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Pregnancy in Slaughtered Lambs and Sheep—A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Abattoirs in Switzerland. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101328. [PMID: 35625174 PMCID: PMC9137804 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The slaughtering of pregnant livestock and its relevance to animal welfare has become an ethically controversial topic. In this study, the prevalence of sheep and lambs being slaughtered while pregnant in Switzerland was assessed as well as the stage of pregnancy and the life signs of the fetuses. Data collection was carried out over one year in three Swiss abattoirs. Overall, 7.6% of the female animals were pregnant at slaughter, and 25.5% of them were in the third trimester of pregnancy, where 81.1% of the fetuses showed signs of life, such as a heartbeat or umbilical artery pulsation. To assess the relevance of animal welfare, it is discussed whether fetuses feel pain and stress. Even though science disagrees as to whether fetuses are capable of feeling conscious pain, it cannot certainly be ruled out, which is why the slaughter of pregnant sheep and lambs should be minimized as much as possible. Abstract The slaughter of pregnant sheep and goats is not restricted in Switzerland. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of pregnant sheep and lambs being slaughtered in Switzerland and to determine the state of gestation and vital signs of the fetuses in order to assess the need to take measures and raise awareness of this issue. The data collection was carried out from March 2021 to February 2022, comprising 115 days in three abattoirs. A total of 18,702 sheep and lambs were included in this cross-sectional study, and 8770 were female (46.9%), 663 of which were pregnant at slaughter (7.6%). The pregnancy rate varied by age category: 404 lambs (6.1%) and 259 sheep (11.9%) were pregnant. The highest pregnancy rate was found in winter (25.7%). Among the 663 pregnancies, more than a quarter were multiple pregnancies (28.2%). A total of 169 animals were in the third trimester of pregnancy (25.5%), where living fetuses were mainly found (81.1%). As it cannot be definitively ruled out that fetuses feel conscious pain, the data from this study underline that, from an ethical point of view, there is a need for action and that measures must be taken to reduce the number of pregnant slaughtered animals.
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Le Duc K, Mur S, Sharma D, Aubry E, Recher M, Rakza T, Storme L. Prostaglandin E1 in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and life-threatening pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:1872-1878. [PMID: 32061366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suprasystemic pulmonary hypertension (PH) is highly predictive of pulmonary morbidity and death in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). OBJECTIVES To report the effects and tolerability of Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in newborns with severe CDH and life-threatening PH. METHODS Newborn infants with isolated CDH and life-threatening PH defined by an acute worsening of the cardiorespiratory function, and bidirectional or exclusive right-to-left shunting across the ductus arteriosus (DA) with an acceleration of the blood flow >1.5 m.s-1 assessed by Doppler echocardiography. Serial measurements of cardiorespiratory variables have been recorded before and after PGE1. RESULTS 18 infants (out of 102 in the cohort) were included in the study (gestational age: 39 ± 2 weeks). The median FiO2, and preductal and postductal SpO2 were 80% [50; 100], 91% [88; 95] and 86% [82; 91], respectively, before treatment. FiO2 decreased to 35% [30-40] (p = 0.001) at H6. Maximal blood flow velocities in the DA decreased after starting PGE1 from 2.2 m.s-1 [1.5-2.5] to 1 m.s-1 [0.55-1.2] (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PGE1 treatment improved oxygenation and circulatory function in newborn infants with severe CDH and life-threatening PH. Our data provide evidence that restrictive DA may result in suprasystemic pulmonary hypertension in CDH infants, and that PGE1 may improve cardiorespiratory failure through reopening of the DA. TYPE OF STUDY Treatment study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Le Duc
- Department of Neonatology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, F-59000, France.
| | - Sébastien Mur
- Department of Neonatology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Dyuti Sharma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Estelle Aubry
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Morgan Recher
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Thameur Rakza
- Department of Neonatology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Laurent Storme
- Department of Neonatology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, F-59000, France
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Storme L, Boubnova J, Mur S, Pognon L, Sharma D, Aubry E, Sfeir R, Vaast P, Rakza T, Benachi A. Review shows that implementing a nationwide protocol for congenital diaphragmatic hernia was a key factor in reducing mortality and morbidity. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:1131-1139. [PMID: 29193315 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The French Rare Disease Reference Center for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) was created in 2008, to implement a national protocol for foetuses and children with this serious condition. Neonatal mortality from CDH is 30-40%, mainly due to pulmonary hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension, and half of those who live have high respiratory, nutritional and digestive morbidity. CDH management requires long-term and specialised multidisciplinary care. It has been well established that a standardised management protocol improves the prognosis of children with CDH. CONCLUSION Organising health care and implementing a nationwide French protocol were key factors for reducing mortality and morbidity from CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Storme
- Lille coordinating center; Jeanne de Flandre Hospital; Lille Regional University Hospital; Lille France
| | - J Boubnova
- Marseille coordinating center; AP-HM; La Timone Hospital; Marseille France
| | - S Mur
- Lille coordinating center; Jeanne de Flandre Hospital; Lille Regional University Hospital; Lille France
| | - L Pognon
- Lille coordinating center; Jeanne de Flandre Hospital; Lille Regional University Hospital; Lille France
| | - D Sharma
- Lille coordinating center; Jeanne de Flandre Hospital; Lille Regional University Hospital; Lille France
| | - E Aubry
- Lille coordinating center; Jeanne de Flandre Hospital; Lille Regional University Hospital; Lille France
| | - R Sfeir
- Lille coordinating center; Jeanne de Flandre Hospital; Lille Regional University Hospital; Lille France
| | - P Vaast
- Lille coordinating center; Jeanne de Flandre Hospital; Lille Regional University Hospital; Lille France
| | - T Rakza
- Lille coordinating center; Jeanne de Flandre Hospital; Lille Regional University Hospital; Lille France
| | - A Benachi
- Paris coordinating center; AP-HP; Antoine Béclère Hospital; Clamart France
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Storme L, Aubry E, Rakza T, Houeijeh A, Debarge V, Tourneux P, Deruelle P, Pennaforte T. Pathophysiology of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: impact of the perinatal environment. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 106:169-77. [PMID: 23582679 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The main cause of pulmonary hypertension in newborn babies results from the failure of the pulmonary circulation to dilate at birth, termed 'persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn' (PPHN). This syndrome is characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, causing extrapulmonary right-to-left shunting of blood across the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale and severe hypoxaemia. It can also lead to life-threatening circulatory failure. There are many controversial and unresolved issues regarding the pathophysiology of PPHN, and these are discussed. PPHN is generally associated with factors such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia, birth asphyxia, sepsis, meconium aspiration and respiratory distress syndrome. However, the perinatal environment-exposure to nicotine and certain medications, maternal obesity and diabetes, epigenetics, painful stimuli and birth by Caesarean section-may also affect the maladaptation of the lung circulation at birth. In infants with PPHN, it is important to optimize circulatory function. Suggested management strategies for PPHN include: avoidance of environmental factors that worsen PPHN (e.g. noxious stimuli, lung overdistension); adequate lung recruitment and alveolar ventilation; inhaled nitric oxide (or sildenafil, if inhaled nitric oxide is not available); haemodynamic assessment; appropriate fluid and cardiovascular resuscitation and inotropic and vasoactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Storme
- EA4489, Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, Faculté de Médecine, Université Lille-2, Lille, France.
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Meau-Petit V, Thouvenin G, Guillemot-Lambert N, Champion V, Tillous-Borde I, Flamein F, de Saint Blanquat L, Essouri S, Guilbert J, Nathan N, Guellec I, Kout S, Epaud R, Lévy M. [Bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension of very preterm infants]. Arch Pediatr 2012; 20:44-53. [PMID: 23266170 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) of very preterm infants is a multifactorial chronic lung disease and its incidence has not decreased despite improvements in neonatal intensive care, including lung protective strategies. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can complicate the course of BPD. Mortality in infants with BPD-associated PH is thought to be very high, but its incidence is unknown and a standard diagnostic and therapeutic strategy has not been well defined. In this article, we will first describe the current knowledge on the BPD-associated PH and the current treatments available for this pathology. We will then present the HTP-DBP Study, carried out in Paris (France) starting in 2012. The diagnosis of PH is suspected on echocardiographic criteria, but cardiac catheterization is considered the gold standard for diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of PH. Moreover, pulmonary vasoreactivity testing is used to guide the management of patients with PH. The pathogenesis of BPD-associated PH is poorly understood and even less is known about appropriate therapy. Today, optimizing ventilation and reducing the pulmonary vascular tone with specific pulmonary vasodilatator drugs are the main goals in treating HTP-associated DBP. Animal studies and a few clinical studies suggest that medications targeting the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway (NO inhalation, oral sildenafil citrate) could be effective treatments for BPD-associated PH, but they have not been approved for this indication. The HTP-DBP study is a French multicenter prospective observational study. The objective is to evaluate the frequency of BPD-associated PH, to describe its physiopathology, its severity (morbidity and mortality), and the effectiveness of current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Meau-Petit
- Service de maternité, réanimation, soins intensifs et pédiatrie néonatales, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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Dutra F, Banchero G. Polwarth and Texel ewe parturition duration and its association with lamb birth asphyxia12. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3069-78. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Houfflin-Debarge V, Sabbah-Briffaut E, Aubry E, Deruelle P, Alexandre C, Storme L. Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the pulmonary circulation in the ovine fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:450.e8-450.e14. [PMID: 21333966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiologic studies have highlighted an association between maternal smoking and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn infant. However, the impact of exposure to tobacco smoke on the perinatal pulmonary circulation is currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the pulmonary vascular effects of environmental tobacco smoke in the fetus. STUDY DESIGN We performed surgery on 16 fetal lambs and placed catheters in the main pulmonary artery, aorta, and left atrium to measure pressures. An ultrasonic blood flow transducer was placed around the left pulmonary artery to measure blood flow. The ewes were exposed to tobacco smoke for 2 hours. In another set of experiments, the pulmonary vascular response to increased fetal O(2) tension has been assessed after 2 hours of tobacco smoke inhalation or not (control group). RESULTS Exposure to tobacco smoke decreased pulmonary blood flow by 30% and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance by 40%. The vasodilator response to increased O(2) tension was blunted after smoke inhalation compared with control animals. Smoke inhalation was associated with a decrease in fetal PaO(2) and SaO(2). CONCLUSION Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in pregnant ewes impairs both basal tone and vascular reactivity of the fetal lung.
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Hypertension pulmonaire de l’enfant et du nouveau-né en réanimation. Partie II : diagnostic et traitement. Arch Pediatr 2011; 18:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Storme L, Pennaforte T, Rakza T, Fily A, Sfeir R, Aubry E, Bonnevalle M, Fayoux P, Deruelle P, Houfflin-Debarge V, Vaast P, Depoortère MH, Soulignac B, Norel N, Deuze R, Deschildre A, Thumerelle C, Guimber D, Gottrand F, Benachi A, De Lagausie P. Prise en charge médicale per et post-natale de la hernie congénitale du diaphragme. Arch Pediatr 2010; 17 Suppl 3:S85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(10)70906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pennaforte T, Rakza T, Aubry E, Fily A, Alexandre C, Mur S, Abazine A, Deruelle P, Storme L. Prise en charge de la détresse respiratoire sévère du nouveau-né : place du NO inhalé. Arch Pediatr 2009; 16 Suppl 1:S9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(09)75296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Houfflin Debarge V, Sicot B, Jaillard S, Gueorgiva I, Delelis A, Deruelle P, Ducloy AS, Storme L. The Mechanisms of Pain-Induced Pulmonary Vasoconstriction: An Experimental Study in Fetal Lambs. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:799-806. [PMID: 17377085 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000259013.59084.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nociceptive stimulation induces pulmonary vasoconstriction in fetuses and newborns. The mechanism of this response is not fully understood. As the systemic hemodynamic response to pain is mainly mediated by sympathetic stimulation, we hypothesized that pain-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction results from the activation of catecholaminergic receptors. To test this hypothesis, we studied the pulmonary vascular response to nociceptive stimuli in fetal lambs before and after alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. METHODS Surgery was performed in fetal lambs. Catheters were placed into the ascending aorta, superior vena cava, and main pulmonary artery. An ultrasonic flow transducer was placed around the left pulmonary artery, and subcutaneous catheters were placed in the limb. The hemodynamic responses to (1) subcutaneous injection of formalin (which is used as nociceptive stimulus in experimental studies), (2) prazosin (specific alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist), and (3) formalin during prazosin infusion were evaluated. Plasma cortisol and catecholamine concentrations were measured. RESULTS Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased by 50% (P < 0.01) after the formalin test. PVR did not change after the formalin test during prazosin infusion or during prazosin infusion alone. Catecholamine and cortisol levels did not change during any of the protocols. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that the fetal pulmonary vasoconstrictive response to pain involves alpha(1)-adrenoceptors activation. As plasma catecholamine concentrations did not change after the formalin test, we speculate that the pulmonary vascular response to nociceptive stimuli could be triggered by a local release of catecholamine induced by sympathetic stimulation.
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Storme L, Rakza T, Houfflin-Debarge V, Dufour P, Bouissou A, Subtil D, Deruelle P. Physiopathologie des conséquences respiratoires néonatales de la rupture prématurée des membranes : application à la prise en charge néonatale. Arch Pediatr 2007; 14 Suppl 1:S42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(07)80010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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