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Chiba Y, Yamane Y, Sato T, Suto W, Hanazaki M, Sakai H. Extracellular acidification attenuates bronchial contraction via an autocrine activation of EP 2 receptor: Its diminishment in murine experimental asthma. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 324:104251. [PMID: 38492830 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracellular acidification is a major component of tissue inflammation, including airway inflammation in asthmatics. However, its physiological/pathophysiological significance in bronchial function is not fully understood. Currently, the functional role of extracellular acidification on bronchial contraction was explored. METHODS Left main bronchi were isolated from male BALB/c mice. Epithelium-removed tissues were exposed to acidic pH under submaximal contraction induced by 10-5 M acetylcholine in the presence or absence of a COX inhibitor indomethacin (10-6 M). Effects of AH6809 (10-6 M, an EP2 receptor antagonist), BW A868C (10-7 M, a DP receptor antagonist) and CAY10441 (3×10-6 M, an IP receptor antagonist) on the acidification-induced change in tension were determined. The release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from epithelium-denuded tissues in response to acidic pH was assessed using an ELISA. RESULTS In the bronchi stimulated with acetylcholine, change in the extracellular pH from 7.4 to 6.8 caused a transient augmentation of contraction followed by a sustained relaxing response. The latter inhibitory response was abolished by indomethacin and AH6809 but not by BW A868C or CAY10441. Both indomethacin and AH6809 significantly increased potency and efficacy of acetylcholine at pH 6.8. Stimulation with low pH caused an increase in PGE2 release from epithelium-denuded bronchi. Interestingly, the acidic pH-induced bronchial relaxation was significantly reduced in a murine asthma model that had a bronchial hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine. CONCLUSION Taken together, extracellular acidification could inhibit the bronchial contraction via autocrine activation of EP2 receptors. The diminished acidic pH-mediated inhibition of bronchial tone may contribute to excessive bronchoconstriction in inflamed airways such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yamato Yamane
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology, Japan
| | - Wataru Suto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology, Japan
| | - Motohiko Hanazaki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Kleniewska P, Pawliczak R. Alpha-lipoic acid, apocynin or probiotics influence glutathione status and selected inflammatory parameters in C57/BL6 mice when combined with a low-fat diet. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1166-1176. [PMID: 37730940 PMCID: PMC10539412 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine the potential of a low-fat diet (LFD) to protect against oxidative and inflammatory damage in the course of asthma and obesity when combined with antioxidants (alpha-lipoic acid-ALA, apocynin-APO) or a probiotic (P) (Lactobacillus casei). METHODS The experiments were carried out on ten groups of male C57/BL6 mice that were fed standard fat (SFD), low-fat (LFD), or high-fat (HFD) diets. Ovalbumin (OVA, administered subcutaneously and by inhalation) was used to sensitize the animals. IL-1α, IL-10, eotaxin-1, leptin, and TNF-α concentrations were examined in blood, while total glutathione (GSHt), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and -SH groups were measured in lung homogenates. RESULTS LFD in combination with the analyzed compounds (APO, P, ALA) significantly decreased the concentration of IL-1α compared to the OVA + HFD group (p < 0.01; p = 0.025; p = 0.002, respectively). Similarly, the treated mice demonstrated lower eotaxin-1 concentrations compared to the HFD group (p < 0.001). Moreover, supplementation of LFD with probiotics significantly increased the concentration of IL-10 vs. controls (p < 0.001) and vs. untreated OVA-sensitized and challenged/obese mice (p < 0.001). Animals administered APO/ALA with LFD displayed a significant decrease in TNF-α concentration compared to OVA + HFD mice (p = 0.013; p = 0.002 respectively). Those treated with ALA displayed significantly improved GSH levels (p = 0.035) compared to OVA + HFD mice. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of the tested compounds with LFD appears to have a positive influence on the glutathione redox status of pulmonary tissues and selected inflammatory parameters in mouse blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kleniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9 (Bldg 2 Rm 177), 90-752, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Rafał Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9 (Bldg 2 Rm 177), 90-752, Łódź, Poland
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3
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Huang Q, Weng D, Yao S, Shen H, Gao S, Zhang Y, Huang W, Wang Y, Wang H, Xu W. Progranulin deficiency suppresses allergic asthma and enhances efferocytosis via PPAR-γ/MFG-E8 regulation in macrophages. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e779. [PMID: 36840485 PMCID: PMC9910167 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis can resolve airway inflammation and enhance airway tolerance in allergic asthma. While previous work has reported that progranulin (PGRN) regulated macrophage efferocytosis, but it is unclear whether PGRN-mediated efferocytosis is associated with asthma. Here, we found that in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma model, the airway inflammation was suppressed and the apoptosis in lung tissues was ameliorated in PGRN-deficient mice. In contrast, PGRN knockdown in human bronchial epithelial cells increased apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, PGRN-deficient macrophages had significantly stronger efferocytosis ability than wild type (WT) macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. PGRN-deficient peritoneal macrophages (PMs) exhibited increased expression of genes associated with efferocytosis including milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and increased capacity to produce the anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-10 during efferocytosis. GW9662, the inhibitor of PPAR-γ, abolished increased efferocytosis and MFG-E8 expression in PGRN-deficient PMs suggesting that PGRN deficiency enhanced MFG-E8-mediated efferocytosis through PPAR-γ. Correspondingly, efferocytosis genes were increased in the lungs of OVA-induced PGRN-deficient mice. GW9662 treatment reduced MFG-E8 expression but did not significantly affect airway inflammation. Our results demonstrated that PGRN deficiency enhanced efferocytosis via the PPAR-γ/MFG-E8 pathway and this may be one of the reasons PGRN deficiency results in inhibition of airway inflammation in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Danlin Weng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shifei Yao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hailan Shen
- Department of laboratory medicineThe first affiliated hospital of Chongqing medical universityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
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Chen X, Yang J, Shen H, Zhang X, Wang H, Wu G, Qi Y, Wang L, Xu W. Muc5ac Production Inhibited by Decreased lncRNA H19 via PI3K/Akt/NF-kB in Asthma. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1033-1043. [PMID: 34421304 PMCID: PMC8373259 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s316250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction LncRNAs play important roles in multiple diseases including asthma, while there are a few reports on the role of lncRNA H19 about asthma. This study aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of lncRNA H19 in asthma. Methods We detected lncRNA H19 and Muc5ac mRNA by establishing a murine asthma model and an in vitro inflammation model. Regulatory roles of lncRNA H19 in asthma were explored by lncRNA H19 overexpression or knockdown in vitro. To study its mechanisms, we detect p-NF-κB and p-Akt expression, and treated 16-HBE cells with inhibitors of PI3K. To study regulatory effects of miR-675-3p on Muc5ac, miR-675-3p mimics and inhibitors were respectively transfected into 16-HBE cells. Results Firstly, we established a murine asthma model and an in vitro inflammation model. We found that lncRNA H19 expression was decreased, while Muc5ac mRNA was increased in lung tissues of murine asthma model and in the in vitro inflammation model. lncRNA H19 overexpression increased Muc5ac mRNA expression and lncRNA H19 knockdown decreased Muc5ac mRNA expression in 16-HBE cells. Moreover, lncRNA H19 overexpression further increased Muc5ac expression in TNFα-induced in vitro inflammation model. lncRNA H19 knockdown decreased p-Akt and p-NF-κB expression. Inhibitors of PI3K abolished Muc5ac induced by lncRNA H19 overexpression. Although miR-675-3p was increased by lncRNA H19 overexpression, it had no regulatory effects on Muc5ac expression. Discussion These results demonstrated that lncRNA H19 positively regulates Muc5ac expression through PI3K/Akt /NF-κB pathway in the in vitro inflammation model. Therefore, this study indicated that decreased lncRNA H19 in asthma might play a protective role relieving mucus overproduction, and lncRNA H19 might be a potential target for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Xichang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailan Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Liu M, Shan M, Zhang Y, Guo Z. Progranulin Protects Against Airway Remodeling Through the Modulation of Autophagy via HMGB1 Suppression in House Dust Mite-Induced Chronic Asthma. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3891-3904. [PMID: 34408470 PMCID: PMC8367219 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s322724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Airway remodeling is an important feature of chronic asthma, and yet there are few effective therapeutic strategies. Progranulin (PGRN) has been shown to have lung protective functions, but the role of PGRN in asthmatic airway remodeling is unclear. We aim to explore the protective potential of PGRN on house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway remodeling and the underlying mechanisms. Methods In this study, a murine model of chronic asthma was established by HDM sensitization and challenge. Recombinant PGRN was intranasally administrated to mice during the phase of HDM challenge. TGF-β1-treated human airway epithelial BEAS-2B cells were utilized to explore the effect of PGRN on airway epithelia exposed to profibrotic conditions and molecular mechanisms. Results We found that PGRN treatment attenuated HDM-induced airway remodeling, as evidenced by the suppression of collagen accumulation, mucus overproduction and airway smooth muscle synthesis in HDM-challenged asthmatic mice lungs. Meanwhile, PGRN also reversed the increased levels of autophagy markers and autophagosomes in airway epithelia under mimic asthmatic conditions, thereby controlling the fibrotic process in vivo and in vitro. Specifically, overexpressed HMGB1 and the subsequent RAGE/MAPKs signaling activation due to HDM exposure were abrogated in PGRN-treated asthmatic mice. Furthermore, knockdown of HMGB1 expression significantly restrained the fibrosis formation in TGF-β1-induced airway epithelia accompanied by the downregulation of autophagic activity. However, enhancement of extracellular HMGB1 levels blunted the inhibition of autophagic flux by PGRN in airway epithelia, thereby resulting in the augmentation of collagen synthesis and fibrosis. Conclusion Taken together, our data revealed that PGRN protected against asthmatic airway remodeling by negatively regulating autophagy via HMGB1 suppression, which might provide new insights into the therapeutic options for HDM-induced chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixuan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200123, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengtian Shan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongliang Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200123, People's Republic of China
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Hummel R, Lang M, Walderbach S, Wang Y, Tegeder I, Gölz C, Schäfer MKE. Single intracerebroventricular progranulin injection adversely affects the blood-brain barrier in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2021; 158:342-357. [PMID: 33899947 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factor with protective effects in animal models of ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Administration of recombinant (r) PGRN prevents exaggerated brain pathology after TBI in Grn-deficient mice, suggesting that local injection of recombinant progranulin (rPGRN) provides therapeutic benefit in the acute phase of TBI. To test this hypothesis, we subjected adult male C57Bl/6N mice to the controlled cortical impact model of TBI, administered a single dose of rPGRN intracerebroventricularly (ICV) shortly before the injury, and examined behavioral and biological effects up to 5 days post injury (dpi). The anti-inflammatory bioactivity of rPGRN was confirmed by its capability to inhibit the inflammation-induced hypertrophy of murine primary microglia and astrocytes in vitro. In C57Bl/6N mice, however, ICV administration of rPGRN failed to attenuate behavioral deficits over the 5-day observation period. (Immuno)histological gene and protein expression analyses at 5 dpi did not reveal a therapeutic benefit in terms of brain injury size, brain inflammation, glia activation, cell numbers in neurogenic niches, and neuronal damage. Instead, we observed a failure of TBI-induced mRNA upregulation of the tight junction protein occludin and increased extravasation of serum immunoglobulin G into the brain parenchyma at 5 dpi. In conclusion, single ICV administration of rPGRN had not the expected protective effects in the acute phase of murine TBI, but appeared to cause an aggravation of blood-brain barrier disruption. The data raise questions about putative PGRN-boosting approaches in other types of brain injuries and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuel Lang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simona Walderbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Gölz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Chiba Y, Ueda C, Kohno N, Yamashita M, Miyakawa Y, Ando Y, Suto W, Hirabayashi T, Takenoya F, Takasaki I, Kamei J, Sakai H, Shioda S. Attenuation of relaxing response induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in bronchial smooth muscle of experimental asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L786-L793. [PMID: 32877227 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00315.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchomotor tone is regulated by contraction and relaxation of airway smooth muscle (ASM). A weakened ASM relaxation might be a cause of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a characteristic feature of bronchial asthma. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is known as a mediator that causes ASM relaxation. To date, whether or not the PACAP responsiveness is changed in asthmatic ASM is unknown. The current study examined the hypothesis that relaxation induced by PACAP is reduced in bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) of allergic asthma. The ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized mice were repeatedly challenged with aerosolized OA to induce asthmatic reaction. Twenty-four hours after the last antigen challenge, the main bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) tissues were isolated. Tension study showed a BSM hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine in the OA-challenged mice. Both quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses revealed a significant decrease in PAC1 receptor expression in BSMs of the diseased mice. Accordingly, in the antigen-challenged group, the PACAP-induced PAC1 receptor-mediated BSM relaxation was significantly attenuated, whereas the relaxation induced by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was not changed. These findings suggest that the relaxation induced by PACAP is impaired in BSMs of experimental asthma due to a downregulation of its binding partner PAC1 receptor. Impaired BSM responsiveness to PACAP might contribute to the AHR in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Chiba
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ueda
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kohno
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Yamashita
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Miyakawa
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ando
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Suto
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- Peptide Drug Innovation Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Takenoya
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Peptide Drug Innovation Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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Choi J, Park SY, Moon K, Ha EH, Woo YD, Chung DH, Kwon H, Kim T, Park H, Moon H, Song W, Cho YS. Macrophage-derived progranulin promotes allergen-induced airway inflammation. Allergy 2020; 75:1133-1145. [PMID: 31758561 DOI: 10.1111/all.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (PGRN), mainly produced by immune and epithelial cells, has been known to be involved in the development of various inflammatory diseases. However, the function of PGRN in allergic airway inflammation has not been clearly elucidated, and we investigated the role of PGRN in allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Production of PGRN and various type 2 cytokines was evaluated in mouse airways exposed to house dust mite allergen, and main cellular sources of these molecules were investigated using macrophage, airway epithelial cell, and NKT cell lines. We elucidated the role of PGRN in allergic airway inflammation in mouse models of asthma using macrophage-derived PGRN-deficient mice and NKT cell knockout mice by evaluating cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and histopathology. We also supplemented recombinant PGRN in the mouse models to confirm the role of PGRN in allergic airway inflammation. RESULTS PGRN production preceded other cytokines, mainly from macrophages, in the airway exposed to allergen. PGRN induced IL-4 and IL-13 production in NKT cells and IL-33 and TSLP in airway epithelial cells. PGRN-induced Th2 cytokine production was abolished in NKT-deficient mice. Finally, allergic inflammation was significantly attenuated in allergen-exposed PGRN-deficient mice, but inflammation was restored when recombinant PGRN was supplemented during the allergen sensitization period. CONCLUSION The presence of macrophage-derived PGRN in airways in the early sensitization period may be critical for mounting a Th2 immune response and for following an allergic airway inflammation pathway via induction of type 2 cytokine production in NKT and airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Pyo Choi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine Eulji University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Keun‐Ai Moon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Eun Hee Ha
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Yeon Duk Woo
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Seoul National University Medical Research Center Seoul Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Seoul National University Medical Research Center Seoul Korea
| | - Hyouk‐Soo Kwon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Tae‐Bum Kim
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hae‐Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Hee‐Bom Moon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Woo‐Jung Song
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - You Sook Cho
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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9
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Xing QQ, Liu LW, Zhao X, Lu Y, Dong YM, Liang ZQ. Serum proteomics analysis based on label-free revealed the protective effect of Chinese herbal formula Gu-Ben-Fang-Xiao. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109390. [PMID: 31520916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gubenfangxiao decoction (GBFXD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula derived from Yupingfengsan, an ancient formula widely used to treat respiratory diseases. In recent years, GBFXD has been applied to efficaciously and safely treat asthma. However, the mechanism of GBFXD is still not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to employ the label-free proteomic method to explore the protective mechanism of GBFXD in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-ovalbumin (OVA) induced chronic persistent asthmatic mice. After RSV-OVA challenge, mice were orally administered GBFXD at a dose of 36 g/kg accompanied with OVA nasal spray once every 3 days for 28 days. The label-free proteomics-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was used to explore the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in the serum from model mice compared with that in control mice (M:C), and in GBFXD-treated mice compared with that in model mice (G:M). The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013244. A total of 69 significant DAPs were identified including 39 in M:C, 46 in G:M, and 16 common differential proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the DAPs of M:C were mainly involved in inflammatory response and were related to lipid metabolism. However, the DAPs of G:M mostly participated in stress response, inflammatory response, and epithelial cell proliferation. Serum levels of Apoa-1, Apoc-1, Cfd, and Lrg1, EGFR and Lrg1 in the lungs were consistent with the results of proteomic analysis. Apoa-1 and Apoc-1 were closely related to cholesterol transport, lipid metabolism balance, and airway epithelial integrity; Cfd participated in immune response, affecting the occurrence and development of inflammation; EGFR and Lrg1 were involved in epithelial cell proliferation, influencing the process of airway remodeling. In summary, these results indicated that GBFXD may affect inflammatory and immune response of asthma by regulating cholesterol transport and complement factor activation. Furthermore, it could repair damaged airway epithelium and avoid airway remodeling to prevent and treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Qiong Xing
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Pediatric Institution of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Pediatric Institution of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Pediatric Institution of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yuan Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Pediatric Institution of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying-Mei Dong
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Pediatric Institution of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhong-Qing Liang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Pediatric Institution of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing, 210023, China
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10
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Brock J, Schmid A, Karrasch T, Pfefferle P, Schlegel J, Busse I, Hauenschild A, Schmidt B, Koukou M, Arapogianni E, Schultz A, Thomalla M, Akinci S, Kruse J, Padberg W, Schäffler A, Albrecht J. Progranulin serum levels and gene expression in subcutaneous vs visceral adipose tissue of severely obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:400-410. [PMID: 31102282 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin represents an adipokine putatively mediating insulin resistance and inflammation. Data in humans are sparse, and the source of circulating progranulin in obesity is unknown. OBJECTIVES Serum progranulin concentrations and subcutaneous (sc) as well as visceral (vis) adipose tissue (AT) progranulin expression were quantified in a large cohort of patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery (BS) (n = 153) or a low-calorie diet (LCD) (n = 121). COHORTS AND METHODS Paired serum and AT mRNA samples were obtained from patients with severe obesity undergoing BS (ROBS cohort; Research in Obesity and Bariatric Surgery). Serum progranulin was measured by ELISA in both cohorts, and AT mRNA expression was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR in bariatric patients. RESULTS There was no gender-specific effect in serum progranulin or AT progranulin expression. Importantly, circulating progranulin was independent from adipose tissue gene expression in paired samples. sc AT progranulin expression was higher than in vis AT (P = 0.027), and there was a positive correlation between sc AT and vis AT gene expression (P < 0.001; r = +0.34). Serum progranulin strongly and rapidly increased after BS within 3 days and remained elevated up to 12 months. Serum progranulin was strongly correlated with serum CTRP-3 levels. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides detailed progranulin gene expression data in sc and vis AT in a large, prospective and observational cohort of patients with severe obesity. Serum progranulin concentrations are not predicted by sc or vis AT progranulin gene expression. Thus, AT seems not to be the main source of circulating progranulin levels in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Brock
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Petra Pfefferle
- Comprehensive Biobank Marburg (CBBMR), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Schlegel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Inga Busse
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annette Hauenschild
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Transplant Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maria Koukou
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Efthymia Arapogianni
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schultz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Miriam Thomalla
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Secil Akinci
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kruse
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Winfried Padberg
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Transplant Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Albrecht
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Transplant Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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11
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Kai Y, Motegi M, Suzuki Y, Harada Y, Takeuchi H, Kon R, Ikarashi N, Chiba Y, Kamei J, Sakai H. Increased Rac1 Activation in the Enhanced Carbachol-Induced Bronchial Smooth Muscle Contraction of Repeatedly Antigen-Challenged Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1605-1607. [PMID: 31243195 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that Rac1 upregulation is involved in augmented bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) contractions of antigen-challenged mice. However, change in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-induced Rac1 activation remains unknown in BSMs of repeatedly antigen-challenged (Chal.) mice. We here examined carbachol (CCh)-induced Rac1 activation in BSMs of Chal. mice. Gene expression levels of both Rac1 and Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), such as Tiam1 and Trio, were increased in BSMs of Chal. mice. Furthermore, CCh-induced Rac1 activation was inhibited by pretreatment with Rac1-GEF inhibitor NSC23766 and Rac1 inhibitor EHT1864 in BSMs of sensitized-control (S.C.) and Chal. mice. Compared with S.C. mice, CCh-induced Rac1 activation was increased in BSMs of Chal. mice. In conclusion, we reported that increased CCh-induced Rac1 activation via Tiam1 and Trio upregulation, in addition to upregulate Rac1, may be involved in increased CCh-induced BSM contractions in Chal. mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
| | - Momoko Motegi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
| | - Yuta Suzuki
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
| | - Yui Harada
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
| | - Hiroto Takeuchi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
| | - Risako Kon
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
| | - Nobutomo Ikarashi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
| | - Yoshihiko Chiba
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University
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12
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The role of progranulin (PGRN) in the modulation of anti-inflammatory response in asthma. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:97-101. [PMID: 31114443 PMCID: PMC6526594 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.83267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases. Epidemiological studies show that asthma will develop among around 40% of children under six years old with symptoms of bronchial obstruction. Diagnosis of asthma is complicated, especially in the paediatric population. As a result, a lot of research is being carried out to establish the pathophysiology and to find new biomarkers of this disease. Progranulin (PGRN) is a recently discovered growth factor with many biological functions. PGRN has anti-inflammatory properties because it inhibits neutrophil degranulation and blocks tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) transmission. The underlying mechanisms are still being researched, but TNF-α is considered to be a cytokine responsible for neutrophilic inflammation in the airways and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Therefore, PGRN, by lowering TNF-α concentration and stimulating regulatory T-cell (Treg) proliferation, relieves symptoms of bronchial inflammatory diseases. This article attempts to verify the current knowledge about basic pathophysiological mechanisms in asthma. We also summarise the most recent research advances in the role of PGRN in the respiratory system.
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13
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Kai Y, Motegi M, Suzuki Y, Takeuchi H, Harada Y, Sato F, Chiba Y, Kamei J, Sakai H. Up-regulation of Rac1 in the bronchial smooth muscle of murine experimental asthma. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125:8-15. [PMID: 30697954 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable research on the involvement of RhoA/Rho kinase signalling in smooth muscle contractions. However, only a few reports have addressed the specific role of Rac1, which is a member of the Rho GTPase superfamily. Therefore, this study investigated the role of Rac1-related pathways in bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) contractions. Bronchial rings isolated from mice were suspended in an organ bath, and the isometric contractions of circular smooth muscles were monitored. The phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLCs) was analysed by immunoblotting. The Rac1 inhibitor EHT1864 inhibited carbachol (CCh)-induced BSM contractions, although high K+ depolarization-induced BSM contractions were not significantly attenuated by EHT1864. Moreover, high K+ - and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu; PKC activator)-induced contractions were not attenuated by Rac1 inhibition, whereas sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced force development was inhibited by EHT1864. The gene and protein expression of Rac1 was increased in the BSM of a murine model with antigen-induced airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). In addition, an increased force of the BSM contractions in AHR was suppressed by EHT1864 treatment, suggesting that the up-regulation of Rac1 is involved in AHR. These findings suggest that an increase in Rac1-mediated signalling is involved in the augmented contractions of BSMs in antigen-induced AHR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoko Motegi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Suzuki
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Takeuchi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Harada
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Analytical Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Chiba
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Cui Y, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Progranulin: A conductor of receptors orchestra, a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and a therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 45:53-64. [PMID: 30733059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a widely expressed glycoprotein with pleiotropic function, has been linked to a host of physiological processes and diverse pathological states. A series of contemporary preclinical disease models and clinical trials have evaluated various therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN, highlighting PGRN as a promising therapeutic target. Herein we summarize available knowledge of PGRN targeting in various kinds of diseases, including common neurological diseases, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, cancer, tissue repair, and rare lysosomal storage diseases, with a focus on the functional domain-oriented drug development strategies. In particular, we emphasize the role of extracellular PGRN as a non-conventional, extracellular matrix bound, growth factor-like conductor orchestrating multiple membrane receptors and intracellular PGRN as a chaperone/co-chaperone that mediates the folding and traffic of its various binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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15
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Prostaglandin D₂ Induces Ca 2+ Sensitization of Contraction without Affecting Cytosolic Ca 2+ Level in Bronchial Smooth Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103036. [PMID: 30301147 PMCID: PMC6213397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂) is one of the key lipid mediators of allergic airway inflammation, including bronchial asthma. However, the role of PGD₂ in the pathogenesis of asthma is not fully understood. In the present study, the effect of PGD₂ on smooth muscle contractility of the airways was determined to elucidate its role in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In isolated bronchial smooth muscles (BSMs) of naive mice, application of PGD₂ (10-9⁻10-5 M) had no effect on the baseline tension. However, when the tissues were precontracted partially with 30 mM K⁺ (in the presence of 10-6 M atropine), PGD₂ markedly augmented the contraction induced by the high K⁺ depolarization. The PGD₂-induced augmentation of contraction was significantly inhibited both by 10-6 M laropiprant (a selective DP₁ antagonist) and 10-7 M Y-27632 (a Rho-kinase inhibitor), indicating that a DP₁ receptor-mediated activation of Rho-kinase is involved in the PGD₂-induced BSM hyperresponsiveness. Indeed, the GTP-RhoA pull-down assay revealed an increase in active form of RhoA in the PGD₂-treated mouse BSMs. On the other hand, in the high K⁺-depolarized cultured human BSM cells, PGD₂ caused no further increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. These findings suggest that PGD₂ causes RhoA/Rho-kinase-mediated Ca2+ sensitization of BSM contraction to augment its contractility. Increased PGD₂ level in the airways might be a cause of the AHR in asthma.
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