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Alva R, Mirza M, Baiton A, Lazuran L, Samokysh L, Bobinski A, Cowan C, Jaimon A, Obioru D, Al Makhoul T, Stuart JA. Oxygen toxicity: cellular mechanisms in normobaric hyperoxia. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022; 39:111-143. [PMID: 36112262 PMCID: PMC9483325 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In clinical settings, oxygen therapy is administered to preterm neonates and to adults with acute and chronic conditions such as COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, sepsis, cardiac arrest, carbon monoxide poisoning, and acute heart failure. In non-clinical settings, divers and astronauts may also receive supplemental oxygen. In addition, under current standard cell culture practices, cells are maintained in atmospheric oxygen, which is several times higher than what most cells experience in vivo. In all the above scenarios, the elevated oxygen levels (hyperoxia) can lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species from mitochondria, NADPH oxidases, and other sources. This can cause cell dysfunction or death. Acute hyperoxia injury impairs various cellular functions, manifesting ultimately as physiological deficits. Chronic hyperoxia, particularly in the neonate, can disrupt development, leading to permanent deficiencies. In this review, we discuss the cellular activities and pathways affected by hyperoxia, as well as strategies that have been developed to ameliorate injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Maha Mirza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Adam Baiton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Lucas Lazuran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Lyuda Samokysh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ava Bobinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Cale Cowan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alvin Jaimon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dede Obioru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Tala Al Makhoul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Stuart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Chhunchha B, Kubo E, Kompella UB, Singh DP. Engineered Sumoylation-Deficient Prdx6 Mutant Protein-Loaded Nanoparticles Provide Increased Cellular Defense and Prevent Lens Opacity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081245. [PMID: 34439493 PMCID: PMC8389307 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Sumoylation-mediated protein dysfunction is involved in a variety of oxidative and aging pathologies. We previously reported that Sumoylation-deficient Prdx6K(lysine)122/142R(Arginine) linked to the TAT-transduction domain gained stability and protective efficacy. In the present study, we formulated wild-type TAT-HA-Prdx6WT and Sumoylation-deficient Prdx6-loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) to further enhance stability, protective activities, and sustained delivery. We found that in vitro and subconjuctival delivery of Sumoylation-deficient Prdx6-NPs provided a greater protection of lens epithelial cells (LECs) derived from human and Prdx6-/--deficient mouse lenses against oxidative stress, and it also delayed the lens opacity in Shumiya cataract rats (SCRs) than TAT-HA-Prdx6WT-NPs. The encapsulation efficiencies of TAT-HA-Prdx6-NPs were ≈56%-62%. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses showed that the NPs were spherical, with a size of 50-250 nm and a negative zeta potential (≈23 mV). TAT-HA-Prdx6 analog-NPs released bioactive TAT-HA-Prdx6 (6%-7%) within 24 h. Sumoylation-deficient TAT-HA-Prdx6-NPs provided 35% more protection by reducing the oxidative load of LECs exposed to H2O2 compared to TAT-HA-Prdx6WT-NPs. A subconjuctival delivery of TAT-HA-Prdx6 analog-NPs demonstrated that released TAT-HA-Prdx6K122/142R could reduce lens opacity by ≈60% in SCRs. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time that the subconjuctival delivery of Sumoylation-deficient Prdx6-NPs is efficiently cytoprotective and provide a proof of concept for potential use to delay cataract and oxidative-related pathobiology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Chhunchha
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 9200265, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ophthalmology, and Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Dhirendra P. Singh
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (D.P.S.)
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Yu FJ, Lam TC, Sze AYH, Li KK, Chun RKM, Shan SW, To CH. Alteration of retinal metabolism and oxidative stress may implicate myopic eye growth: Evidence from discovery and targeted proteomics in an animal model. J Proteomics 2020; 221:103684. [PMID: 32061809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myopia, the most common cause of impaired vision, may induce sight- threatening diseases or ocular complications due to axial elongation. The exact mechanisms underlying myopia development have received much attention and understanding of these is necessary for clinical prevention or therapeutics. In this study, quantitative proteomics using Isotope Coded Protein Label (ICPL) was applied to identify differentially regulated proteins in the retinas of myopic chicks and, from their presence, infer the possible pathogenesis of excessive ocular elongation. Newly hatched white leghorn chicks (n = 15) wore -10D and + 10D lenses bilaterally for 3 and 7 days, respectively, to develop progressive lens-induced myopia (LIM) and hyperopia (LIH). Retinal proteins were quantified with nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS). Bioinformatics analysis of differentially regulated proteins revealed that the majority originated from the cytoplasmic region and were related to various metabolic, glycolytic, or oxidative processes. The fold changes of four proteins of interest (vimentin, apolipoprotein A1, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein, and glutathione S-transferase) were further confirmed by a novel high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-HR) using a label-free approach. SIGNIFICANCE: Discovery of effective protein biomarkers of myopia has been extensively studied to inhibit myopia progression. This study first applied lens-induced hyperopia and myopia in the same chick to maximize the inter-ocular differences, aiming to discover more protein biomarker candidates. The findings provided new evidence that myopia was metabolism related, accompanied by altered energy generation and oxidative stress at retinal protein levels. The results in the retina were also compared to our previous study in vitreous using ICPL quantitative technology. We have now presented the protein changes in these two adjacent tissues, which may provide extra information of protein changes during ocular growth in myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Andes Ying-Hon Sze
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - King-Kit Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel Ka-Man Chun
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sze-Wan Shan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Shim HJ, Park SY, Kwon HS, Song WJ, Kim TB, Moon KA, Choi JP, Kim SJ, Cho YS. Oxidative Stress Modulates the Expression Pattern of Peroxiredoxin-6 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Asthmatic Patients and Bronchial Epithelial Cells. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020; 12:523-536. [PMID: 32141264 PMCID: PMC7061160 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.3.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Reduction-oxidation reaction homeostasis is vital for regulating inflammatory conditions and its dysregulation may affect the pathogenesis of chronic airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Peroxiredoxin-6, an important intracellular anti-oxidant molecule, is reported to be highly expressed in the airways and lungs. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression pattern of peroxiredoxin-6 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of asthmatic patients and in bronchial epithelial cells (BECs). Methods The expression levels and modifications of peroxiredoxin-6 were evaluated in PBMCs from 22 asthmatic patients. Phosphorylated and acetylated peroxiredoxin-6 in hydrogen peroxide-treated human BECs was detected using immunoprecipitation analysis. The expression level of peroxiredoxin-6 was also investigated in BECs treated with hydrogen peroxide. Cycloheximide and proteasome inhibitors were used to determine whether peroxiredoxin-6 is degraded by proteasomes. Results Peroxiredoxin-6 expression was significantly reduced in the PBMCs of asthmatic patients compared to control subjects. Distinct modification patterns for peroxiredoxin-6 were observed in the PBMCs of asthmatic patients using 2-dimensional-electrophoresis. The levels of phosphorylated serine and acetylated lysine in peroxiredoxin-6 were significantly increased in the BECs following hydrogen peroxide treatment. The level of peroxiredoxin-6 expression was reduced in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated BECs, presumably due to proteasomes. Conclusions The expression of peroxiredoxin-6, which is down-regulated in the immune cells of asthmatic patients and BECs, can be modified by oxidative stress. This phenomenon may have an effect on asthmatic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jae Shim
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyouk Soo Kwon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Song
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Bum Kim
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keun Ai Moon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Pyo Choi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Jeong Kim
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Sook Cho
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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5
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Elko EA, Cunniff B, Seward DJ, Chia SB, Aboushousha R, van de Wetering C, van der Velden J, Manuel A, Shukla A, Heintz NH, Anathy V, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Peroxiredoxins and Beyond; Redox Systems Regulating Lung Physiology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1070-1091. [PMID: 30799628 PMCID: PMC6767868 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The lung is a unique organ, as it is constantly exposed to air, and thus it requires a robust antioxidant defense system to prevent the potential damage from exposure to an array of environmental insults, including oxidants. The peroxiredoxin (PRDX) family plays an important role in scavenging peroxides and is critical to the cellular antioxidant defense system. Recent Advances: Exciting discoveries have been made to highlight the key features of PRDXs that regulate the redox tone. PRDXs do not act in isolation as they require the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase/NADPH, sulfiredoxin (SRXN1) redox system, and in some cases glutaredoxin/glutathione, for their reduction. Furthermore, the chaperone function of PRDXs, controlled by the oxidation state, demonstrates the versatility in redox regulation and control of cellular biology exerted by this class of proteins. Critical Issues: Despite the long-known observations that redox perturbations accompany a number of pulmonary diseases, surprisingly little is known about the role of PRDXs in the etiology of these diseases. In this perspective, we review the studies that have been conducted thus far to address the roles of PRDXs in lung disease, or experimental models used to study these diseases. Intriguing findings, such as the secretion of PRDXs and the formation of autoantibodies, raise a number of questions about the pathways that regulate secretion, redox status, and immune response to PRDXs. Future Directions: Further understanding of the mechanisms by which individual PRDXs control lung inflammation, injury, repair, chronic remodeling, and cancer, and the importance of PRDX oxidation state, configuration, and client proteins that govern these processes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Brian Cunniff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Shi Biao Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Allison Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Arti Shukla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nicholas H Heintz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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6
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Zhang X, Dash RK, Clough AV, Xie D, Jacobs ER, Audi SH. Integrated Computational Model of Lung Tissue Bioenergetics. Front Physiol 2019; 10:191. [PMID: 30906264 PMCID: PMC6418344 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered lung tissue bioenergetics plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. A wealth of information exists regarding the bioenergetic processes in mitochondria isolated from rat lungs, cultured pulmonary endothelial cells, and intact rat lungs under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. However, the interdependence of those processes makes it difficult to quantify the impact of a change in a single or multiple process(es) on overall lung tissue bioenergetics. Integrated computational modeling provides a mechanistic and quantitative framework for the bioenergetic data at different levels of biological organization. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an integrated computational model of lung bioenergetics using existing experimental data from isolated perfused rat lungs. The model expands our recently developed computational model of the bioenergetics of mitochondria isolated from rat lungs by accounting for glucose uptake and phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. For the mitochondrial region of the model, values of kinetic parameters were fixed at those estimated in our recent model of the bioenergetics of mitochondria isolated from rat lungs. For the cytosolic region of the model, intrinsic parameters such as apparent Michaelis constants were determined based on previously published enzyme kinetics data, whereas extrinsic parameters such as maximal reaction and transport velocities were estimated by fitting the model solution to published data from isolated rat lungs. The model was then validated by assessing its ability to predict existing experimental data not used for parameter estimation, including relationships between lung nucleotides content, lung lactate production rate, and lung energy charge under different experimental conditions. In addition, the model was used to gain novel insights on how lung tissue glycolytic rate is regulated by exogenous substrates such as glucose and lactate, and assess differences in the bioenergetics of mitochondria isolated from lung tissue and those of mitochondria in intact lungs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first model of lung tissue bioenergetics. The model provides a mechanistic and quantitative framework for integrating available lung tissue bioenergetics data, and for testing novel hypotheses regarding the role of different cytosolic and mitochondrial processes in lung tissue bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ranjan K Dash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Anne V Clough
- Zablocki V. A. Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Dexuan Xie
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Jacobs
- Zablocki V. A. Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Said H Audi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Zablocki V. A. Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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7
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Sondhi D, Stiles KM, De BP, Crystal RG. Genetic Modification of the Lung Directed Toward Treatment of Human Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:3-84. [PMID: 27927014 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for many diseases of the lung intractable to other treatments. Lung gene therapy has been the subject of numerous preclinical animal experiments and human clinical trials, for targets including genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and α1-antitrypsin deficiency, complex disorders such as asthma, allergy, and lung cancer, infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Pseudomonas, as well as pulmonary arterial hypertension, transplant rejection, and lung injury. A variety of viral and non-viral vectors have been employed to overcome the many physical barriers to gene transfer imposed by lung anatomy and natural defenses. Beyond the treatment of lung diseases, the lung has the potential to be used as a metabolic factory for generating proteins for delivery to the circulation for treatment of systemic diseases. Although much has been learned through a myriad of experiments about the development of genetic modification of the lung, more work is still needed to improve the delivery vehicles and to overcome challenges such as entry barriers, persistent expression, specific cell targeting, and circumventing host anti-vector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Katie M Stiles
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Bishnu P De
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
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8
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Fisher AB. Peroxiredoxin 6 in the repair of peroxidized cell membranes and cell signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 617:68-83. [PMID: 27932289 PMCID: PMC5810417 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 represents a widely distributed group of peroxiredoxins that contain a single conserved cysteine in the protein monomer (1-cys Prdx). The cys when oxidized to the sulfenic form is reduced with glutathione (GSH) catalyzed by the π isoform of GSH-S-transferase. Three enzymatic activities of the protein have been described:1) peroxidase with H2O2, short chain hydroperoxides, and phospholipid hydroperoxides as substrates; 2) phospholipase A2 (PLA2); and 3) lysophosphatidylcholine acyl transferase (LPCAT). These activities have important physiological roles in antioxidant defense, turnover of cellular phospholipids, and the generation of superoxide anion via initiation of the signaling cascade for activation of NADPH oxidase (type 2). The ability of Prdx6 to reduce peroxidized cell membrane phospholipids (peroxidase activity) and also to replace the oxidized sn-2 fatty acyl group through hydrolysis/reacylation (PLA2 and LPCAT activities) provides a complete system for the repair of peroxidized cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine of the Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, 1 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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9
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Yang D, Jin M, Bai C, Zhou J, Shen Y. Peroxiredoxin 6 suppresses Muc5ac overproduction in LPS-induced airway inflammation through H 2O 2-EGFR-MAPK signaling pathway. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 236:84-90. [PMID: 27884794 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion is a prominent mechanism in airway inflammation. Muc5ac is a major component of mucus and can be activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) highly expresses in airway epithelium and protects the airway from oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the roles of Prdx6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mucin production in mice. We found that the levels of H2O2 and the Muc5ac mRNA were significantly increased in Prdx6 (-/-) mice compared to those in C57BL/6J mice after LPS instillation, which were markedly inhibited by epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor Elrotinib. In vitro studies showed that mRNA levels of Prdx6 were decreased while H2O2 and Muc5ac were increased in a dose-dependent manner after LPS exposure, with significant increase in Prdx6 knockdown bronchial epithelial cells compared with those in normal epithelial cells. LPS-induced Muc5ac release was significantly inhibited by EGFR inhibitor, p38 inhibitor and JNK inhibitor, but not ERK1/2 inhibitor, indicating that the H2O2-EGFR-MAPK pathway is likely involved in the responses. This study indicated that Prdx6 decreased LPS-induced Muc5ac increase and played important roles in mucin hypersecretion after LPS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Shi N, Zhang J, Chen SY. Runx2, a novel regulator for goblet cell differentiation and asthma development. FASEB J 2016; 31:412-420. [PMID: 27825108 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600954r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Airway goblet cell differentiation and related mucus overproduction are critical processes in the development of respiratory diseases, including asthma. The underlying mechanisms, however, are not fully understood. We identified Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) as a novel regulator for goblet cell differentiation. Runx2 was up-regulated by 6.4-fold during IL-13-induced goblet cell differentiation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Knockdown of Runx2 attenuated the IL-13-induced differentiation/mucus production by 67%. Mechanistically, Runx2 bound to the promoter of SAM-pointed domain-containing Ets-like factor (SPDEF), a known factor for goblet cell differentiation, resulting in an activation of SPDEF transcription. In vivo, Runx2 was induced by 6.2-fold in pulmonary epithelium of house dust mite-challenged mice. Blockade of Runx2 inhibited the house dust mite-induced goblet cell differentiation with a 75% reduction in mucus overproduction while improving airway responsiveness to methacholine by 41%. More importantly, a 12.3-fold increase in Runx2 expression was observed in human asthma lung epithelium, underlying the potential clinical importance of these findings.-Shi, N., Zhang, J., Chen, S.-Y. Runx2, a novel regulator for goblet cell differentiation and asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; and.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; and
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11
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Priyathilaka TT, Kim Y, Udayantha HMV, Lee S, Herath HMLPB, Lakmal HHC, Elvitigala DAS, Umasuthan N, Godahewa GI, Kang SI, Jeong HB, Kim SK, Kim DJ, Lim BS. Identification and molecular characterization of peroxiredoxin 6 from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) revealing its potent antioxidant properties and putative immune relevancy. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:291-302. [PMID: 26911410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prdx) are thiol specific antioxidant enzymes that play a pivotal role in cellular oxidative stress by reducing toxic peroxide compounds into nontoxic products. In this study, we identified and characterized a peroxiredoxin 6 counterpart from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) (AjPrdx6) at molecular, transcriptional and protein level. The identified full-length coding sequence of AjPrdx6 (669 bp) coded for a polypeptide of 223 aa residues (24.9 kDa). Deduced protein of AjPrdx6 showed analogy to characteristic structural features of 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin sub-family. According to the topology of the generated phylogenetic reconstruction AjPrdx6 showed closest evolutionary relationship with Salmo salar. As detected by Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR), AjPrdx6 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all the tissues examined. Upon the immune challenges with Edwardsiella tarda, lipopolysaccharides and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, expression of AjPrdx6 mRNA transcripts were significantly induced. The general functional properties of Prdx6 were confirmed using purified recombinant AjPrdx6 protein by deciphering its potent protective effects on cultured vero cells (kidney epithelial cell from an African green monkey) against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and protection against oxidative DNA damage elicited by mixed function oxidative (MFO) system. Altogether, our findings suggest that AjPrdx6 is a potent antioxidant protein in Japanese eels and its putative immune relevancy in pathogen stress mounted by live-bacteria or pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Yucheol Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - H M V Udayantha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - H M L P B Herath
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - H H Chaminda Lakmal
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Il Kang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Bok Jeong
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kwon Kim
- New Strategy Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- New Strategy Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong Soo Lim
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 695-965, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Fisher AB, Dodia C, Sorokina EM, Li H, Zhou S, Raabe T, Feinstein SI. A novel lysophosphatidylcholine acyl transferase activity is expressed by peroxiredoxin 6. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:587-96. [PMID: 26830860 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2(PLA2) activity of peroxiredoxin (Prdx)6 has important physiological roles in the synthesis of lung surfactant and in the repair of peroxidized cell membranes. These functions require the activity of a lysophospholipid acyl transferase as a critical component of the phospholipid remodeling pathway. We now describe a lysophosphatidylcholine acyl transferase (LPCAT) activity for Prdx6 that showed a strong preference for lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) as the head group and for palmitoyl CoA in the acylation reaction. The calculated kinetic constants for acylation wereKm18 μM andVmax30 nmol/min/mg protein; theVmaxwas increased 25-fold by phosphorylation of the protein whileKmwas unchanged. Study of recombinant protein in vitro and in mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells infected with a lentiviral vector construct indicated that amino acid D31 is crucial for LPCAT activity. A linear incorporation of labeled fatty acyl CoA into dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC) indicated that LPC generated by Prdx6 PLA2activity remained bound to the enzyme for the reacylation reaction. Prdx6 is the first LPCAT enzyme with demonstrated cytoplasmic localization. Thus, Prdx6 is a complete enzyme comprising both PLA2and LPCAT activities for the remodeling pathway of PC synthesis or for repair of membrane lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and the Department of Physiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Chandra Dodia
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and the Department of Physiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Elena M Sorokina
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and the Department of Physiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Haitao Li
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and the Department of Physiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Suiping Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and the Department of Physiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tobias Raabe
- Penn Gene Targeting Core and Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sheldon I Feinstein
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and the Department of Physiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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13
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Benipal B, Feinstein SI, Chatterjee S, Dodia C, Fisher AB. Inhibition of the phospholipase A2 activity of peroxiredoxin 6 prevents lung damage with exposure to hyperoxia. Redox Biol 2015; 4:321-7. [PMID: 25637741 PMCID: PMC4803794 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung injury associated with hyperoxia reflects in part the secondary effects of pulmonary inflammation and the associated production of reactive oxygen species due to activation of NADPH oxidase, type 2 (NOX2). Activation of NOX2 requires the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity of peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6). Therefore, we evaluated whether blocking Prdx6 PLA2 activity using the inhibitor MJ33 would be protective in a mouse model of acute lung injury resulting from hyperoxic exposure. Mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of MJ33 (2.5nmol/g body weight) at the start of exposure (zero time) and at 48h during continuous exposure to 100% O2 for 80h. Treatment with MJ33 reduced the number of neutrophils and the protein content in the fluid obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage, inhibited the increase in lipid peroxidation products in lung tissue, decreased the number of apoptotic cells in the lung, and decreased the perivascular edema associated with the 80h exposure to hyperoxia. Thus, blocking Prdx6 PLA2 activity by MJ33 significantly protected lungs against damage from hyperoxia, presumably by preventing the activation of NOX2 and the amplification of lung injury associated with inflammation. These findings demonstrate that MJ33, a potent inhibitor of Prdx6 PLA2 activity, can protect mouse lungs against the manifestations of acute lung injury due to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bavneet Benipal
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheldon I Feinstein
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shampa Chatterjee
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chandra Dodia
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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14
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Accumulating evidence for a role of oxidized phospholipids in infectious diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:1059-71. [PMID: 25410378 PMCID: PMC7079780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) were originally discovered as by-products and mediators of chronic inflammation such as in atherosclerosis. Over the last years, an increasing body of evidence led to the notion that OxPL not only contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory processes but in addition play an integral role as modulators of inflammation during acute infections. Thereby, host defense mechanisms involve the generation of oxygen radicals that oxidize ubiquitously present phospholipids, which in turn act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These OxPL-derived DAMPs can exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions that ultimately alter the host response to pathogens. In this review, we summarize the currently available data on the role of OxPL in infectious diseases.
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15
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Towards scarless wound healing: a comparison of protein expression between human, adult and foetal fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:676493. [PMID: 24605334 PMCID: PMC3925539 DOI: 10.1155/2014/676493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteins from human adult and foetal fibroblast cell lines were compared, focusing on those involved in wound healing. Proteins were separated through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). Differences in protein spot intensity between the lineages were quantified through 3D gel scanning densitometry. Selected protein spots were excised, subjected to tryptic digests, prior to separation using HPLC with a linear ion trap mass spectrometer, and identified. Protein maps representing the proteomes from adult and foetal fibroblasts showed similar distributions but revealed differences in expression levels. Heat shock cognate 71 kDA protein, Tubulin alpha-1A chain, actin cytoplasmic-1, and neuron cytoplasmic protein were all expressed in significantly higher concentrations by foetal fibroblasts, nearly double those observed for their adult counterparts. Fructose bisphosphate aldolase A, Cofilin-1, Peroxiredoxin-1, Lactotransferrin Galectin-1, Profilin-1, and Calreticulin were expressed at comparatively higher concentrations by the adult fibroblasts. Significant differences in the expression levels of some proteins in human adult and foetal fibroblasts correlated with known differences in wound healing behaviour. This data may assist in the development of technologies to promote scarless wound healing and better functional tissue repair and regeneration.
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16
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Walsh B, Pearl A, Suchy S, Tartaglio J, Visco K, Phelan SA. Overexpression of Prdx6 and resistance to peroxide-induced death in Hepa1-6 cells: Prdx suppression increases apoptosis. Redox Rep 2013; 14:275-84. [DOI: 10.1179/135100009x12525712409652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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17
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Chaudhary N, Bhatnagar S, Malik S, Katare DP, Jain SK. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in lung cancer in Wistar rats using NNK as an inducer. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 204:125-34. [PMID: 23692979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the commonest cancers detected worldwide with a high mortality rate. The responsible factors affecting survival include delayed prognosis, and lack of effective treatments. To help improve the disease management, there is a need for better screening and development of specific markers that help in the early diagnosis. Analysis of differentially expressed proteins in cancer cells in comparison to their normal counterparts using proteome profiling revealed identification of new biomarkers as therapeutic targets. Therefore, an animal model for lung cancer was developed and monitored by histopathological evaluation. Lung tissue proteins were isolated, solubilized and resolved on 2D gel electrophoresis using broad pH range IPG strips (pH 3-10). Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed 66 proteins to be differentially expressed in cancer tissue as compared to normal. The study identified and characterized three of these proteins, namely peroxiredoxin-6, β-actin and collagen α-1 (VI) as potentially prospective biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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18
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Wagener FADTG, Carels CE, Lundvig DMS. Targeting the redox balance in inflammatory skin conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9126-67. [PMID: 23624605 PMCID: PMC3676777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be both beneficial and deleterious. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS production is tightly regulated, and ROS participate in both pathogen defense and cellular signaling. However, insufficient ROS detoxification or ROS overproduction generates oxidative stress, resulting in cellular damage. Oxidative stress has been linked to various inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is an essential response in the protection against injurious insults and thus important at the onset of wound healing. However, hampered resolution of inflammation can result in a chronic, exaggerated response with additional tissue damage. In the pathogenesis of several inflammatory skin conditions, e.g., sunburn and psoriasis, inflammatory-mediated tissue damage is central. The prolonged release of excess ROS in the skin can aggravate inflammatory injury and promote chronic inflammation. The cellular redox balance is therefore tightly regulated by several (enzymatic) antioxidants and pro-oxidants; however, in case of chronic inflammation, the antioxidant system may be depleted, and prolonged oxidative stress occurs. Due to the central role of ROS in inflammatory pathologies, restoring the redox balance forms an innovative therapeutic target in the development of new strategies for treating inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, the clinical use of antioxidant-related therapies is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. D. T. G. Wagener
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (F.A.D.T.G.W.); (D.M.S.L.); Tel.: +31-24-3614082 (F.A.D.T.G.W.); Fax: +31-24-3540631 (F.A.D.T.G.W. & D.M.S.L.)
| | | | - Ditte M. S. Lundvig
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (F.A.D.T.G.W.); (D.M.S.L.); Tel.: +31-24-3614082 (F.A.D.T.G.W.); Fax: +31-24-3540631 (F.A.D.T.G.W. & D.M.S.L.)
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19
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Valdivieso AG, Santa-Coloma TA. CFTR activity and mitochondrial function. Redox Biol 2013; 1:190-202. [PMID: 24024153 PMCID: PMC3757715 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a frequent and lethal autosomal recessive disease, caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). Before the discovery of the CFTR gene, several hypotheses attempted to explain the etiology of this disease, including the possible role of a chloride channel, diverse alterations in mitochondrial functions, the overexpression of the lysosomal enzyme α-glucosidase and a deficiency in the cytosolic enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Because of the diverse mitochondrial changes found, some authors proposed that the affected gene should codify for a mitochondrial protein. Later, the CFTR cloning and the demonstration of its chloride channel activity turned the mitochondrial, lysosomal and cytosolic hypotheses obsolete. However, in recent years, using new approaches, several investigators reported similar or new alterations of mitochondrial functions in Cystic Fibrosis, thus rediscovering a possible role of mitochondria in this disease. Here, we review these CFTR-driven mitochondrial defects, including differential gene expression, alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, apoptosis and innate immune response, which might explain some characteristics of the complex CF phenotype and reveals potential new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gabriel Valdivieso
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED CONICET-UCA), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Sharma NK, Sethy NK, Bhargava K. Comparative proteome analysis reveals differential regulation of glycolytic and antioxidant enzymes in cortex and hippocampus exposed to short-term hypobaric hypoxia. J Proteomics 2013; 79:277-98. [PMID: 23313218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the major stressors at high altitude. Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia induces several adverse consequences to the structural and functional integrity of brain. In an attempt to understand the proteome modulation, we used 2-DE coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF for cortex and hippocampus exposed to short-term temporal (0, 3, 6, 12 and 24h) hypobaric hypoxia. This enabled us in the identification of 88 and 73 hypoxia responsive proteins in cortex and hippocampus respectively. We further compared the proteomes of both the regions and identified 37 common proteins along with 49 and 32 specific proteins for cortex and hippocampus respectively. We observed significant up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes like Gapdh, Pgam1, Eno1 and malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes Mdh1 and Got1in cortex as compared to hippocampus deciphering efficient use of energy producing substrates. This was coupled with concomitant increase in expression of antioxidant enzymes like Sod1, Sod2 and Pebp1 in cortex to neutralize the hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Our comparative proteomics studies demonstrate that efficient use of energy generating pathways in conjugation with abundance of antioxidant enzymes makes cortex less vulnerable to hypoxia than hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar Sharma
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110 054, INDIA
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21
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Fitzpatrick AM, Jones DP, Brown LAS. Glutathione redox control of asthma: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:375-408. [PMID: 22304503 PMCID: PMC3353819 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with airway hyper-responsiveness and airflow limitation in response to specific triggers. Whereas inflammation is important for tissue regeneration and wound healing, the profound and sustained inflammatory response associated with asthma may result in airway remodeling that involves smooth muscle hypertrophy, epithelial goblet-cell hyperplasia, and permanent deposition of airway extracellular matrix proteins. Although the specific mechanisms responsible for asthma are still being unraveled, free radicals such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are important mediators of airway tissue damage that are increased in subjects with asthma. There is also a growing body of literature implicating disturbances in oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions and impaired antioxidant defenses as a risk factor for asthma development and asthma severity. Ultimately, these redox-related perturbations result in a vicious cycle of airway inflammation and injury that is not always amenable to current asthma therapy, particularly in cases of severe asthma. This review will discuss disruptions of redox signaling and control in asthma with a focus on the thiol, glutathione, and reduced (thiol) form (GSH). First, GSH synthesis, GSH distribution, and GSH function and homeostasis are discussed. We then review the literature related to GSH redox balance in health and asthma, with an emphasis on human studies. Finally, therapeutic opportunities to restore the GSH redox balance in subjects with asthma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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22
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Lien YC, Feinstein SI, Dodia C, Fisher AB. The roles of peroxidase and phospholipase A2 activities of peroxiredoxin 6 in protecting pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells against peroxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:440-51. [PMID: 22067043 PMCID: PMC3260966 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), a bifunctional enzyme with glutathione peroxidase and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activities, has been demonstrated as playing a critical role in antioxidant defense of the lung. Our aim was to evaluate the relative role of each activity in Prdx6-mediated protection of mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) against the peroxidative stress of treatment with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH). RESULTS PMVEC from Prdx6 null mice showed increased lethality on tBOOH exposure (50-200 μM) compared with wild-type (WT) controls. Treatment with 1-hexadecyl-3-trifluoroethylglycero-sn-2-phosphomethanol (MJ33), a Prdx6 PLA(2) activity inhibitor, increased the sensitivity of WT cells to peroxidative stress, but did not further sensitize Prdx6 null cells. Lethality in Prdx6 null PMVEC was "rescued" by transfection with a construct leading to the expression of WT rat Prdx6. Expression of mutant Prdx6 with either peroxidase activity or PLA(2) activity alone each partially rescued the survival of Prdx6 null cells, while constructs with both active sites mutated failed to rescue. Co-transfection with two different constructs, each expressing one activity, rescued cells as well as the WT construct. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Contrary to the general assumption that the peroxidase activity is the main mechanism for Prdx6 antioxidant function, these results indicate that the PLA(2) activity also plays a substantial role in protecting cells against oxidant stress caused by an exogenous hydroperoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Lien
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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23
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Goncalves K, Sullivan K, Phelan S. Differential expression and function of peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 6 in cancerous MCF-7 and noncancerous MCF-10A breast epithelial cells. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:38-47. [PMID: 22236188 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.629382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins are thiol-specific antioxidant proteins whose expression is elevated in several cancers. We compared the expression and function of Prdx1 and Prdx6 between the MCF-7 mammary adenocarcinoma cell line and the noncancerous MCF-10A cell line. We found elevated Prdx1 expression in MCF-7 cells and comparable expression of Prdx6. Suppression of Prdx1 and/or Prdx6 resulted in a modest increase in peroxide-induced cytotoxicity of MCF-7 cells, and a dramatic increase in MCF-10A cytotoxicity with and without hydrogen peroxide treatment. Our data confirm a cytoprotective role for peroxiredoxins and suggest a synergistic role for Prdx1 and Prdx6 in MCF-10A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Goncalves
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut 06824, USA
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24
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[Polymorphism in coding region of pig PRDX6 gene and its genetic effects analysis]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:743-8. [PMID: 22049688 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PRDX6, a member of antioxidant protein superfamily, plays an important role in oxidative stress, catabolism of lipids and phospholipid lipisomes. Therefore, we used PRDX6 as an important candidate gene for meat quality according to its physiological and biochemical function. Partial coding sequence of porcine PRDX6 was isolated and two potenial SNPs, one at 417 bp (C/T) and the other at 423 bp (A/G), were found in the fourth exon by comparison of the obtained sequence from different pig breeds. In order to explore the relationship between PRDX6 polymorphism and meat quality, genetic variation and trait association of these two SNPs were separately performed in 6 purebred pig population and 247 F2 "Large White x Meishan" resource population by pyrosequencing. The results showed that allele C was predominant in western pig breeds, while allele T was predominant in Chinese indigenous breeds at 417 bp (C/T). This SNP was significantly associated with the intramuscular fat and water moisture (P < 0.05). The A/G mutation at 423 bp was significantly associated with drip water rate, water holding capacity, intramuscular fat, and water moisture (P < 0.05). Allele A was predominant in western pig breeds, while allele G was predominant in Chinese indigenous breeds. These two SNPs were likely to be important markers affecting meat quality traits (especially the muscle tenderness).
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25
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Fisher AB. Peroxiredoxin 6: a bifunctional enzyme with glutathione peroxidase and phospholipase A₂ activities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:831-44. [PMID: 20919932 PMCID: PMC3125547 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is the prototype and the only mammalian 1-Cys member of the Prdx family. Major differences from 2-Cys Prdxs include the use of glutathione (GSH) instead of thioredoxin as the physiological reductant, heterodimerization with πGSH S-transferase as part of the catalytic cycle, and the ability either to reduce the oxidized sn-2 fatty acyl group of phospholipids (peroxidase activity) or to hydrolyze the sn-2 ester (alkyl) bond of phospholipids (phospholipase A(2) [PLA(2)] activity). The bifunctional protein has separate active sites for peroxidase (C47, R132, H39) and PLA(2) (S32, D140, H26) activities. These activities are dependent on binding of the protein to phospholipids at acidic pH and to oxidized phospholipids at cytosolic pH. Prdx6 can be phosphorylated by MAP kinases at T177, which markedly increases its PLA(2) activity and broadens its pH-activity spectrum. Prdx6 is primarily cytosolic but also is targeted to acidic organelles (lysosomes, lamellar bodies) by a specific targeting sequence (amino acids 31-40). Oxidant stress and keratinocyte growth factor are potent regulators of Prdx6 gene expression. Prdx6 has important roles in both antioxidant defense based on its ability to reduce peroxidized membrane phospholipids and in phospholipid homeostasis based on its ability to generate lysophospholipid substrate for the remodeling pathway of phospholipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Deletion of peroxiredoxin 6 potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice*. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:756-64. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318206befd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lin JL, Thomas PS. Current perspectives of oxidative stress and its measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD 2010; 7:291-306. [PMID: 20673039 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2010.496818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking, the principal aetiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the developed countries, delivers and generates oxidative stress within the lungs. This imbalance of oxidant burden and antioxidant capacity has been implicated as an important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of COPD. Oxidative processes and free radical generation orchestrate the inflammation, mucous gland hyperplasia, and apoptosis of the airway lining epithelium which characterises COPD. Pivotal oxidative stress/pro-inflammatory molecules include reactive oxygen species such as the superoxides and hydroxyl radicals, pro-inflammatory cytokines including leukotrienes, interleukins, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and activated transcriptional factors such as nuclear factor kappa-B and activator protein 1. The lung has a large reserve of antioxidant agents such as glutathione and superoxide dismutase to counter oxidants. However, smoking also causes the depletion of antioxidants, which further contributes to oxidative tissue damage. The downregulation of antioxidant pathways has also been associated with acute exacerbations of COPD. The delivery of redox-protective antioxidants may have preventative and therapeutic potential of COPD. Although these observations have yet to translate into common clinical practice, preliminary clinical trials and studies of animal models have shown that interventions to counter this oxidative imbalance may have potential to better manage COPD. There is, thus, a need for the ability to monitor such interventions and exhaled breath condensate is rapidly emerging as a novel and noninvasive approach in the sampling of airway epithelial lining fluid which could be used for repeated analysis of oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Lih Lin
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Liu G, Feinstein SI, Wang Y, Dodia C, Fisher D, Yu K, Ho YS, Fisher AB. Comparison of glutathione peroxidase 1 and peroxiredoxin 6 in protection against oxidative stress in the mouse lung. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1172-81. [PMID: 20627125 PMCID: PMC2947380 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) and cytosolic GSH peroxidase (GPx1), both GSH-dependent peroxidases, were compared for the effects of their knockout on injury and lipid peroxidation in: (a) lungs of mice exposed to 0.85 or 1.0atm O(2), (b) isolated perfused mouse lungs exposed to 5mM tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH) or 1mM paraquat, and (c) primary mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells exposed to 50muM t-BOOH. Derangements in GPx1 null were similar or slightly greater than in wild type for all parameters in the various models of oxidant stress, whereas Prdx6 null showed markedly increased effects. GSH peroxidase activity with phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide as substrate in GPx1-null lung homogenate was decreased only slightly vs wild type, whereas activity in Prdx6-null lungs was decreased by ~95%, indicating that Prdx6 is the major enzyme for reduction of oxidized lung phospholipids. Expression levels of oxidant-related genes measured with a PCR-based gene array indicated no significant differences between the Prdx6 and the GPx1 null except for the target genes and IL-19. Thus, Prdx6-null mice are significantly more sensitive to oxidant stress compared to GPx1 null, suggesting that scavenging of phospholipid hydroperoxides by Prdx6 plays a major role in lung antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Liu
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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29
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Wang XJ, Zhu YJ, Cui JG, Huang X, Gu J, Xu H, Wen H. Proteomic analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells incubated with Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. Mycoses 2010; 54:e336-43. [PMID: 21910755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a medically important fungus and can infect all the organs of the body. As vascular endothelial cell is an important target for C. neoformans to penetrate any organs, the differential protein expression of human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) after incubating with C. neoformans may be the key to penetration. The proteins of HUVECs incubated with C. neoformans and normal HUVECs were collected and purified. After two-dimensional electrophoresis, the differential protein expression was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry. The mRNA levels of some proteins were measured by real-time PCR. Three proteins were found significantly overexpressed in HUVECs incubated with C. neoformans, and nine other proteins were downregulated. The mRNA levels of S100A10 and peroxiredoxin I fluctuated with the protein levels. These results suggested that the expressions of peroxiredoxin I and S100A10 were regulated during the process of invasion of HUVECs by C. neoformans. We hypothesise that these proteins take part in the modifications of HUVEC cytoskeleton and the tolerance to oxidative stress, which may affect the process of invasion by C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Wang
- Mycology Center and Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Shuvaeva TM, Novoselov VI, Fesenko EE, Lipkin VM. [Peroxiredoxins, a new family of antioxidant proteins]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:581-96. [PMID: 19915636 DOI: 10.1134/s106816200905001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current ideas are discussed about the structures and mechanisms of action of proteins that have been united at present into a family of thiol-specific antioxidants or peroxiredoxins, which protect the cells of different organisms from the action of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxiredoxins fulfill the same function as antioxidant enzymes such as catalases and glutathione-dependent peroxidases; however, their catalytic activity is lower than that of these enzymes. The level of expression of genes of peroxiredoxins is increased in many pathological states accompanied by oxidative stress, and today there is direct evidence for the important role of peroxiredoxins in the vital activity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Shuvaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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31
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Zhang XZ, Xiao ZF, Li C, Xiao ZQ, Yang F, Li DJ, Li MY, Li F, Chen ZC. Triosephosphate isomerase and peroxiredoxin 6, two novel serum markers for human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2396-401. [PMID: 19737146 PMCID: PMC11159988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently substantial interest in the identification of human tumor antigens for the diagnosis and immunotherapy of cancer. In our previous study, secretion character and up-regulation of triosephosphate isomerase were observed in lung squamous cell carcinoma, and autoantibodies against triosephosphate isomerase and peroxiredoxin 6 were detected in the sera from over 25% of patients, but in none of the healthy controls. In this study, peroxiredoxin 6 was also found at higher levels in the sera of the patients. Up-regulated triosephosphate isomerase and peroxiredoxin 6 were further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in an additional 61 lung squamous cell carcinoma patients, 23 lung adenocarcinoma patients, 56 other types of carcinoma patients, 12 benign lung disease patients, and 59 healthy controls. We found that both triosephosphate isomerase and peroxiredoxin 6 were specifically elevated in lung squamous cell carcinoma sera compared with other groups, with the exception of peroxiredoxin 6 in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Positive correlation between triosephosphate isomerase and distant metastasis was found. At the cut-off point 0.221 (optical density value) on the receiver operating characteristic curve, triosephosphate isomerase could comparatively discriminate lung squamous cell carcinoma from healthy controls with a sensitivity of 65.6%, specificity 84.7%, and total accuracy 75%. For peroxiredoxin 6, at the cut-off point 0.151, it could discriminate the two groups with a sensitivity of 70.5%, specificity 62.7%, and total accuracy 65.8%. With both triosephosphate isomerase and peroxiredoxin 6, discriminant analysis results showed that 68.9% of the lung squamous cell carcinoma and 83.1% of healthy controls were correctly classified. We concluded that triosephosphate isomerase and peroxiredoxin 6 could be markers for lung squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Nrf2 protects against airway disorders. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 244:43-56. [PMID: 19646463 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a ubiquitous master transcription factor that regulates antioxidant response elements (AREs)-mediated expression of antioxidant enzyme and cytoprotective proteins. In the unstressed condition, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) suppresses cellular Nrf2 in cytoplasm and drives its proteasomal degradation. Nrf2 can be activated by diverse stimuli including oxidants, pro-oxidants, antioxidants, and chemopreventive agents. Nrf2 induces cellular rescue pathways against oxidative injury, abnormal inflammatory and immune responses, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. Application of Nrf2 germ-line mutant mice has identified an extensive range of protective roles for Nrf2 in experimental models of human disorders in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, airway, kidney, brain, circulation, and immune or nerve system. In the lung, lack of Nrf2 exacerbated toxicity caused by multiple oxidative insults including supplemental respiratory therapy (e.g., hyperoxia, mechanical ventilation), cigarette smoke, allergen, virus, bacterial endotoxin and other inflammatory agents (e.g., carrageenin), environmental pollution (e.g., particles), and a fibrotic agent bleomycin. Microarray analyses and bioinformatic studies elucidated functional AREs and Nrf2-directed genes that are critical components of signaling mechanisms in pulmonary protection by Nrf2. Association of loss of function with promoter polymorphisms in NRF2 or somatic and epigenetic mutations in KEAP1 and NRF2 has been found in cohorts of patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome or lung cancer, which further supports the role for NRF2 in these lung diseases. In the current review, we address the role of Nrf2 in airways based on emerging evidence from experimental oxidative disease models and human studies.
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Sun L, Guo RF, Gao H, Sarma JV, Zetoune FS, Ward PA. Attenuation of IgG immune complex-induced acute lung injury by silencing C5aR in lung epithelial cells. FASEB J 2009; 23:3808-18. [PMID: 19620403 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-133694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) in mouse lung occurs after distal airway deposition of IgG immune complexes (IgGICs), resulting in a breakdown of the vascular-airway barrier, causing intrapulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and accumulation of neutrophils [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)] in the alveolar compartment, these changes being complement (C5a) and C5a receptor (C5aR) dependent. In this ALI model, C5aR expression (protein) was found to occur on upper (bronchial) and lower (alveolar) airway epithelial cells. An adenovirus construct (siRNA) was used to silence mRNA for C5aR in the lung. Under such conditions, C5aR protein was markedly reduced on lung epithelial cells, resulting in much reduced leakage of albumin into the lung, diminished buildup of PMNs, and lower levels of proinflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. These studies indicate that bronchial and alveolar epithelial cell C5aR is up-regulated and greatly contributes to inflammation and injury in the lung. The use of siRNA administered into the airways avoids systemic suppression of C5aR, which might compromise innate immunity. It is possible that such an intervention might be employed in humans with ALI or acute respiratory distress syndrome as well as in upper-airway inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, where there is evidence for complement activation and buildup of PMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5602, USA
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Peroxiredoxin 6 fails to limit phospholipid peroxidation in lung from Cftr-knockout mice subjected to oxidative challenge. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6075. [PMID: 19562038 PMCID: PMC2698990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a prominent role in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF). Despite the presence of oxidative stress markers and a decreased antioxidant capacity in CF airway lining fluid, few studies have focused on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in CF cells. The aim of the current study was to investigate the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative damage and enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the lung of Cftr-knockout mice in basal conditions and as a response to oxidative insult. The results show that endogenous ROS and lipid peroxidation levels are higher in Cftr−/− lung when compared to wild-type (Cftr+/+) in basal conditions, despite a strong enzymatic antioxidant response involving superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6). The latter has the unique capacity to directly reduce membrane phospholipid hydroperoxides (PL-OOH). A dramatic increase in PL-OOH levels in Cftr−/− lung consecutive to in vivo oxidative challenge by paraquat (PQ) unmasks a susceptibility to phospholipid peroxidation. PQ strongly decreases Prdx6 expression in Cftr−/− mice compared to Cftr+/+. Similar results were obtained after P. aeruginosa LPS challenge. Two-dimensional gel analysis of Prdx6 revealed one main molecular form in basal conditions and a PQ-induced form only detected in Cftr+/+ lung. Mass spectrometry experiments suggested that, as opposed to the main basal form, the one induced by PQ is devoid of overoxidized catalytic Cys47 and could correspond to a fully active form that is not induced in Cftr−/− lung. These results highlight a constitutive redox imbalance and a vulnerability to oxidative insult in Cftr−/− lung and present Prdx6 as a key component in CF antioxidant failure. This impaired PL-OOH detoxification mechanism may enhance oxidative damage and stress-related signaling, contributing to an exaggerated inflammatory response in CF lung.
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Chowdhury I, Mo Y, Gao L, Kazi A, Fisher AB, Feinstein SI. Oxidant stress stimulates expression of the human peroxiredoxin 6 gene by a transcriptional mechanism involving an antioxidant response element. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:146-53. [PMID: 18973804 PMCID: PMC2646855 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a unique antioxidant enzyme that can reduce phospholipid and other hydroperoxides. A549 cells, a human lung-derived cell line, express both Prdx6 and Nrf2, a transcription factor that binds to antioxidant-response elements (AREs) and promotes expression of antioxidant genes. Treatment of A549 cells with 500 microM H(2)O(2) increased Prdx6 mRNA levels 2.5-fold, whereas treatment with 400 microM H(2)O(2) or 200 microM tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ) triggered a corresponding 2.5-fold increase in reporter gene activity in A549 cells transfected with the pSEAP2:Basic vector (BD Bioscience), containing 1524 nucleotides of the human Prdx6 promoter region. Deletion of a consensus ARE sequence present between positions 357 and 349 before the start of transcription led to a striking decrease in both basal and H(2)O(2)- or t-BHQ-induced activation in A549 cells and H(2)O(2)-induced activation in primary rat alveolar type II cells. Cotransfection with Nrf2 stimulated the Prdx6 promoter in an ARE-dependent manner, whereas it was negatively regulated by Nrf3. siRNA targeting Nrf2 down-regulated reporter gene expression, whereas siRNA targeting the Nrf2 repressor, Keap1, up-regulated it. Binding of Nrf2 to the ARE sequence in chromatin was confirmed by PCR after chromatin immunoprecipitation. These data demonstrate that the ARE within the Prdx6 promoter is a key regulator of basal transcription of the Prdx6 gene and of its inducibility under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrul Chowdhury
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068, USA
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36
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Day BJ. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase mimics. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:285-96. [PMID: 18948086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) are increasingly implicated in human disease and aging. ROS are also being explored as important modulating agents in a number of cell signaling pathways. Earlier work has focused on development of small catalytic scavengers of O(2)(-), commonly referred to as superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics. Many of these compounds also have substantial abilities to catalytically scavenge H(2)O(2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). Peroxides have been increasingly shown to disrupt cell signaling cascades associated with excessive inflammation associated with a wide variety of human diseases. Early studies with enzymatic scavengers like SOD frequently reported little or no beneficial effect in biologic models unless SOD was combined with catalase or a peroxidase. Increasing attention has been devoted to developing catalase or peroxidase mimetics as a way to treat overt inflammation associated with the pathophysiology of many human disorders. This review will focus on recent development of catalytic scavengers of peroxides and their potential use as therapeutic agents for pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Departments of Medicine, Immunology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Kim SY, Jo HY, Kim MH, Cha YY, Choi SW, Shim JH, Kim TJ, Lee KY. H2O2-dependent hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) plays a role in cellular toxicity via up-regulation of iPLA2 activity. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:33563-8. [PMID: 18826942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a bifunctional enzyme with peroxidase activity and Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) activity. Here, we report that H2O2-induced cellular toxicity acts through Prdx6 hyperoxidation. Under high concentrations of H2O2 (> 100 microm), Prdx6, and 2-Cys Prdxs were hyperoxidized. Contrary to hyperoxidation of 2-Cys Prdxs, hyperoxidation of Prdx6 was irreversible in vivo. Surprisingly, H2O2-induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition correlated with hyperoxidation and increased iPLA2 activity of Prdx6. This arrest was also associated with up-regulation of p53 and p21 and with down-regulation of cyclin B1. Furthermore, the H2O2-mediated increase in iPLA2 activity was dramatically abolished in a hyperoxidation mutant (C47A), an iPLA2 mutant (S32A), and a double mutant (C47A/S32A) of Prdx6, demonstrating the essential requirement of Prdx6 C47 hyperoxidation for its iPLA2 activity. Together, our results demonstrate that H2O2-mediated hyperoxidation of Prdx6 induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition through up-regulation of iPLA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yong Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Wang Y, Feinstein SI, Fisher AB. Peroxiredoxin 6 as an antioxidant enzyme: protection of lung alveolar epithelial type II cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1274-85. [PMID: 18260127 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the antioxidant role of peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) in primary lung alveolar epithelial type II cells (AEC II) that were isolated from wild type (WT), Prdx6-/-, or Prdx6 transgenic (Tg) overexpressing mice and exposed to H(2)O(2) at 50-500 microM for 1-24 h. Expression of Prdx6 in Tg AEC II was sevenfold greater than WT. Prdx6 null AEC II exposed to H(2)O(2) showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity indicated by decreased "live/dead" cell ratio, increased propidium iodide (PI) staining, increased annexin V binding, increased DNA fragmentation by TUNEL assay, and increased lipid peroxidation by diphenylpyrenylphosphine (DPPP) fluorescence. Compared to Prdx6 null cells, oxidant-mediated damage was significantly less in WT AEC II and was least in Prdx6 Tg cells. Thus, Prdx6 functions as an antioxidant enzyme in mouse AEC II. Prdx6 has been shown previously to reduce phospholipid hydroperoxides and we postulate that this activity is a major mechanism for the effectiveness of Prdx6 as an antioxidant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6068, USA
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Yamaoka S, Kim HS, Ogihara T, Oue S, Takitani K, Yoshida Y, Tamai H. Severe Vitamin E deficiency exacerbates acute hyperoxic lung injury associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Free Radic Res 2008; 42:602-12. [PMID: 18569018 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802189864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia causes acute lung injury along with an increase of oxidative stress and inflammation. It was hypothesized that vitamin E deficiency might exacerbate acute hyperoxic lung injury. This study used alpha-tocopherol transfer protein knockout (alpha-TTP KO) mice fed a vitamin E-deficient diet (KO E(-) mice) as a model of severe vitamin E deficiency. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, KO E(-) mice showed a significantly lower survival rate during hyperoxia. After 72 h of hyperoxia, KO E(-) mice had more severe histologic lung damage and higher values of the total cell count and the protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) than WT mice. IL-6 mRNA expression in lung tissue and the levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)) in both lungs and BALF were higher in KO E(-) mice than in WT mice. It was concluded that severe vitamin E deficiency exacerbates acute hyperoxic lung injury associated with increased oxidative stress or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Yamaoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Center, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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Avila PC, Kropotov AV, Krutilina R, Krasnodembskay A, Tomilin NV, Serikov VB. Peroxiredoxin V Contributes to Antioxidant Defense of Lung Epithelial Cells. Lung 2008; 186:103-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-007-9066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kümin A, Schäfer M, Epp N, Bugnon P, Born-Berclaz C, Oxenius A, Klippel A, Bloch W, Werner S. Peroxiredoxin 6 is required for blood vessel integrity in wounded skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:747-60. [PMID: 18025307 PMCID: PMC2080929 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200706090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a cytoprotective enzyme with largely unknown in vivo functions. Here, we use Prdx6 knockout mice to determine its role in UV protection and wound healing. UV-mediated keratinocyte apoptosis is enhanced in Prdx6-deficient mice. Upon skin injury, we observe a severe hemorrhage in the granulation tissue of knockout animals, which correlates with the extent of oxidative stress. At the ultrastructural level endothelial cells appear highly damaged, and their rate of apoptosis is enhanced. Knock-down of Prdx6 in cultured endothelial cells also increases their susceptibility to oxidative stress, thus confirming the sensitivity of this cell type to loss of Prdx6. Wound healing studies in bone marrow chimeric mice demonstrate that Prdx6-deficient inflammatory and endothelial cells contribute to the hemorrhage phenotype. These results provide insight into the cross-talk between hematopoietic and resident cells at the wound site and the role of reactive oxygen species in this interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Kümin
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Waszak P, Franqueville L, Franco-Motoya ML, Rosa-Calatrava M, Boucherat O, Lindholm L, Delacourt C, Boulanger P. Toxicity of Fiber- and Penton Base–modified Adenovirus Type 5 Vectors on Lung Development in Newborn Rats. Mol Ther 2007; 15:2008-16. [PMID: 17653105 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient overexpression of genes involved in lung regulation might prevent alveolar developmental disorders (ADDs) in premature neonates. However, adenovirus 5 (Ad5) vectors per se, and not isolated capsid proteins, induce ADDs after tracheal administration to newborn rats. To test the hypothesis that Ad5 capsid components are mainly responsible for ADDs, we evaluated newborn rats' lung development by morphometry after tracheal administration of a panel of Ad5 vectors with mutations in the fiber or penton base. Three distinct patterns of lung response were observed on postnatal day (PD) 21: (i) emphysematous-like lesions, common to Ad5 overexposing RGD motifs; (ii) altered septation, representative of the wild-type capsid Ad5 lesion; (iii) absence of lung toxicity, shown by Ad5 vectors with fibers shortened to seven repeats. None of these patterns correlated with the degree of lung inflammation or gene transduction. In contrast, a more impaired elastogenesis associated with emphysema was preceded by a significantly increased level of activated caspase 3 on PD11. Moreover, the altered septation was associated with a persistent and significant increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive alveolar septal cells on PD21. Our results underline the deleterious effects of Ad-induced apoptosis, which is not only responsible for limited transgene expression but also involved in lung development disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Waszak
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, CNRS FRE 3011, Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laënnec, Lyon, France.
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43
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Gallagher BM, Phelan SA. Investigating transcriptional regulation of Prdx6 in mouse liver cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:1270-7. [PMID: 17382207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prdx6, a unique member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidants, is highly expressed in liver and protects cells from oxidative damage by reducing H2O2 and various lipid peroxides. We investigated the transcriptional regulation of Prdx6 in the H2.35 mouse hepatocyte cell line and sought to determine the mechanism of basal and induced expression. We found that Prdx6 expression is down-regulated upon serum deprivation and subsequently induced in a time-dependent manner in response to KGF, TNF-alpha, dexamethasone, and H2O2. Inhibitors of both PKC and MEK largely prevented Prdx6 induction by KGF and, to a lesser extent, TNF-alpha. Interestingly, inhibition of NF-kappaB led to a marked increase in Prdx6 regulation in the absence or presence of inducers, suggesting a normal role for NF-kappaB in Prdx6 suppression. Using reporter constructs from the mouse gene, we found that the first 160 bp of the proximal promoter was sufficient for low levels of expression, and expression increased sixfold with 1200 bp of the proximal promoter. These regions were not, however, sufficient to mediate up-regulation by the known Prdx6 inducers in our system. Together, these data support multiple pathways of Prdx6 regulation and reveal important promoter regions that mediate its transcriptional regulation.
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44
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Karihtala P, Soini Y. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant mechanisms in human tissues and their relation to malignancies. APMIS 2007; 115:81-103. [PMID: 17295675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed in mammalian cells as a consequence of aerobic respiration. Despite multiple conserved redox modulating systems, a given proportion of ROS continuously escape from the mitochondrial respiratory chain, being sufficiently potent to damage cells in various ways, including numerous carcinogenic DNA mutations. Oxidative stress resulting from an imbalanced ratio between ROS production and detoxification may also disturb physiological signal transduction, lead to chain reactions in lipid layers, and damage DNA repair enzymes. The significance of ROS and antioxidant systems in carcinogenesis is still complicated and in many ways contradictory. Enhanced antioxidant mechanisms in tumor cells in vivo have been implicated in chemoresistance and lead to poor prognosis, whereas most in vitro studies have reported tumor-suppressing properties of antioxidant enzymes. The present review aims to clarify the significance of oxidative stress and the role of cell redox state modulating systems in human malignancies in light of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeter Karihtala
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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Chandel NS, Budinger GRS. The cellular basis for diverse responses to oxygen. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:165-74. [PMID: 17189822 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have divergent responses to varying oxygen levels. Cells exposed to low oxygen levels (hypoxia) activate the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) as an adaptive response. Cells exposed to hypoxia do not undergo senescence or cell death and do not diminish ATP levels. By contrast, cells exposed to high oxygen levels (hyperoxia) undergo senescence and cell death and decrease their ATP levels, yet do not activate HIF-1. Despite these divergent responses with respect to senescence, cell death, metabolism, and gene expression, the signaling events in both systems are mediated by the generation of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). This perspective reviews the role of signaling through mitochondrial ROS in hypoxic and hyperoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, McGaw Pavilion M-334, 240 East Huron Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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46
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Schremmer B, Manevich Y, Feinstein SI, Fisher AB. Peroxiredoxins in the lung with emphasis on peroxiredoxin VI. Subcell Biochem 2007; 44:317-44. [PMID: 18084901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6051-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
All six mammalian peroxiredoxins are expressed in the lung. Peroxiredoxin (Prx) VI is the isoform expressed at the highest level and its lung expression exceeds that for other organs. The predominant location of Prx VI is the cytosol and acidic organelles of Clara cells of the conducting airways and type II epithelial cells and macrophages in the alveoli. Prx I and VI show developmental induction of transcription at birth. PrxVI shares structural homology with other peroxiredoxins exhibiting a thioredoxin fold and a conserved catalytic Cys residue in the N-terminus of the protein. This enzyme is highly inducible by oxidative stress in both the neonatal and adult lung consistent with a role in antioxidant defense. Prx VI has several properties that distinguish its peroxidase activity from other peroxiredoxins: it can reduce phospholipid hydroperoxides in addition to other organic hydroperoxides and H2O2; the electron donor that serves to reduce the oxidized peroxidatic cysteine is not thioredoxin but GSH; instead of homodimerization, heterodimerization with pi-glutathione S-transferase is required for regeneration of the active enzyme. Prx VI also expresses a phospholipase A2 activity that is Ca2+-independent, maximal at acidic pH, and dependent on a serine-based catalytic triad and nucleophilic elbow at the surface of the protein. Models of altered Prx VI expression at the cellular, organ and whole animal levels have demonstrated that Prx VI functions as an important anti-oxidant enzyme with levels of protection that exceed those ascribed to GSH peroxidase (GPx1). The phospholipase A2 activity plays an important role in lung surfactant homeostasis and is responsible for the bulk of the degradation of internalized phosphatidylcholine and its resynthesis by the reacylation pathway. Expression of peroxiredoxins is elevated in several lung diseases including lung cancer, mesothelioma and sarcoidosis, although the mechanism for these alterations is not known. The unique properties of Prx VI enable it to play an important role in lung cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Schremmer
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Krutilina RI, Kropotov AV, Leutenegger C, Serikov VB. Migrating leukocytes are the source of peroxiredoxin V during inflammation in the airways. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2006; 3:13. [PMID: 17020618 PMCID: PMC1601951 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background We characterized changes in expression of the antioxidant protein Peroxiredoxin V (PRXV) during airway inflammation. Methods Studies in anesthetized rats and mice; PRXV expression determined by Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry; PRXV m-RNA expression determined by Taq-Man RT-PCR. Results Bacterial lung inflammation did not change expression of PRXV in murine epithelia but produced massive influx of leukocytes highly expressing PRXV. Endotoxin and f-MLP induced leukocyte migration in rat trachea but did not change mRNA levels and PRXV protein expression in tracheal epithelial cells. In primary airway cell culture (cow), alveolar epithelial cells A549, or co-culture of A549 with murine macrophages RAW264.7, exposure to live bacteria increased expression of PRXV, which required serum. PRXV was secreted in vitro by epithelial and immune cells. Conclusion Inflammation increased expression of PRXV in airways by at least 2 mechanisms: cell population shift by massive influx of leukocytes expressing PRXV, and moderate post-transcriptional up-regulation of PRXV in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa I Krutilina
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Andrei V Kropotov
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Christian Leutenegger
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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48
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Kümin A, Huber C, Rülicke T, Wolf E, Werner S. Peroxiredoxin 6 is a potent cytoprotective enzyme in the epidermis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1194-205. [PMID: 17003478 PMCID: PMC1698852 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 is an enzyme that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide and various organic peroxides. In previous studies we found strongly increased expression of peroxiredoxin 6 in the hyperproliferative epidermis of wounded and psoriatic skin, suggesting a role of this enzyme in epidermal homeostasis. To address this question, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing peroxiredoxin 6 in the epidermis. Cultured keratinocytes from transgenic mice showed enhanced resistance to the toxicity of various agents that induce oxidative stress. However, overexpression of peroxiredoxin 6 did not affect skin morphogenesis or homeostasis. On skin injury, enhancement of wound closure was observed in aged animals. Most importantly, peroxiredoxin 6 overexpression strongly reduced the number of apoptotic cells after UVA or UVB irradiation. These findings demonstrate that peroxiredoxin 6 protects keratinocytes from cell death induced by reactive oxygen species in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that activation of this enzyme could be a novel strategy for skin protection under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Kümin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, Honggerberg, HPM D42, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Henderson F, McCoy DM, Salome RG, McGowan SE, Mallampalli RK. Adenoviral gene transfer of a mutant surfactant enzyme ameliorates pseudomonas-induced lung injury. Gene Ther 2006; 13:974-85. [PMID: 16511521 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant deficiency is an important contributor to the acute respiratory distress syndrome, a disorder that commonly occurs after bacterial sepsis. CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCTalpha) is the rate-limiting enzyme required for the biosynthesis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), the major phospholipid of surfactant. In this study, a cDNA encoding a novel, calpain-resistant mutant CCTalpha enzyme was delivered intratracheally in mice using a replication-deficient adenovirus 5 CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase construct (Ad5-CCT(Penta)) in models of bacterial sepsis. Ad5-CCT(Penta) gene transfer produced high-level CCTalpha gene expression, increased alveolar surfactant (DPPC) levels and improved lung surface tension and pressure-volume relationships relative to control mice. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA103) decreased DPPC synthesis, in part, via calpain-mediated degradation of CCTalpha. Deleterious effects of Pseudomonas on surfactant were lessened after infection with a mutant strain lacking the type III exotoxin, Exo U. Replication-deficient adenovirus 5 CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase gene delivery improved lung biophysical properties by optimizing surface activity in this Pseudomonas model of proteinase-mediated lung injury. The studies are the first demonstration of in vivo gene transfer of a lipogenic enzyme resulting in improved lung mechanics. The studies suggest that augmentation of DPPC synthesis via gene delivery of CCTalpha can attenuate impaired lung function in surfactant-deficient states such as bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Wang Y, Phelan SA, Manevich Y, Feinstein SI, Fisher AB. Transgenic mice overexpressing peroxiredoxin 6 show increased resistance to lung injury in hyperoxia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 34:481-6. [PMID: 16399955 PMCID: PMC2644209 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0333oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prd x 6) is a novel peroxidase enzyme that is expressed at a high level in the lung. We tested the hypothesis that transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing Prd x 6 would exhibit increased resistance to hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Wild-type and Tg mice were exposed to 100% O(2) and evaluated for survival, lung histopathology, total protein, and nucleated cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and oxidation of lung protein and lipids. Prd x 6 protein expression and enzyme activity were approximately 3-fold higher in Tg lungs compared with wild-type. Tg mice survived longer during exposure to 100% O(2) (LT(50) 104+/-2.8 h in Tg versus 88.9+/-1.1 h for wild-type). Lung wet/dry weight ratio and total protein and nucleated cell count in lung lavage fluid were significantly greater in wild-type mice at 72 and 96 h of hyperoxia compared with Tg mice. At 96 h of hyperoxia, Tg mice had less epithelial cell necrosis, perivascular edema, and inflammatory cell recruitment by light microscopy, and lower TBARS and protein carbonyls in lung homogenate (P<0.05). These results show that Tg mice have increased defense against lung injury in hyperoxia, providing evidence that Prd x 6 functions as a lung antioxidant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, One John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068, USA
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