation regulatory factor-1 (Smurf1) has been linked with several important biological pathways, including the bone morphogenetic protein pathway, the non-canonical Wnt pathway, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Multiple functions of this ubiquitin ligase have been discovered in cell growth and morphogenesis, cell migration, cell polarity, and autophagy. Smurf1 is related to physiological manifestations in terms of age-dependent deficiency in bone formation and invasion of tumor cells. Smurf1-knockout mice have a significant phenotype in the skeletal system and considerable manifestations during embryonic development and neural outgrowth. In depth studying of Smurf1 will help us to understand the etiopathological mechanisms of related disorders. Here, we will summarize historical and recent studies on Smurf1, and discuss the E3 ligase-dependent and -independent functions of Smurf1. Moreover, intracellular regulations of Smurf1 and related physiological phenotypes will be described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 Liaoning Province China
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MicroRNAs in pulmonary arterial remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4479-94. [PMID: 23739951 PMCID: PMC3827895 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial remodeling is a presently irreversible pathologic hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This complex disease involves pathogenic dysregulation of all cell types within the small pulmonary arteries contributing to vascular remodeling leading to intimal lesions, resulting in elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart dysfunction. Mutations within the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 gene, leading to dysregulated proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, have been identified as being responsible for heritable PAH. Indeed, the disease is characterized by excessive cellular proliferation and resistance to apoptosis of smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Significant gene dysregulation at the transcriptional and signaling level has been identified. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression and have the ability to target numerous genes, therefore potentially controlling a host of gene regulatory and signaling pathways. The major role of miRNAs in pulmonary arterial remodeling is still relatively unknown although research data is emerging apace. Modulation of miRNAs represents a possible therapeutic target for altering the remodeling phenotype in the pulmonary vasculature. This review will focus on the role of miRNAs in regulating smooth muscle and endothelial cell phenotypes and their influence on pulmonary remodeling in the setting of PAH.
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Xu B, Chen C, Chen H, Zheng SG, Bringas P, Xu M, Zhou X, Chen D, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Shi W. Smad1 and its target gene Wif1 coordinate BMP and Wnt signaling activities to regulate fetal lung development. Development 2011; 138:925-35. [PMID: 21270055 DOI: 10.1242/dev.062687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) is essential for lung development. To define the intracellular signaling mechanisms by which Bmp4 regulates lung development, BMP-specific Smad1 or Smad5 was selectively knocked out in fetal mouse lung epithelial cells. Abrogation of lung epithelial-specific Smad1, but not Smad5, resulted in retardation of lung branching morphogenesis and reduced sacculation, accompanied by altered distal lung epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation and, consequently, severe neonatal respiratory failure. By combining cDNA microarray with ChIP-chip analyses, Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) was identified as a novel target gene of Smad1 in the developing mouse lung epithelial cells. Loss of Smad1 transcriptional activation of Wif1 was associated with reduced Wif1 expression and increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity in lung epithelia, resulting in specific fetal lung abnormalities. This suggests a novel regulatory loop of Bmp4-Smad1-Wif1-Wnt/β-catenin in coordinating BMP and Wnt pathways to control fetal lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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13
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Tandon A, Tovey JCK, Sharma A, Gupta R, Mohan RR. Role of transforming growth factor Beta in corneal function, biology and pathology. Curr Mol Med 2010; 10:565-78. [PMID: 20642439 PMCID: PMC3048459 DOI: 10.2174/1566524011009060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) is a pleiotropic multifunctional cytokine that regulates several essential cellular processes in many parts of the body including the cornea. Three isoforms of TGFbeta are known in mammals and the human cornea expresses all of them. TGFbeta1 has been shown to play a central role in scar formation in adult corneas whereas TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 have been implicated to play a critical role in corneal development and scarless wound healing during embryogenesis. The biological effects of TGFbeta in the cornea have been shown to follow Smad dependent as well as Smad-independent signaling pathways depending upon cellular responses and microenvironment. Corneal TGFbeta expression is necessary for maintaining corneal integrity and corneal wound healing. On the other hand, TGFbeta is perhaps the most important cytokine in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease in the cornea. Although the transformation of keratocytes to myofibroblasts induced by TGFbeta is largely believed to cause corneal fibrosis or scarring, the precise molecular mechanism(s) involved in this process is still unknown. Currently no drugs are available to treat corneal scarring effectively without causing significant side effects. Many approaches to treat TGFbeta-mediated corneal scarring are under investigation. These include blocking of TGFbeta, TGFbeta receptor, TGFbeta function and/or TGFbeta maturation. Other strategies such as modulating keratocyte proliferation, apoptosis, transcription and DNA condensation are also being investigated. The potential of gene therapy to neutralize the pathologic effects of TGFbeta has also been demonstrated recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Tandon
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jonathan C. K. Tovey
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Rangan Gupta
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors in the Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 661:251-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-500-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sharma S, Tantisira K, Carey V, Murphy AJ, Lasky-Su J, Celedón JC, Lazarus R, Klanderman B, Rogers A, Soto-Quirós M, Avila L, Mariani T, Gaedigk R, Leeder S, Torday J, Warburton D, Raby B, Weiss ST. A role for Wnt signaling genes in the pathogenesis of impaired lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:328-36. [PMID: 19926868 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200907-1009oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Animal models demonstrate that aberrant gene expression in utero can result in abnormal pulmonary phenotypes. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify genes that are differentially expressed during in utero airway development and test the hypothesis that variants in these genes influence lung function in patients with asthma. METHODS Stage 1 (Gene Expression): Differential gene expression analysis across the pseudoglandular (n = 27) and canalicular (n = 9) stages of human lung development was performed using regularized t tests with multiple comparison adjustments. Stage 2 (Genetic Association): Genetic association analyses of lung function (FEV(1), FVC, and FEV(1)/FVC) for variants in five differentially expressed genes were conducted in 403 parent-child trios from the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP). Associations were replicated in 583 parent-child trios from the Genetics of Asthma in Costa Rica study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 1,776 differentially expressed genes between the pseudoglandular (gestational age: 7-16 wk) and the canalicular (gestational age: 17-26 wk) stages, we selected 5 genes in the Wnt pathway for association testing. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms in three genes demonstrated association with lung function in CAMP (P < 0.05), and associations for two of these genes were replicated in the Costa Ricans: Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 with FEV(1) (combined P = 0.0005) and FVC (combined P = 0.0004), and Wnt inhibitory factor 1 with FVC (combined P = 0.003) and FEV(1)/FVC (combined P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Wnt signaling genes are associated with impaired lung function in two childhood asthma cohorts. Furthermore, gene expression profiling of human fetal lung development can be used to identify genes implicated in the pathogenesis of lung function impairment in individuals with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Channing Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Kho AT, Bhattacharya S, Tantisira KG, Carey VJ, Gaedigk R, Leeder JS, Kohane IS, Weiss ST, Mariani TJ. Transcriptomic analysis of human lung development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:54-63. [PMID: 19815808 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200907-1063oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Current understanding of the molecular regulation of lung development is limited and derives mostly from animal studies. OBJECTIVES To define global patterns of gene expression during human lung development. METHODS Genome-wide expression profiling was used to measure the developing lung transcriptome in RNA samples derived from 38 normal human lung tissues at 53 to 154 days post conception. Principal component analysis was used to characterize global expression variation and to identify genes and bioontologic attributes contributing to these variations. Individual gene expression patterns were verified by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Gene expression analysis identified attributes not previously associated with lung development, such as chemokine-immunologic processes. Lung characteristics attributes (e.g., surfactant function) were observed at an earlier-than-anticipated age. We defined a 3,223 gene developing lung characteristic subtranscriptome capable of describing a majority of the process. In gene expression space, the samples formed a time-contiguous trajectory with transition points correlating with histological stages and suggesting the existence of novel molecular substages. Induction of surfactant gene expression characterized a pseudoglandular "molecular phase" transition. Individual gene expression patterns were independently validated. We predicted the age of independent human lung transcriptome profiles with a median absolute error of 5 days, supporting the validity of the data and modeling approach. CONCLUSIONS This study extends our knowledge of key gene expression patterns and bioontologic attributes underlying early human lung developmental processes. The data also suggest the existence of molecular phases of lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin T Kho
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Eivers E, Demagny H, De Robertis EM. Integration of BMP and Wnt signaling via vertebrate Smad1/5/8 and Drosophila Mad. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:357-65. [PMID: 19896409 PMCID: PMC2810204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BMPs pattern the dorsal-ventral axis of vertebrate embryos. Smad1/5/8 transduces the BMP signal, and receives phosphorylation inputs from both MAPK and GSK3. Phosphorylation of Smad1 by MAPK and GSK3 result in its polyubiquitination and transport to the centrosome where it is degraded by the proteasome. These linker phosphorylations inhibit BMP/Smad1signaling by shortening its duration. Wnt, which negatively regulates GSK3 activity, prolongs the BMP/Smad1 signal. Remarkably, linker-phosphorylated Smad1 has been shown to be inherited asymmetrically during cell division. Drosophila contains a single Smad1/5/8 homologue, Mad, and is stabilized by phosphorylation-resistant mutations at GSK3 sites, causing Wingless-like effects. We summarize here the significance of linker-phosphorylated Smad1/Mad in relation to signal intensity and duration, and how this integrates the Wnt and BMP pathways during cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Eivers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, United States.
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18
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Morrell NW, Adnot S, Archer SL, Dupuis J, Lloyd Jones P, MacLean MR, McMurtry IF, Stenmark KR, Thistlethwaite PA, Weissmann N, Yuan JXJ, Weir EK. Cellular and molecular basis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:S20-S31. [PMID: 19555855 PMCID: PMC2790324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is caused by functional and structural changes in the pulmonary vasculature, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The process of pulmonary vascular remodeling is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction, activation of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, crosstalk between cells within the vascular wall, and recruitment of circulating progenitor cells. Recent findings have reestablished the role of chronic vasoconstriction in the remodeling process. Although the pathology of PAH in the lung is well known, this article is concerned with the cellular and molecular processes involved. In particular, we focus on the role of the Rho family guanosine triphosphatases in endothelial function and vasoconstriction. The crosstalk between endothelium and vascular smooth muscle is explored in the context of mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor, alterations in angiopoietin-1/TIE2 signaling, and the serotonin pathway. We also review the role of voltage-gated K(+) channels and transient receptor potential channels in the regulation of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] and [K(+)], vasoconstriction, proliferation, and cell survival. We highlight the importance of the extracellular matrix as an active regulator of cell behavior and phenotype and evaluate the contribution of the glycoprotein tenascin-c as a key mediator of smooth muscle cell growth and survival. Finally, we discuss the origins of a cell type critical to the process of pulmonary vascular remodeling, the myofibroblast, and review the evidence supporting a contribution for the involvement of endothelial-mesenchymal transition and recruitment of circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Morrell
- Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Serge Adnot
- Medical School of Créteil, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | | | - Jocelyn Dupuis
- Research Center of the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter Lloyd Jones
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn/CMREF Center for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Developmental Lung Biology Laboratory and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Norbert Weissmann
- University of Giessen Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine II/V, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - E Kenneth Weir
- University of Minnesota, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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19
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Kotorashvili A, Russo SJ, Mulugeta S, Guttentag S, Beers MF. Anterograde transport of surfactant protein C proprotein to distal processing compartments requires PPDY-mediated association with Nedd4 ubiquitin ligases. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16667-16678. [PMID: 19366705 PMCID: PMC2713532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.002816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of surfactant protein C (SP-C) by alveolar type 2 cells requires proteolytic processing of a 21-kDa propeptide (proSP-C21) in post-Golgi compartments to yield a 3.7-kDa mature form. Scanning alanine mutagenesis, binding assays, and co-immunoprecipitation were used to characterize the proSP-C targeting domain. Delivery of proSP-C21 to distal processing organelles is dependent upon the NH2-terminal cytoplasmic SP-C propeptide, which contains a conserved PPDY motif. In A549 cells, transfection of EGFP/proSP-C21 constructs containing polyalanine substitution for Glu11-Thr18, 13PPDY16, or 14P,16Y produced endoplasmic reticulum retention of the fusion proteins. Protein-protein interactions of proSP-C with known WW domains were screened using a solid-phase array that revealed binding of the proSP-C NH2 terminus to several WW domains found in the Nedd4 family of E3 ligases. Specificity of the interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of proSP-C and Nedd4 or Nedd4-2 in epithelial cell lines. By Western blotting and reverse transcription-PCR, both forms were detected in primary human type 2 cells. Knockdown of Nedd4-2 by small interference RNA transfection of cultured human type 2 cells blocked processing of 35S-labeled proSP-C21. Mutagenesis of potential acceptor sites for ubiquitination in the cytosolic domain of proSP-C (Lys6, Lys34, or both) failed to inhibit trafficking of EGFP/proSP-C21. These results indicate that PPDY-mediated interaction with Nedd4 E3-ligases is required for trafficking of proSP-C. We speculate that the Nedd4/proSP-C tandem is part of a larger protein complex containing a ubiquitinated component that further directs its transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kotorashvili
- From the Surfactant Biology Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Scott J Russo
- From the Surfactant Biology Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Surafel Mulugeta
- From the Surfactant Biology Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Susan Guttentag
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Michael F Beers
- From the Surfactant Biology Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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20
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Steiner MK, Syrkina OL, Kolliputi N, Mark EJ, Hales CA, Waxman AB. Interleukin-6 overexpression induces pulmonary hypertension. Circ Res 2008; 104:236-44, 28p following 244. [PMID: 19074475 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.182014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 is elevated in the serum and lungs of patients with pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Several animal models of PAH cite the potential role of inflammatory mediators. We investigated role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular disease. Indices of pulmonary vascular remodeling were measured in lung-specific IL-6-overexpressing transgenic mice (Tg(+)) and compared to wild-type (Tg(-)) controls in both normoxic and chronic hypoxic conditions. The Tg(+) mice exhibited elevated right ventricular systolic pressures and right ventricular hypertrophy with corresponding pulmonary vasculopathic changes, all of which were exacerbated by chronic hypoxia. IL-6 overexpression increased muscularization of the proximal arterial tree, and hypoxia enhanced this effect. It also reproduced the muscularization and proliferative arteriopathy seen in the distal arteriolar vessels of PAH patients. The latter was characterized by the formation of occlusive neointimal angioproliferative lesions that worsened with hypoxia and were composed of endothelial cells and T-lymphocytes. IL-6-induced arteriopathic changes were accompanied by activation of proangiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, the proproliferative kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase, proproliferative transcription factors c-MYC and MAX, and the antiapoptotic proteins survivin and Bcl-2 and downregulation of the growth inhibitor transforming growth factor-beta and proapoptotic kinases JNK and p38. These findings suggest that IL-6 promotes the development and progression of pulmonary vascular remodeling and PAH through proproliferative antiapoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Steiner
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) represents a large family of growth and differentiation factors that mobilize complex signaling networks to regulate cellular differentiation, proliferation, motility, adhesion, and apoptosis. TGF-beta signaling is tightly regulated by multiple complex mechanisms, and its deregulation plays a key role in the progression of many forms of cancer. Upon ligand binding, TGF-beta signals are transduced by Smad proteins, which in turn are tightly dependent on modulation by adaptor proteins such as embryonic liver fodrin, Smad anchor for receptor activation, filamin, and crkl. A further layer of regulation is imposed by ubiquitin-mediated targeting and proteasomal degradation of specific components of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. This review focuses on the ubiquitinators that regulate TGF-beta signaling and the association of these ubiquitin ligases with various forms of cancer. Delineating the role of ubiquitinators in the TGF-beta signaling pathway could yield powerful novel therapeutic targets for designing new cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Glasgow
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Digestive Diseases, and GI Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery, Medicine and Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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22
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Southwood M, Jeffery TK, Yang X, Upton PD, Hall SM, Atkinson C, Haworth SG, Stewart S, Reynolds PN, Long L, Trembath RC, Morrell NW. Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling in human pulmonary vascular development. J Pathol 2008; 214:85-95. [PMID: 17992660 DOI: 10.1002/path.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor (BMPR-II) is predominantly expressed on the vascular endothelium in the adult lung. Although mutations in BMPR-II are known to underlie many cases of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH), little is known regarding the expression of BMPs and their signalling pathways during normal lung development or the impact of BMPR-II mutations on endothelial cell function. We determined the cellular localization and expression levels of BMP4, BMP receptors, and activation of downstream signalling via phospho-Smad1 in a developmental series of human embryonic and fetal lungs by immunohistochemistry. The expression of BMP4 and BMP receptors was temporally and spatially regulated during lung development. BMPR-II expression correlated with phosphorylation of tissue Smad1 and was highest during the late pseudoglandular and early canalicular stage of lung development, when vasculogenesis is intense. Phospho-Smad1 expression was associated with markers of proliferation in endothelial cells. In vitro studies confirmed that BMPs 2 and 4 induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) migration and proliferation. Adenoviral transfection of PAECs with mutant kinase-deficient BMPR-II, or siRNA knockdown of BMPR-II, inhibited Smad signalling and the proliferative response to BMP4. Our findings support a critical role for BMPs in lung vasculogenesis. Dysfunctional BMP signalling in PAECs during development may lead to abnormal pulmonary vascular development and contribute to the pathogenesis of FPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Southwood
- Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Sun J, Chen H, Chen C, Whitsett JA, Mishina Y, Bringas P, Ma JC, Warburton D, Shi W. Prenatal lung epithelial cell-specific abrogation of Alk3-bone morphogenetic protein signaling causes neonatal respiratory distress by disrupting distal airway formation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:571-82. [PMID: 18258849 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play important roles in regulating lung development and function although the endogenous regulatory effects of BMP signaling are still controversial. We found that BMP type I receptor Alk3 is expressed predominantly in airway epithelial cells during development. The function of Alk3 in lung development was determined using an inducible knockout mouse model by crossing epithelial cell-specific Cre transgenic mice SPC-rtTA/TetO-Cre and floxed-Alk3 mice. Abrogation of Alk3 in mouse lung epithelia from either early lung organogenesis or late gestation resulted in similar neonatal respiratory distress phenotypes accompanied by collapsed lungs. Early-induction of Alk3 knockout in lung epithelial cells caused retardation of early lung branching morphogenesis, reduced cell proliferation, and differentiation. However, late gestation induction of the knockout caused changes in cell proliferation and survival, as shown by altered cell biology, reduced expression of peripheral epithelial markers (Clara cell-specific protein, surfactant protein C, and aquaporin-5), and lack of surfactant secretion. Furthermore, canonical Wnt signaling was perturbed, possibly through reduced Wnt inhibitory factor-1 expression in Alk3-knockout lungs. Therefore, our data suggest that deficiency of appropriate BMP signaling in lung epithelial cells results in prenatal lung malformation, neonatal atelectasis, and respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Sun
- Developmental Biology Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS 35, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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24
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Whyte L, Huang YY, Torres K, Mehta RG. Molecular mechanisms of resveratrol action in lung cancer cells using dual protein and microarray analyses. Cancer Res 2008; 67:12007-17. [PMID: 18089832 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural phytoestrogen found in red wine and a variety of plants, is reported to have protective effects against lung cancer; however, there is little work directed toward the understanding of the mechanism of its action in this disease. In this study, we used a combination of experimental approaches to understand the biological activity and molecular mechanisms of resveratrol. Microarray gene expression profiling and high-throughput immunoblotting (PowerBlot) methodologies were employed to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of resveratrol action in human lung cancer cells. In this report, we confirm the up-regulation of p53 and p21 and the induction of apoptosis by the activation of the caspases and the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane complex. We show the arrest of A549 cells in the G(1) phase of cell cycle in the presence of resveratrol and also report alterations in both gene and protein expressions of cyclin A, chk1, CDC27, and Eg5. Furthermore, the results indicated that resveratrol action is mediated via the transforming growth factor-beta pathway, particularly through the Smad proteins. Results showed the down-regulation of the Smad activators 2 and 4 and the up-regulation of the repressor Smad 7 as a result of resveratrol treatment. Resveratrol is a potent inhibitor of A549 lung cancer cell growth, and our results suggest that resveratrol may be a promising chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Whyte
- Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
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25
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that E3 ubiquitin ligases play important roles in cancer development. In this article, we provide a comprehensive summary of the roles of the Nedd4-like family of E3 ubiquitin ligases in human cancer. There are nine members of the Nedd4-like E3 family, all of which share a similar structure, including a C2 domain at the N-terminus, two to four WW domains in the middle of the protein, and a homologous to E6-AP COOH terminus domain at the C-terminus. The assertion that Nedd4-like E3s play a role in cancer is supported by the overexpression of Smurf2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, WWP1 in prostate and breast cancer, Nedd4 in prostate and bladder cancer, and Smurf1 in pancreatic cancer. Because Nedd4-like E3s regulate ubiquitin-mediated trafficking, lysosomal or proteasomal degradation, and nuclear translocation of multiple proteins, they modulate important signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis like TGFbeta, EGF, IGF, VEGF, SDF-1, and TNFalpha. Additionally, several Nedd4-like E3s directly regulate various cancer-related transcription factors from the Smad, p53, KLF, RUNX, and Jun families. Interestingly, multiple Nedd4-like E3s show ligase independent function. Furthermore, Nedd4-like E3s themselves are frequently regulated by phosphorylation, ubiquitination, translocation, and transcription in cancer cells. Because the regulation and biological output of these E3s is such a complex process, study of the role of these E3s in cancer development poses some challenges. However, understanding the oncogenic potential of these E3s may facilitate the identification and development of biomarkers and drug targets in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceshi Chen
- The Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47, New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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26
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Alejandre-Alcázar MA, Shalamanov PD, Amarie OV, Sevilla-Pérez J, Seeger W, Eickelberg O, Morty RE. Temporal and spatial regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in late lung development. Dev Dyn 2008; 236:2825-35. [PMID: 17823941 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play important roles in early lung development. No study to date has addressed a role for BMP signaling in late lung development. We describe changes in the expression and localization of BMP receptors (Bmpr1a, Bmpr1b, and Bmpr2) and Smad (Smad1, Smad4, Smad5, and Smad8) intracellular signaling proteins during the saccular and alveolarization stages of late lung development. BMP signaling, assessed by Smad1/5 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and induction of id1, id2, and id3 gene expression, was evident throughout late lung development. Our data indicate that BMP signaling is active during late lung development, and points to roles for the BMP system in septal and vascular development, and in the homeostasis of the epithelial layer of large conducting airways in the mature lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Alejandre-Alcázar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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27
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Sangadala S, Boden SD, Metpally RPR, Reddy BVB. Modeling and analysis of molecularinteraction between Smurf1-WW2 domain and various isoforms of LIM mineralization protein. Proteins 2007; 68:690-701. [PMID: 17510966 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
LIM Mineralization Protein-1 (LMP-1) has been cloned and shown to be osteoinductive. Our efforts to understand the mode of action of LMP-1 led to the determination that LMP-1 interacts with Smad Ubiquitin Regulatory Factor-1 (Smurf1). Smurf1 targets osteogenic Smads, Smad1/5, for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Smurf1 interaction with LMP-1 or Smads is based on the presence of unique WW-domain interacting motif in these target molecules. By performing site-directed mutagenesis and binding studies in vitro on purified recombinant proteins, we identified a specific motif within the osteogenic region of several LMP isoforms that is necessary for Smurf1 interaction. Similarly, we have identified that the WW2 domain of Smurf1 is necessary for target protein interaction. Here, we present a homology-based modeling of the Smurf1 WW2 domain and its interacting motif of LMP-1. We performed computational docking of the interacting domains in Smurf1 and LMPs to identify the key amino acid residues involved in their binding regions. In support of the computational predictions, we also present biochemical evidence supporting the hypothesis that the physical interaction of Smurf1 and osteoinductive forms of LMP may prevent Smurf1 from targeting osteogenic Smads by ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhara Sangadala
- Atlanta VA Medical Center and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
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28
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Sangadala S, Rao Metpally RP, B. Reddy BV. Molecular Interaction Between Smurfl WW2 Domain and PPXY Motifs of Smadl, Smad5, and Smad6—Modeling and Analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2007; 25:11-23. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2007.10507151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Srinivasan P, Ramasamy P, Brennan GP, Hanna R. Inhibitory Effects of Bacteriophages on the Growth of Vibrio sp., Pathogens of Shrimp in the Indian Aquaculture Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2007.166.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The vertebrate lung consists of multiple cell types that are derived primarily from endodermal and mesodermal compartments of the early embryo. The process of pulmonary organogenesis requires the generation of precise signaling centers that are linked to transcriptional programs that, in turn, regulate cell numbers, differentiation, and behavior, as branching morphogenesis and alveolarization proceed. This review summarizes knowledge regarding the expression and proposed roles of transcription factors influencing lung formation and function with particular focus on knowledge derived from the study of the mouse. A group of transcription factors active in the endodermally derived cells of the developing lung tubules, including thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), beta-catenin, Forkhead orthologs (FOX), GATA, SOX, and ETS family members are required for normal lung morphogenesis and function. In contrast, a group of distinct proteins, including FOXF1, POD1, GLI, and HOX family members, play important roles in the developing lung mesenchyme, from which pulmonary vessels and bronchial smooth muscle develop. Lung formation is dependent on reciprocal signaling among cells of both endodermal and mesenchymal compartments that instruct transcriptional processes mediating lung formation and adaptation to breathing after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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31
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Abstract
The transforming growth factorbeta (TGFbeta) superfamily regulates a broad spectrum of biological responses throughout embryonic development and adult life, including cell proliferation and differentiation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. TGFbeta members initiate signaling by bringing together a complex of serine/threonine kinase receptors that transmit signals through intracellular Smad proteins. Genetic alterations in numerous components of the TGFbeta signaling pathway have been associated with several human cancers. In addition, tight regulation of TGFbeta signaling is pivotal to the maintenance of homeostasis and the prevention of carcinogenesis. The ubiquitin/proteosome system is one mechanism by which cells regulate the expression and activity of effectors of the TGFbeta signaling cascade. Mounting evidence also suggests that disruption of the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of components of the TGFbeta pathway leads to the development and progression of cancer. Therefore, understanding how these two pathways intertwine will contribute to the advancement of our knowledge of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Izzi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hoffmann A, Pelled G, Turgeman G, Eberle P, Zilberman Y, Shinar H, Keinan-Adamsky K, Winkel A, Shahab S, Navon G, Gross G, Gazit D. Neotendon formation induced by manipulation of the Smad8 signalling pathway in mesenchymal stem cells. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:940-52. [PMID: 16585960 PMCID: PMC1421340 DOI: 10.1172/jci22689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration requires the recruitment of adult stem cells and their differentiation into mature committed cells. In this study we describe what we believe to be a novel approach for tendon regeneration based on a specific signalling molecule, Smad8, which mediates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into tendon-like cells. A biologically active Smad8 variant was transfected into an MSC line that coexpressed the osteogenic gene bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). The engineered cells demonstrated the morphological characteristics and gene expression profile of tendon cells both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, following implantation in an Achilles tendon partial defect, the engineered cells were capable of inducing tendon regeneration demonstrated by double quantum filtered MRI. The results indicate what we believe to be a novel mechanism in which Smad8 inhibits the osteogenic pathway in MSCs known to be induced by BMP2 while promoting tendon differentiation. These findings may have considerable importance for the therapeutic replacement of tendons or ligaments and for engineering other tissues in which BMP plays a pivotal developmental role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hoffmann
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gadi Pelled
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gadi Turgeman
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Peter Eberle
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoram Zilberman
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadassah Shinar
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Keinan-Adamsky
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sandra Shahab
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Navon
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gerhard Gross
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Gazit
- Signaling and Gene Regulation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany.
Skeletal Biotechnology Laboratory, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Miyazono K, Maeda S, Imamura T. BMP receptor signaling: transcriptional targets, regulation of signals, and signaling cross-talk. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2006; 16:251-63. [PMID: 15871923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, bind to two different serine/threonine kinase receptors, and mediate their signals through Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. Receptor regulated-Smad (R-Smad) proteins specific for the BMP pathways interact with various proteins, including transcription factor Runx, and transmit specific signals in target cells. The recent development of DNA microarray techniques has allowed us to identify many BMP target genes. BMP signaling is modulated by various molecules, including inhibitory Smads (I-Smads). Moreover, recent findings have revealed that BMP pathways interact with other signaling pathways, and such signaling cross-talk plays pivotal roles in growth and differentiation of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Abstract
Organized and coordinated lung development follows transcriptional regulation of a complex set of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions resulting in a blood-gas interface ready for physiologic gas exchange at birth. Transcription factors, growth factors, and various other signaling molecules regulate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions by paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. Transcriptional control at the earliest stages of lung development results in cell differentiation and cell commitment in the primitive lung bud, in essence setting up a framework for pattern formation and branching morphogenesis. Branching morphogenesis results in the formation of the conductive airway system, which is critical for alveolization. Lung development is influenced at all stages by spatial and temporal distribution of various signaling molecules and their receptors and also by the positive and negative control of signaling by paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine mechanisms. Lung bud formation, cell differentiation, and its interaction with the splanchnic mesoderm are regulated by HNF-3beta, Shh, Nkx2.1, HNF-3/Forkhead homolog-8 (HFH-8), Gli, and GATA transcription factors. HNF-3beta regulates Nkx2.1, a transcription factor critical to the formation of distal pulmonary structures. Nkx2.1 regulates surfactant protein genes that are important for the development of alveolar stability at birth. Shh, produced by the foregut endoderm, regulates lung morphogenesis signaling through Gli genes expressed in the mesenchyme. FGF10, produced by the mesoderm, regulates branching morphogenesis via its receptors on the lung epithelium. Alveolization and formation of the capillary network are influenced by various factors that include PDGF, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and retinoic acid. Epithelial-endothelial interactions during lung development are important in establishing a functional blood-gas interface. The effects of various growth factors on lung development have been demonstrated by gain- or loss-of-function studies in null mutant and transgenic mice models. Understanding the role of growth factors and various other signaling molecules and their cellular interactions in lung development will provide us with new insights into the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and disorders of lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth H Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), State University of New York, The Women & Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Chen C, Chen H, Sun J, Bringas P, Chen Y, Warburton D, Shi W. Smad1 expression and function during mouse embryonic lung branching morphogenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 288:L1033-9. [PMID: 15681399 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00277.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 plays very important roles in regulating developmental processes of many organs, including lung. Smad1 is one of the BMP receptor downstream signaling proteins that transduce BMP4 ligand signaling from cell surface to nucleus. The dynamic expression patterns of Smad1 in embryonic mouse lungs were examined using immunohistochemistry. Smad1 protein was predominantly detected in peripheral airway epithelial cells of early embryonic lung tissue [embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5)], whereas Smad1 protein expression in mesenchymal cells increased during mid-late gestation. Many Smad1-positive mesenchymal cells were localized adjacent to large airway epithelial cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels, which colocalized with a molecular marker of smooth muscle cells (alpha-smooth muscle actin). The biological function of Smad1 in early lung branching morphogenesis was then studied in our established E11.5 lung explant culture model. Reduction of endogenous Smad1 expression was achieved by adding a Smad1-specific antisense DNA oligonucleotide, causing approximately 20% reduction of lung epithelial branching. Furthermore, airway epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation were also inhibited when endogenous Smad1 expression was knocked down. Therefore, these data indicate that Smad1, acting as an intracellular BMP signaling pathway component, positively regulates early mouse embryonic lung branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Developmental Biology Program, The Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS 35, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Beppu H, Ichinose F, Kawai N, Jones RC, Yu PB, Zapol WM, Miyazono K, Li E, Bloch KD. BMPR-IIheterozygous mice have mild pulmonary hypertension and an impaired pulmonary vascular remodeling response to prolonged hypoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L1241-7. [PMID: 15286002 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00239.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor ( BMPR-II) gene have been identified in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. The mechanisms by which these mutations contribute to the pathogenesis of primary pulmonary hypertension are not fully elucidated. To assess the impact of a heterozygous mutation of the BMPR-II gene on the pulmonary vasculature, we studied mice carrying a mutant BMPR-II allele lacking exons 4 and 5 ( BMPR-II+/−mice). BMPR-II+/−mice had increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance compared with their wild-type littermates. Histological analyses revealed that the wall thickness of muscularized pulmonary arteries (<100 μm in diameter) and the number of alveolar-capillary units were greater in BMPR-II+/−than in wild-type mice. Breathing 11% oxygen for 3 wk increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and hemoglobin concentration to similar levels in BMPR-II+/−and wild-type mice, but the degree of muscularization of small pulmonary arteries and formation of alveolar-capillary units were reduced in BMPR-II+/−mice. Our results suggest that, in mice, mutation of one copy of the BMPR-II gene causes pulmonary hypertension but impairs the ability of the pulmonary vasculature to remodel in response to prolonged hypoxic breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Beppu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. )
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Warburton D, Berberich MA, Driscoll B. Stem/progenitor cells in lung morphogenesis, repair, and regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2004; 64:1-16. [PMID: 15563941 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(04)64001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Warburton
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
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