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Zielinska-Pukos MA, Kopiasz Ł, Hamulka J. No effect of circulating leptin on energy metabolism in normal weight or overweight/obese lactating mothers: The case-control Breastmilk and the Link to Overweight/Obesity and Maternal diet (BLOOM) study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 63:878-886. [PMID: 39209029 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pregnancy and lactation are associated with metabolic changes, including alterations in energy metabolism, which are closely linked to body mass and composition due to hormonal status. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the energy metabolism in exclusively or predominantly breastfeeding mothers with normal weight (NW) and overweight/obesity (OW/OB) and evaluate its associations with fasting serum leptin. METHODS This cross-sectional BLOOM study was conducted among 39 mothers (n = 19 NW, n = 20 OW/OB) in 15.5 ± 1.2 weeks of lactation. The leptin was analyzed in a blood sample using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, body composition was analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry method. RESULTS The average RMR for all groups was 1747.5 ± 281.9 kcal/d, with a statistically significant difference between groups (1932.7 ± 222.6 vs. 1550.5 ± 190.6, p < 0.001, respectively in the OW/OB and NW group). The OW/OB mothers had higher oxygen uptake (VO2) and exhaled carbon dioxide (VCO2), but not respiratory quotient (RQ), carbohydrate (CHO%) and lipid oxidation (FAT%). When analyzing correlations stratified by BMI category, we found that serum leptin was correlated with CHO% negatively, and with FAT% positively in the NW but not in OW/OB mothers. Additionally, serum leptin was a significant predictor of RMR, VCO2, VO2, CHO%, and RMR/kg of total body weight. However, after adjusting for confounders, the observed associations were no longer statistically significant (RMR: β = 0.113, 95% CI -0.354-0.319; VO2: β = 0.141, 95% CI -0.462-0.744; VCO2: β = 0.238, 95% CI -0.411-0.888; CHO%: β = -0.146, 95% CI -0.151-0.444; RMR/kg of total body weight: β = -0.294, 95% CI -0.831-0.244). CONCLUSIONS Our results did not support the hypothesis that leptin plays a role in regulating energy homeostasis during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Zielinska-Pukos
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Kopiasz
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Schon SB, Cabre HE, Redman LM. The impact of obesity on reproductive health and metabolism in reproductive-age females. Fertil Steril 2024; 122:194-203. [PMID: 38704081 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a highly prevalent chronic disease that impacts >40% of reproductive-aged females. The pathophysiology of obesity is complex and can be understood simply as a chronic energy imbalance whereby caloric intake exceeds caloric expenditure with an energy surplus stored in adipose tissue. Obesity may be categorized into degrees of severity as well as different phenotypes on the basis of metabolic health and underlying pathophysiology. Obesity and excess adiposity have a significant impact on fertility and reproductive health, with direct effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, the ovary and oocyte, and the endometrium. There are significant adverse pregnancy outcomes related to obesity, and excess weight gain before, during, and after pregnancy that can alter the lifelong risk for metabolically unhealthy obesity. Given the high prevalence and pervasive impact of obesity on reproductive health, there is a need for better and individualized care for reproductive-aged females that considers obesity phenotype, underlying pathophysiology, and effective and sustainable interventions to treat obesity and manage weight gain before, during, and after pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Schon
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Hannah E Cabre
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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3
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Devi S, Gedda DUK, Chawla S, Doucette J, Yadav N, Mirshahi S, de Moura LP, Velloso LA, Mekary RA. The effect of weight loss on hypothalamus structure and function in obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:75-87. [PMID: 35659180 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2086127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity presents with structural and functional hypothalamic dysfunction. However, it is unclear whether weight loss can lead to hypothalamic changes. We therefore aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of body mass reduction in obese individuals on hypothalamic structure and function. METHODS PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for studies that reported the change in hypothalamic structure and function after weight loss. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on magnetic resonance imaging techniques, medio-basal hypothalamus T2-relaxation time, blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and biomarkers including glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin and inflammatory markers of interleukins. Mean differences between pre- and post-weight loss and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models. RESULTS Thirteen pre-post studies were included, of which six accounted for the meta-analysis. Studies showed a favorable decrease in T2-relaxation time (n = 1), favorable change in hypothalamic activity after weight loss on BOLD contrast (n = 4), with higher peak activities after surgical weight loss (n = 2). No differences were found in the gray matter density of the hypothalamus on VBM (n = 1). Pooled mean differences between pre- and post-surgical weight loss revealed a decrease of 8.53 mg/dl (95% CI: 5.17, 11.9) in glucose, 7.73 pmol/l (95% CI: 5.07, 10.4) in insulin, 15.5 ng/ml (95% CI: 9.40, 21.6) in leptin, 142.9 pg/ml (95% CI: 79.0, 206.8) in ghrelin and 9.43 pg/ml (95% CI: -6.89, 25.7) in IL-6 level. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed weight reduction in obesity led to limited structural change and significant functional changes in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Devi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College of London (KCL), London, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neurosurgical Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Durga Udaya Keerthi Gedda
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shreya Chawla
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College of London (KCL), London, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neurosurgical Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanne Doucette
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nishi Yadav
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shervin Mirshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neurosurgical Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leandro P de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- CEPECE - Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Lício A Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rania A Mekary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neurosurgical Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Sukocheva OA, Neganova ME, Aleksandrova Y, Burcher JT, Chugunova E, Fan R, Tse E, Sethi G, Bishayee A, Liu J. Signaling controversy and future therapeutical perspectives of targeting sphingolipid network in cancer immune editing and resistance to tumor necrosis factor-α immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:251. [PMID: 38698424 PMCID: PMC11064425 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Anticancer immune surveillance and immunotherapies trigger activation of cytotoxic cytokine signaling, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathways. The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α may be secreted by stromal cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and by cancer cells, indicating a prominent role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, tumors manage to adapt, escape immune surveillance, and ultimately develop resistance to the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α. The mechanisms by which cancer cells evade host immunity is a central topic of current cancer research. Resistance to TNF-α is mediated by diverse molecular mechanisms, such as mutation or downregulation of TNF/TRAIL receptors, as well as activation of anti-apoptotic enzymes and transcription factors. TNF-α signaling is also mediated by sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2), which are responsible for synthesis of the growth-stimulating phospholipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Multiple studies have demonstrated the crucial role of S1P and its transmembrane receptors (S1PR) in both the regulation of inflammatory responses and progression of cancer. Considering that the SphK/S1P/S1PR axis mediates cancer resistance, this sphingolipid signaling pathway is of mechanistic significance when considering immunotherapy-resistant malignancies. However, the exact mechanism by which sphingolipids contribute to the evasion of immune surveillance and abrogation of TNF-α-induced apoptosis remains largely unclear. This study reviews mechanisms of TNF-α-resistance in cancer cells, with emphasis on the pro-survival and immunomodulatory effects of sphingolipids. Inhibition of SphK/S1P-linked pro-survival branch may facilitate reactivation of the pro-apoptotic TNF superfamily effects, although the role of SphK/S1P inhibitors in the regulation of the TME and lymphocyte trafficking should be thoroughly assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Sukocheva
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Jack T Burcher
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA
| | - Elena Chugunova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Edmund Tse
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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5
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Yanik T, Durhan ST. Neuroendocrinological and Clinical Aspects of Leptin. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:886-894. [PMID: 37622709 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230825100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an abnormal increase in adipose tissue mass and is regarded as a neurobehavioral as well as a metabolic disorder. Increases in body fat are caused by even slight, long-term discrepancies between energy intake and energy expenditure. It is a chronic condition linked to the metabolic syndrome, a spectrum of risky conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. With a swiftly rising prevalence, obesity has emerged as a significant global health concern. Leptin influences the brain's neuroendocrine and metabolic processes, which is important for maintaining energy homeostasis. White adipose tissue secretes the majority of leptin, and there is a positive correlation between leptin levels in the blood and body fat percentages. The central nervous system is also modulated by leptin levels to modify energy intake and usage. The idea of an obesity cure sparked excitement after it was discovered more than 25 years ago. However, the leptin medication only effectively reduces weight in patients with congenital leptin insufficiency and not in patients with typical obesity who may also have leptin resistance. Recent research has focused on the role of leptin in managing weight reduction and preventing "yo-yo dieting". This review concentrates on the neurological effects of leptin with a focus on therapeutic and diagnostic applications, particularly for childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Yanik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Seyda Tugce Durhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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6
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Tucker JAL, Bornath DPD, McCarthy SF, Hazell TJ. Leptin and energy balance: exploring Leptin's role in the regulation of energy intake and energy expenditure. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:87-95. [PMID: 36583502 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2161135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a tonic appetite-regulating hormone, which is integral for the long-term regulation of energy balance. The current evidence suggests that the typical orexigenic or anorexigenic response of many of these appetite-regulating hormones, most notably ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK), require leptin to function whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is required for leptin to function, and these responses are altered when leptin injection or gene therapy is administered in combination with these same hormones or respective agonists. The appetite-regulatory pathway is complex, thus peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), orexin-A (OXA), and amylin also maintain ties to leptin, however these are less well understood. While reviews to date have focused on the existing relationships between leptin and the various neuropeptide modulators of appetite within the central nervous system (CNS) or it's role in thermogenesis, no review paper has synthesised the information regarding the interactions between appetite-regulating hormones and how leptin as a chronic regulator of energy balance can influence the acute appetite-regulatory response. Current evidence suggests that potential relationships exist between leptin and the circulating peripheral appetite hormones ghrelin, GLP-1, CCK, OXA and amylin to exhibit either synergistic or opposing effects on appetite inhibition. Though more research is warranted, leptin appears to be integral in both energy intake and energy expenditure. More specifically, functional leptin receptors appear to play an essential role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A L Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Derek P D Bornath
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
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7
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Hou X, Shi H, Jiang Y, Li X, Chen K, Li Q, Liu R. Transcriptome analysis reveals the neuroactive receptor genes response to Streptococcus agalactiae infection in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109090. [PMID: 37722443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The detailed crosstalk between the neuroendocrine and immune systems in Oreochromis niloticus, an economically important fish, in response to pathogenic infections, remains unclear. This study revealed the head kidney transcriptional profiles of O. niloticus upon infections with Streptococcus agalactiae, a prevalent pathogen known to cause severe meningitis. Twelve cDNA libraries of O. niloticus head kidney, representing four treatment time points (0, 6, 24, and 48 h), were constructed and a total of 2,528 differentially expressed genes were identified based on pairwise comparisons. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a significant enrichment of the 'neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction' pathway (ko04080), with 13 genes exhibiting differential expression during S. agalactiae infection. Among these, six neuroactive receptor genes (lepr, nr3c1, ptger4, thrb, tspo, and β2-ar) were selected, cloned, and characterized. Although these genes are ubiquitously expressed, and in head kidney leukocytes, their expression was mainly observed in T cells, Mo/Mφ, and NCCs, which are characterized by antimicrobial responses. Furthermore, we examined the response patterns of these six neuroactive receptor genes to gram-positive (S. agalactiae) and gram-negative (Aeromonas hydrophila) bacteria in four different tissues. Notably, lepr, ptger4, tspo, and β2-ar were upregulated in all selected tissues in response to S. agalactiae and A. hydrophila infections. However, nr3c1 and thrb were downregulated in response to S. agalactiae infection in the head kidney and spleen, whereas nr3c1 was upregulated, and thrb was unresponsive to A. hydrophila infection. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding new links between the neuroendocrine and immune systems during bacterial infection in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitan Hou
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
| | - Haokai Shi
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoke Li
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Kaiqi Chen
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qi Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Ruonan Liu
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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8
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Siedler MR, De Souza MJ, Albracht-Schulte K, Sekiguchi Y, Tinsley GM. The Influence of Energy Balance and Availability on Resting Metabolic Rate: Implications for Assessment and Future Research Directions. Sports Med 2023; 53:1507-1526. [PMID: 37213050 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a significant contributor to an individual's total energy expenditure. As such, RMR plays an important role in body weight regulation across populations ranging from inactive individuals to athletes. In addition, RMR may also be used to screen for low energy availability and energy deficiency in athletes, and thus may be useful in identifying individuals at risk for the deleterious consequences of chronic energy deficiency. Given its importance in both clinical and research settings within the fields of exercise physiology, dietetics, and sports medicine, the valid assessment of RMR is critical. However, factors including varying states of energy balance (both short- and long-term energy deficit or surplus), energy availability, and prior food intake or exercise may influence resulting RMR measures, potentially introducing error into observed values. The purpose of this review is to summarize the relationships between short- and long-term changes in energetic status and resulting RMR measures, consider these findings in the context of relevant recommendations for RMR assessment, and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelin R Siedler
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Departments of Kinesiology and Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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9
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Reddy R, Guo Y, Raju V, Faghih RT. Characterization of Leptin Secretion in Premenopausal Obese Women Treated with Bromocriptine. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-6. [PMID: 38082631 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, is primarily responsible for inhibiting hunger and maintaining energy balance. Improper leptin secretion may result in hyperleptinemia (excess secretion of leptin) or leptin resistance, both of which contribute to obesity. Diagnosing abnormal leptin secretion may help treat this underlying cause of obesity. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the level of leptin may help characterize its secretion dynamics and also help devise an appropriate treatment. In this research, we consider leptin hormone concentration data taken over a 24 hour time period from eighteen healthy premenopausal obese women before and after treatment with a dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, and deconvolve the observed leptin hormone levels to estimate the number, timing, and magnitude of the underlying leptin secretory pulses. We find that there is an overall decrease in leptin secretion, particularly during sleep, but the changes in the secretory and clearance rates, and the number of pulses underlying the secretion process are not statistically significant.Clinical relevance- This work seeks to understand the effect of bromocriptine on leptin secretory dynamics and will help further current understanding of the effect of bromocriptine in relation to obesity.
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10
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Nozari Y, Park C, Brietzke E, Iacobucci M, Gill H, McIntyre RS. Correlation between improved leptin signaling and cognitive function post bariatric surgery. J Affect Disord 2023; 326:225-231. [PMID: 36736790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining whether changes in leptin signaling plays a role in the improvement of cognitive function post-bariatric surgery may aid in the understanding and development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting cognitive dysfunction through the greater understanding of processes connecting obesity and brain health. Several studies have explored the effects of cognition post bariatric surgery, and others have studied leptin and its changes post surgery. However the amalgamation of the effects of leptin signaling in relation to cognition post bariatric surgery have yet to be considered as key tools in the understanding of cognitive dysfunction in obese subjects with leptin resistance or insensitivity. This review serves to highlight the potential correlations, to further elucidate the effect of improved leptin signaling on cognition post bariatric surgery, and to propose a direct cause for the improvement of cognitive function via the amelioration of the leptin Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway as a result of the reversal of inflammatory processes involved in diseased individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nozari
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto HBSc, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - C Park
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto MSc, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - E Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - M Iacobucci
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto HBSc, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - H Gill
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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12
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Jiang Y, Rezai-Zadeh K, Desmoulins LD, Muenzberg H, Derbenev AV, Zsombok A. GABAergic leptin receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus project to brown adipose tissue-related neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of mice. Auton Neurosci 2023; 245:103058. [PMID: 36538864 PMCID: PMC9899324 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to energy homeostasis via nonshivering thermogenesis. The BAT is densely innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and activity of pre-autonomic neurons modulates the sympathetic outflow. Leptin, an adipocyte hormone, alters energy homeostasis and thermogenesis of BAT via several neuronal circuits; however, the cellular effects of leptin on interscapular BAT (iBAT)-related neurons in the hypothalamus remain to be determined. In this study, we used pseudorabies virus (PRV) to identify iBAT-related neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and test the hypothesis that iBAT-related PVN neurons are modulated by leptin. Inoculation of iBAT with PRV in leptin receptor reporter mice (Lepr:EGFP) demonstrated that a population of iBAT-related PVN neurons expresses Lepr receptors. Our electrophysiological findings revealed that leptin application caused hyperpolarization in some of iBAT-related PVN neurons. Bath application of leptin also modulated excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission to most of iBAT-related PVN neurons. Using channel rhodopsin assisted circuit mapping we found that GABAergic and glutamatergic Lepr-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus/dorsal hypothalamic area (dDMH/DHA) project to PVN neurons; however, connected iBAT-related PVN neurons receive exclusively inhibitory signals from Lepr-expressing dDMH/DHA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America; Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Kavon Rezai-Zadeh
- Central Leptin Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Lucie D Desmoulins
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Heike Muenzberg
- Central Leptin Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Andrei V Derbenev
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America; Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America; Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America.
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13
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Leptin Increases: Physiological Roles in the Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Energy Balance, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032684. [PMID: 36769012 PMCID: PMC9917048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that decreases in plasma leptin levels, as with fasting, signal starvation and elicit appropriate physiological responses, such as increasing the drive to eat and decreasing energy expenditure. These responses are mediated largely by suppression of the actions of leptin in the hypothalamus, most notably on arcuate nucleus (ArcN) orexigenic neuropeptide Y neurons and anorexic pro-opiomelanocortin neurons. However, the question addressed in this review is whether the effects of increased leptin levels are also significant on the long-term control of energy balance, despite conventional wisdom to the contrary. We focus on leptin's actions (in both lean and obese individuals) to decrease food intake, increase sympathetic nerve activity, and support the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, with particular attention to sex differences. We also elaborate on obesity-induced inflammation and its role in the altered actions of leptin during obesity.
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14
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Moraes MM, Mendes TT, Borges L, Marques AL, Núñez-Espinosa C, Gonçalves DAP, Simões CB, Vieira TS, Ladeira RVP, Lourenço TGB, Ribeiro DV, Hatanaka E, Heller D, Arantes RME. A 7-Week Summer Camp in Antarctica Induces Fluctuations on Human Oral Microbiome, Pro-Inflammatory Markers and Metabolic Hormones Profile. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020339. [PMID: 36838304 PMCID: PMC9960157 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antarctic camps pose psychophysiological challenges related to isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) conditions, including meals composed of sealed food. ICE conditions can influence the microbiome and inflammatory responses. Seven expeditioners took part in a 7-week Antarctic summer camp (Nelson Island) and were evaluated at Pre-Camp (i.e., at the beginning of the ship travel), Camp-Initial (i.e., 4th and 5th day in camp), Camp-Middle (i.e., 19th-20th, and 33rd-34th days), Camp-Final (i.e., 45th-46th day), and at the Post-Camp (on the ship). At the Pre-Camp, Camp-Initial, and Camp-Final, we assessed microbiome and inflammatory markers. Catecholamines were accessed Pre- and Post-Camp. Heart rate variability (HRV), leptin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroxine (T4) were accessed at all time points. Students' t-tests or repeated-measures analysis of variance (one or two-way ANOVA) followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (post hoc) were used for parametric analysis. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied for non-parametric analysis. Microbiome analysis showed a predominance of Pseudomonadota (34.01%), Bacillota (29.82%), and Bacteroidota (18.54%), followed by Actinomycetota (5.85%), and Fusobacteria (5.74%). Staying in a long-term Antarctic camp resulted in microbiome fluctuations with a reduction in Pseudomonadota-a "microbial signature" of disease. However, the pro-inflammatory marker leptin and IL-8 tended to increase, and the angiogenic factor VEGF was reduced during camp. These results suggest that distinct Antarctic natural environments and behavioral factors modulate oral microbiome and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M. Moraes
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Center for Newborn Screening and Genetics Diagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, NUPAD-FM/UFMG, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago T. Mendes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil
| | - Leandro Borges
- Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Alice L. Marques
- Post-Graduation Program in Social Sciences in Development, Culture and Society of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
- Austral Integrative Neurophysiology Group, Centro Asistencial Docente y de Investigación, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
- Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
| | - Dawit A. P. Gonçalves
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Sports Training Center, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina B. Simões
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Sports Training Center, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Tales S. Vieira
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto V. P. Ladeira
- Center for Newborn Screening and Genetics Diagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, NUPAD-FM/UFMG, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Talita G. B. Lourenço
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Danielle V. Ribeiro
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, SP, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Studies in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo 430-0926, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, SP, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Studies in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo 430-0926, SP, Brazil
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Rosa M. E. Arantes
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Center for Newborn Screening and Genetics Diagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, NUPAD-FM/UFMG, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(31)-999037400
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15
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Navarro-Masip È, Caron A, Mulero M, Arola L, Aragonès G. Photoperiodic Remodeling of Adiposity and Energy Metabolism in Non-Human Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021008. [PMID: 36674520 PMCID: PMC9865556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy homeostasis and metabolism in mammals are strongly influenced by seasonal changes. Variations in photoperiod patterns drive adaptations in body weight and adiposity, reflecting changes in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Humans also show distinct patterns of energy balance depending on the season, being more susceptible to gaining weight during a specific time of the year. Changes in body weight are mainly reflected by the adipose tissue, which is a key metabolic tissue and is highly affected by circannual rhythms. Mostly, in summer-like (long-active) photoperiod, adipocytes adopt a rather anabolic profile, more predisposed to store energy, while food intake increases and energy expenditure is reduced. These metabolic adaptations involve molecular modifications, some of which have been studied during the last years and are summarized in this review. In addition, there is a bidirectional relation between obesity and the seasonal responses, with obesity disrupting some of the seasonal responses observed in healthy mammals, and altered seasonality being highly associated with increased risk of developing obesity. This suggests that changes in photoperiod produce important metabolic alterations in healthy organisms. Biological rhythms impact the regulation of metabolism to different extents, some of which are already known, but further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between energy balance and seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Èlia Navarro-Masip
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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16
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Przybysz JT, DiBrog AM, Kern KA, Mukherjee A, Japa JE, Waite MH, Mietlicki-Baase EG. Macronutrient intake: Hormonal controls, pathological states, and methodological considerations. Appetite 2023; 180:106365. [PMID: 36347305 PMCID: PMC10563642 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies to date has examined the roles of feeding-related peptides in the control of food intake. However, the influence of these peptides on the intake of particular macronutrient constituents of food - carbohydrate, fat, and protein - has not been as extensively addressed in the literature. Here, the roles of several feeding-related peptides in controlling macronutrient intake are reviewed. Next, the relationship between macronutrient intake and diseases including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eating disorders are examined. Finally, some key considerations in macronutrient intake research are discussed. We hope that this review will shed light onto this underappreciated topic in ingestive behavior research and will help to guide further scientific investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan T Przybysz
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Adrianne M DiBrog
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Katherine A Kern
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Ashmita Mukherjee
- Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jason E Japa
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Mariana H Waite
- Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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17
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Associations between Cord Blood Leptin Levels and Childhood Adiposity Differ by Sex and Age at Adiposity Assessment. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12122060. [PMID: 36556424 PMCID: PMC9780853 DOI: 10.3390/life12122060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower cord blood leptin levels have been associated with lower and higher adiposity in childhood and associations seem to differ according to the child’s age, methods of adiposity assessment and sex. Our aim was to investigate sex-specific associations of cord blood leptinemia with childhood adiposity at birth, 3 and 5 years of age. We measured cord blood leptin using Luminex immunoassays in 520 offspring from the Gen3G cohort. We tested associations between cord blood leptin and body mass index (BMI) z-score, skinfolds thicknesses (SFT), and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, adjusted for confounders. At birth, girls had almost twice as much leptin in cord blood as boys (15.5 [8.9; 25.6] vs. 8.6 [4.9; 15.0] ng/mL; p < 0.0001) as well as significantly greater adiposity. Lower levels of cord blood leptin were associated with higher sum of SFT (β = −0.05 ± 0.02; p = 0.03) and higher BMI z-score (β= −0.22 ± 0.08; p = 0.01) in 3-year-old boys only. We did not observe these associations at age 5, or in girls. Our results suggest a sexual dimorphism in the programming of leptin sensitivity and childhood adiposity, but further observational and functional studies are needed to better understand the role of leptin in early life.
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18
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Aragón-Vela J, Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo J, Moreno-Racero A, Plaza-Diaz J. The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15413. [PMID: 36499740 PMCID: PMC9737554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overweight are defined as abnormal fat accumulations. Adipose tissue consists of more than merely adipocytes; each adipocyte is closely coupled with the extracellular matrix. Adipose tissue stores excess energy through expansion. Obesity is caused by the abnormal expansion of adipose tissue as a result of adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The process of obesity is controlled by several molecules, such as integrins, kindlins, or matrix metalloproteinases. In children with obesity, metabolomics studies have provided insight into the existence of unique metabolic profiles. As a result of low-grade inflammation in the system, abnormalities were observed in several metabolites associated with lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid pathways. In addition, obesity and related hormones, such as leptin, play an instrumental role in regulating food intake and contributing to childhood obesity. The World Health Organization states that physical activity benefits the heart, the body, and the mind. Several noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, can be prevented and managed through physical activity. In this work, we reviewed pediatric studies that examined the molecular and hormonal control of obesity and the influence of physical activity on children with obesity or overweight. The purpose of this review was to examine some orchestrators involved in this disease and how they are related to pediatric populations. A larger number of randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes and long-term studies could lead to the discovery of new key molecules as well as the detection of significant factors in the coming years. In order to improve the health of the pediatric population, omics analyses and machine learning techniques can be combined in order to improve treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Health Sciences, Area of Physiology, Building B3, Campus s/n “Las Lagunillas”, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Jesús Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo
- Department of Health, University of the Valley of Mexico, Robles 600, Tecnologico I, San Luis Potosí 78220, Mexico
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - Aurora Moreno-Racero
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS, Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
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19
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Rodríguez-Sánchez S, Valiente N, Seseña S, Cabrera-Pinto M, Rodríguez A, Aranda A, Palop L, Fernández-Martos CM. Ozone modified hypothalamic signaling enhancing thermogenesis in the TDP-43 A315T transgenic model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20814. [PMID: 36460700 PMCID: PMC9718766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disease, has no effective treatment. Recent evidence supports a strong metabolic component in ALS pathogenesis. Indeed, metabolic abnormalities in ALS correlate to disease susceptibility and progression, raising additional therapeutic targets against ALS. Ozone (O3), a natural bioactive molecule, has been shown to elicit beneficial effects to reduce metabolic disturbances and improved motor behavior in TDP-43A315T mice. However, it is fundamental to determine the mechanism through which O3 acts in ALS. To characterize the association between O3 exposure and disease-associated weight loss in ALS, we assessed the mRNA and protein expression profile of molecular pathways with a main role in the regulation of the metabolic homeostasis on the hypothalamus and the brown adipose tissue (BAT) at the disease end-stage, in TDP-43A315T mice compared to age-matched WT littermates. In addition, the impact of O3 exposure on the faecal bacterial community diversity, by Illumina sequencing, and on the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), by confocal imaging, were analysed. Our findings suggest the effectiveness of O3 exposure to induce metabolic effects in the hypothalamus and BAT of TDP-43A315T mice and could be a new complementary non-pharmacological approach for ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodríguez-Sánchez
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Nicolas Valiente
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susana Seseña
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marta Cabrera-Pinto
- grid.414883.20000 0004 1767 1847Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfonso Aranda
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Llanos Palop
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen M. Fernández-Martos
- grid.414883.20000 0004 1767 1847Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain ,grid.1009.80000 0004 1936 826XWicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
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20
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Pandur E, Szabó I, Hormay E, Pap R, Almási A, Sipos K, Farkas V, Karádi Z. Alterations of the expression levels of glucose, inflammation, and iron metabolism related miRNAs and their target genes in the hypothalamus of STZ-induced rat diabetes model. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:147. [PMID: 36210435 PMCID: PMC9549668 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus of the central nervous system is implicated in the development of diabetes due to its glucose-sensing function. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurons leads to abnormal glucose metabolism. It has been described that fractalkine (FKN) is involved in the development of hypothalamic inflammation, which may be one of the underlying causes of a diabetic condition. Moreover, iron may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes via the regulation of hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone synthesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding molecules working as key regulators of gene expression, usually by inhibiting translation. Hypothalamic miRNAs are supposed to have a role in the control of energy balance by acting as regulators of hypothalamic glucose metabolism via influencing translation. METHODS Using a miRNA array, we analysed the expression of diabetes, inflammation, and iron metabolism related miRNAs in the hypothalamus of a streptozotocin-induced rat type 1 diabetes model. Determination of the effect of miRNAs altered by STZ treatment on the target genes was carried out at protein level. RESULTS We found 18 miRNAs with altered expression levels in the hypothalamus of the STZ-treated animals, which act as the regulators of mRNAs involved in glucose metabolism, pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, and iron homeostasis suggesting a link between these processes in diabetes. The alterations in the expression level of these miRNAs could modify hypothalamic glucose sensing, tolerance, uptake, and phosphorylation by affecting the stability of hexokinase-2, insulin receptor, leptin receptor, glucokinase, GLUT4, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA molecules. Additional miRNAs were found to be altered resulting in the elevation of FKN protein. The miRNA, mRNA, and protein analyses of the diabetic hypothalamus revealed that the iron import, export, and iron storage were all influenced by miRNAs suggesting the disturbance of hypothalamic iron homeostasis. CONCLUSION It can be supposed that glucose metabolism, inflammation, and iron homeostasis of the hypothalamus are linked via the altered expression of common miRNAs as well as the increased expression of FKN, which contribute to the imbalance of energy homeostasis, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the iron accumulation of the hypothalamus. The results raise the possibility that FKN could be a potential target of new therapies targeting both inflammation and iron disturbances in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - István Szabó
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Hormay
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ramóna Pap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Almási
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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21
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Mak KWY, Mustafa AF, Belsham DD. Neuroendocrine microRNAs linked to energy homeostasis: future therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:774-789. [PMID: 36083576 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The brain orchestrates whole-body metabolism through an intricate system involving interneuronal crosstalk and communication. Specifically, a key player in this complex circuitry is the hypothalamus that controls feeding behaviour, energy expenditure, body weight and metabolism, whereby hypothalamic neurons sense and respond to circulating hormones, nutrients, and chemicals. Dysregulation of these neurons contributes to the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The involvement of hypothalamic microRNAs, post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, in the central regulation of energy homeostasis has become increasingly apparent, although not completely delineated. This review summarizes current evidence demonstrating the regulation of feeding-related neuropeptides by brain-derived microRNAs as well as the regulation of specific miRNAs by nutrients and other peripheral signals. Moreover, the involvement of microRNAs in the central nervous system control of insulin, leptin, and estrogen signal transduction is examined. Finally, the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of microRNAs for metabolic disorders will be discussed and the regulation of brain-derived microRNAs by nutrients and other peripheral signals is considered. Demonstrating a critical role of microRNAs in hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis is an innovative route to uncover novel biomarkers and therapeutic candidates for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly W Y Mak
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Aws F Mustafa
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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22
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Ortega-Avila JG, García-Muñoz H, Segura Ordoñez A, Salazar Contreras BC. Sexual dimorphism of leptin and adiposity in children between 0 and 10 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:47. [PMID: 36064746 PMCID: PMC9446796 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in adolescents and adults by sex in blood levels of leptin and adiposity have been described; however, it is not yet clear if these differences arise from the prepubertal stage in subjects with a normal-weight. Therefore, we examine whether there are differences by sex in levels of blood leptin and adiposity in children with a normal-weight between 0 and 10 years old. METHODS Search strategy: eligible studies were obtained from three electronic databases (Ovid, Embase and LILACS) and contact with experts. SELECTION CRITERIA healthy children up to 10 years of age with normal-weight according to age. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES data were extracted by four independent reviewers using a predesigned data collection form. For the analysis, we stratified according to age groups (newborns, 0.25-0.5 years, 3-5.9 years, 6-7.9 years, 8-10 years). The statistical analysis was performed in the R program. RESULTS Of the initially identified 13,712 records, 21 were selected in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The sex was associated with the overall effect on blood leptin (pooled MD = 1.72 ng/mL, 95% CI: 1.25-2.19) and body fat percentage (pooled MD = 3.43%, 95% CI: 2.53-4.33), being both higher in girls. This finding was consistent in the majority of age groups. CONCLUSION The results of our meta-analyses support the sexual dimorphism in circulating blood leptin and body fat percentage between girls and boys with normal-weight from prepuberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Guillermo Ortega-Avila
- Grupo de Investigación de Ciencias Básicas y Clínicas de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Seccional-Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación Salud y Movimiento, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Harry García-Muñoz
- Grupo de investigación Salud y Movimiento, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Grupo de Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Segura Ordoñez
- Grupo de investigación Salud y Movimiento, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Grupo de Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Blanca C. Salazar Contreras
- Grupo de investigación Salud y Movimiento, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Ramírez-Plascencia OD, Saderi N, Cárdenas-Romero S, García-García F, Peña-Escudero C, Flores-Sandoval O, Azuara-Álvarez L, Báez-Ruiz A, Salgado-Delgado R. Leptin and adiponectin regulate the activity of nuclei involved in sleep-wake cycle in male rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:907508. [PMID: 35937866 PMCID: PMC9355486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.907508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence recognize a relationship between sleep-wake cycles and adiposity levels, but the mechanisms that link both are not entirely understood. Adipose tissue secretes adiponectin and leptin hormones, mainly involved as indicators of adiposity levels and recently associated to sleep. To understand how two of the main adipose tissue hormones could influence sleep-wake regulation, we evaluated in male rats, the effect of direct administration of adiponectin or leptin in the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei (VLPO), a major area for sleep promotion. The presence of adiponectin (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) and leptin receptors in VLPO were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Adiponectin administration increased wakefulness during the rest phase, reduced delta power, and activated wake-promoting neurons, such as the locus coeruleus (LC), tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) and hypocretin/orexin neurons (OX) within the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and perifornical area (PeF). Conversely, leptin promoted REM and NREM sleep, including increase of delta power during NREM sleep, and induced c-Fos expression in VLPO and melanin concentrating hormone expressing neurons (MCH). In addition, a reduction in wake-promoting neurons activity was found in the TMN, lateral hypothalamus (LH) and perifornical area (PeF), including in the OX neurons. Moreover, leptin administration reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the LC. Our data suggest that adiponectin and leptin act as hormonal mediators between the status of body energy and the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Daniel Ramírez-Plascencia
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nadia Saderi
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Skarleth Cárdenas-Romero
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Fabio García-García
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Carolina Peña-Escudero
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Omar Flores-Sandoval
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Lucia Azuara-Álvarez
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Adrián Báez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Roberto Salgado-Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Roberto Salgado-Delgado,
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Roth CL, Melhorn SJ, De Leon MRB, Rowland MG, Elfers CT, Huang A, Saelens BE, Schur EA. Impaired Brain Satiety Responses After Weight Loss in Children With Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2254-2266. [PMID: 35544121 PMCID: PMC9282278 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity interventions often result in increased motivation to eat. OBJECTIVE We investigated relationships between obesity outcomes and changes in brain activation by visual food cues and hormone levels in response to obesity intervention by family-based behavioral treatment (FBT). METHODS Neuroimaging and hormone assessments were conducted before and after 24-week FBT intervention in children with obesity (OB, n = 28), or children of healthy weight without intervention (HW, n = 17), all 9- to 11-year-old boys and girls. We evaluated meal-induced changes in neural activation to high- vs low-calorie food cues across appetite-processing brain regions and gut hormones. RESULTS Among children with OB who underwent FBT, greater declines of BMI z-score were associated with lesser reductions after the FBT intervention in meal-induced changes in neural activation to high- vs low-calorie food cues across appetite-processing brain regions (P < 0.05), and the slope of relationship was significantly different compared with children of HW. In children with OB, less reduction in brain responses to a meal from before to after FBT was associated with greater meal-induced reduction in ghrelin and increased meal-induced stimulation in peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In response to FBT, adaptations of central satiety responses and peripheral satiety-regulating hormones were noted. After weight loss, changes of peripheral hormone secretion support weight loss, but there was a weaker central satiety response. The findings suggest that even when peripheral satiety responses by gut hormones are intact, the central regulation of satiety is disturbed in children with OB who significantly improve their weight status during FBT, which could favor future weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Roth
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Susan J Melhorn
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mary Rosalynn B De Leon
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maya G Rowland
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | - Alyssa Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brian E Saelens
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ellen A Schur
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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25
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Chi ZC. Metabolic associated fatty liver disease is a disease related to sympathetic nervous system activation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:465-476. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i11.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence from animal and human studies shows that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation is a key factor in the development of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Activation of the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, and MAFLD. When genetically susceptible subjects are exposed to a variety of epigenetic changes, their liver damage may develop into MAFLD. Thus, the pathogenesis of MAFLD is complex, involving the complex interaction of insulin resistance, abnormal hormone secretion, obesity, diet, genetic factors, immune activation, gut microbiota, and other factors. In these processes, the role of sympathetic nerves cannot be underestimated. Notably, SNS has been proposed as a therapeutic target for MAFLD by inhibiting sympathetic nerves. It is worthy of further discussion and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chun Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China
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26
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Dietary Cysteamine Supplementation Remarkably Increased Feed Efficiency and Shifted Rumen Fermentation toward Glucogenic Propionate Production via Enrichment of Prevotella in Feedlot Lambs. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061105. [PMID: 35744623 PMCID: PMC9227252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine (CS) is an essential nutritional regulator that improves the productive performance of animals by regulating somatotropic hormone secretion. To investigate the fattening potential and effects of CS on rumen microbial fermentation, 48 feedlot lambs were randomly assigned to four groups and fed diets supplemented with different CS concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg BW). An increase in dietary CS concentrations linearly increased the average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter intake (p < 0.05) but decreased the feed-to-gain ratio (p < 0.01). For the serum hormone, increasing the dietary CS concentration linearly decreased somatostatin and leptin concentration (p < 0.01) but linearly increased the concentration of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (p < 0.01). Regarding rumen fermentation, ruminal pH, ammonia-N, and butyrate content did not differ among the four treatments, although dietary CS supplementation linearly increased microbial protein and propionate and decreased the amount of acetate (p < 0.05). Furthermore, an increase in dietary CS concentrations quadratically decreased the estimated methane production and methane production per kg ADG (p < 0.05). High-throughput sequencing revealed that increased dietary CS concentrations quadratically increased Prevotella (p < 0.05), and Prevotella and norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014 were positively correlated with growth performance and rumen fermentation in a Spearman correlation analysis (r > 0.55, p < 0.05). Overall, a CS concentration higher than 20 mg/kg BW produced growth-promoting effects by inhibiting somatostatin concentrations and shifting the rumen toward glucogenic propionate fermentation by enriching Prevotella. In addition, Prevotella and norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014 were positively correlated with growth performance in lambs.
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27
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Hajishizari S, Imani H, Mehranfar S, Saeed Yekaninejad M, Mirzababaei A, Clark CCT, Mirzaei K. The association of appetite and hormones (leptin, ghrelin, and Insulin) with resting metabolic rate in overweight/ obese women: a case-control study. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:37. [PMID: 35484608 PMCID: PMC9052687 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Low resting metabolic rate (RMR), as a risk factor for weight gain and obesity, can be influenced by many factors. Empirical research has confirmed the role of appetite and related hormones in obesity and energy intake. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between appetite and related hormones in overweight or obese Iranian women with normal and hypo RMR. Methods This case–control study was conducted on 42 Iranian adult women (21 cases, and 21 controls), aged 18–48 years. An impedance body analyzer was used to obtain the body composition and an indirect calorimeter was used to assess the RMR. The Flint questionnaire was used to assess appetite, dietary intake, and physical activity were assessed by FFQ and IPAQ questionnaires respectively, and ELISA kits were used to assess leptin, ghrelin, and insulin hormones. Results The results of the study demonstrated a negative association between ghrelin hormone level (β = -0.34, 95%CI = -61.70,-3.86, P-value = 0.027) and RMR, and a positive association between insulin hormone level (β = 0.48, 95%CI = 9.38–34.35, P-value = 0.001) and RMR. Also, results of the appetite questionnaire showed that, in general, both appetite (β = 0.32, 95%CI = -0.10–2.99 P-value = 0.044) and hunger variable (β = 0.30, 95%CI = 0.04–5.87, P-value = 0.047) have a positive association with RMR. There was no significant association between leptin levels and RMR. Conclusion It is evident that appetite and related hormones have a potential role in promoting a normal RMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hajishizari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Imani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Mehranfar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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28
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Obesity and Dyslipidemia Synergistically Exacerbate Psoriatic Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084312. [PMID: 35457132 PMCID: PMC9032572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with psoriasis are frequently complicated with metabolic syndrome; however, it is not fully understood how obesity and dyslipidemia contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. To investigate the mechanisms by which obesity and dyslipidemia exacerbate psoriasis using murine models and neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), we used wild-type and Apoe-deficient dyslipidemic mice, and administered a high-fat diet for 10 weeks to induce obesity. Imiquimod was applied to the ear for 5 days to induce psoriatic dermatitis. To examine the innate immune responses of NHEKs, we cultured and stimulated NHEKs using IL-17A, TNF-α, palmitic acid, and leptin. We found that obesity and dyslipidemia synergistically aggravated psoriatic dermatitis associated with increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Treatment of NHEKs with palmitic acid and leptin amplified pro-inflammatory responses in combination with TNF-α and IL-17A. Additionally, pretreatment with palmitic acid and leptin enhanced IL-17A-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. These results revealed that obesity and dyslipidemia synergistically exacerbate psoriatic skin inflammation, and that metabolic-disorder-associated inflammatory factors, palmitic acid, and leptin augment the activation of epidermal keratinocytes. Our results emphasize that management of concomitant metabolic disorders is essential for preventing disease exacerbation in patients with psoriasis.
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29
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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30
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Abi N, Xu X, Yang Z, Ma T, Dong J. Association of Serum Adipokines and Resting Energy Expenditure in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Nutr 2022; 9:828341. [PMID: 35369060 PMCID: PMC8965443 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.828341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Metabolic disorders are prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may lead to protein energy wasting (PEW). Adipokines improve connections between PEW and energy metabolism. We aimed to determine the relationship between adipokine levels and resting energy expenditure (REE) in patients with CKD. Methods A total of 208 patients in non-dialyzed CKD stages 3–5 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Serum adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patient's REE was measured using indirect calorimetry. Fat mass (FM) and lean tissue mass (LTM) were measured using multiple-frequency bioimpedance analysis. Spearman correlation analyses and multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the association between serum adipokines and REE. Results The mean age was 52.7 ± 14.6 years, and 26.9, 26.4, and 46.7% of our participants had CKD stages 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The median values of serum adiponectin, leptin, and IL-6 were 470.4 (range, 291.1–802.2), 238.1 (range, 187.9–418.4), and 4.0 (range, 2.4–9.5) pg/mL, respectively. The male participants had significantly lower FM% (P = 0.001) and lower leptin levels (P < 0.001) than the female participants. After adjusting for age, diabetes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, intact parathyroid hormone, LTM, and FM, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that serum leptin levels were significantly positively associated with REE in men rather than in women (P < 0.05). Serum adiponectin levels were inversely associated with REE in men, but this association disappeared while FM was additionally adjusted. Adiponectin levels in women were not correlated with REE (P > 0.05). IL-6 was not significantly associated with REE in either men or women. Conclusions A sex-specific relationship between serum adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) and REE was observed in patients with CKD stages 3–5, which was partly confounded by FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanzha Abi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikai Yang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Dong
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Dimitri P. Treatment of Acquired Hypothalamic Obesity: Now and the Future. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:846880. [PMID: 35464063 PMCID: PMC9019363 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.846880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the centre of neuroendocrine regulation of energy homeostasis and appetite. Maldevelopment of, or damage to, the key hypothalamic nuclei disrupts the coordinated balance between energy intake and expenditure leading, to rapid and excessive weight gain. Hypothalamic obesity is compounded by a disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, sleep disruption, visual compromise, and neurological and vascular sequalae. Amongst suprasellar tumors, craniopharyngioma is the most common cause of acquired hypothalamic obesity, either directly or following surgical or radiotherapeutic intervention. At present, therapy is limited to strategies to manage obesity but with a modest and variable impact. Current approaches include optimizing pituitary hormone replacement, calorie restriction, increased energy expenditure through physical activity, behavioral interventions, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches include stimulants that increase energy consumption, anti-diabetic agents, hypothalamic-pituitary substitution therapy, octreotide, and methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitors. Some pharmacological studies of hypothalamic obesity report weight loss or stabilization but reported intervention periods are short, and others report no effect. The impact of bariatric surgery on weight loss in hypothalamic obesity again is variable. Novel or combined approaches to manage hypothalamic obesity are thus required to achieve credible and sustained weight loss. Identifying etiological factors contributing hypothalamic obesity may lead to multi-faceted interventions targeting hyperphagia, insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, sleep disturbance, hypopituitarism and psychosocial morbidity. Placebo-controlled trials using current single, or combination therapies are required to determine the impact of therapeutic agents. A well-defined approach to defining the location of hypothalamic damage may support the use of future targeted therapies. Intranasal oxytocin is currently being investigated as an anorexogenic agent. Novel agents including those targeting pro-opimelanocortin-C and AgRP/NPY expressing neurons and the MC4 receptor may result in better outcomes. This article discusses the current challenges in the management of hypothalamic obesity in children and young people and future therapeutic approaches to increasing weight loss and quality of life in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dimitri
- The Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul Dimitri,
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Tournissac M, Leclerc M, Valentin-Escalera J, Vandal M, Bosoi CR, Planel E, Calon F. Metabolic determinants of Alzheimer's disease: A focus on thermoregulation. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101462. [PMID: 34534683 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disease, associated with central and peripheral metabolic anomalies, such as impaired glucose utilization and insulin resistance. These observations led to a considerable interest not only in lifestyle-related interventions, but also in repurposing insulin and other anti-diabetic drugs to prevent or treat dementia. Body temperature is the oldest known metabolic readout and mechanisms underlying its maintenance fail in the elderly, when the incidence of AD rises. This raises the possibility that an age-associated thermoregulatory deficit contributes to energy failure underlying AD pathogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in thermogenesis and maintenance of body temperature. In recent years, the modulation of BAT activity has been increasingly demonstrated to regulate energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization, which could also provide benefits for AD. Here, we review the evidence linking thermoregulation, BAT and insulin-related metabolic defects with AD, and we propose mechanisms through which correcting thermoregulatory impairments could slow the progression and delay the onset of AD.
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Mokwena MAM, Engwa GA, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Sewani-Rusike CR. Athrixia phylicoides tea infusion (bushman tea) improves adipokine balance, glucose homeostasis and lipid parameters in a diet-induced metabolic syndrome rat model. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:292. [PMID: 34844584 PMCID: PMC8628465 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central obesity and insulin resistance are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) which is aggravated by diet and sedentary lifestyle. Athrixia phylicoides (AP) is reported by rural communities to have medicinal benefits associated with MetS such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of AP on diet-induced MetS in Wistar rats to validate its ethnopharmacological use. METHODS AP was profiled for phytochemicals by LC-MS. After induction of MetS with high energy diet (HED), 30 male rats were divided into five treatment groups (n = 6): normal diet control, HED control, HED + AP 50 mg/Kg BW, HED + AP 100 mg/Kg BW and HED + 50 mg/Kg BW metformin. The rats were treated daily for 8 weeks orally after which weight gain, visceral fat, total cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFAs) and adipokine regulation; leptin: adiponectin ratio (LAR) were assessed. Also, glucose homeostatic parameters including fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4), insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were determined. RESULTS Findings showed that AP was rich in polyphenols. The HED control group showed derangements of the selected blood parameters of MetS. AP reversed diet-induced weight gain by reducing visceral fat, total blood cholesterol and circulating FFAs (p ≤ 0.05). Treatment with AP improved adipokine regulation depicted by reduced LAR (p<0.05). Treatment with AP improved parameters of glucose homeostasis as demonstrated by reduced FBG and HOMA-IR (p ≤ 0.05) and increased GLUT 4 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Athrixia phylicoides tea infusion was shown to possess anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties, improved glucose uptake and reduce insulin resistance in diet-induced MetS in rats which could be attributed to its richness in polyphenols. Therefore, AP could have potential benefits against type 2 diabetes and obesity which are components of MetS validating its ethnopharmacological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madigoahle A M Mokwena
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, 5117, South Africa
| | - Godwill Azeh Engwa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, 5117, South Africa
| | - Benedicta N Nkeh-Chungag
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, 5117, South Africa
| | - Constance R Sewani-Rusike
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, 5117, South Africa.
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Shinjyo N, Kita K. Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:765217. [PMID: 34795562 PMCID: PMC8592913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.765217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndromes are frequently associated with dementia, suggesting that the dysregulation of energy metabolism can increase the risk of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. In addition, growing evidence suggests the link between infections and brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The immune system and energy metabolism are in an intricate relationship. Infection triggers immune responses, which are accompanied by imbalance in cellular and organismal energy metabolism, while metabolic disorders can lead to immune dysregulation and higher infection susceptibility. In the brain, the activities of brain-resident immune cells, including microglia, are associated with their metabolic signatures, which may be affected by central nervous system (CNS) infection. Conversely, metabolic dysregulation can compromise innate immunity in the brain, leading to enhanced CNS infection susceptibility. Thus, infection and metabolic imbalance can be intertwined to each other in the etiology of brain disorders, including dementia. Insulin and leptin play pivotal roles in the regulation of immunometabolism in the CNS and periphery, and dysfunction of these signaling pathways are associated with cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, infectious complications are often comorbid with diabetes and obesity, which are characterized by insulin resistance and leptin signaling deficiency. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and periodontal disease caused by an oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review explores potential interactions between infectious agents and insulin and leptin signaling pathways, and discuss possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between infection, metabolic dysregulation, and brain disorders, particularly focusing on the roles of insulin and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Perrone L, Valente M. The Emerging Role of Metabolism in Brain-Heart Axis: New Challenge for the Therapy and Prevention of Alzheimer Disease. May Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) Play a Role? Biomolecules 2021; 11:1652. [PMID: 34827650 PMCID: PMC8616009 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia and up to now there is not an effective therapy to cure AD. In addition, AD onset occurs decades before the diagnosis, affecting the possibility to set up appropriate therapeutic strategies. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate the effects of risk factors, such as cardiovascular diseases, in promoting AD. AD shows not only brain dysfunction, but also alterations in peripheral tissues/organs. Indeed, it exists a reciprocal connection between brain and heart, where cardiovascular alterations participate to AD as well as AD seem to promote cardiovascular dysfunction. In addition, metabolic dysfunction promotes both cardiovascular diseases and AD. In this review, we summarize the pathways involved in the regulation of the brain-heart axis and the effect of metabolism on these pathways. We also present the studies showing the role of the gut microbiota on the brain-heart axis. Herein, we propose recent evidences of the function of Thioredoxin Interacting protein (TXNIP) in mediating the role of metabolism on the brain-heart axis. TXNIP is a key regulator of metabolism at both cellular and body level and it exerts also a pathological function in several cardiovascular diseases as well as in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Perrone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Grover A, Quaye E, Brychta RJ, Christensen J, Startzell MS, Meehan CA, Valencia A, Marshall B, Chen KY, Brown RJ. Leptin Decreases Energy Expenditure Despite Increased Thyroid Hormone in Patients With Lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4163-e4178. [PMID: 33890058 PMCID: PMC8475236 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Leptin is an adipokine that signals energy sufficiency. In rodents, leptin deficiency decreases energy expenditure (EE), which is corrected following leptin replacement. In humans, data are mixed regarding leptin-mediated effects on EE. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of metreleptin on EE in patients with lipodystrophy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Nonrandomized crossover study of 25 patients with lipodystrophy (National Institutes of Health, 2013-2018). INTERVENTION The initiation cohort consisted of 17 patients without prior exposure to metreleptin, studied before and after 14 days of metreleptin. The withdrawal cohort consisted of 8 previously metreleptin-treated patients, studied before and after 14 days of metreleptin withdrawal. MAIN OUTCOMES 24-h total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), autonomic nervous system activity [heart rate variability (HrV)], plasma-free triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. RESULTS In the initiation cohort, TEE and REE decreased by 5.0% (121 ± 152 kcal/day; P = 0.006) and 5.9% (120 ± 175 kcal/day; P = 0.02). Free T3 increased by 19.4% (40 ± 49 pg/dL; P = 0.01). No changes in catecholamines or HrV were observed. In the withdrawal cohort, free T3 decreased by 8.0% (P = 0.04), free T4 decreased by 11.9% (P = 0.002), and norepinephrine decreased by 34.2% (P = 0.03), but no changes in EE, epinephrine, dopamine, or HrV were observed. CONCLUSIONS Metreleptin initiation decreased EE in patients with lipodystrophy, but no changes were observed after metreleptin withdrawal. Thyroid hormone was higher on metreleptin in both initiation and withdrawal cohorts. Decreased EE after metreleptin in lipodystrophy may result from reductions in energy-requiring metabolic processes that counteract increases in EE via adipose tissue-specific neuroendocrine and adrenergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grover
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel Quaye
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Brychta
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Christensen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan S Startzell
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristina Adelia Meehan
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Areli Valencia
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon Marshall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Rebecca J. Brown, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-CRC, Room 6-5942, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Leptin as a Biomarker of Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103350. [PMID: 34684349 PMCID: PMC8541372 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is a satiety hormone mainly produced by white adipose tissue. Decreasing levels have been described following acute stress. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine if leptin can be a biomarker of stress, with levels decreasing following acute stress. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and ScienceDirect were searched to obtain all articles studying leptin levels after acute stress on 15 February 2021. We included articles reporting leptin levels before and after acute stress (physical or psychological) and conducted random effects meta-analysis (DerSimonian and Laird approach). We conducted Meta-regressions and sensitivity analyses after exclusion of groups outside the metafunnel. RESULTS We included seven articles-four cohort and three case-control studies-(28 groups) from 27,983 putative articles. Leptin levels decreased after the stress intervention (effect size = -0.34, 95%CI -0.66 to -0.02) compared with baseline levels, with a greater decrease after 60 min compared to mean decrease (-0.45, -0.89 to -0.01) and in normal weight compared to overweight individuals (-0.79, -1.38 to -0.21). There was no difference in the overweight population. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated similar results. Levels of leptin after stress decreased with sex ratio-i.e., number of men/women-(-0.924, 95%CI -1.58 to -0.27) and increased with the baseline levels of leptin (0.039, 0.01 to 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Leptin is a biomarker of stress, with a decrease following acute stress. Normal-weight individuals and women also have a higher variation of leptin levels after stress, suggesting that leptin may have implications in obesity development in response to stress in a sex-dependent manner.
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van Krieken PP, Odermatt TS, Borsigova M, Blüher M, Wueest S, Konrad D. Oncostatin M suppresses browning of white adipocytes via gp130-STAT3 signaling. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101341. [PMID: 34547509 PMCID: PMC8502775 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity is associated with low-grade adipose tissue inflammation and locally elevated levels of several glycoprotein 130 (gp130) cytokines. The conversion of white into brown-like adipocytes (browning) may increase energy expenditure and revert the positive energy balance that underlies obesity. Although different gp130 cytokines and their downstream targets were shown to regulate expression of the key browning marker uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), it remains largely unknown how this contributes to the development and maintenance of obesity. Herein, we aim to study the role of gp130 cytokine signaling in white adipose tissue (WAT) browning in the obese state. Methods Protein and gene expression levels of UCP1 and other thermogenic markers were assessed in a subcutaneous adipocyte cell line, adipose tissue depots from control or adipocyte-specific gp130 knockout (gp130Δadipo) mice fed either chow or a high-fat diet (HFD), or subcutaneous WAT biopsies from a human cohort of lean and obese subjects. WAT browning was modeled in vitro by exposing mature adipocytes to isoproterenol after stimulation with gp130 cytokines. ERK and JAK-STAT signaling were blocked using the inhibitors U0126 and Tofacitinib, respectively. Results Inguinal WAT of HFD-fed gp130Δadipo mice exhibited significantly elevated levels of UCP1 and other browning markers such as Cidea and Pgc-1α. In vitro, treatment with the gp130 cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) lowered isoproterenol-induced UCP1 protein and gene expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, OSM mediated the inhibition of Ucp1 via the JAK-STAT but not the ERK pathway. As with mouse data, OSM gene expression in human WAT positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.284, p = 0.021, n = 66) and negatively with UCP1 expression (r = −0.413, p < 0.001, n = 66). Conclusions Our data support the notion that OSM negatively regulates thermogenesis in WAT and thus may be an attractive target for treating obesity. OSM is regulated under obesity and negatively correlates with UCP1 in WAT. OSM suppresses isoproterenol-induced UCP1 in subcutaneous adipocytes. OSM signals through the gp130-STAT3 pathway to lower UCP1 expression. Obese mice lacking gp130 in adipocytes exhibit increased WAT browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim P van Krieken
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy S Odermatt
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Borsigova
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Leipzig, D-04103, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Grega T, Vojtechova G, Gregova M, Zavoral M, Suchanek S. Pathophysiological Characteristics Linking Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Colorectal Neoplasia. Physiol Res 2021; 70:509-522. [PMID: 34062073 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of literature has provided evidence that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and colorectal neoplasia share several common factors. Both diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide and have an increasing incidence. In addition to usual risk factors such as sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and family history, common pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of these diseases have been identified. These include changes in glucose metabolism associated with adipose tissue dysfunction including insulin resistance resulting to hyperinsulinemia and chronic hyperglycemia. In addition to altered glucose metabolism, abdominal obesity has been associated with accented carcinogenesis with chronic subclinical inflammation. An increasing number of studies have recently described the role of the gut microbiota in metabolic diseases including T2DM and the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Due to the interconnectedness of different pathophysiological processes, it is not entirely clear which factor is crucial in the development of carcinogenesis in patients with T2DM. The aim of this work is to review the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms of colorectal neoplasia development in individuals with T2DM. Here, we review the potential pathophysiological processes involved in the onset and progression of colorectal neoplasia in patients with T2DM. Uncovering common pathophysiological characteristics is essential for understanding the nature of these diseases and may lead to effective treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grega
- Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Military University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
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40
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Gonzalez A, Cheung WW, Perens EA, Oliveira EA, Gertler A, Mak RH. A Leptin Receptor Antagonist Attenuates Adipose Tissue Browning and Muscle Wasting in Infantile Nephropathic Cystinosis-Associated Cachexia. Cells 2021; 10:1954. [PMID: 34440723 PMCID: PMC8393983 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking the functional cystinosin gene (Ctns-/-), a model of infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC), exhibit the cachexia phenotype with adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting. Elevated leptin signaling is an important cause of chronic kidney disease-associated cachexia. The pegylated leptin receptor antagonist (PLA) binds to but does not activate the leptin receptor. We tested the efficacy of this PLA in Ctns-/- mice. We treated 12-month-old Ctns-/- mice and control mice with PLA (7 mg/kg/day, IP) or saline as a vehicle for 28 days. PLA normalized food intake and weight gain, increased fat and lean mass, decreased metabolic rate and improved muscle function. It also attenuated perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and muscle in Ctns-/- mice. PLA attenuated adipose tissue browning in Ctns-/- mice. PLA increased gastrocnemius weight and fiber size as well as attenuated muscle fat infiltration in Ctns-/- mice. This was accompanied by correcting the increased expression of muscle wasting signaling while promoting the decreased expression of myogenesis in gastrocnemius of Ctns-/- mice. PLA attenuated aberrant expressed muscle genes that have been associated with muscle atrophy, increased energy expenditure and lipolysis in Ctns-/- mice. Leptin antagonism may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in INC.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/genetics
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/metabolism
- Animals
- Body Composition/drug effects
- Cachexia/etiology
- Cachexia/metabolism
- Cachexia/pathology
- Cachexia/prevention & control
- Cystinosis/complications
- Cystinosis/drug therapy
- Cystinosis/metabolism
- Cystinosis/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy/etiology
- Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy/prevention & control
- Receptors, Leptin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gonzalez
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Wai W. Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Elliot A. Perens
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Eduardo A. Oliveira
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Arieh Gertler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Robert H. Mak
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
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41
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Trapp S, Brierley DI. Brain GLP-1 and the regulation of food intake: GLP-1 action in the brain and its implications for GLP-1 receptor agonists in obesity treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:557-570. [PMID: 34323288 PMCID: PMC8820179 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the similarities and differences between the physiological systems regulated by gut-derived and neuronally produced glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). It addresses the questions of whether peripheral and central GLP-1 sources constitute separate, linked or redundant systems and whether the brain GLP-1 system consists of disparate sections or is a homogenous entity. This review also explores the implications of the answers to these questions for the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists as anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel I Brierley
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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De Carvalho FG, Muñoz VR, Brandao CFC, Simabuco FM, Pavan ICB, Nakandakari SCBR, Pauli JR, De Moura LP, Ropelle ER, Marchini JS, da Silva ASR, de Freitas EC. Taurine upregulates insulin signaling and mitochondrial metabolism in vitro but not in adipocytes of obese women. Nutrition 2021; 93:111430. [PMID: 34479044 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on taurine's beneficial roles in metabolic diseases in rodents and obese individuals, we investigated the effects of taurine supplementation on adipose tissue using transcriptome analysis, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) of obese women. METHODS First, we applied bioinformatics analysis to evaluate the effect of the taurine synthesis pathway on the adipose tissue of several BXD mice strains. After that, using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we investigated the effects of different taurine doses in proteins related to insulin signaling, lipid oxidation, and mitochondrial function. Finally, we evaluated the effects of taurine supplementation (3 grams, 8 wk) on the same proteins in the scWAT of obese women. RESULTS The transcriptome analysis showed that the taurine biosynthesis pathway was positively associated with insulin signaling and mitochondrial metabolism in the scWAT of BXD mice. The experiments using 3T3-L1 cells highlighted that the taurine dosage has an essential function in taurine synthesis, insulin, and mitochondrial markers. In contrast, the 8-wk taurine administration did not change the basal insulin, proteins of the taurine synthesis or insulin pathways, lipid oxidation, or mitochondrial metabolism in the scWAT of obese women. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, to our knowledge, we showed that supplementation with 3 g of taurine for 8 wk promoted no effect in the insulin signaling pathway in the scWAT of obese women. These findings bring new perspectives to investigate different taurine doses and the intervention period for human studies owing to the potential antiobesity activity of taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia G De Carvalho
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Vitor R Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
| | - Camila F C Brandao
- Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; State University of Minas Gerais, Divinopolis unit, Divinopolis, Brazil.
| | - Fernando M Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
| | - Isadora C B Pavan
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil; Laboratory of Signaling Mechanisms, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
| | - Leandro P De Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
| | - Julio Sergio Marchini
- Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Ellen C de Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
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Souza-Almeida G, Palhinha L, Liechocki S, da Silva Pereira JA, Reis PA, Dib PRB, Hottz ED, Gameiro J, Vallochi AL, de Almeida CJ, Castro-Faria-Neto H, Bozza PT, Maya-Monteiro CM. Peripheral leptin signaling persists in innate immune cells during diet-induced obesity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:1131-1138. [PMID: 33070353 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0820-092rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a pleiotropic adipokine that regulates immunometabolism centrally and peripherally. Obese individuals present increased levels of leptin in the blood and develop hypothalamic resistance to this adipokine. Here we investigated whether leptin effects on the periphery are maintained despite the hypothalamic resistance. We previously reported that leptin injection induces in vivo neutrophil migration and peritoneal macrophage activation in lean mice through TNF-α- and CXCL1-dependent mechanisms. However, leptin effects on leukocyte biology during obesity remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the in vivo responsiveness of leukocytes to i.p. injected leptin in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). After 14-16 wk, high-sucrose, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice showed hyperglycemia, hyperleptinemia, and dyslipidemia compared to normal-sucrose, normal-fat diet (ND). Exogenous leptin did not reduce food intake in DIO mice in contrast to control mice, indicating that DIO mice were centrally resistant to leptin. Regardless of the diet, we found increased levels of TNF-α and CXCL1 in the animals injected with leptin, alongside a pronounced neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity and enhanced biogenesis of lipid droplets in peritoneal macrophages. Supporting our in vivo results, data from ex vivo leptin stimulation experiments confirmed hypothalamic resistance in DIO mice, whereas bone marrow cells responded to leptin stimulation through mTOR signaling despite obesity. Altogether, our results show that leukocytes responded equally to leptin in ND- or HFD-fed mice. These results support a role for leptin in the innate immune response also in obesity, contributing to the inflammatory status that leads to the development of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Souza-Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Current address: Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lohanna Palhinha
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sally Liechocki
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Alves Reis
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Ribeiro Braga Dib
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunology, Infectious Disease and Obesity, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jacy Gameiro
- Laboratory of Immunology, Infectious Disease and Obesity, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lima Vallochi
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecília Jacques de Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hugo Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Menezes Maya-Monteiro
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Álvarez-Artime A, García-Soler B, Sainz RM, Mayo JC. Emerging Roles for Browning of White Adipose Tissue in Prostate Cancer Malignant Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5560. [PMID: 34074045 PMCID: PMC8197327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its well-known role as an energy repository, adipose tissue is one of the largest endocrine organs in the organism due to its ability to synthesize and release different bioactive molecules. Two main types of adipose tissue have been described, namely white adipose tissue (WAT) with a classical energy storage function, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) with thermogenic activity. The prostate, an exocrine gland present in the reproductive system of most mammals, is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) that contributes to maintaining glandular homeostasis in conjunction with other cell types of the microenvironment. In pathological conditions such as the development and progression of prostate cancer, adipose tissue plays a key role through paracrine and endocrine signaling. In this context, the role of WAT has been thoroughly studied. However, the influence of BAT on prostate tumor development and progression is unclear and has received much less attention. This review tries to bring an update on the role of different factors released by WAT which may participate in the initiation, progression and metastasis, as well as to compile the available information on BAT to discuss and open a new field of knowledge about the possible protective role of BAT in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Álvarez-Artime
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Redox Biology Unit, University of Oviedo, Facultad de Medicina, Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-A.); (B.G.-S.); (R.M.S.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Santiago Gascón Building, Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Belén García-Soler
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Redox Biology Unit, University of Oviedo, Facultad de Medicina, Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-A.); (B.G.-S.); (R.M.S.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Santiago Gascón Building, Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rosa María Sainz
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Redox Biology Unit, University of Oviedo, Facultad de Medicina, Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-A.); (B.G.-S.); (R.M.S.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Santiago Gascón Building, Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Mayo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Redox Biology Unit, University of Oviedo, Facultad de Medicina, Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-A.); (B.G.-S.); (R.M.S.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Santiago Gascón Building, Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Russo B, Menduni M, Borboni P, Picconi F, Frontoni S. Autonomic Nervous System in Obesity and Insulin-Resistance-The Complex Interplay between Leptin and Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105187. [PMID: 34068919 PMCID: PMC8156658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the autonomic nervous system in obesity and insulin-resistant conditions has been largely explored. However, the exact mechanisms involved in this relation have not been completely elucidated yet, since most of these mechanisms display a bi-directional effect. Insulin-resistance, for instance, can be caused by sympathetic activation, but, in turn, the associated hyperinsulinemia can activate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. The picture is made even more complex by the implicated neural, hormonal and nutritional mechanisms. Among them, leptin plays a pivotal role, being involved not only in appetite regulation and glucose homeostasis but also in energy expenditure. The purpose of this review is to offer a comprehensive view of the complex interplay between leptin and the central nervous system, providing further insights on the impact of autonomic nervous system balance on adipose tissue and insulin-resistance. Furthermore, the link between the circadian clock and leptin and its effect on metabolism and energy balance will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Russo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Menduni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Borboni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Picconi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Simona Frontoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy; (B.R.); (M.M.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Mazuecos L, Pintado C, Rubio B, Guisantes-Batán E, Andrés A, Gallardo N. Leptin, Acting at Central Level, Increases FGF21 Expression in White Adipose Tissue via PPARβ/δ. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4624. [PMID: 33924880 PMCID: PMC8124190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The altered function of adipose tissue can result in obesity, insulin resistance, and its metabolic complications. Leptin, acting on the central nervous system, modifies the composition and function of adipose tissue. To date, the molecular changes that occur in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) during chronic leptin treatment are not fully understood. Herein we aimed to address whether PPARβ/δ could mediate the metabolic actions induced by leptin in eWAT. To this end, male 3-month-old Wistar rats, infused intracerebroventricularly (icv) with leptin (0.2 μg/day) for 7 days, were daily co-treated intraperitoneally (ip) without or with the specific PPARβ/δ receptor antagonist GSK0660 (1 mg/kg/day). In parallel, we also administered GSK0660 to control rats fed ad libitum without leptin infusion. Leptin, acting at central level, prevented the starvation-induced increase in circulating levels of FGF21, while induced markedly the endogenous expression of FGF21 and browning markers of eWAT. Interestingly, GSK0660 abolished the anorectic effects induced by icv leptin leading to increased visceral fat mass and reduced browning capacity. In addition, the pharmacological inhibition of PPARβ/δ alters the immunomodulatory actions of central leptin on eWAT. In summary, our results demonstrate that PPARβ/δ is involved in the up-regulation of FGF21 expression induced by leptin in visceral adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mazuecos
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (L.M.); (C.P.); (B.R.)
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Pintado
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (L.M.); (C.P.); (B.R.)
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Blanca Rubio
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (L.M.); (C.P.); (B.R.)
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Eduardo Guisantes-Batán
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Antonio Andrés
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (L.M.); (C.P.); (B.R.)
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Nilda Gallardo
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (L.M.); (C.P.); (B.R.)
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Luvuno M, Khathi A, Mabandla MV. Diet-induced prediabetes: effects of exercise treatment on risk factors for cardiovascular complications. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:45. [PMID: 33888141 PMCID: PMC8061036 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An animal model of prediabetes that has been developed in our laboratory using a high fat high carbohydrate diet and lack of physical activity displays risk factors for cardiovascular complications. The effect of exercise against these risk factors in this animal model remains unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of intermittent and regular exercise treatment on the risk factors for cardiovascular complications in this animal model of prediabetes. METHODS Following prediabetes induction, animals were randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 6): non-diabetic, prediabetic, intermittently exercising prediabetic and regularly exercising prediabetic. Exercise exposure was 7 weeks long. Body weight changes, caloric intake, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentration was measured after 20 and 29 weeks while blood pressure was only measured after 29 weeks. Plasma endothelial nitric oxide synthase, malonaldehyde, glutathione peroxidase, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein concentration from the heart were measured 2 weeks post-exercise termination (week 30). RESULTS We found increased body weight, caloric intake and mean arterial pressure in the prediabetic group by comparison to the non-prediabetic group. The same trend was observed in blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations. However, all of these parameters were reduced in the intermittently exercising prediabetic and regularly exercising prediabetic groups. This reduction was further accompanied by a decrease in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein concentration with improved oxidative stress biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes is slowed or possibly stopped by exercise (regular or intermittent). Additionally, biomarker profiles indicative of cardiovascular disease in pre-diabetics are improved by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mluleki Luvuno
- Schools of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Andile Khathi
- Schools of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Musa V Mabandla
- Schools of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
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Demeulemeester F, de Punder K, van Heijningen M, van Doesburg F. Obesity as a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 and Complications: A Review. Cells 2021; 10:933. [PMID: 33920604 PMCID: PMC8073853 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest that obesity is a major risk factor for the progression of major complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm and coagulopathy in COVID-19. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the link between obesity and disease severity as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for the development of new therapeutic interventions and preventive measures in this high-risk group. We propose that multiple features of obesity contribute to the prevalence of severe COVID-19 and complications. First, viral entry can be facilitated by the upregulation of viral entry receptors, like angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), among others. Second, obesity-induced chronic inflammation and disruptions of insulin and leptin signaling can result in impaired viral clearance and a disproportionate or hyper-inflammatory response, which together with elevated ferritin levels can be a direct cause for ARDS and cytokine storm. Third, the negative consequences of obesity on blood coagulation can contribute to the progression of thrombus formation and hemorrhage. In this review we first summarize clinical findings on the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 disease severity and then further discuss potential mechanisms that could explain the risk for major complications in patients suffering from obesity.
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Guan H, Zheng H, Zhang J, Xiang A, Li Y, Zheng H, Xu L, Liu E, Yu Q. Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 promotes brown adipocyte differentiation. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:637. [PMID: 33968168 PMCID: PMC8097229 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) is a member of the SFRP family that contains a cysteine-rich domain homologous to the putative Wnt-binding site of frizzled proteins. In the present report, the effects of SFRP4 on murine brown adipocyte differentiation were evaluated, which exhibited an intrinsic capacity to differentiate with high efficiency. Brown preadipocytes were isolated from the scapular region of brown adipose tissue, which showed that the overexpression of recombinant active SFRP4 protein at three concentrations (1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) significantly increased the expression of adipocyte differentiation-associated genes (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, UCP-1, PRDM16, PGC1α and GLUT4) in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group. Secondly, adiponectin protein expression was significantly inhibited in a dose-independent manner, while leptin was increased in brown adipocytes by incubation with the high concentration (100 ng/ml) of SFRP4. Thirdly, the role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was investigated in brown adipocytes and discovered that IL-1β cannot induce SFRP4 mRNA expression in brown adipocytes, similar to human islet cells. These data suggested that SFRP4-treated brown adipocytes represent a valuable in vitro model for the study of adipogenesis and indicated that SFRP4 served various functions during brown adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Military Medical University Stomatological Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Huiyuan Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Preventive Dentistry, The Fourth Military Medical University Stomatological Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Aoqi Xiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Huadong Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Lixian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Military Medical University Stomatological Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases and Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
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Abstract
Leptin is a pluripotent peptide hormone produced mainly by adipocytes, as well as by other tissues such as the stomach. Leptin primarily acts on the central nervous system, particularly the hypothalamus, where this hormone regulates energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function. Owing to this, disruption of leptin signaling has been linked with numerous pathological conditions. Recent studies have also highlighted the diverse roles of leptin in the digestive system including immune regulation, cell proliferation, tissue healing, and glucose metabolism. Of note, leptin acts differently under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review the current knowledge on the functions of leptin and its downstream signaling in the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs, with an emphasis on its physiological and pathological implications. We also discuss the current therapeutic uses of recombinant leptin, as well as its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hyun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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