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McGettrick AF, Bourner LA, Dorsey FC, O'Neill LAJ. Metabolic Messengers: itaconate. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1661-1667. [PMID: 39060560 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The metabolite itaconate has emerged as an important immunoregulator with roles in antibacterial defence, inhibition of inflammation and, more recently, as an inhibitory factor in obesity. Itaconate is one of the most upregulated metabolites in inflammatory macrophages. It is produced owing to the disturbance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the diversion of aconitate to itaconate via the enzyme aconitate decarboxylase 1. In immunology, initial studies concentrated on the role of itaconate in inflammatory macrophages where it was shown to be inhibitory, but this has expanded as the impact of itaconate on other cell types is starting to emerge. This review focuses on itaconate as a key immunoregulatory metabolite and describes its diverse mechanisms of action and its many impacts on the immune and inflammatory responses and in cancer. We also examine the clinical relevance of this immunometabolite and its therapeutic potential for immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F McGettrick
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L A Bourner
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - F C Dorsey
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Wang L, Dos Santos Sanches N, Panahipour L, Imani A, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Gruber R. Dimethyl Fumarate-Loaded Gellan Gum Hydrogels Can Reduce In Vitro Chemokine Expression in Oral Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9485. [PMID: 39273432 PMCID: PMC11395421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), originally proposed to treat multiple sclerosis, is considered to have a spectrum of anti-inflammatory effects that effectively control periodontitis, mainly when applied with a hydrogel delivery system. Chemokine expression by gingival fibroblasts is a significant driver of periodontitis; thus, hydrogel-based strategies to deliver DMF, which in turn dampen chemokine expression, are of potential clinical relevance. To test this approach, we have established a bioassay where chemokine expression is induced by exposing gingival fibroblast to IL1β and TNFα, or with saliva. We show herein that DMF effectively reduced the expression of CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL2-and lowered the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK-without affecting cell viability. This observation was confirmed by immunoassays with CXCL8. Consistently, the forced chemokine expression in HSC2 oral squamous epithelial cells was greatly diminished by DMF. To implement our hydrogel-based delivery system, gingival fibroblasts were cocultured with gellan gum hydrogels enriched for DMF. In support of our strategy, DMF-enriched gellan gum hydrogels significantly reduced the forced chemokine expression in gingival fibroblasts. Our data suggest that DMF exerts its anti-inflammatory activity in periodontal cells when released from gellan gum hydrogels, suggesting a potential clinical relevance to control overshooting chemokine expression under chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China
| | - Natalia Dos Santos Sanches
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araçatuba Dental School of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Atefe Imani
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yili Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China
| | - Lingli Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325011, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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VanPortfliet JJ, Lei Y, Martinez CG, Wong J, Pflug K, Sitcheran R, Kneeland SC, Murray SA, McGuire PJ, Cannon CL, West AP. Caspase-11 drives macrophage hyperinflammation in models of Polg-related mitochondrial disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.11.593693. [PMID: 38798587 PMCID: PMC11118447 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.11.593693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MtD) represent a significant public health challenge due to their heterogenous clinical presentation, often severe and progressive symptoms, and the lack of effective therapies. Environmental exposures, such bacterial and viral infection, can further compromise mitochondrial function and exacerbate the progression of MtD. Infections in MtD patients more frequently progress to sepsis, pneumonia, and other detrimental inflammatory endpoints. However, the underlying immune alterations that enhance immunopathology in MtD remain unclear, constituting a key gap in knowledge that complicates treatment and increases mortality in this population. Here we employ in vitro and in vivo approaches to clarify the molecular and cellular basis for innate immune hyperactivity in models of polymerase gamma (Polg)-related MtD. We reveal that type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated upregulation of caspase-11 and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) increase macrophage sensing of the opportunistic microbe Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in Polg mutant mice. Furthermore, we show that excessive macrophage cytokine secretion and pyroptotic cell death contribute to lung inflammation and morbidity after infection with PA. Our work sheds new light on innate immune dysregulation in MtD and reveals potential targets for limiting infection- and inflammation-related complications in Polg-related MtD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn J. VanPortfliet
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas 77807, USA
| | - Yuanjiu Lei
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas 77807, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Camila Guerra Martinez
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas 77807, USA
| | - Jessica Wong
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Kathryn Pflug
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas 77807, USA
| | - Raquel Sitcheran
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas 77807, USA
| | | | | | - Peter. J. McGuire
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Carolyn L. Cannon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas 77807, USA
| | - A. Phillip West
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas 77807, USA
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Blumer S, Khan P, Artysh N, Plappert L, Savic S, Knudsen L, Jonigk D, Kuehnel MP, Prasse A, Hostettler KE. The use of cultured human alveolar basal cells to mimic honeycomb formation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2024; 25:26. [PMID: 38200596 PMCID: PMC10777517 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honeycomb cysts (HC) within the alveolar region are distinct histopathological features in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. HC are lined with a single-or stratified layer of basal cells (BC), or with a bronchiolar-like epithelium composed of basal-, ciliated- and secretory epithelial cells. By using cultured IPF patient-derived alveolar BC, we aimed to establish an in vitro- and in vivo model to mimic HC formation in IPF. We (1) optimized conditions to culture and propagate IPF patient-derived alveolar BC, (2) cultured the cells on an air liquid interface (ALI) or in a three dimensional (3D) organoid model, and (3) investigated the cells` behavior after instillation into bleomycin-challenged mice. METHODS Alveolar BC were cultured from peripheral IPF lung tissue and grown on tissue-culture treated plastic, an ALI, or in a 3D organoid model. Furthermore, cells were instilled into bleomycin-challenged NRG mice. Samples were analyzed by TaqMan RT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry/immunofluorescence (ICC/IF), or immunohistochemistry (IHC)/IF. Mann-Whitney tests were performed using GraphPad Prism software. RESULTS Cultured alveolar BC showed high expression of canonical basal cell markers (TP63, keratin (KRT)5, KRT14, KRT17), robust proliferation, and wound closure capacity. The cells could be cryopreserved and propagated for up to four passages without a significant loss of basal cell markers. When cultured on an ALI or in a 3D organoid model, alveolar BC differentiated to ciliated- and secretory epithelial cells. When instilled into bleomycin-challenged mice, human alveolar BC cells formed HC-like structures composed of human basal-, and secretory epithelial cells within the mouse parenchyma. CONCLUSION IPF patient-derived alveolar BC on an ALI, in 3D organoids or after instillation into bleomycin-challenged mice form HC-like structures that closely resemble HC within the IPF lung. These models therefore represent powerful tools to study honeycomb formation, and its potential therapeutic inhibition in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Blumer
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Khan
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nataliia Artysh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linda Plappert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Spasenija Savic
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P Kuehnel
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Prasse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin E Hostettler
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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Gene Profiling of a 3D Psoriatic Skin Model Enriched in T Cells: Downregulation of PTPRM Promotes Keratinocyte Proliferation through Excessive ERK1/2 Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182904. [PMID: 36139479 PMCID: PMC9497242 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex, immune-mediated skin disease involving a wide range of epithelial and immune cells. The underlying mechanisms that govern the epidermal defects and immunological dysfunction observed in this condition remain largely unknown. In recent years, the emergence of new, more sophisticated models has allowed the evolution of our knowledge of the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The development of psoriatic skin biomaterials that more closely mimic native psoriatic skin provides advanced preclinical models that will prove relevant in predicting clinical outcomes. In this study, we used a tissue-engineered, two-layered (dermis and epidermis) human skin substitute enriched in T cells as a biomaterial to study both the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in psoriasis’ pathogenesis. Gene profiling on microarrays revealed significant changes in the profile of genes expressed by the psoriatic skin substitutes compared with the healthy ones. Two genes, namely, PTPRM and NELL2, whose products influence the ERK1/2 signaling pathway have been identified as being deregulated in psoriatic substitutes. Deregulation of these genes supports excessive activation of the ERK1/2 pathway in psoriatic skin substitutes. Most importantly, electrophoresis mobility shift assays provided evidence that the DNA-binding properties of two downstream nuclear targets of ERK1/2, both the NF-κB and Sp1 transcription factors, are increased under psoriatic conditions. Moreover, the results obtained with the inhibition of RSK, a downstream effector of ERK1/2, supported the therapeutic potential of inhibiting this signaling pathway for psoriasis treatment. In conclusion, this two-layered human psoriatic skin substitute enriched in T cells may prove particularly useful in deciphering the mechanistic details of psoriatic pathogenesis and provide a relevant biomaterial for the study of potential therapeutic targets.
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Khan P, Roux J, Blumer S, Knudsen L, Jonigk D, Kuehnel MP, Tamm M, Hostettler KE. Alveolar Basal Cells Differentiate towards Secretory Epithelial- and Aberrant Basaloid-like Cells In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:1820. [PMID: 35681516 PMCID: PMC9180703 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), keratin (KRT)17+/KRT5+ basal and KRT17+/KRT5- aberrant basaloid cells are atypically present within the alveolar space. We previously described the fibrosis-enriched outgrowth of alveolar basal cells from peripheral fibrotic lung tissue. Using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we here characterize the transcriptome of these cultured alveolar basal cells under different culture conditions. METHODS Fibrotic peripheral lung tissue pieces were placed in DMEM growth medium. Outgrown cells were analysed by scRNA-seq, TaqMan-PCR or immunofluorescence (IF) either directly or after medium change to an epithelial cell specific medium (Cnt-PR-A). RESULTS A fraction of alveolar basal cells cultured in DMEM growth medium showed close transcriptomic similarities to IPF basal cells. However, although they expressed KRT5, the transcriptome of the majority of cells matched best to the transcriptome of recently described KRT17+/KRT5- aberrant basaloid cells, co-expressing the canonical basal cell marker KRT17 and mesenchymal cell marker (VIM, FN1). A smaller fraction of cells matched best to secretory epithelial cells. Two differentiation gradients from basal to aberrant basaloid-like cells and basal to secretory epithelial-like cells were apparent. Interestingly, these differentiation paths seemed reversed when the cell culture medium was changed to Cnt-PR-A. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cultured alveolar basal cells have the capacity to differentiate towards secretory epithelial-like cells and to aberrant basaloid-like cells. However, due to the persistent expression of KRT5, a complete differentiation towards aberrant basaloid cells did not seem to be achieved in our culture conditions. Importantly, differentiation seemed reversible by changing the cells microenvironment. Determining specific factors influencing these differentiation paths may help to define novel drug targets for IPF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Khan
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Blumer
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany; (D.J.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany; (D.J.); (M.P.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P. Kuehnel
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany; (D.J.); (M.P.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Tamm
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Katrin E. Hostettler
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
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Khan P, Fytianos K, Blumer S, Roux J, Gazdhar A, Savic S, Knudsen L, Jonigk D, Kuehnel MP, Mykoniati S, Tamm M, Geiser T, Hostettler KE. Basal-Like Cell-Conditioned Medium Exerts Anti-Fibrotic Effects In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:844119. [PMID: 35350187 PMCID: PMC8957873 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.844119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), basal-like cells are atypically present in the alveolar region, where they may affect adjacent stromal cells by paracrine mechanisms. We here aimed to confirm the presence of basal-like cells in peripheral IPF lung tissue in vivo, to culture and characterize the cells in vitro, and to investigate their paracrine effects on IPF fibroblasts in vitro and in bleomycin-injured rats in vivo. Basal-like cells are mainly localized in areas of pathological bronchiolization or honeycomb cysts in peripheral IPF lung tissue. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) demonstrated an overall homogeneity, the expression of the basal cell markers cytokeratin KRT5 and KRT17, and close transcriptomic similarities to basal cells in the majority of cells cultured in vitro. Basal-like cells secreted significant levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and their conditioned medium (CM) inhibited alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen 1A1 (Col1A1) and upregulated matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by IPF fibroblasts in vitro. The instillation of CM in bleomycin-injured rat lungs resulted in reduced collagen content, improved lung architecture, and reduced α-SMA-positive cells. Our data suggested that basal-like cells may limit aberrant fibroblast activation and differentiation in IPF through paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Khan
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kleanthis Fytianos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Blumer
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Spasenija Savic
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P. Kuehnel
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sofia Mykoniati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jura Cantonal Hospital, Delemont, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katrin E. Hostettler
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Kong K, Koontz D, Morse C, Roth E, Domsic RT, Simon MA, Stratton E, Buchholz C, Tobin-Finch K, Simms R, George MP, Hassoun PM, Farber H, Lafyatis R. A Pilot Study of Dimethyl Fumarate in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Systemic Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2021; 6:242-246. [PMID: 35005243 DOI: 10.1177/23971983211016196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Given the poor treatment options for pulmonary arterial hypertension associated systemic sclerosis (SSc-PAH) patients, we sought to determine clinical safety and efficacy of Dimethylfumarate (DMF), an Nrf2 agonist, and the effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress on SSc-PAH in an exploratory interventional clinical trial. Objectives The primary objectives were to assess the safety and efficacy of treatment with DMF in patients with SSc-PAH. Methods This was an investigator-initiated, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted at two sites in the United States. The primary safety endpoint was the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) and all adverse events (AEs) in DMF compared to placebo-treated patients. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in 6MWD from baseline to the end of treatment at Week 24 in DMF compared to placebo-treated patients. Results Six participants were randomized to either placebo (n = 2) or DMF (n = 4). Baseline demographics were similar in both groups. A total of 25 adverse events (AEs) occurred in 6 subjects, with 14 AEs (56.0%) having occurred in DMF-treated subjects. 3 occurrences were identified as nausea AEs, and two participants withdrew due to nausea. One participant in the placebo group was withdrawn after a hospitalization SAE due to worsening of heart failure and shortness of breath secondary to anemia. One participant in each group completed protocol. Subjects in the DMF-treated group showed a non-significant reduced decline in 6MWD (relative mean change of -7.07%) from baseline to Week 24 as compared to placebo-treated subjects (relative mean change of -14.97%). Conclusion Patients treated for SSc-PAH with 2 and 3-drug regimens, as is now typical for these patients, tolerate DMF poorly. Our small samples size did not provide power to suggest efficacy. We suggest that Nrf2 is still a valid therapeutic target for future trials, using better tolerated Nrf2 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Kong
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Diane Koontz
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christina Morse
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eileen Roth
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robyn T Domsic
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Marc A Simon
- Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric Stratton
- Division of Rheumatology, Arthritis Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Connor Buchholz
- Division of Rheumatology, Arthritis Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Robert Simms
- Division of Rheumatology, Arthritis Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - M Patricia George
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Paul M Hassoun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Harrison Farber
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Laselva O, Allegretta C, Di Gioia S, Avolio C, Conese M. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Effect of Dimethyl Fumarate in Cystic Fibrosis Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082132. [PMID: 34440900 PMCID: PMC8391758 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations on the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and is associated with chronic infection and inflammation. Recently, it has been demonstrated that LPS-induced CFTR dysfunction in airway epithelial cells is due to an early oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an approved anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant drug for auto-immune and inflammatory diseases, but its role in the CF has never been investigated. In this study, we examined the effect of DMF on CF-related cytokines expression, ROS measurements and CFTR channel function. We found that DMF reduced the inflammatory response to LPS stimulation in both CF and non-CF bronchial epithelial cells, both as co-treatment and therapy, and restored LPS-mediated decrease of Trikafta™-mediated CFTR function in CF cells bearing the most common mutation, c.1521_1523delCTT (F508del). DMF also inhibited the inflammatory response induced by IL-1β/H2O2 and IL-1β/TNFα, mimicking the inflammatory status of CF patients. Finally, we also demonstrated that DMF exhibited an anti-oxidant effect on CF cells after different inflammatory stimulations. Since DMF is an approved drug, it could be further investigated as a novel anti-inflammatory molecule to ameliorate lung inflammation in CF and improve the CFTR modulators efficacy.
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10
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Genito CJ, Eckshtain-Levi M, Piedra-Quintero ZL, Krovi SA, Kroboth A, Stiepel RT, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Dexamethasone and Fumaric Acid Ester Conjugate Synergistically Inhibits Inflammation and NF-κB in Macrophages. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1629-1640. [PMID: 34165285 PMCID: PMC10372493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage-mediated inflammation drives autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Treatment with anti-inflammatory agents can be an effective strategy to reduce this inflammation; however, high concentrations of these agents can have immune-dampening and other serious side effects. Synergistic combination of anti-inflammatory agents can mitigate dosing by requiring less drug. Multiple anti-inflammatory agents were evaluated in combination for synergistic inhibition of macrophage inflammation. The most potent synergy was observed between dexamethasone (DXM) and fumaric acid esters (e.g., monomethyl fumarate (MMF)). Furthermore, this combination was found to synergistically inhibit inflammatory nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor activity. The optimal ratio for synergy was determined to be 1:1, and DXM and MMF were conjugated by esterification at this molar ratio. The DXM-MMF conjugate displayed improved inhibition of inflammation over the unconjugated combination in both murine and human macrophages. In the treatment of human donor monocyte-derived macrophages, the combination of DXM and MMF significantly inhibited inflammatory gene expression downstream of NF-κB and overall performed better than either agent alone. Further, the DXM-MMF conjugate significantly inhibited expression of NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-associated genes. The potent anti-inflammatory activity of the DXM-MMF conjugate in human macrophages indicates that it may have benefits in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Genito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Meital Eckshtain-Levi
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zayda L Piedra-Quintero
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sai Archana Krovi
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abriana Kroboth
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rebeca T Stiepel
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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11
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Arylpyridin-2-yl Guanidine Derivatives and Cyclic Mimetics as Novel MSK1 Inhibitors. An Application in an Asthma Model. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020391. [PMID: 33450992 PMCID: PMC7828447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Kinase 1 (MSK1) is a nuclear kinase, taking part in the activation pathway of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB and is demonstrating a therapeutic target potential in inflammatory diseases such as asthma, psoriasis and atherosclerosis. To date, few MSK1 inhibitors were reported. In order to identify new MSK1 inhibitors, a screening of a library of low molecular weight compounds was performed, and the results highlighted the 6-phenylpyridin-2-yl guanidine (compound 1a, IC50~18 µM) as a starting hit for structure-activity relationship study. Derivatives, homologues and rigid mimetics of 1a were designed, and all synthesized compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity towards MSK1. Among them, the non-cytotoxic 2-aminobenzimidazole 49d was the most potent at inhibiting significantly: (i) MSK1 activity, (ii) the release of IL-6 in inflammatory conditions in vitro (IC50~2 µM) and (iii) the inflammatory cell recruitment to the airways in a mouse model of asthma.
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12
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Timpani CA, Rybalka E. Calming the (Cytokine) Storm: Dimethyl Fumarate as a Therapeutic Candidate for COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:15. [PMID: 33375288 PMCID: PMC7824470 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide and incidences of hospitalisation from respiratory distress are significant. While a vaccine is in the pipeline, there is urgency for therapeutic options to address the immune dysregulation, hyperinflammation and oxidative stress that can lead to death. Given the shared pathogenesis of severe cases of COVID-19 with aspects of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, we propose dimethyl fumarate as a viable treatment option. Currently approved for multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, dimethyl fumarate is an immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative drug that could be rapidly implemented into the clinic to calm the cytokine storm which drives severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A. Timpani
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Emma Rybalka
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
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13
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Cattani-Cavalieri I, da Maia Valença H, Moraes JA, Brito-Gitirana L, Romana-Souza B, Schmidt M, Valença SS. Dimethyl Fumarate Attenuates Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249658. [PMID: 33352854 PMCID: PMC7767202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is mainly caused by burning of fossil fuels, such as diesel, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to adverse health effects induced by inflammation and oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a fumaric acid ester and acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. We investigated the potential therapeutic effects of DMF on pulmonary damage caused by chronic exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). Mice were challenged with DEPs (30 μg per mice) by intranasal instillation for 60 consecutive days. After the first 30 days, the animals were treated daily with 30 mg/kg of DMF by gavage for the remainder of the experimental period. We demonstrated a reduction in total inflammatory cell number in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of mice subjected to DEP + DMF as compared to those exposed to DEPs alone. Importantly, DMF treatment was able to reduce lung injury caused by DEP exposure. Intracellular total reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxynitrite (OONO), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly lower in the DEP + DMF than in the DEP group. In addition, DMF treatment reduced the protein expression of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) in lung lysates from DEP-exposed mice, whereas total nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 expression was decreased below baseline in the DEP + DMF group compared to both the control and DEP groups. Lastly, DMF markedly reduced DEP-induced expression of nitrotyrosine, glutathione peroxidase-1/2 (Gpx-1/2), and catalase in mouse lungs. In summary, DMF treatment effectively reduced lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by chronic DEP exposure. Consequently, it may lead to new therapies to diminish lung injury caused by air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Cattani-Cavalieri
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Helber da Maia Valença
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - João Alfredo Moraes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Lycia Brito-Gitirana
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
| | - Bruna Romana-Souza
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20943-000, Brazil;
| | - Martina Schmidt
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-50-363-3322
| | - Samuel Santos Valença
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21044-020, Brazil; (I.C.-C.); (H.d.M.V.); (J.A.M.); (L.B.-G.); (S.S.V.)
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14
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Zeng T, Tang Z, Liang L, Suo D, Li L, Li J, Yuan Y, Guan XY, Li Y. PDSS2-Del2, a new variant of PDSS2, promotes tumor cell metastasis and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma via activating NF-κB. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3184-3197. [PMID: 33064899 PMCID: PMC7718950 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the leading causes of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Our previous study identified a novel alternative splicing variant of prenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 (PDSS2) in HCC characterized by a deletion of exon 2, named PDSS2‐Del2, which is devoid of the tumor‐suppressive function of full‐length PDSS2 (PDSS2‐FL). To better understand the clinical significance of PDSS2‐Del2, we performed a BaseScope™ assay on an HCC tissue microarray and found that positive staining for PDSS2‐Del2 predicted a worse overall survival in patients with HCC (P = 0.02). PDSS2‐Del2 levels correlated significantly with microvessel counts in HCC tumor tissues. Importantly, PDSS2‐Del2 overexpression functionally promoted HCC metastasis, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo migration assays. In vivo assays also demonstrated that PDSS2‐Del2 increased angiogenesis in xenografts. Furthermore, we discovered that elevated PDSS2‐Del2 expression in HCC tumor cells decreased fumarate levels and activated the canonical nuclear factor‐κB pathway. The epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and WNT/β‐catenin signaling pathways were also activated by overexpression. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a fumaric acid ester, effectively reduced the metastasis induced by PDSS2‐Del2 as observed with in vivo spleen‐liver metastasis animal experiments. DMF is a prescribed oral therapy for multiple sclerosis and it might be a potential treatment for metastasis of patients with HCC. Early clinical trials are needed to validate its potential in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lili Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daqin Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Piesche M, Roos J, Kühn B, Fettel J, Hellmuth N, Brat C, Maucher IV, Awad O, Matrone C, Comerma Steffensen SG, Manolikakes G, Heinicke U, Zacharowski KD, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. The Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Nitro Fatty Acids and Other Michael Acceptor-Containing Drugs for the Treatment of Inflammation and Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 33013366 PMCID: PMC7495092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitro fatty acids (NFAs) are endogenously generated lipid mediators deriving from reactions of unsaturated electrophilic fatty acids with reactive nitrogen species. Furthermore, Mediterranean diets can be a source of NFA. These highly electrophilic fatty acids can undergo Michael addition reaction with cysteine residues, leading to post-translational modifications (PTM) of selected regulatory proteins. Such modifications are capable of changing target protein function during cell signaling or in biosynthetic pathways. NFA target proteins include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), the pro-inflammatory and tumorigenic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, the pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenases (5-LO) biosynthesis pathway as well as soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which is essentially involved in the regulation of vascular tone. In several animal models of inflammation and cancer, the therapeutic efficacy of well-tolerated NFA has been demonstrated. This has already led to clinical phase II studies investigating possible therapeutic effects of NFA in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Albeit Michael acceptors feature a broad spectrum of bioactivity, they have for a rather long time been avoided as drug candidates owing to their presumed unselective reactivity and toxicity. However, targeted covalent modification of regulatory proteins by Michael acceptors became recognized as a promising approach to drug discovery with the recent FDA approvals of the cancer therapeutics, afatanib (2013), ibrutinib (2013), and osimertinib (2015). Furthermore, the Michael acceptor, neratinib, a dual inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor, was recently approved by the FDA (2017) and by the EMA (2018) for the treatment of breast cancer. Finally, a number of further Michael acceptor drug candidates are currently under clinical investigation for pharmacotherapy of inflammation and cancer. In this review, we focus on the pharmacology of NFA and other Michael acceptor drugs, summarizing their potential as an emerging class of future antiphlogistics and adjuvant in tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Piesche
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.,Oncology Center, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jessica Roos
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kühn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fettel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Hellmuth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Camilla Brat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Isabelle V Maucher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Omar Awad
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany
| | - Carmela Matrone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simon Gabriel Comerma Steffensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Medicine Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Animal Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heinicke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai D Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten J Maier
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Kong Y, Ding L, Xu Y, Wang Z, Sun L. YiQi GuBen Formula Inhibits PDGF-BB-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Pharmacology 2020; 105:424-433. [PMID: 32454491 DOI: 10.1159/000504516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased proliferation and migration of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) are key events in the development of asthma. YiQi GuBen is a traditional Chinese medicinal formula shown to effectively reduce the recurrence rate of asthma and induce anti-asthma effects through multiple pathways; however, its potential role in regulating ASMC proliferation and preventing bronchial asthma remains unexplored. METHODS This study investigated the effects of YiQi GuBen formula on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced ASMC proliferation and migration by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, wound healing, transwell, and cell cycle assays. The influence of YiQi GuBen formula on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling-relevant proteins was measured by Western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, and ELISA. RESULTS We found that pretreatment with YiQi GuBen formula had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on PDGF-BB-stimulated ASMC proliferation. It also suppressed PDGF-BB-induced ASMC migration and arrested PDGF-BB-induced cell cycle progression. Furthermore, YiQi GuBen formula suppressed PDGF-BB-induced expression of phosphorylated p65 and the release of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in ASMCs. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study shows that YiQi GuBen formula is able to significantly inhibit PDGF-BB-induced ASMC proliferation and migration by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibu Kong
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lizhong Ding
- Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongtian Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,
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17
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Wrotek S, Sobocińska J, Kozłowski HM, Pawlikowska M, Jędrzejewski T, Dzialuk A. New Insights into the Role of Glutathione in the Mechanism of Fever. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041393. [PMID: 32092904 PMCID: PMC7073131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is one of the most important and potent antioxidants. The development of pharmacological compounds that can either increase or decrease glutathione concentrations has allowed investigation into the role of glutathione in various biological processes, including immune responses. Recent findings have shown that glutathione not only affects certain factors involved in immunological processes but also modifies complex immune reactions such as fever. Until recently, it was not known why some patients do not develop fever during infection. Data suggest that fever induction is associated with oxidative stress; therefore, antioxidants such as glutathione can reduce pyrexia. Surprisingly, new studies have shown that low glutathione levels can also inhibit fever. In this review, we focus on recent advances in this area, with an emphasis on the role of glutathione in immune responses accompanied by fever. We describe evidence showing that disturbed glutathione homeostasis may be responsible for the lack of fever during infections. We also discuss the biological significance of the antipyretic effects produced by pharmacological glutathione modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wrotek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.S.); (H.M.K.); (M.P.); (T.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Justyna Sobocińska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.S.); (H.M.K.); (M.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Henryk M. Kozłowski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.S.); (H.M.K.); (M.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Małgorzata Pawlikowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.S.); (H.M.K.); (M.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.S.); (H.M.K.); (M.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Artur Dzialuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 10 Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave., 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (A.D.)
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18
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Hennig P, Fenini G, Di Filippo M, Beer HD. Electrophiles Against (Skin) Diseases: More Than Nrf2. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E271. [PMID: 32053878 PMCID: PMC7072181 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin represents an indispensable barrier between the organism and the environment and is the first line of defense against exogenous insults. The transcription factor NRF2 is a central regulator of cytoprotection and stress resistance. NRF2 is activated in response to oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrophiles. These electrophiles oxidize specific cysteine residues of the NRF2 inhibitor KEAP1, leading to KEAP1 inactivation and, subsequently, NRF2 activation. As oxidative stress is associated with inflammation, the NRF2 pathway plays important roles in the pathogenesis of common inflammatory diseases and cancer in many tissues and organs, including the skin. The electrophile and NRF2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an established and efficient drug for patients suffering from the common inflammatory skin disease psoriasis and the neuro-inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we discuss possible molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of DMF and other NRF2 activators. Recent evidence suggests that electrophiles not only activate NRF2, but also target other inflammation-associated pathways including the transcription factor NF-κB and the multi-protein complexes termed inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are central regulators of inflammation and are involved in many inflammatory conditions. Most importantly, the NRF2 and inflammasome pathways are connected at different levels, mainly antagonistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.H.); (G.F.); (M.D.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Fenini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.H.); (G.F.); (M.D.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Di Filippo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.H.); (G.F.); (M.D.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (P.H.); (G.F.); (M.D.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Rapa SF, Waltenberger B, Di Paola R, Adesso S, Siracusa R, Peritore AF, D'Amico R, Autore G, Cuzzocrea S, Stuppner H, Marzocco S. Plumericin prevents intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 2020; 34:1576-1590. [PMID: 31914614 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902040r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by an inflammatory and oxidative stress condition in the intestinal tissue. In this study, we evaluated the effect of plumericin, one of the main bioactive components of Himatanthus sucuuba (Woodson) bark, on intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, both in vitro and in vivo. The effect of plumericin (0.5-2 µM) in vitro was evaluated in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) treated with lipopolysaccharides from E. coli (10 μg/mL) plus interferon-γ (10 U/mL). Moreover, a 2,4,6-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of plumericin (3 mg/kg) in vivo. The results showed that plumericin significantly reduces intestinal inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and nitrotyrosine formation. Plumericin also inhibited nuclear factor-κB translocation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, and inflammasome activation. Moreover, plumericin activated the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 pathway in IEC-6. Using the DNBS-induced colitis model, a significant reduction in the weight loss and in the development of the macroscopic and histologic signs of colon injury, together with a reduced inflammatory and oxidative stress state, were observed in plumericin-treated mice. These results indicate that plumericin exerts a strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Thus, it might be a candidate for the development of a new pharmacologic approach for IBDs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara F Rapa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Adesso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio F Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Chia SB, Elko EA, Aboushousha R, Manuel AM, van de Wetering C, Druso JE, van der Velden J, Seward DJ, Anathy V, Irvin CG, Lam YW, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Dysregulation of the glutaredoxin/ S-glutathionylation redox axis in lung diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C304-C327. [PMID: 31693398 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00410.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is a major redox buffer, reaching millimolar concentrations within cells and high micromolar concentrations in airways. While glutathione has been traditionally known as an antioxidant defense mechanism that protects the lung tissue from oxidative stress, glutathione more recently has become recognized for its ability to become covalently conjugated to reactive cysteines within proteins, a modification known as S-glutathionylation (or S-glutathiolation or protein mixed disulfide). S-glutathionylation has the potential to change the structure and function of the target protein, owing to its size (the addition of three amino acids) and charge (glutamic acid). S-glutathionylation also protects proteins from irreversible oxidation, allowing them to be enzymatically regenerated. Numerous enzymes have been identified to catalyze the glutathionylation/deglutathionylation reactions, including glutathione S-transferases and glutaredoxins. Although protein S-glutathionylation has been implicated in numerous biological processes, S-glutathionylated proteomes have largely remained unknown. In this paper, we focus on the pathways that regulate GSH homeostasis, S-glutathionylated proteins, and glutaredoxins, and we review methods required toward identification of glutathionylated proteomes. Finally, we present the latest findings on the role of glutathionylation/glutaredoxins in various lung diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi B Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Evan A Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Allison M Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joseph E Druso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Charles G Irvin
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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21
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Nour OA, Shehatou GS, Rahim MA, El-Awady MS, Suddek GM. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of dimethyl fumarate in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbas.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omnia A. Nour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - George S.G. Shehatou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona Abdel Rahim
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. El-Awady
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ghada M. Suddek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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22
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Qiu C, Li J, Zhang J, He Q, Wang L, Weng X, Guan M. Modulation of the airway smooth muscle phenotype in a murine asthma model and effects of nuclear factor-κB inhibition. J Asthma 2019; 56:1247-1256. [PMID: 30634869 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2018.1539498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Phenotype modulation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is a unique characteristic of asthma and is considered to regulate airway remodeling, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in phenotypic modulation. Thus, models of acute and chronic asthma were established and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an NF-κB inhibitor was delivered by intraperitoneal injection. Methods: The Penh value was measured using the BUXCO WBP system. Lung tissues were subjected to histologic analysis. Phenotypic markers of ASM and COL1A1 mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. Expression levels of phosphorylated p65 (pP65) and α-SMA were detected by Western blot. Serum cytokine levels were quantified by RayBiotech ELISA array. Results: PDTC intervention decreased the Penh values in both the acute and chronic models. The ASM area and the airway collagen area were decreased in the PDTC intervention group. A decrease in phenotypic markers were detected in both the acute and chronic models in time-dependent manner, and PDTC intervention partially reversed the phenotypic modulation. The effect of PDTC intervention on systemic inflammation was also verified. Conclusion: These results revealed the existence of a dynamic ASM phenotype modulation procedure in asthma development and that targeting NF-κB by PDTC was effective to mitigate ASM phenotype modulation and major asthmatic pathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical medical college (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical medical college (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University , Shenzhen , China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral research station, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical medical college (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Lingwei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical medical college (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Xuanwen Weng
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical medical college (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Minjie Guan
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical medical college (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
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23
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Abdelrahman RS, Abdel-Rahman N. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury in mice dependent of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Life Sci 2018; 217:251-260. [PMID: 30550888 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure worldwide. Hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen (ACT) overdose is mediated by its metabolic product promoting oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory mediators. Nuclear factor erythroid-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) induces the release of cytoprotective enzymes in response to electrophilic or oxidative stress and is considered a promising therapeutic target. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a potent activator of (Nrf-2), its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of DMF have been highlighted recently. We designed this study to explore the effect of DMF (100 mg/kg, orally) administered once and twice on hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen (ACT, 500 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. DMF administration enhanced ACT-induced parameters in liver function, inhibited apoptosis and ameliorated the antioxidant machinery and inflammatory markers in a Nrf-2-dependent fashion. DMF elevated Nrf-2 and HO-1 levels and ameliorated liver injury as indicated by lowered levels of serum aminotransferases, ALP, GGT and bilirubin levels. Hepatic (Bcl-2) was elevated whereas hepatic caspase-3, NFκ-B, TNF-α and MPO were reduced. Hepatic levels of GSH, SOD, MDA and NO were altered promoting the antioxidant machinery. Histological examination of liver has further supported these results. These findings suggest that DMF can be employed in the treatment ACT-induced liver injury acting primarily through targeting Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab S Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Noha Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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24
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Dimethyl fumarate is an allosteric covalent inhibitor of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinases. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4344. [PMID: 30341347 PMCID: PMC6195510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been applied for decades in the treatment of psoriasis and now also multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanism of action has remained obscure and involves high dose over long time of this small, reactive compound implicating many potential targets. Based on a 1.9 Å resolution crystal structure of the C-terminal kinase domain of the mouse p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2 (RSK2) inhibited by DMF we describe a central binding site in RSKs and the closely related Mitogen and Stress-activated Kinases (MSKs). DMF reacts covalently as a Michael acceptor to a conserved cysteine residue in the αF-helix of RSK/MSKs. Binding of DMF prevents the activation loop of the kinase from engaging substrate, and stabilizes an auto-inhibitory αL-helix, thus pointing to an effective, allosteric mechanism of kinase inhibition. The biochemical and cell biological characteristics of DMF inhibition of RSK/MSKs are consistent with the clinical protocols of DMF treatment. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a major drug in the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Here the authors reveal a mechanism of RSK/MSK inhibition through covalent inhibition that can explain the observed clinical effects and the dose–response characteristics of DMF treatment.
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25
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Vavougios G, Zarogiannis SG, Doskas T. The putative interplay between DJ-1/NRF2 and Dimethyl Fumarate: A potentially important pharmacological target. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018. [PMID: 29529529 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has outlined that Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) functions as a gene regulator via multiple pathways, critical among which is the NRF2 cytoprotective cascade. PARK7/DJ-1 is a multifunctional protein that acts as a redox sensor and effector of multiple cytoprotective pathways, including NRF2. Specifically, it prevents the association of NRF2 with its inhibitor KEAP1, allowing NRF2 to enter the nucleus and mediate cytoprotective and antioxidant cascades. It is our hypothesis that while the NRF2-KEAP1 inhibitory complex is reported the main pharmacological target for DMF's NRF dependent functions, no study to date has explored the effects of DMF on DJ-1's expression, and vice-versa, the possibility of a regulatory inadequacy in the upstream, oxidant-responsive DJ-1 activator of the NRF2 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, Deinokratous 70, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Triantafylos Doskas
- Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, Deinokratous 70, Athens, Greece
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26
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Giustina AD, Bonfante S, Zarbato GF, Danielski LG, Mathias K, de Oliveira AN, Garbossa L, Cardoso T, Fileti ME, De Carli RJ, Goldim MP, Barichello T, Petronilho F. Dimethyl Fumarate Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Organs After Sepsis in Rats. Inflammation 2017; 41:315-327. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Clausen BH, Lundberg L, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Martin NA, Svensson M, Alfsen MZ, Flæng SB, Lyngsø K, Boza-Serrano A, Nielsen HH, Hansen PB, Finsen B, Deierborg T, Illes Z, Lambertsen KL. Fumarate decreases edema volume and improves functional outcome after experimental stroke. Exp Neurol 2017; 295:144-154. [PMID: 28602832 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation exacerbate tissue damage in the brain after ischemic stroke. Dimethyl-fumarate (DMF) and its metabolite monomethyl-fumarate (MMF) are known to stimulate anti-oxidant pathways and modulate inflammatory responses. Considering these dual effects of fumarates, we examined the effect of MMF treatment after ischemic stroke in mice. METHODS Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) was performed using adult, male C57BL/6 mice. Thirty minutes after pMCAO, 20mg/kg MMF was administered intravenously. Outcomes were evaluated 6, 24 and 48h after pMCAO. First, we examined whether a bolus of MMF was capable of changing expression of kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf)2 in the infarcted brain. Next, we studied the effect of MMF on functional recovery. To explore mechanisms potentially influencing functional changes, we examined infarct volumes, edema formation, the expression of heat shock protein (Hsp)72, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (Hcar2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the infarcted brain using real-time PCR and Western blotting. Concentrations of a panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF) were examined in both the infarcted brain tissue and plasma samples 6, 24 and 48h after pMCAO using multiplex electrochemoluminiscence analysis. RESULTS Administration of MMF increased the protein level of Nrf2 6h after pMCAO, and improved functional outcome at 24 and 48h after pMCAO. MMF treatment did not influence infarct size, however reduced edema volume at both 24 and 48h after pMCAO. MMF treatment resulted in increased Hsp72 expression in the brain 6h after pMCAO. Hcar2 mRNA levels increased significantly 24h after pMCAO, but were not different between saline- and MMF-treated mice. MMF treatment also increased the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the brain and plasma 6h after pMCAO, and additionally reduced the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p70 in the brain at 24 and 48h after pMCAO. CONCLUSIONS A single intravenous bolus of MMF improved sensory-motor function after ischemic stroke, reduced edema formation, and increased the levels of the neuroprotective protein Hsp72 in the brain. The early increase in IL-10 and reduction in IL-12p70 in the brain combined with changes in systemic cytokine levels may also contribute to the functional recovery after pMCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Louise Lundberg
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Minna Yli-Karjanmaa
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Nellie Anne Martin
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Martina Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Sölveg 19, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Maria Zeiler Alfsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Simon Bertram Flæng
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Kristina Lyngsø
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21 3rd, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Sölveg 19, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Helle H Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Pernille B Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21 3rd, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Sölveg 19, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Kastrati I, Delgado-Rivera L, Georgieva G, Thatcher GRJ, Frasor J. Synthesis and Characterization of an Aspirin-fumarate Prodrug that Inhibits NFκB Activity and Breast Cancer Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190074 DOI: 10.3791/54798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a cancer hallmark that underlies cancer incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis. Therefore, adding an anti-inflammatory drug to standard cancer regiments may improve patient outcome. One such drug, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA), has been explored for cancer chemoprevention and anti-tumor activity. Besides inhibiting the cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin axis, ASA's anti-cancer activities have also been attributed to nuclear factor ĸB (NFĸB) inhibition. Because prolonged ASA use may cause gastrointestinal toxicity, a prodrug strategy has been implemented successfully. In this prodrug design the carboxylic acid of ASA is masked and additional pharmacophores are incorporated. This protocol describes how we synthesized an aspirin-fumarate prodrug, GTCpFE, and characterized its inhibition of the NFĸB pathway in breast cancer cells and attenuation of the cancer stem-like properties, an important NFĸB-dependent phenotype. GTCpFE effectively inhibits the NFĸB pathway in breast cancer cell lines whereas ASA lacks any inhibitory activity, indicating that adding fumarate to ASA structure significantly contributes to its activity. In addition, GTCpFE shows significant anti-cancer stem cell activity by blocking mammosphere formation and attenuating the cancer stem cell associated CD44+CD24- immunophenotype. These results establish a viable strategy to develop improved anti-inflammatory drugs for chemoprevention and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irida Kastrati
- Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago;
| | - Loruhama Delgado-Rivera
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Jonna Frasor
- Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
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29
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Durand JK, Baldwin AS. Targeting IKK and NF-κB for Therapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 107:77-115. [PMID: 28215229 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to regulating immune responses, the NF-κB family of transcription factors also promotes cellular proliferation and survival. NF-κB and its activating kinase, IKK, have become appealing therapeutic targets because of their critical roles in the progression of many diseases including chronic inflammation and cancer. Here, we discuss the conditions that lead to pathway activation, the effects of constitutive activation, and some of the strategies used to inhibit NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Durand
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - A S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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30
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McGuire VA, Ruiz-Zorrilla Diez T, Emmerich CH, Strickson S, Ritorto MS, Sutavani RV, Weiβ A, Houslay KF, Knebel A, Meakin PJ, Phair IR, Ashford MLJ, Trost M, Arthur JSC. Dimethyl fumarate blocks pro-inflammatory cytokine production via inhibition of TLR induced M1 and K63 ubiquitin chain formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31159. [PMID: 27498693 PMCID: PMC4976367 DOI: 10.1038/srep31159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) possesses anti-inflammatory properties and is approved for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. While clinically effective, its molecular target has remained elusive - although it is known to activate anti-oxidant pathways. We find that DMF inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to TLR agonists independently of the Nrf2-Keap1 anti-oxidant pathway. Instead we show that DMF can inhibit the E2 conjugating enzymes involved in K63 and M1 polyubiquitin chain formation both in vitro and in cells. The formation of K63 and M1 chains is required to link TLR activation to downstream signaling, and consistent with the block in K63 and/or M1 chain formation, DMF inhibits NFκB and ERK1/2 activation, resulting in a loss of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Together these results reveal a new molecular target for DMF and show that a clinically approved drug inhibits M1 and K63 chain formation in TLR induced signaling complexes. Selective targeting of E2s may therefore be a viable strategy for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A McGuire
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Tamara Ruiz-Zorrilla Diez
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph H Emmerich
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Sam Strickson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Maria Stella Ritorto
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ruhcha V Sutavani
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anne Weiβ
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kirsty F Houslay
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Axel Knebel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul J Meakin
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Iain R Phair
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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Ghashghaeinia M, Giustarini D, Koralkova P, Köberle M, Alzoubi K, Bissinger R, Hosseinzadeh Z, Dreischer P, Bernhardt I, Lang F, Toulany M, Wieder T, Mojzikova R, Rossi R, Mrowietz U. Pharmacological targeting of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in human erythrocytes by Bay 11-7082, parthenolide and dimethyl fumarate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28754. [PMID: 27353740 PMCID: PMC4926109 DOI: 10.1038/srep28754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mature erythrocytes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) yield NADPH, a crucial cofactor of the enzyme glutathione reductase (GR) converting glutathione disulfide (GSSG) into its reduced state (GSH). GSH is essential for detoxification processes in and survival of erythrocytes. We explored whether the anti-inflammatory compounds Bay 11–7082, parthenolide and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) were able to completely deplete a common target (GSH), and to impair the function of upstream enzymes of GSH recycling and replenishment. Treatment of erythrocytes with Bay 11–7082, parthenolide or DMF led to concentration-dependent eryptosis resulting from complete depletion of GSH. GSH depletion was due to strong inhibition of G6PDH activity. Bay 11–7082 and DMF, but not parthenolide, were able to inhibit the GR activity. This approach “Inhibitors, Detection of their common target that is completely depleted or inactivated when pharmacologically relevant concentrations of each single inhibitor are applied, Subsequent functional analysis of upstream enzymes for this target” (IDS), can be applied to a broad range of inhibitors and cell types according to the selected target. The specific G6PDH inhibitory effect of these compounds may be exploited for the treatment of human diseases with high NADPH and GSH consumption rates, including malaria, trypanosomiasis, cancer or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ghashghaeinia
- Psoriasis-Center, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 7, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Pavla Koralkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Köberle
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Biedersteinerstr. 29, Technische Universität München, 80802 München, Germany
| | - Kousi Alzoubi
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zohreh Hosseinzadeh
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Frondsbergstr. 23, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Dreischer
- Institute of Physiology II, Keplerstr. 15, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingolf Bernhardt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Saarland University, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Toulany
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Roentgenweg 11, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieder
- Department of Dermatology; Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renata Mojzikova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ulrich Mrowietz
- Psoriasis-Center, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 7, Kiel, 24105, Germany
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Pierce EN, Piyankarage SC, Dunlap T, Litosh V, Siklos MI, Wang YT, Thatcher GRJ. Prodrugs Bioactivated to Quinones Target NF-κB and Multiple Protein Networks: Identification of the Quinonome. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1151-9. [PMID: 27258437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic reactive intermediates resulting from drug metabolism have been associated with toxicity and off-target effects and in some drug discovery programs trigger NO-GO decisions. Many botanicals and dietary supplements are replete with such reactive electrophiles, notably Michael acceptors, which have been demonstrated to elicit chemopreventive mechanisms; and Michael acceptors are gaining regulatory approval as contemporary cancer therapeutics. Identifying protein targets of these electrophiles is central to understanding potential therapeutic benefit and toxicity risk. NO-donating NSAID prodrugs (NO-NSAIDs) have been the focus of extensive clinical and preclinical studies in inflammation and cancer chemoprevention and therapy: a subset exemplified by pNO-ASA, induces chemopreventive mechanisms following bioactivation to an electrophilic quinone methide (QM) Michael acceptor. Having previously shown that these NO-independent, QM-donors activated Nrf2 via covalent modification of Keap-1, we demonstrate that components of canonical NF-κB signaling are also targets, leading to the inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Combining bio-orthogonal probes of QM-donor ASA prodrugs with mass spectrometric proteomics and pathway analysis, we proceeded to characterize the quinonome: the protein cellular targets of QM-modification by pNO-ASA and its ASA pro-drug congeners. Further comparison was made using a biorthogonal probe of the "bare-bones", Michael acceptor, and clinical anti-inflammatory agent, dimethyl fumarate, which we have shown to inhibit NF-κB signaling. Identified quinonome pathways include post-translational protein folding, cell-death regulation, protein transport, and glycolysis; and identified proteins included multiple heat shock elements, the latter functionally confirmed by demonstrating activation of heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Pierce
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sujeewa C Piyankarage
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Vladislav Litosh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Marton I Siklos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yue-Ting Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Yang ZS, Ma LQ, Zhu K, Yan JY, Bian L, Zhang KQ, Zou CG. Pseudomonas toxin pyocyanin triggers autophagy: Implications for pathoadaptive mutations. Autophagy 2016; 12:1015-28. [PMID: 27159636 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1170256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can establish life-long chronic infection in patients with cystic fibrosis by generating genetic loss-of-function mutations, which enhance fitness of the bacterium in the airways. However, the precise role of the pathoadaptive mutations in persistence in chronic airways infection remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that pyocyanin, a well-described P. aeruginosa virulence factor that plays an important role in the initial infection, promotes autophagy in bronchial epithelial cells. Disruption of phzM, which is required for pyocyanin biosynthesis, leads to a significant reduction in autophagy in Beas-2B cells and lung tissues. Pyocyanin-induced autophagy is mediated by the EIF2AK4/GCN2-EIF2S1/eIF2α-ATF4 pathway. Interestingly, rats infected with the phzMΔ mutant strain have high mortality rate and numbers of colony-forming units, compared to those infected with wild-type (WT) P. aeruginosa PA14 strain, during chronic P. aeruginosa infection. In addition, the phzMΔ mutant strain induces more extensive alveolar wall thickening than the WT strain in the pulmonary airways of rats. As autophagy plays an essential role in suppressing bacterial burden, our findings provide a detailed understanding of why reduction of pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa in chronic airways infections has been associated with better host adaptation and worse outcomes in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Shan Yang
- a Key State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China.,b Faculty of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Lan-Qing Ma
- c Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Kun Zhu
- d Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing , China
| | - Jin-Yuan Yan
- a Key State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Li Bian
- e Department of Pathology , The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- a Key State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- a Key State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
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Abrams J, Einhorn Z, Seiler C, Zong AB, Sweeney HL, Pack M. Graded effects of unregulated smooth muscle myosin on intestinal architecture, intestinal motility and vascular function in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:529-40. [PMID: 26893369 PMCID: PMC4892660 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle contraction is controlled by the regulated activity of the myosin heavy chain ATPase (Myh11). Myh11 mutations have diverse effects in the cardiovascular, digestive and genitourinary systems in humans and animal models. We previously reported a recessive missense mutation, meltdown (mlt), which converts a highly conserved tryptophan to arginine (W512R) in the rigid relay loop of zebrafish Myh11. The mlt mutation disrupts myosin regulation and non-autonomously induces invasive expansion of the intestinal epithelium. Here, we report two newly identified missense mutations in the switch-1 (S237Y) and coil-coiled (L1287M) domains of Myh11 that fail to complement mlt Cell invasion was not detected in either homozygous mutant but could be induced by oxidative stress and activation of oncogenic signaling pathways. The smooth muscle defect imparted by the mlt and S237Y mutations also delayed intestinal transit, and altered vascular function, as measured by blood flow in the dorsal aorta. The cell-invasion phenotype induced by the three myh11 mutants correlated with the degree of myosin deregulation. These findings suggest that the vertebrate intestinal epithelium is tuned to the physical state of the surrounding stroma, which, in turn, governs its response to physiologic and pathologic stimuli. Genetic variants that alter the regulation of smooth muscle myosin might be risk factors for diseases affecting the intestine, vasculature, and other tissues that contain smooth muscle or contractile cells that express smooth muscle proteins, particularly in the setting of redox stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Abrams
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zev Einhorn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christoph Seiler
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alan B Zong
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Pack
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Heiss EH, Liu R, Waltenberger B, Khan S, Schachner D, Kollmann P, Zimmermann K, Cabaravdic M, Uhrin P, Stuppner H, Breuss JM, Atanasov AG, Dirsch VM. Plumericin inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking STAT3 signaling via S-glutathionylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20771. [PMID: 26858089 PMCID: PMC4746734 DOI: 10.1038/srep20771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of atherosclerosis and restenosis involves aberrant inflammation and proliferation, rendering compounds with both anti-inflammatory and anti-mitogenic properties as promising candidates for combatting vascular diseases. A recent study identified the iridoid plumericin as a new scaffold inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway in endothelial cells. We here examined the impact of plumericin on the proliferation of primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Plumericin inhibited serum-stimulated proliferation of rat VSMC. It arrested VSMC in the G1/G0-phase of the cell cycle accompanied by abrogated cyclin D1 expression and hindered Ser 807/811-phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Transient depletion of glutathione by the electrophilic plumericin led to S-glutathionylation as well as hampered Tyr705-phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3). Exogenous addition of glutathione markedly prevented this inhibitory effect of plumericin on Stat3. It also overcame downregulation of cyclin D1 expression and the reduction of biomass increase upon serum exposure. This study revealed an anti-proliferative property of plumericin towards VSMC which depends on plumericin's thiol reactivity and S-glutathionylation of Stat3. Hence, plumericin, by targeting at least two culprits of vascular dysfunction -inflammation and smooth muscle cell proliferation -might become a promising electrophilic lead compound for vascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rongxia Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacognosy) and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Shafaat Khan
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Daniel Schachner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kollmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristin Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Muris Cabaravdic
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacognosy) and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M Breuss
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kastrati I, Siklos MI, Calderon-Gierszal EL, El-Shennawy L, Georgieva G, Thayer EN, Thatcher GRJ, Frasor J. Dimethyl Fumarate Inhibits the Nuclear Factor κB Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells by Covalent Modification of p65 Protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3639-47. [PMID: 26683377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In breast tumors, activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway promotes survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, stem cell-like properties, and resistance to therapy--all phenotypes of aggressive disease where therapy options remain limited. Adding an anti-inflammatory/anti-NFκB agent to breast cancer treatment would be beneficial, but no such drug is approved as either a monotherapy or adjuvant therapy. To address this need, we examined whether dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an anti-inflammatory drug already in clinical use for multiple sclerosis, can inhibit the NFκB pathway. We found that DMF effectively blocks NFκB activity in multiple breast cancer cell lines and abrogates NFκB-dependent mammosphere formation, indicating that DMF has anti-cancer stem cell properties. In addition, DMF inhibits cell proliferation and significantly impairs xenograft tumor growth. Mechanistically, DMF prevents p65 nuclear translocation and attenuates its DNA binding activity but has no effect on upstream proteins in the NFκB pathway. Dimethyl succinate, the inactive analog of DMF that lacks the electrophilic double bond of fumarate, is unable to inhibit NFκB activity. Also, the cell-permeable thiol N-acetyl l-cysteine, reverses DMF inhibition of the NFκB pathway, supporting the notion that the electrophile, DMF, acts via covalent modification. To determine whether DMF interacts directly with p65, we synthesized and used a novel chemical probe of DMF by incorporating an alkyne functionality and found that DMF covalently modifies p65, with cysteine 38 being essential for the activity of DMF. These results establish DMF as an NFκB inhibitor with anti-tumor activity that may add therapeutic value in the treatment of aggressive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marton I Siklos
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | | | | | - Emily N Thayer
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jonna Frasor
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and
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The ADP antagonist MRS2179 regulates the phenotype of smooth muscle cells to limit intimal hyperplasia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2015; 29:23-9. [PMID: 25528944 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE ADP plays an important part in platelet aggregation by activating P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. The ADP antagonist MRS2179 has been used in thrombosis-related treatments but its effects on vein graft (VG) remodeling is undefined. We examined the effect of MRS2179 on VG intimal hyperplasia and explored the mechanism of action. METHODS A mouse model of VG transplantation was established. Mice underwent surgery and received MRS2179 by intraperitoneal injection every other day for 3 weeks. VG remodeling was assessed 4-weeks later. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were isolated and treated with MRS2179. The effect of MRS2179 on the proliferation, migration and inflammatory-cytokine expression of VSMCs was also evaluated. RESULTS MRS2179 significantly inhibited VSMC proliferation compared with the control group. Significant inhibitory effects of MRS2179 on VSMC migration was observed in two-dimensional and three-dimensional models. The extent of intimal hyperplasia was significantly less in MRS2179 treated mice than in controls. Reduced migration of macrophage was found in MRS2179 treated mice. Expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α was decreased significantly in the MRS2179 treated group. In addition, decreased phosphorylation was found on Akt, Erk1/2 and p38. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that MRS2179 inhibits neointima formation in VGs by regulating the proliferation, and migration of VSMCs, macrophage migration, inflammatory-cytokine secretion and related signaling pathway. Our study provides novel insights regarding purinergic signaling in SMCs in vivo. The P2Y1 receptor may serve as a therapeutic target in neointima formation.
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Kastrati I, Litosh VA, Zhao S, Alvarez M, Thatcher GRJ, Frasor J. A novel aspirin prodrug inhibits NFκB activity and breast cancer stem cell properties. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:845. [PMID: 26530254 PMCID: PMC4632459 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of cyclooxygenase (COX)/prostaglandin and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathways can promote breast tumor initiation, growth, and progression to drug resistance and metastasis. Thus, anti-inflammatory drugs have been widely explored as chemopreventive and antineoplastic agents. Aspirin (ASA), in particular, is associated with reduced breast cancer incidence but gastrointestinal toxicity has limited its usefulness. To improve potency and minimize toxicity, ASA ester prodrugs have been developed, in which the carboxylic acid of ASA is masked and ancillary pharmacophores can be incorporated. To date, the effects of ASA and ASA prodrugs have been largely attributed to COX inhibition and reduced prostaglandin production. However, ASA has also been reported to inhibit the NFκB pathway at very high doses. Whether ASA prodrugs can inhibit NFκB signaling remains relatively unexplored. METHODS A library of ASA prodrugs was synthesized and screened for inhibition of NFκB activity and cancer stem-like cell (CSC) properties, an important PGE2-and NFκB-dependent phenotype of aggressive breast cancers. Inhibition of NFκB activity was determined by dual luciferase assay, RT-QPCR, p65 DNA binding activity and Western blots. Inhibition of CSC properties was determined by mammosphere growth, CD44(+)CD24(-)immunophenotype and tumorigenicity at limiting dilution. RESULTS While we identified multiple ASA prodrugs that are capable of inhibiting the NFκB pathway, several were associated with cytotoxicity. Of particular interest was GTCpFE, an ASA prodrug with fumarate as the ancillary pharmacophore. This prodrug potently inhibits NFκB activity without innate cytotoxicity. In addition, GTCpFE exhibited selective anti-CSC activity by reducing mammosphere growth and the CD44(+)CD24(-)immunophenotype. Moreover, GTCpFE pre-treated cells were less tumorigenic and, when tumors did form, latency was increased and growth rate was reduced. Structure-activity relationships for GTCpFE indicate that fumarate, within the context of an ASA prodrug, is essential for anti-NFκB activity, whereas both the ASA and fumarate moieties contributed to attenuated mammosphere growth. CONCLUSIONS These results establish GTCpFE as a prototype for novel ASA-and fumarate-based anti-inflammatory drugs that: (i) are capable of targeting CSCs, and (ii) may be developed as chemopreventive or therapeutic agents in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irida Kastrati
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, E202 MSB, MC901, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Vladislav A Litosh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Shuangping Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, E202 MSB, MC901, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Manuel Alvarez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, E202 MSB, MC901, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Jonna Frasor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, E202 MSB, MC901, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Fumarates modulate microglia activation through a novel HCAR2 signaling pathway and rescue synaptic dysregulation in inflamed CNS. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:279-95. [PMID: 25920452 PMCID: PMC4503882 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), recently approved as an oral immunomodulatory treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), metabolizes to monomethyl fumarate (MMF) which crosses the blood-brain barrier and has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in experimental studies. We postulated that MMF exerts neuroprotective effects through modulation of microglia activation, a critical component of the neuroinflammatory cascade that occurs in neurodegenerative diseases such as MS. To ascertain our hypothesis and define the mechanistic pathways involved in the modulating effect of fumarates, we used real-time PCR and biochemical assays to assess changes in the molecular and functional phenotype of microglia, quantitative Western blotting to monitor activation of postulated pathway components, and ex vivo whole-cell patch clamp recording of excitatory post-synaptic currents in corticostriatal slices from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for MS, to study synaptic transmission. We show that exposure to MMF switches the molecular and functional phenotype of activated microglia from classically activated, pro-inflammatory type to alternatively activated, neuroprotective one, through activation of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2). We validate a downstream pathway mediated through the AMPK-Sirt1 axis resulting in deacetylation, and thereby inhibition, of NF-κB and, consequently, of secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules. We demonstrate through ex vivo monitoring of spontaneous glutamate-mediated excitatory post-synaptic currents of single neurons in corticostriatal slices from EAE mice that the neuroprotective effect of DMF was exerted on neurons at pre-synaptic terminals by modulating glutamate release. By exposing control slices to untreated and MMF-treated activated microglia, we confirm the modulating effect of MMF on microglia function and, thereby, its indirect neuroprotective effect at post-synaptic level. These findings, whereby DMF-induced activation of a new HCAR2-dependent pathway on microglia leads to the modulation of neuroinflammation and restores synaptic alterations occurring in EAE, represent a possible novel mechanism of action for DMF in MS.
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To C, Ringelberg CS, Royce DB, Williams CR, Risingsong R, Sporn MB, Liby KT. Dimethyl fumarate and the oleanane triterpenoids, CDDO-imidazolide and CDDO-methyl ester, both activate the Nrf2 pathway but have opposite effects in the A/J model of lung carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:769-81. [PMID: 25939751 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for the highest number of cancer-related deaths in the USA, highlighting the need for better prevention and therapy. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway detoxifies harmful insults and reduces oxidative stress, thus preventing carcinogenesis in various preclinical models. However, constitutive activation of the Nrf2 pathway has been detected in numerous cancers, which confers a survival advantage to tumor cells and a poor prognosis. In our study, we compared the effects of two clinically relevant classes of Nrf2 activators, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and the synthetic oleanane triterpenoids, CDDO-imidazolide (CDDO-Im) and CDDO-methyl ester (CDDO-Me) in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells, in VC1 lung cancer cells and in the A/J model of lung cancer. Although the triterpenoids and DMF both activated the Nrf2 pathway, CDDO-Im and CDDO-Me were markedly more potent than DMF. All of these drugs reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and inhibited nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells, but the triterpenoids were 100 times more potent than DMF in these assays. Microarray analysis revealed that only 52 of 99 Nrf2-target genes were induced by all three compounds, and each drug regulated a unique subset of Nrf2 genes. These drugs also altered the expression of other genes important in lung cancer independent of Nrf2. Although all three compounds enhanced the phosphorylation of CREB, only DMF increased the phosphorylation of Akt. CDDO-Me, at either 12.5 or 50mg/kg of diet, was the most effective drug in our lung cancer mouse model. Specifically, CDDO-Me significantly reduced the average tumor number, size and burden compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, 52% of the tumors in the control group were high-grade tumors compared with only 14% in the CDDO-Me group. Though less potent, CDDO-Im had similar activity as CDDO-Me. In contrast, 61-63% of the tumors in the DMF groups (400-1200mg/kg diet) were high-grade tumors compared with 52% for the controls (P < 0.05). Additionally, DMF significantly increased the average number of tumors compared with the controls (P < 0.05). Thus, in contrast to the triterpenoids, which effectively reduced pathogenesis in A/J mice, DMF enhanced the severity of lung carcinogenesis in these mice. Collectively, these results suggest that although CDDO-Im, CDDO-Me and DMF all activate the Nrf2 pathway, they target distinct genes and signaling pathways, resulting in opposite effects for the prevention of experimental lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Chang Y, Al-Alwan L, Alshakfa S, Audusseau S, Mogas AK, Chouiali F, Nair P, Baglole CJ, Hamid Q, Eidelman DH. Upregulation of IL-17A/F from human lung tissue explants with cigarette smoke exposure: implications for COPD. Respir Res 2014; 15:145. [PMID: 25427574 PMCID: PMC4268887 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disorder marked by relative resistance to steroids. The IL-17 superfamily, which mediates cross-talk between the adaptive and innate immune systems, has been associated with diminished responses to steroids. Increasing evidence supports elevated IL-17 expression in the lung of COPD subjects. However, whether cells of the immune system (systemic) and/or local lung cells are contributing to the elevated IL-17 remains unclear. To address this issue, we utilized a human parenchymal lung tissue explant culture system with cigarette smoke exposure to investigate the expression of IL-17 and the mechanisms involved. Methods Parenchymal lung tissue removed from 10 non-COPD and 8 COPD patients was sectioned and cultured with different concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 3 or 6 hours. Tissue viability was evaluated by LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) in culture supernatants. Western blot and real-time PCR were performed to evaluate IL-17A/F expression. To investigate the mechanisms, pharmacological inhibitors for MAPK p38, ERK1/2, NF-κB and PI3K pathways were added into the culture media. Results No tissue damage was observed after the cigarette smoke exposure for 3 h or 6 h compared with the control media. At the protein level, the expression of both IL-17A (2.4 ± 0.6 fold) and IL-17 F (3.7 ± 0.7 fold) in the tissue from non-COPD subjects was significantly increased by 5% of CSE at 3 h. For COPD subjects, IL-17A/F expression were significantly increased only at 6 h with 10% of CSE (IL-17A: 4.2 ± 0.8 fold; IL-17 F: 3.3 ± 0.8 fold). The increased expression of IL-17A/F is also regulated at the mRNA level. The inhibitors for NF-κB and PI3K pathways significantly inhibited CSE-induced IL-17A/F expression from lung tissue of non-COPD subjects. Conclusions We found the evidence that the expression of both IL-17A and IL-17 F is increased by the cigarette smoke exposure in explants from both non-COPD and COPD subjects, supporting that local lung cells contribute IL-17 production. The elevated IL-17A/F expression is dependent on NF-κB and PI3K pathways. These observations add to the growing evidence which suggests that Th17 cytokines play a significant role in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chang
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Center for Translational Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Laila Al-Alwan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Sama Alshakfa
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Severine Audusseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Andrea Karen Mogas
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Fazila Chouiali
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Parameswaran Nair
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - David H Eidelman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Dimethyl fumarate induces apoptosis of hematopoietic tumor cells via inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation and down-regulation of Bcl-xL and XIAP. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:999-1005. [PMID: 25443417 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a fumaric acid ester that is used to treat psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Recently, DMF was found to exhibit anti-tumor effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of DMF-induced apoptosis in different human hematopoietic tumor cell lines. We found that DMF induced apoptosis in different human hematopoietic tumor cell lines but it did not affect the normal human B lymphocyte cell line RPMI 1788. We also observed a concurrent increase in caspase-3 activity and in the number of Annexin-V-positive cells. Furthermore, an examination of the survival signals, which are activated by apoptotic stimuli, revealed that DMF significantly inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation. In addition, DMF suppressed B-cell lymphoma extra-large (Bcl-xL) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) expression whereas Bcl-2, survivin, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and Bim levels did not change. These results indicated that DMF induced apoptosis by suppressing NF-κB activation, and Bcl-xL and XIAP expression. These findings suggested that DMF might have potential as an anticancer agent that could be used in combination therapy with other anticancer drugs for the treatment of human hematopoietic tumors.
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Zhao G, Liu Y, Fang J, Chen Y, Li H, Gao K. Dimethyl fumarate inhibits the expression and function of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:303-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ghods AJ, Glick R, Braun D, Feinstein D. Beneficial actions of the anti-inflammatory dimethyl fumarate in glioblastomas. Surg Neurol Int 2013; 4:160. [PMID: 24404403 PMCID: PMC3883267 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.123656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dimethylfumarate (DMF), a drug used in the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, has been shown to limit the growth of melanoma cells. The ability of DMF to inhibit the Rel protein has been used to explain the antioncogenic properties of this drug. Studies analyzing the effect of DMF in gliomas are limited. Therefore, we investigated the potential antitumor effects of DMF by assessing its effects on proliferation, cell death, and differentiation in gliomas in several glioma models. Methods: Mouse glioma Gl261, human glioblastoma A172 and human glioblastoma cells from patients were exposed to DMF at therapeutic concentrations (100 μM) and supratherapeutic concentrations (300 μM) and studies to assess proliferation, cellular lysis, and differentiation undertaken. The 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BRDU) proliferation assay and lactate dehydrogenase LDH cell lysis assay were used. Immunocytochemistry was used to assess differentiation: CD133 (stem cell marker), Nestin (progenitor marker), Sox2 (progenitor marker), β-tubulin III (neuronal marker), glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytic marker), and myelin basic protein (oligodendrocytic marker). We also assessed cellular expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) via immunocytochemistry. Results: Proliferation significantly decreased and tumor cell lysis significantly increased in all tumor cell lines after exposure to DMF. The human glioblastoma cells expressed the Neuronal Stem Cell marker CD133, Progenitor Cell markers, Neuronal and Astrocytic Cell Markers in vitro. When exposed to DMF, a drastic decline in CD133 expression was observed in addition to a decrease in the expression of NF-κB. Conclusion: DMF appears to have a promising role in the treatment of malignant brain neoplasms. DMF reduced proliferation rate, generated cell lysis, decreased the expression of NF-κB, and restricted the growth of CD133 cells in gliomas. This suggests that DMF may be considered for further antitumor studies, and provide a new treatment modality for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Ghods
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roberta Glick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Braun
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Although there has been unequivocal progress in the development of treatments for multiple sclerosis over the last 20 years, currently licensed treatments have demonstrated convincing effects on disease course only with reference to relapse frequency. This review summarises the progress made, highlights the indications for, and limitations of, current disease-modifying therapies and discusses some interventions currently in development.
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Galangin Abrogates Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation via Negative Regulation of NF-κB. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:767689. [PMID: 23762160 PMCID: PMC3677671 DOI: 10.1155/2013/767689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Persistent activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) has been associated with the development of asthma. Galangin, the active pharmacological ingredient from Alpinia galanga, is reported to have a variety of anti-inflammatory properties in vitro via negative regulation of NF-κB. This study aimed to investigate whether galangin can abrogate ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced airway inflammation by negative regulation of NF-κB. BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged with OVA developed airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation. Galangin dose dependently inhibited OVA-induced increases in total cell counts, eosinophil counts, and interleukin-(IL-) 4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and reduced serum level of OVA-specific IgE. Galangin also attenuated AHR, reduced eosinophil infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia, and reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) levels in lung tissue. Additionally, galangin blocked inhibitor of κB degradation, phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB, and p65 nuclear translocation from lung tissues of OVA-sensitized mice. Similarly, in normal human airway smooth muscle cells, galangin blocked tumor necrosis factor-α induced p65 nuclear translocation and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, eotaxin, CXCL10, and VCAM-1. These results suggest that galangin can attenuate ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.
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Anti-inflammatory dimethylfumarate: a potential new therapy for asthma? Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:875403. [PMID: 23606796 PMCID: PMC3625606 DOI: 10.1155/2013/875403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, which results from the deregulated interaction of inflammatory cells and tissue forming cells. Beside the derangement of the epithelial cell layer, the most prominent tissue pathology of the asthmatic lung is the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) bundles, which actively contributes to airway inflammation and remodeling. ASMCs of asthma patients secrete proinflammatory chemokines CXCL10, CCL11, and RANTES which attract immune cells into the airways and may thereby initiate inflammation. None of the available asthma drugs cures the disease—only symptoms are controlled. Dimethylfumarate (DMF) is used as an anti-inflammatory drug in psoriasis and showed promising results in phase III clinical studies in multiple sclerosis patients. In regard to asthma therapy, DMF has been anecdotally reported to reduce asthma symptoms in patients with psoriasis and asthma. Here we discuss the potential use of DMF as a novel therapy in asthma on the basis of in vitro studies of its inhibitory effect on ASMC proliferation and cytokine secretion in ASMCs.
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Deramaudt TB, Dill C, Bonay M. Regulation of oxidative stress by Nrf2 in the pathophysiology of infectious diseases. Med Mal Infect 2013; 43:100-7. [PMID: 23499316 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system, including phagocytic cells, is the first line of defense against pathogens. During infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites, phagocytic cells produce an excess of oxidants, a crucial process for the clearance of pathogens. This increase in oxidants creates an imbalance between oxidants and endogenous antioxidants. Left unchecked, this acute or chronic oxidative stress can lead to apoptotic cell-death and oxidative stress-induced diseases including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, premature aging, secondary infections, and cancer. The activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an efficient antioxidant defensive mechanism used by host cells to counteract oxidative stress. The transcription factor Nrf2 has been identified as the master regulator of several hundred of genes involved in the antioxidant defense response. The review objectives were to collect recent findings on the contribution of oxidative stress to complications of infection, and to highlight the beneficial impact of antioxidants in reducing inflammation and oxidant-related tissue damage. Furthermore, a direct relationship between infection and decline in Nrf2 activity has been demonstrated. Thus, an interesting therapeutic approach in disease prevention and treatment of stress-related diseases may consist in optimizing antibiotic or antiviral therapy with a combination of Nrf2 inducer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Deramaudt
- EA 4497, Equipe Handicap, Motricité et Immunité, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Paris-Île-de-France-Ouest, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 2 Avenue de la Source-de-la-Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
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Li H, Zhu S, He S, Hao L. Anti-inflammatory effects of moxifloxacin on rat airway smooth muscle cells exposed to allergen: Inhibition of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-κB activation and of interleukin-8 and eotaxin synthesis. Respirology 2013; 17:997-1005. [PMID: 22616553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Moxifloxacin (MXF) has been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties in addition to its antimicrobial effects. We investigated the effects of MXF on cytokine secretion and signal transduction mechanisms in naive control and allergen-exposed airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) stimulated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. METHODS An animal model was established. ASMC was derived from rat airway tissue and cultured in vitro, then incubated with 10 ng/mL of TNF-α. Interleukin (IL)-8 and eotaxin secretion were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 was measured by western blotting, with or without the addition of MXF (20 µg/mL) and/or dexamethasone (DXM) (10(-6) M). RESULTS Baseline IL-8 and eotaxin secretion did not differ between control and allergen-exposed cells. Stimulation with TNF-α increased IL-8 and eotaxin secretion, with increased IL-8 secretion by allergen-exposed compared with naive control ASMC, post-TNF-α stimulation (P = 0.001). Baseline phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and NF-κB p65 was higher in allergen-exposed than in control ASMC. TNF-α increased p-ERK1/2 and NF-κB p65 levels, with higher levels in allergen-exposed ASMC, post-TNF-α stimulation (P < 0.001). MXF and the combination of MXF with DXM suppressed the secretion of IL-8 and eotaxin, but DXM alone did not affect IL-8, post-TNF-α stimulation (P > 0.05). MXF, DXM and the combination of MXF with DXM inhibited TNF-α-stimulated p-ERK1/2 and NF-κB p65 levels by 34, 40 and 62%, and 33, 38 and 64%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MXF suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by allergen-exposed rat ASMC, partly by inhibiting NF-κB and ERK activation. DXM may have additional or synergistic effects with MXF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.
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